Article(id=1206995211415278538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995206415668023, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1152, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1626278400000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1628870400000, acceptedDateStr=2021-08-14, onlineDate=1765699683288, onlineDateStr=2025-12-14, pubDate=1669564800000, pubDateStr=2022-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765699683288, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765699683288, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765699683288, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1206995206415668023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1063', pageEnd='1167', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765699682092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765700231511, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206997510904693630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995206415668023, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206997510908887935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995206415668023, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1152, endPage=1158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1206995211826320345, articleId=1206995211415278538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs on immune checkpoints and immunotherapy, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, benefiting from the increasing understanding of tumor immunity, the application of immunotherapy especially immune checkpoint inhibitors in the clinic has achieved great success. Although immunotherapy shows great potential for antitumor therapy, many challenges are currently facing. The limited benefit population is one of the important issues, and the development of new therapeutic strategies to increase the proportion of the population benefiting immunotherapy is of great clinical importance. As one of the traditional means of antitumor therapy, increasing evidence shows that it plays an important role in antitumor immune mechanisms. Chemotherapy can improve the sensitivity of tumor cells to programmed death-1(PD-1)/PD-L1 inhibitors by affecting the immune microenvironment and activating antitumor immune responses. Moreover, chemotherapy can affect the tumor cells themselves, upregulate the expression of PD-L1, and induce PD-L1-mediated tumor immunosuppressive phenotype, thereby increasing the therapeutic targets of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. A large body of evidence from clinical studies has also suggested a synergistic effect between combination chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors in multiple malignancies, and combination therapy is expected to be a novel immunotherapeutic strategy. This paper systematically reviews the evidence from relevant basic and clinical studies, analyzes and summarizes the interaction relationship between chemotherapy and immunotherapy, aiming to provide new ideas for enhancing antitumor immune responses, and at the same time provides a corresponding theoretical basis for clinical combination chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

, correspAuthors=Hao Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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近年来,得益于对肿瘤免疫认识的不断深入,免疫治疗尤其是免疫检查点抑制剂在临床上的应用取得了重大进展。尽管免疫治疗显示出巨大的抗肿瘤潜力,但目前仍面临着诸多挑战,其中获益人群有限是非常重要的问题,开发新的治疗策略以增大免疫治疗获益人群的比例具有重要的临床意义。化疗作为传统的抗肿瘤治疗手段之一,越来越多的证据显示其在抗肿瘤免疫机制中发挥着重要作用。化疗药物可通过影响免疫微环境、激活抗肿瘤免疫反应等途径,提高肿瘤细胞对程序性死亡蛋白-1及其配体(PD-1/PD-L1)抑制剂的敏感性。此外,化疗药物还可影响肿瘤细胞本身,上调PD-L1的表达,诱导PD-L1介导的肿瘤免疫抑制表型。大量临床研究证据提示,化疗与免疫检查点抑制剂在多种恶性肿瘤的治疗中具有协同作用,因此联合治疗有望成为一种新的免疫治疗策略。本文通过分析相关基础及临床研究证据,综述化疗与免疫检查点抑制剂联合应用对肿瘤的治疗作用,旨在为增强抗肿瘤免疫反应提供新的思路,也为临床联合化疗与免疫治疗提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=陈昊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈昊,E-mail:
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高磊,硕士研究生,主要从事肿瘤免疫治疗方面的研究

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高磊,硕士研究生,主要从事肿瘤免疫治疗方面的研究

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Lancet, 2017, 390(10111): 2461-2471., articleTitle=Nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer refractory to, or intolerant of, at least two previous chemotherapy regimens (ONO-4538-12, ATTRACTION-2): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1207064233620099958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, awardId=81670594, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(81670594), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1207064233695597433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, awardId=81670594, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(81670594), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1207064233779483517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, awardId=2019RCXM020, language=EN, fundingSource=Key Talents Project of Gansu Province(2019RCXM020), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1207064233842398083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, awardId=2019RCXM020, language=CN, fundingSource=甘肃省重点人才项目(2019RCXM020), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1207064233917895559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, awardId=19ZD2WA001, language=EN, fundingSource=Key Project of Science and Technology in Gansu Province(19ZD2WA001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1207064234001781644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, awardId=19ZD2WA001, language=CN, fundingSource=甘肃省科技重大专项(19ZD2WA001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207064230243685067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064230252073675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, companyId=1207064230243685067, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064230260462284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, companyId=1207064230243685067, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1兰州大学第二临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1207064230327571155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064230335959765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, companyId=1207064230327571155, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064230344348374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, companyId=1207064230327571155, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2兰州大学第二医院肿瘤外科,甘肃兰州 730030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1207064230415651547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064230419845853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, companyId=1207064230415651547, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064230428234462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, companyId=1207064230415651547, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3兰州大学第二医院甘肃省消化系肿瘤重点实验室,甘肃兰州 730030)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1207064233192280930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

The more promising immune checkpoints

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免疫检查点别名表达位置配体抑制剂
CTLA-4CD152活化的T细胞等CD80和CD86(又称B7-1和B7-2)Ipilimumab、Tremelimumab
PD-1CD279活化的T细胞等PD-L1Nivolumab、Pembrolizumab
LAG-3CD223活化的CD4+和CD8+T细胞亚群、NK细胞、B细胞等MHC-Ⅱ、FGL1、Galectin-3Relatlimab
TIM-3HAVCR2活化的T细胞、B细胞、Tregs、DC细胞、NK细胞、单核细胞等Galectin-9、LSECtin Ceacam-1、HMGB1、PtdSerCobolimab
TIGITWUCAM、Vstm3、VSIG9T细胞、NK细胞等CD155、CD112Tiragolumab
Siglec-15巨噬细胞、DC细胞等NC318
), ArticleFig(id=1207064233276167014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

较有前景的免疫检查点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
免疫检查点别名表达位置配体抑制剂
CTLA-4CD152活化的T细胞等CD80和CD86(又称B7-1和B7-2)Ipilimumab、Tremelimumab
PD-1CD279活化的T细胞等PD-L1Nivolumab、Pembrolizumab
LAG-3CD223活化的CD4+和CD8+T细胞亚群、NK细胞、B细胞等MHC-Ⅱ、FGL1、Galectin-3Relatlimab
TIM-3HAVCR2活化的T细胞、B细胞、Tregs、DC细胞、NK细胞、单核细胞等Galectin-9、LSECtin Ceacam-1、HMGB1、PtdSerCobolimab
TIGITWUCAM、Vstm3、VSIG9T细胞、NK细胞等CD155、CD112Tiragolumab
Siglec-15巨噬细胞、DC细胞等NC318
), ArticleFig(id=1207064233389413228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Completed clinical trials evaluating chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors combinations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临床试验肿瘤类型治疗方式结果(联合组vs.单纯化疗组)
KEYNOTE-021NSCLC联合组:派姆单抗+卡铂+培美曲塞
单纯化疗组:卡铂+培美曲塞
中位PFS:24.0个月 vs. 9.3个月(HR=0.53,95%CI 0.33~0.86,P=0.0049)
中位OS:NR vs. 21.1个月(HR=0.56,95%CI 0.32~0.95,P=0.0151)
KEYNOTE-407NSCLC联合组:派姆单抗+卡铂+紫杉醇
单纯化疗组:安慰剂+卡铂+紫杉醇
中位PFS:6.4个月 vs. 4.8个月(HR=0.56,95%CI 0.45~0.70)
中位OS:15.9个月 vs. 11.3个月(HR=0.64,95%CI 0.49~0.85)
KEYNOTE-189NSCLC联合组:派姆单抗+铂类+培美曲塞
单纯化疗组:铂类+培美曲塞
中位PFS:9.0个月 vs. 4.9个月(HR=0.52,95%CI 0.43~0.64,P<0.0001)
中位OS:22.0个月 vs. 10.7个月(HR=0.56,95%CI 0.45~0.70)
NCT03134872NSCLC联合组:卡瑞利珠单抗+卡铂+培美曲塞
单纯化疗组:卡铂+培美曲塞
中位PFS:11.3个月 vs. 8.9个月(HR=0.60,95%CI 0.45~0.79,P<0.0001)
中位OS:NR vs. 20.9个月(HR=0.73,95%CI 0.53~1.02)
IMpower132NSCLC联合组:阿特朱单抗+铂类+培美曲塞
单纯化疗组:铂类+培美曲塞
中位PFS:6.3个月 vs. 5.6个月(HR=0.71,95%CI 0.60~0.85,P=0.0001)
中位OS:14.2个月 vs. 13.5个月(HR=0.88,95%CI 0.73~1.05,P=0.1581)
NCT01285609NSCLC联合组:伊匹单抗+紫杉醇+卡铂
单纯化疗组:紫杉醇+卡铂
中位PFS:5.6个月 vs. 5.6个月(HR=0.87,95%CI 0.75~1.01)
中位OS:13.4个月 vs. 12.4个月(HR=0.91,95%CI 0.77~1.07)
KEYNOTE-059胃或胃食管连接部腺癌联合组:派姆单抗+顺铂+5-氟尿嘧啶
单纯化疗组:PD-1抑制剂单药(派姆单抗)
ORR:60.0%(95%CI 38.7~78.9) vs. 25.8%(95%CI 11.9~44.6)
KEYNOTE-062胃或胃食管连接部腺癌联合组:派姆单抗+顺铂+卡培他滨
单纯化疗组:顺铂+卡培他滨
中位PFS:6.9个月 vs. 6.4个月(HR=0.84,95%CI 0.70~1.02,P=0.04)
中位OS:12.5个月 vs. 11.1个月(HR=0.85,95%CI 0.70~1.03,P=0.05)
CheckMate 649转移性胃癌、胃食管连接部癌和食管腺癌联合组:纳武单抗+奥沙利铂+卡培他滨或纳武单抗+奥沙利铂+亚叶酸钙+氟尿嘧啶
单纯化疗组:奥沙利铂+卡培他滨,或奥沙利铂+亚叶酸钙+氟尿嘧啶
中位PFS:7.7个月 vs. 6.1个月(HR=0.68,95%CI 0.56~0.81,P<0.0001)
中位OS:14.4个月 vs. 11.1个月(HR=0.71,95%CI 0.59~0.86,P<0.0001)
), ArticleFig(id=1207064233477493616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995211415278538, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

已完成的化疗联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的临床试验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临床试验肿瘤类型治疗方式结果(联合组vs.单纯化疗组)
KEYNOTE-021NSCLC联合组:派姆单抗+卡铂+培美曲塞
单纯化疗组:卡铂+培美曲塞
中位PFS:24.0个月 vs. 9.3个月(HR=0.53,95%CI 0.33~0.86,P=0.0049)
中位OS:NR vs. 21.1个月(HR=0.56,95%CI 0.32~0.95,P=0.0151)
KEYNOTE-407NSCLC联合组:派姆单抗+卡铂+紫杉醇
单纯化疗组:安慰剂+卡铂+紫杉醇
中位PFS:6.4个月 vs. 4.8个月(HR=0.56,95%CI 0.45~0.70)
中位OS:15.9个月 vs. 11.3个月(HR=0.64,95%CI 0.49~0.85)
KEYNOTE-189NSCLC联合组:派姆单抗+铂类+培美曲塞
单纯化疗组:铂类+培美曲塞
中位PFS:9.0个月 vs. 4.9个月(HR=0.52,95%CI 0.43~0.64,P<0.0001)
中位OS:22.0个月 vs. 10.7个月(HR=0.56,95%CI 0.45~0.70)
NCT03134872NSCLC联合组:卡瑞利珠单抗+卡铂+培美曲塞
单纯化疗组:卡铂+培美曲塞
中位PFS:11.3个月 vs. 8.9个月(HR=0.60,95%CI 0.45~0.79,P<0.0001)
中位OS:NR vs. 20.9个月(HR=0.73,95%CI 0.53~1.02)
IMpower132NSCLC联合组:阿特朱单抗+铂类+培美曲塞
单纯化疗组:铂类+培美曲塞
中位PFS:6.3个月 vs. 5.6个月(HR=0.71,95%CI 0.60~0.85,P=0.0001)
中位OS:14.2个月 vs. 13.5个月(HR=0.88,95%CI 0.73~1.05,P=0.1581)
NCT01285609NSCLC联合组:伊匹单抗+紫杉醇+卡铂
单纯化疗组:紫杉醇+卡铂
中位PFS:5.6个月 vs. 5.6个月(HR=0.87,95%CI 0.75~1.01)
中位OS:13.4个月 vs. 12.4个月(HR=0.91,95%CI 0.77~1.07)
KEYNOTE-059胃或胃食管连接部腺癌联合组:派姆单抗+顺铂+5-氟尿嘧啶
单纯化疗组:PD-1抑制剂单药(派姆单抗)
ORR:60.0%(95%CI 38.7~78.9) vs. 25.8%(95%CI 11.9~44.6)
KEYNOTE-062胃或胃食管连接部腺癌联合组:派姆单抗+顺铂+卡培他滨
单纯化疗组:顺铂+卡培他滨
中位PFS:6.9个月 vs. 6.4个月(HR=0.84,95%CI 0.70~1.02,P=0.04)
中位OS:12.5个月 vs. 11.1个月(HR=0.85,95%CI 0.70~1.03,P=0.05)
CheckMate 649转移性胃癌、胃食管连接部癌和食管腺癌联合组:纳武单抗+奥沙利铂+卡培他滨或纳武单抗+奥沙利铂+亚叶酸钙+氟尿嘧啶
单纯化疗组:奥沙利铂+卡培他滨,或奥沙利铂+亚叶酸钙+氟尿嘧啶
中位PFS:7.7个月 vs. 6.1个月(HR=0.68,95%CI 0.56~0.81,P<0.0001)
中位OS:14.4个月 vs. 11.1个月(HR=0.71,95%CI 0.59~0.86,P<0.0001)
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化疗与免疫检查点抑制剂联用对肿瘤的作用研究进展
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高磊 1 , 俞阳 1 , 李晓梅 1 , 刘乾 1 , 尹振宇 1 , 陈昊 1, 2, 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022,47(11): 1152-1158
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022, 47(11): 1152-1158
化疗与免疫检查点抑制剂联用对肿瘤的作用研究进展
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高磊1, 俞阳1, 李晓梅1, 刘乾1, 尹振宇1, 陈昊1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1兰州大学第二临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730030
  • 2兰州大学第二医院肿瘤外科,甘肃兰州 730030
  • 3兰州大学第二医院甘肃省消化系肿瘤重点实验室,甘肃兰州 730030
  • 高磊,硕士研究生,主要从事肿瘤免疫治疗方面的研究

通讯作者:

陈昊,E-mail:
Research progress on the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs on immune checkpoints and immunotherapy
Lei Gao1, Yang Yu1, Xiao-Mei Li1, Qian Liu1, Zhen-Yu Yin1, Hao Chen1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
  • 2Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
出版时间: 2022-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1152
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近年来,得益于对肿瘤免疫认识的不断深入,免疫治疗尤其是免疫检查点抑制剂在临床上的应用取得了重大进展。尽管免疫治疗显示出巨大的抗肿瘤潜力,但目前仍面临着诸多挑战,其中获益人群有限是非常重要的问题,开发新的治疗策略以增大免疫治疗获益人群的比例具有重要的临床意义。化疗作为传统的抗肿瘤治疗手段之一,越来越多的证据显示其在抗肿瘤免疫机制中发挥着重要作用。化疗药物可通过影响免疫微环境、激活抗肿瘤免疫反应等途径,提高肿瘤细胞对程序性死亡蛋白-1及其配体(PD-1/PD-L1)抑制剂的敏感性。此外,化疗药物还可影响肿瘤细胞本身,上调PD-L1的表达,诱导PD-L1介导的肿瘤免疫抑制表型。大量临床研究证据提示,化疗与免疫检查点抑制剂在多种恶性肿瘤的治疗中具有协同作用,因此联合治疗有望成为一种新的免疫治疗策略。本文通过分析相关基础及临床研究证据,综述化疗与免疫检查点抑制剂联合应用对肿瘤的治疗作用,旨在为增强抗肿瘤免疫反应提供新的思路,也为临床联合化疗与免疫治疗提供理论依据。

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂  /  化疗  /  免疫检查点

In recent years, benefiting from the increasing understanding of tumor immunity, the application of immunotherapy especially immune checkpoint inhibitors in the clinic has achieved great success. Although immunotherapy shows great potential for antitumor therapy, many challenges are currently facing. The limited benefit population is one of the important issues, and the development of new therapeutic strategies to increase the proportion of the population benefiting immunotherapy is of great clinical importance. As one of the traditional means of antitumor therapy, increasing evidence shows that it plays an important role in antitumor immune mechanisms. Chemotherapy can improve the sensitivity of tumor cells to programmed death-1(PD-1)/PD-L1 inhibitors by affecting the immune microenvironment and activating antitumor immune responses. Moreover, chemotherapy can affect the tumor cells themselves, upregulate the expression of PD-L1, and induce PD-L1-mediated tumor immunosuppressive phenotype, thereby increasing the therapeutic targets of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. A large body of evidence from clinical studies has also suggested a synergistic effect between combination chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors in multiple malignancies, and combination therapy is expected to be a novel immunotherapeutic strategy. This paper systematically reviews the evidence from relevant basic and clinical studies, analyzes and summarizes the interaction relationship between chemotherapy and immunotherapy, aiming to provide new ideas for enhancing antitumor immune responses, and at the same time provides a corresponding theoretical basis for clinical combination chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

programmed death-1/programmed death-1 ligand-1 inhibitors  /  chemotherapy  /  immune checkpoints
高磊, 俞阳, 李晓梅, 刘乾, 尹振宇, 陈昊. 化疗与免疫检查点抑制剂联用对肿瘤的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (11) : 1152 -1158 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1152
Lei Gao, Yang Yu, Xiao-Mei Li, Qian Liu, Zhen-Yu Yin, Hao Chen. Research progress on the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs on immune checkpoints and immunotherapy[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (11) : 1152 -1158 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1152
免疫检查点是一系列调控免疫系统的抑制性信号通路,免疫检查点抑制剂通过解锁肿瘤细胞对免疫系统的抑制作用而激活免疫应答,从而发挥抗肿瘤的作用[1-2]。免疫检查点抑制剂使许多肿瘤患者受益,如黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC)和霍奇金淋巴瘤(Hodgkin's lymphoma,HL)患者等,但其在不同类型肿瘤中的疗效差异较大,并非所有肿瘤对免疫治疗都有反应[3],因此免疫检查点抑制剂并不是对肿瘤传统治疗模式的彻底颠覆,而是对现有治疗方法的补充[4]。化疗药物是直接杀伤肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性药物,近期研究发现其可从肿瘤细胞、肿瘤微环境、机体免疫系统等多个方面影响肿瘤免疫[5]。另有研究发现,化疗药物可通过诱导程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体-1(programmed cell death 1 ligand 1,PD-L1)的表达而导致化疗耐药,而使用PD-L1抑制剂可减少耐药的发生[6]。此外,化疗药物可增强肿瘤细胞的免疫原性,导致其免疫原性死亡,从而介导免疫细胞浸润,即将“冷”肿瘤转变为“热”肿瘤[6]。由此可见,化疗药物与免疫检查点抑制剂联用可抑制化疗药物耐药的发生,且可提高免疫检查点抑制剂的疗效。目前多项探讨化疗药物联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗潜力的研究正在进行中,本文综述化疗药物对免疫检查点表达及免疫检查点抑制剂疗效的影响,探讨化疗联合免疫检查点抑制剂对肿瘤的治疗作用,为探索免疫治疗与化疗药物联用提供理论指导。
免疫检查点抑制剂不能直接杀死肿瘤细胞,而是利用宿主免疫系统重新增强内源性抗肿瘤活性。目前除细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)、程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(programmed death-1,PD-1)及PD-L1外,新的免疫检查点分子不断被发现。表1所示为较有前景的免疫检查点靶标,且可在临床试验中获得阻断抗体。
CTLA-4被认为是免疫检查点的“领导者”,在T细胞活化的初始阶段起着重要的调节作用,而PD-1/PD-L1通路主要在免疫反应的后期调节先前激活的T细胞(主要在外周组织)[7]。目前CTLA-4阻断抗体有两种:伊匹单抗(Ipilimumab)和曲美姆单抗(Tremelimumab)。美国食品和药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)已经批准伊匹单抗用于治疗不可切除或转移性黑色素瘤和NSCLC;曲美姆单抗已完成Ⅱ期临床试验,结果显示肝细胞性肝癌患者对其耐受性良好,其中45%的患者病情稳定超过6个月[8]
PD-1与PD-L1结合可抑制T细胞的增殖,并通过抑制γ干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)的产生而抑制T细胞的存活,使肿瘤细胞不能被人体免疫细胞识别而逃避自身免疫,进而抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应[9]。目前全球已批准上市的PD-1抑制剂为纳武单抗(Nivolumab)、派姆单抗(Pembrolizumab)、Cymplimab和特瑞普利单抗(Toripalimab),PD-L1抑制剂为阿特珠单抗(Atezolizumab)、度伐单抗(Durvalumab)和阿维单抗(Avelumab)。我国在PD-1及PD-L1抑制剂的研发中取得了明显的成果,如PD-1抑制剂特瑞普利单抗(Toripalimab)、信迪利单抗(Sintilimab)、卡瑞利珠单抗(Camrelizumab)及普雷利珠单抗等。纳武单抗被批准用于治疗黑色素瘤、NSCLC、小细胞肺癌、肾癌、经典型霍奇金淋巴瘤(classical Hodgkin lymphoma,cHL)、头颈部肿瘤(head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,HNSCC)、肝癌、尿路上皮癌和高微卫星不稳定性或错配修复缺陷的转移性结直肠癌。派姆单抗被批准用于治疗黑色素瘤、NSCLC、小细胞肺癌、HNSCC、cHL、原发纵隔大B细胞淋巴瘤(primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma,PMBL)、尿路上皮癌、高微卫星不稳定性肿瘤、胃癌、食管癌、宫颈癌、肝癌、微囊癌、肾癌和子宫内膜癌。阿特珠单抗被批准用于治疗尿路上皮癌、NSCLC、TNBC、小细胞肺癌和肝癌。度伐单抗被批准用于治疗尿路上皮癌、NSCLC和小细胞肺癌。特瑞普利单抗被批准用于治疗既往全身系统治疗失败的不可切除或转移性黑色素瘤。信迪利单抗被批准用于治疗至少接受二线系统化疗的复发或难治性cHL。卡瑞利珠单抗被批准用于治疗慢性粒细胞白血病、肝癌、食管癌和NSCLC。
其他潜在的免疫检查点,如淋巴细胞活化基因3(lymphocyte-activation gene 3,LAG-3)、T淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白3(T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3,TIM-3)、T细胞免疫球蛋白和ITIM结构域蛋白(T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domain,TIGIT)、唾液酸结合性免疫球蛋白样凝集素15(sialic acid binding Ig like lectin 15,Siglec-15)等正在进行临床前和临床试验评估。LAG-3在不同的免疫细胞中表达,包括活化的CD4+和CD8+ T细胞亚群、自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell,NK细胞)、B细胞等,与PD-1抑制剂联用可增强抗肿瘤免疫并抑制肿瘤生长。LAG-3靶向抗体Relatlimab与纳武单抗联用可延长癌症患者的总生存期(overall survival,OS)[10]。TIM-3在不同的免疫细胞中表达,包括B细胞、调节性T细胞(regulatory cells,Tregs)、NK细胞、树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC细胞)、单核细胞和巨噬细胞等[11]。NSCLC模型小鼠采用PD-1单抗治疗后仍进展的情况下,使用TIM-3单抗治疗后小鼠生存率增高[12]。一项临床研究用TSR-022(Cobolimab)单一疗法或与TSR-042(PD-1单抗)联合治疗NSCLC,结果显示,联合组明显受益,尤其是高剂量组(TSR-022 300 mg)客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)为15%(3/20)[13]。TIGIT与配体CD155、CD112结合可发挥免疫抑制作用[14]。目前抗TIGIT药物mic-7684已进入Ⅰ期临床试验(NCT02964013),结果显示,mic-7684单药治疗或与派姆单抗联合治疗转移性实体瘤患者,单药组(n=34)和联合治疗组(n=34)的疾病控制率分别为35%和47%[15]。Siglec-15由陈列平教授发现,使用Siglec-15特异性单克隆抗体(α-S15)和抗PD-1单克隆抗体处理小鼠结肠癌细胞系(MC38)荷瘤小鼠,其中单一药物可抑制肿瘤生长,联合使用取得了更好的疗效[16]
嘧啶拮抗物可在细胞内转化成不同的细胞毒性代谢产物,并与DNA和RNA结合,最终通过抑制DNA的合成导致细胞周期停滞和细胞凋亡,其中最主要的作用方式是作为胸苷酸合成酶抑制剂,阻断胸腺嘧啶的合成。目前有研究发现,5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)联合顺铂可诱导食管鳞癌患者的免疫细胞表达PD-L1[17]。也有研究发现,5-FU可上调胃肠道癌细胞株细胞表面PD-L1的表达[18],这种诱导PD-L1表达的作用在与抗PD-L1抗体结合使用时是有益的。在结直肠癌中发现,Folfox联合PD-1单抗治疗可诱导荷瘤小鼠结直肠肿瘤完全消退,而单一治疗均失败,但5-FU+奥沙利铂可明显上调活化CD8+肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocytes,TILs)上PD-1的表达及肿瘤细胞上PD-L1的表达[19],提示5-FU联合PD-1单抗可改善消化道肿瘤的预后;在胰腺癌的治疗中发现,5-FU及其相关药物卡培他滨刺激胰腺癌细胞时,可通过JAK2/STAT1途径介导PD-L1表达上调[20];在膀胱癌中发现,吉西他滨(GEM)单独或联合顺铂可上调尿路上皮癌细胞中PD-L1的表达[21]。Wu等[22]的研究发现,使用5-FU进行重复周期治疗可释放免疫抑制因子,如转化生长因子-β和IL-10等,抑制抗肿瘤免疫功能。上述研究结果表明,嘧啶拮抗类化疗药物不仅能产生细胞毒性,还能改变肿瘤的免疫反应,诱导肿瘤免疫逃逸,而阻断PD-1/PD-L1的免疫治疗联合化疗有望成为多种癌症的新标准疗法。
铂类化疗药物是一种重金属络合物,属于细胞周期非特异性抗肿瘤药物,可通过抑制癌细胞的DNA复制过程,促使癌细胞凋亡。有研究发现,顺铂联合奥沙利铂可诱导HNSCC细胞株细胞表面PD-L1的表达[23],且可上调卵巢癌细胞系中PD-L1的表达[24];顺铂可通过细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2,ERK1/2)-激活蛋白-1(activator protein 1,AP-1)信号通路诱导膀胱癌细胞系中PD-L1的表达,通过ERK1/2磷酸化诱导肝癌细胞中PD-L1的表达。癌细胞中的PD-L1可与DNA依赖性蛋白激酶的催化亚基结合,促进ERK或p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK)激活,诱发肿瘤耐药,而PD-L1单抗可使癌细胞对化疗药物重新敏感[25],因此,铂类化疗药物与PD-L1单抗联用可能是治疗癌症患者更好的选择。总之,PD-L1表达上调会诱导肿瘤耐药,而PD-L1抑制剂可激活抗肿瘤免疫反应,使肿瘤对顺铂重新敏感。
蒽环类抗生素是一种作用于DNA的药物,广泛应用于化疗。阿霉素是蒽环类抗生素的代表性药物,可诱导骨肉瘤组织和骨肉瘤细胞系中PD-L1的表达上调,且阿霉素预处理骨肉瘤细胞可抑制CD8+ T淋巴细胞的增殖,并促进CD8+ T淋巴细胞凋亡,而PD-L1抑制剂可逆转该效应[26],表明PD-L1抑制剂可逆转化学疗法诱导的免疫抑制。有研究发现,在肝癌组织中,表柔比星(阿霉素的同分异构体)在治疗过程中可减少Tregs、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumour-associated macrophages,TAMs)的数量以及免疫检查点PD-L1的表达,增加CD8+细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)浸润[27];阿霉素也可通过诱导癌细胞中的ARE(AU-rich element)序列与锌指蛋白(Tristetraprolin,TTP)结合而下调PD-L1的表达[28]。值得注意的是,有研究发现,阿霉素在下调乳腺癌细胞膜上PD-L1表达的同时,可通过PI3K/Akt途径上调乳腺癌细胞核中PD-L1的表达[29]。另有研究发现,在表达PD-L1的乳腺癌和前列腺癌细胞系中,PD-L1的表达可导致阿霉素和多西他赛耐药,而阻断PD-L1可减少耐药的发生[30]。上述研究结果为PD-L1单抗与蒽环类抗生素联用提供了一定的理论依据。
紫杉醇主要通过影响微管的正常功能,致使快速分裂的肿瘤细胞在有丝分裂阶段被限制而无法分离,将细胞阻滞于G2期与M期之间,致使肿瘤细胞复制被阻断而死亡。有研究发现,紫杉醇可通过引起活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)积累而激活核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)信号转导,上调PD-L1在TAMS中的表达[31]。在人卵巢癌细胞系中发现,紫杉醇可引起NF-κB依赖性的PD-L1表达上调,并抑制抗原特异性T细胞的功能,表明紫杉醇可能通过NF-κB介导的PD-L1上调而诱导卵巢癌肿瘤微环境免疫抑制;联合使用紫杉醇和PD-L1/PD-1信号阻断剂治疗的荷瘤小鼠较单独使用紫杉醇治疗的小鼠存活时间长[32]。因此,靶向PD-L1/PD-1信号轴的免疫疗法与化疗组合可能会获得更好的抗肿瘤反应。
化疗药物可降低Tregs的活性,增加细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的比例。细胞毒性化疗可增强肿瘤抗原的表达,最常见的是主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)表达上调[5]。此外,化疗可上调PD-L1在肿瘤细胞及组织中的表达。因此,鉴于化疗在调节抗肿瘤免疫应答方面的广泛作用,免疫检查点抑制剂联合化疗可能会进一步增强细胞毒性T细胞的活性,或者化疗药物可能作为致敏剂,诱导增强PD-L1和PD-1抗体的抗肿瘤活性,从而提高临床疗效。近年来,化疗与免疫治疗的结合引起了临床医师和研究人员的关注,并在多项临床试验中进行了探讨。
目前已在多种实体肿瘤中开展了化疗联合免疫治疗的临床试验(表2)。临床试验KEYNOTE-021结果显示,非鳞状NSCLC患者采用派姆单抗联合化疗治疗的ORR高于单纯化疗组,无进展生存期(progress free survival,PFS)也有显著延长[33]。Ⅲ期临床试验KEYNOTE-189结果显示,在转移性非鳞状NSCLC患者中,与安慰剂联合化疗组相比,派姆单抗联合化疗组的中位PFS及OS均有所延长[34]。Ⅲ期临床试验KEYNOTE-407随机选取559例转移性鳞状NSCLC患者,结果显示,派姆单抗联合组与单纯化疗组的PFS分别为6.4、4.8个月,OS分别为15.9、11.3个月。临床试验KEYNOTE-021、KEYNOTE-407结果表明,不管PD-L1表达水平如何,与单独化疗比较,派姆单抗联合化疗均可延长患者的OS和PFS,尤其是在PD-L1≥50%的亚组中更明显[35]。IMpower132研究发现,晚期鳞状细胞NSCLC患者使用PD-L1抑制剂阿特珠单抗联合化疗(铂类+培美曲塞)的PFS及OS较单独化疗(铂类+培美曲塞)有所延长[36]。最近一项临床试验NCT03134872结果显示,我国自主研发的PD-1抗体卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗(卡铂+培美曲塞)的PFS较单独化疗明显延长,表明卡瑞利珠单抗联合卡铂+培美曲塞可作为晚期非鳞状细胞癌患者的一线治疗方案[37]
有研究比较了KEYNOTE-407与IMpower131临床试验的结果,发现对于NSCLC患者,相较阿特朱单抗联合化疗,派姆单抗联合化疗可更好地延长OS及PFS;进一步亚组分析发现,对于PD-L1高表达的患者,派姆单抗联合化疗与阿特朱单抗联合化疗的OS及PFS相似,但对于PDL-1低表达的患者,派姆单抗联合化疗组的预后更好(OS:HR=0.43,95%CI 0.24~0.76,P<0.01;PFS:HR=0.80,95%CI 0.51~1.26,P=0.33);在PD-L1阴性的患者中,派姆单抗联合化疗组的PFS更长(HR=0.46,95%CI 0.28~0.75,P<0.01)[38],表明对于PD-L1低表达或阴性的晚期鳞状细胞NSCLC患者,抗PD-1抗体联合化疗可能较抗PD-L1抗体联合化疗的疗效好,但仍需临床试验进行验证。有研究发现,对于NSCLC患者,与单纯化疗相比,化疗联合CTLA-4抑制剂伊匹单抗治疗的PFS及OS均没有明显延长,表明CTLA-4抑制剂联合化疗并不能改善NSCLC患者的预后[39]。Ⅱ期临床试验KEYNOTE-059发现,对于进展期胃或胃食管交界处腺癌患者,派姆单抗联合化疗组的ORR高于单独派姆单抗组(60.0% vs. 25.8%)[40]。另有研究发现,在晚期胃或胃食管交界处肿瘤中,对于PD-L1评分CPS(combined positive score)≥1分的患者,派姆单抗的疗效不逊于化疗;对于CPS≥10分的患者,派姆单抗的疗效优于化疗;但无论CPS评分如何,派姆单抗联合化疗并不优于化疗[41]。Ⅲ期临床试验CheckMate 649发现,对于不可切除的晚期或转移性胃癌、胃食管连接部癌患者,与单独化疗相比,纳武单抗联合化疗明显降低了疾病进展或死亡的风险;在纳武单抗联合化疗的中国患者中均观察到OS及PFS获益[42]。因此,晚期胃癌患者应以纳武单抗联合化疗作为首选。此外,对于化疗失败的晚期或复发性胃食管交界癌患者,免疫检查点抑制剂单药治疗也可获得好的疗效和可控的安全性[43],且在PD-L1阳性患者中观察到更持久的生存受益。
本文对不同化疗药物与PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合应用的临床前和临床研究进行了总结,联合治疗在临床前模型和多发性实体瘤患者中显示出显著的疗效,主要作用机制包括两个方面:一方面,化疗药物通过诱导免疫原性死亡、诱导T细胞活化、上调肿瘤杀伤T细胞的活性来增强免疫应答;另一方面,在临床前肿瘤模型中,化疗药物上调了PD-L1的表达,且可被PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂阻断,而PD-L1的表达可导致化疗耐药,阻断PD-L1可减少耐药的发生。因此,化疗药物与PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的组合策略应该被设计成既可杀死癌细胞,又可通过诱发免疫原性细胞死亡(immunogenic cell death,ICD)将“冷”肿瘤转化为“热”肿瘤。但肿瘤微环境是一个复杂的场景,仍有更多的挑战和问题需要探讨。考虑到免疫检查点抑制剂联合目前癌症治疗方式如化疗、放疗、靶向治疗的无限可能性,需要进一步研究不同治疗模式之间的分子相互作用机制以及最佳临床联合用药方案,这些组合策略应该既能最大限度地杀死癌细胞,又可为机体保持一个良好的免疫状态。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81670594)
  • 甘肃省重点人才项目(2019RCXM020)
  • 甘肃省科技重大专项(19ZD2WA001)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1152
  • 接收时间:2021-07-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-14
  • 出版时间:2022-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-15
  • 录用日期:2021-08-14
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81670594)
国家自然科学基金(81670594)
Key Talents Project of Gansu Province(2019RCXM020)
甘肃省重点人才项目(2019RCXM020)
Key Project of Science and Technology in Gansu Province(19ZD2WA001)
甘肃省科技重大专项(19ZD2WA001)
作者信息
    1兰州大学第二临床医学院,甘肃兰州 730030
    2兰州大学第二医院肿瘤外科,甘肃兰州 730030
    3兰州大学第二医院甘肃省消化系肿瘤重点实验室,甘肃兰州 730030

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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