Article(id=1206995209800467357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995206415668023, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1125, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1640534400000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1644681600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-02-13, onlineDate=1765699682903, onlineDateStr=2025-12-14, pubDate=1669564800000, pubDateStr=2022-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765699682903, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765699682903, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765699682903, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1206995206415668023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2022', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1063', pageEnd='1167', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1765699682092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765700231511, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206997510904693630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995206415668023, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206997510908887935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1206995206415668023, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1125, endPage=1132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1206995210568025006, articleId=1206995209800467357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of children with severe anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor autoimmune encephalitis, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To summarize and analyze the clinical features, treatment and prognosis of children with severe anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis. Methods A total of 20 cases clinical data of children patients with severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis were collected from the Department of Internal Neurology and Pediatric ICU of Children's Hospital affiliated to Chongqing Medical University from January 2014 to September 2021. The clinical features, treatment and prognosis were analyzed. Modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to evaluate the short-term prognosis of the patients, and divided them into favourable prognosis group (mRS <2) and unfavourable prognosis group (mRS ≥2, or death), and analyze the influencing factor to prognosis. Results A total of 20 children with severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis were included, among them 11 girls and 9 boys with on-set age of (9.2±3.7) years. convulsion attack and mental behaviour disorder were the first neurological symptoms, and the main complications included consciousness disturbance (85.0%), status epilepticus (60.0%), central hypoventilation (40.0%),acute intracranial hypertension (35.0%), multiple organ dysfunction (20.0%), shock (20.0%) and rhabdomyolysis (15.0%), while no multiple organ dysfunction, shock and rhabdomyolysis occurred in favourable prognosis group. Moreover, slow wave activity was critical feature of first electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities (95.0%), and none of the patients in favourable prognosis group had epileptiform waves and δ-brushes. The first-line immune treatment was received by all the children patients including the combination therapies of methyllprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasma exchange (TPE), among them 2 cases received the second-line immunotherapy with rituximab. Glasgow coma score (GCS) scores improved after immunotherapy compared with pre-treatment. Short-term follow-up was performed for 3 months. Finally, 4 of the children patients died and 16 survived with neurological deficits, mainly including cognitive impairment (12 cases, 75.0%), language impairment (10 cases,62.5%) and motor deficits (8 cases, 50.0%), average mRS score was 2.81±1.55. The time from admission to performed the antibody testing was significantly shorter in favourable prognosis group than that in the unfavourable prognosis group. Conclusions For children patients with severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis, in addition to early testing the cerebrospinal fluid antibody, completing electroencephalogram and early initiation of immunotherapy, attention should also be paid to the management of central respiratory, cardiovascular and status epilepticus. Immunotherapy is effective in majority of the patients. However, children with severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis have a poor short-term prognosis.

, correspAuthors=Si-Wei Lu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei Han, Li Jiang, Si-Qi Hong, Yue-Qiang Fu, Si-Wei Lu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1206995211134256067, articleId=1206995209800467357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=CN, title=儿童重症抗NMDAR脑炎的临床特征、治疗及预后分析, columnId=1190310109164180259, journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, columnName=临床研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 总结分析儿童重症抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)脑炎的临床特征、治疗及预后情况。方法 收集2014年1月-2021年9月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科及儿童重症监护病房(PICU)收治的20例重症抗NMDAR脑炎患儿的临床资料。分析所有患儿的临床特征、治疗及预后情况;采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评估患儿的短期预后,将其分为预后良好组(mRS<2分)与预后不良组(mRS≥2分或死亡),并分析其预后影响因素。结果 纳入的20例重症抗NMDAR脑炎患儿中,女11例,男9例,发病年龄(9.2±3.7)岁。首发神经系统症状以惊厥发作、精神行为异常为主,主要并发症为意识障碍(85.0%),癫痫持续状态(60.0%),中枢性低通气(40.0%),急性颅内压增高(35.0%),多脏器功能衰竭(20.0%),休克(20.0%),横纹肌溶解(15.0%),其中短期预后良好的患儿无多脏器功能衰竭、休克和横纹肌溶解发生。首次脑电图检查异常19例(95.0%),主要为慢波活动,短期预后良好的患儿均无痫样波及δ刷。所有患儿均接受一线治疗,包括甲泼尼龙、静脉用丙种球蛋白(IVIG)或血浆置换(TPE),2例患儿接受利妥昔单抗二线免疫治疗,免疫治疗前后GCS评分有所改善。出院后进行3个月的短期随访,发现4例患儿死亡,16例存活患儿遗留以认知功能减退(12例,75.0%)、语言障碍(10例,62.5%)及运动障碍(8例,50.0%)为主的神经系统功能障碍,mRS评分为(2.81±1.55)分。近期预后良好组入院到完善抗体检测的时间明显短于近期预后不良组(P=0.032)。结论 儿童重症抗NMDAR脑炎除尽早完善抗体检测及脑电图检查、尽快启动免疫治疗外,还应重视呼吸、循环及癫痫持续状态的管理;大部分患儿免疫治疗有效,但近期预后欠佳。

, correspAuthors=卢思为, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
卢思为,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+l3kYCldc0JCsK+M8metXg==, magXml=JYZzbMmBJI5ouG1PZF3rcw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DMN+cS08L/C24btgkm51BQ==, pdfFileSize=1722769, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=OunhOCMrP0sY5IOpjja0Cg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IHTU5DECSkm2UUB8qTdmQA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

韩慰,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事儿童神经病学方面的研究

, authorsList=韩慰, 蒋莉, 洪思琦, 符跃强, 卢思为)}, authors=[Author(id=1207064232856731666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1207064232940617749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, authorId=1207064232856731666, language=EN, stringName=Wei Han, firstName=Wei, middleName=null, lastName=Han, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1207064232995143704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, authorId=1207064232856731666, language=CN, stringName=韩慰, firstName=慰, middleName=null, lastName=韩, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014, bio={"content":"

韩慰,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事儿童神经病学方面的研究

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

韩慰,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事儿童神经病学方面的研究

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207064232575713285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232584101892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232575713285, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232588296197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232575713285, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014)])]), Author(id=1207064233079029789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1207064233146138659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, authorId=1207064233079029789, language=EN, stringName=Li Jiang, firstName=Li, middleName=null, lastName=Jiang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1207064233209053225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, authorId=1207064233079029789, language=CN, stringName=蒋莉, firstName=莉, middleName=null, lastName=蒋, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207064232575713285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232584101892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232575713285, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232588296197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232575713285, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014)])]), Author(id=1207064233271967789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1207064233372631093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, authorId=1207064233271967789, language=EN, stringName=Si-Qi Hong, firstName=Si-Qi, middleName=null, lastName=Hong, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1207064233460711482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, authorId=1207064233271967789, language=CN, stringName=洪思琦, firstName=思琦, middleName=null, lastName=洪, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207064232575713285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232584101892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232575713285, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232588296197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232575713285, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014)])]), Author(id=1207064233544597569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1207064233653649477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, authorId=1207064233544597569, language=EN, stringName=Yue-Qiang Fu, firstName=Yue-Qiang, middleName=null, lastName=Fu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1207064233741729866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, authorId=1207064233544597569, language=CN, stringName=符跃强, firstName=跃强, middleName=null, lastName=符, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2重庆医科大学附属儿童医院重症监护室,重庆 400014, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207064232743485453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232756068366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232743485453, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232760262671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232743485453, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2重庆医科大学附属儿童医院重症监护室,重庆 400014)])]), Author(id=1207064233821421647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=vanelsw@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1207064233913696340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, authorId=1207064233821421647, language=EN, stringName=Si-Wei Lu, firstName=Si-Wei, middleName=null, lastName=Lu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, *, address=2Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1207064234005971034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, authorId=1207064233821421647, language=CN, stringName=卢思为, firstName=思为, middleName=null, lastName=卢, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, *, address=2重庆医科大学附属儿童医院重症监护室,重庆 400014, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207064232743485453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232756068366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232743485453, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232760262671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232743485453, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2重庆医科大学附属儿童医院重症监护室,重庆 400014)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1207064234203103327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)), Keyword(id=1207064234312155236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=children), Keyword(id=1207064234471538791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=severe encephalitis), Keyword(id=1207064234614145131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=anti-NMDAR encephalitis), Keyword(id=1207064234689642608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)), Keyword(id=1207064234786111604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=儿童), Keyword(id=1207064234853220472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=重症脑炎), Keyword(id=1207064234924523644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=抗NMDAR脑炎)], refs=[Reference(id=1207064236547719340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=61, issue=1, pageStart=25, pageEnd=36, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Dalmau J, Tüzün E, Wu HY, journalName=Ann Neurol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dalmau J, Tüzün E, Wu HY, et al. Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma[J]. Ann Neurol, 2007, 61(1): 25-36., articleTitle=Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064236619022511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=44, issue=6, pageStart=508, pageEnd=514, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Chen C, Lin JF, Gong X, journalName=Med J Chin PLA, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen C, Lin JF, Gong X, et al. Advances in research on recurrence of autoimmune encephalitis[J]. Med J Chin PLA, 2019, 44(6): 508-514., articleTitle=Advances in research on recurrence of autoimmune encephalitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064236694519986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=44, issue=6, pageStart=508, pageEnd=514, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=陈矗, 林静芳, 龚雪, journalName=解放军医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[陈矗, 林静芳, 龚雪, 等. 自身免疫性脑炎复发的研究进展[J]. 解放军医学杂志, 2019, 44(6): 508-514.], articleTitle=自身免疫性脑炎复发的研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064236807766196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=46, issue=12, pageStart=1263, pageEnd=1267, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=He YL, Shen XY, Ge CM, journalName=Med J Chin PLA, refType=null, unstructuredReference=He YL, Shen XY, Ge CM. Research status of overlap syndrome of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody disease and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis[J]. Med J Chin PLA, 2021, 46(12): 1263-1267., articleTitle=Research status of overlap syndrome of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody disease and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064236900040887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=1263, pageEnd=1267, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=何亚玲, 沈雪阳, 葛朝明, journalName=解放军医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[何亚玲, 沈雪阳, 葛朝明.MOG抗体病及抗NMDAR脑炎重叠综合征研究现状[J]. 解放军医学杂志, 2021, 46(12): 1263-1267.], articleTitle=MOG抗体病及抗NMDAR脑炎重叠综合征研究现状, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064237017481400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=7, issue=2, pageStart=e663, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Cellucci T, van Mater H, Graus F, journalName=Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cellucci T, van Mater H, Graus F, et al. Clinical approach to the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis in the pediatric patient[J]. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 2020, 7(2): e663., articleTitle=Clinical approach to the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis in the pediatric patient, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064237147504831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=18, issue=11, pageStart=1045, pageEnd=1057, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Dalmau J, Armangué T, Planagumà J, journalName=Lancet Neurol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dalmau J, Armangué T, Planagumà J, et al. An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists:mechanisms and models[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2019, 18(11): 1045-1057., articleTitle=An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists:mechanisms and models, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064237239779521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=30, issue=null, pageStart=9, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Ursitti F, Roberto D, Papetti L, journalName=Eur J Paediatr Neurol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ursitti F, Roberto D, Papetti L, et al. Diagnosis of pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis at the onset: a clinical challenge[J]. Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2021, 30: 9-16., articleTitle=Diagnosis of pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis at the onset: a clinical challenge, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064237327859908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=11, issue=1, pageStart=6045, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Ji T, Huang Z, Lian Y, journalName=Sci Rep, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ji T, Huang Z, Lian Y, et al. Emerging role of free triiodothyronine in patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis[J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 6045., articleTitle=Emerging role of free triiodothyronine in patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064237424328901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=12, issue=2, pageStart=157, pageEnd=165, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, journalName=Lancet Neurol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2013, 12(2): 157-165., articleTitle=Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064237520797894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=92, issue=3, pageStart=e244, pageEnd=e252, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Balu R, McCracken L, Lancaster E, journalName=Neurology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Balu R, McCracken L, Lancaster E, et al. A score that predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis[J]. Neurology, 2019, 92(3): e244-e252., articleTitle=A score that predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064237604683978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=97, issue=2, pageStart=839, pageEnd=887, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Dalmau J, Geis C, Graus F, journalName=Physiol Rev, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dalmau J, Geis C, Graus F. Autoantibodies to synaptic receptors and neuronal cell surface proteins in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system[J]. Physiol Rev, 2017, 97(2): 839-887., articleTitle=Autoantibodies to synaptic receptors and neuronal cell surface proteins in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064237717930188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=138, issue=5, pageStart=401, pageEnd=408, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Warren N, Siskind D, O'Gorman C, journalName=Acta Psychiatr Scand, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Warren N, Siskind D, O'Gorman C. Refining the psychiatric syndrome of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis[J]. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 2018, 138(5): 401-408., articleTitle=Refining the psychiatric syndrome of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064237814399183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=31, issue=1, pageStart=70, pageEnd=79, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Gibson LL, Pollak TA, Blackman G, journalName=J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gibson LL, Pollak TA, Blackman G, et al. The psychiatric phenotype of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis[J]. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2019, 31(1): 70-79., articleTitle=The psychiatric phenotype of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064237889896658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Blackman G, Kumar K, Hanrahan JG, journalName=J Clin Neurophysiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Blackman G, Kumar K, Hanrahan JG, et al. Quantitative EEG as a prognostic tool in suspected anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody encephalitis[J]. J Clin Neurophysiol, 2021.doi: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000877., articleTitle=Quantitative EEG as a prognostic tool in suspected anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody encephalitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064237965394133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=195, issue=4, pageStart=491, pageEnd=499, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=15, authorNames=de Montmollin E, Demeret S, Brulé N, journalName=Am J Respir Crit Care Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=de Montmollin E, Demeret S, Brulé N, et al. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis in adult patients requiring intensive care[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2017, 195(4):491-499., articleTitle=Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis in adult patients requiring intensive care, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064238066057431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=5, issue=null, pageStart=250, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Remy KE, Custer JW, Cappell J, journalName=Front Pediatr, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Remy KE, Custer JW, Cappell J, et al. Pediatric anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a review with pooled analysis and critical care emphasis[J]. Front Pediatr, 2017, 5: 250., articleTitle=Pediatric anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a review with pooled analysis and critical care emphasis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064238162526426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=665183, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Wang D, Su S, Tan M, journalName=Front Immunol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang D, Su S, Tan M, et al. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in severe anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis:a single center retrospective observational study[J]. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 665183., articleTitle=Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in severe anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis:a single center retrospective observational study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064238217052380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=30, issue=6, pageStart=677, pageEnd=681, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Dou JY, Cui Y, Shi JY, journalName=Chin J Emerg Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dou JY, Cui Y, Shi JY, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment of severe autoimmune encephalitis in children[J]. Chin J Emerg Med, 2021, 30(6): 677-681., articleTitle=Clinical characteristics and treatment of severe autoimmune encephalitis in children, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064238288355550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=677, pageEnd=681, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=19, authorNames=窦家莹, 崔云, 史婧奕, journalName=中华急诊医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[窦家莹, 崔云, 史婧奕, 等. 儿童重症免疫性脑炎临床特征和治疗分析[J]. 中华急诊医学杂志, 2021, 30(6): 677-681.], articleTitle=儿童重症免疫性脑炎临床特征和治疗分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064238351270113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=251, pageEnd=258, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Lin KL, Lin JJ, journalName=Biomed J, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin KL, Lin JJ. Neurocritical care for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis[J]. Biomed J, 2020, 43(3): 251-258., articleTitle=Neurocritical care for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064238418378980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=298, issue=null, pageStart=178, pageEnd=180, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Lim JA, Lee ST, Kim TJ, journalName=J Neuroimmunol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lim JA, Lee ST, Kim TJ, et al. Frequent rhabdomyolysis in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis[J]. J Neuroimmunol, 2016, 298:178-180., articleTitle=Frequent rhabdomyolysis in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064238489682152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=133, issue=Pt 6, pageStart=1655, pageEnd=1667, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Irani SR, Bera K, Waters P, journalName=Brain, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Irani SR, Bera K, Waters P, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes[J]. Brain, 2010, 133(Pt 6): 1655-1667., articleTitle=N-methyl-D-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064238598734059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=25, issue=12, pageStart=881, pageEnd=887, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Zhang JZ, Jiang YW, journalName=Chin Pediatr Emerg Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang JZ, Jiang YW. Autoimmune encephalitis in children[J]. Chin Pediatr Emerg Med, 2018, 25(12): 881-887., articleTitle=Autoimmune encephalitis in children, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064238674231532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=25, issue=12, pageStart=881, pageEnd=887, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=24, authorNames=张建昭, 姜玉武, journalName=中国小儿急救医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[张建昭, 姜玉武. 儿童自身免疫性脑炎[J]. 中国小儿急救医学, 2018, 25(12): 881-887.], articleTitle=儿童自身免疫性脑炎, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064238728757486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=8, issue=5, pageStart=e1052, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Nosadini M, Thomas T, Eyre M, journalName=Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nosadini M, Thomas T, Eyre M, et al. International consensus recommendations for the treatment of pediatric NMDAR antibody encephalitis[J]. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 2021, 8(5): e1052., articleTitle=International consensus recommendations for the treatment of pediatric NMDAR antibody encephalitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064238804254961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=36, issue=6, pageStart=886, pageEnd=892, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Yang Y, Zhang BJ, Li M, journalName=J Clin Apher, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang Y, Zhang BJ, Li M, et al. Successful treatment with immunoadsorption therapy in four patients with severe and refractory anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis[J]. J Clin Apher, 2021, 36(6): 886-892., articleTitle=Successful treatment with immunoadsorption therapy in four patients with severe and refractory anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064238862975220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=59, issue=8, pageStart=796, pageEnd=805, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Nosadini M, Mohammad SS, Corazza F, journalName=Dev Med Child Neurol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nosadini M, Mohammad SS, Corazza F, et al. Herpes simplex virus-induced anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis:a systematic literature review with analysis of 43 cases[J]. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2017, 59(8): 796-805., articleTitle=Herpes simplex virus-induced anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis:a systematic literature review with analysis of 43 cases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064238942666999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=17, issue=9, pageStart=760, pageEnd=772, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Armangue T, Spatola M, Vlagea A, journalName=Lancet Neurol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Armangue T, Spatola M, Vlagea A, et al. Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after Herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2018, 17(9): 760-772., articleTitle=Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after Herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064239005581561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=378, issue=9, pageStart=840, pageEnd=851, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Dalmau J, Graus F, journalName=N Engl J Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dalmau J, Graus F. Antibody-mediated encephalitis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(9): 840-851., articleTitle=Antibody-mediated encephalitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207064239068496124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=16, issue=9, pageStart=481, pageEnd=492, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Sun B, Ramberger M, O'Connor KC, journalName=Nat Rev Neurol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun B, Ramberger M, O'Connor KC, et al. The B cell immunobiology that underlies CNS autoantibody-mediated diseases[J]. Nat Rev Neurol, 2020, 16(9): 481-492., articleTitle=The B cell immunobiology that underlies CNS autoantibody-mediated diseases, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1207064236044402847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, awardId=KJQN202100423, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(KJQN202100423), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1207064236140871843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, awardId=KJQN202100423, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市教委科学技术研究项目(KJQN202100423), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1207064236249923746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, awardId=YBRP-202110, language=EN, fundingSource=Youth Basic Research Project from Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders(YBRP-202110), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1207064236346392741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, awardId=YBRP-202110, language=CN, fundingSource=儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室基础研究青年项目(YBRP-202110), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207064232575713285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232584101892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232575713285, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232588296197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232575713285, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014)]), AuthorCompany(id=1207064232743485453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232756068366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232743485453, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207064232760262671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, companyId=1207064232743485453, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2重庆医科大学附属儿童医院重症监护室,重庆 400014)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1207064235109073026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Typical electroencephalography (EEG) of severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis in a 7-year-old girl, figureFileSmall=cbLm8kI5dhsrOF7LgGM5Aw==, figureFileBig=CRjrYCAmXejWWFl5ilvxPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064235213930631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=CN, label=图1, caption=一例7岁重症抗NMDAR脑炎女童的典型脑电图表现

A. 2~7 Hz δθ混合活动背景;B. 不典型尖-慢波(右侧颞区为著);C. 右侧颞区δ刷阵发(箭头所示)

, figureFileSmall=cbLm8kI5dhsrOF7LgGM5Aw==, figureFileBig=CRjrYCAmXejWWFl5ilvxPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064235348148359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Clinical manifestation and auxiliary check results of 20 children with severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目例数(%)
前驱症状
 发热11(55.0)
 恶心呕吐4(20.0)
 头痛3(15.0)
 肢体无力2(10.0)
首发神经系统症状
 精神行为异常17(85.0)
 语言障碍14(70.0)
 惊厥发作12(60.0)
 意识障碍10(50.0)
 运动障碍7(35.0)
 共济失调2(10.0)
并发症
 意识障碍17(85.0)
 严重精神行为异常17(85.0)
 癫痫持续状态12(60.0)
 中枢性低通气8(40.0)
 急性颅内压增高7(35.0)
 多脏器功能衰竭4(20.0)
 休克4(20.0)
 横纹肌溶解3(15.0)
首次脑脊液检查
 白细胞数升高5(25.0)
 蛋白质升高3(15.0)
脑电图异常19(95.0)
 慢波活动19(95.0)
 痫样波5(25.0)
 δ刷1(5.0)
首次头颅MRI异常11(55.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1207064235432034443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

重症抗NMDAR脑炎患儿20例的临床表现及辅助检查结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目例数(%)
前驱症状
 发热11(55.0)
 恶心呕吐4(20.0)
 头痛3(15.0)
 肢体无力2(10.0)
首发神经系统症状
 精神行为异常17(85.0)
 语言障碍14(70.0)
 惊厥发作12(60.0)
 意识障碍10(50.0)
 运动障碍7(35.0)
 共济失调2(10.0)
并发症
 意识障碍17(85.0)
 严重精神行为异常17(85.0)
 癫痫持续状态12(60.0)
 中枢性低通气8(40.0)
 急性颅内压增高7(35.0)
 多脏器功能衰竭4(20.0)
 休克4(20.0)
 横纹肌溶解3(15.0)
首次脑脊液检查
 白细胞数升高5(25.0)
 蛋白质升高3(15.0)
脑电图异常19(95.0)
 慢波活动19(95.0)
 痫样波5(25.0)
 δ刷1(5.0)
首次头颅MRI异常11(55.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1207064235549474958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

The prognosis of 20 children with severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转归指标数值
存活[例(%)]16(80.0)
 GCS评分(分,$\bar{x}±s$)
  免疫治疗前7.85±2.73
  免疫治疗后12.77±3.21
 后遗症[例(%)]
  运动障碍8(50.0)
  精神行为异常3(18.8)
  语言障碍10(62.5)
  继发癫痫4(20.0)
  认知功能障碍12(75.0)
 mRS评分(分,$\bar{x}±s$)2.81±1.55
  mRS<2分[例(%)]6(30.0)
  mRS≥2分[例(%)]10(50.0)
死亡[例(%)]4(20.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1207064235683692690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

20例重症抗NMDAR脑炎的转归

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转归指标数值
存活[例(%)]16(80.0)
 GCS评分(分,$\bar{x}±s$)
  免疫治疗前7.85±2.73
  免疫治疗后12.77±3.21
 后遗症[例(%)]
  运动障碍8(50.0)
  精神行为异常3(18.8)
  语言障碍10(62.5)
  继发癫痫4(20.0)
  认知功能障碍12(75.0)
 mRS评分(分,$\bar{x}±s$)2.81±1.55
  mRS<2分[例(%)]6(30.0)
  mRS≥2分[例(%)]10(50.0)
死亡[例(%)]4(20.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1207064235780161687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison of clinical data between two groups of children with severe anti- NMDAR encephalitis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标预后良好组(n=6)预后不良组(n=14)P
一般情况
 男/女(例)2/47/70.642
 年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)8.7±3.39.4±3.90.717
 入院到完善抗体检测时间[d, M(Q1, Q3)]1(1.00, 2.00)3(1.00, 7.50)0.032
 起病到启动免疫治疗时间[d, M(Q1, Q3)]20.50(12.25, 38.00)12.50(10.00, 19.00)0.120
 PICU住院时间[d, M(Q1, Q3)]9.00 (0, 24.75)3.50 (0, 23.75)0.898
主要症状[例(%)]
 癫痫发作3(50)9(64)0.642
 精神行为异常5(83)11(78)1.000
 意识障碍4(66)6(43)0.628
 运动障碍3(50)4(28)0.613
 语言障碍3(50)11(78)0.303
 中枢性低通气3(50)5(35)0.642
 难治性癫痫持续状态3(50)9(64)0.642
 急性颅内压增高1(16)6(43)0.354
 多脏器功能衰竭04(28)0.267
 休克04(28)0.267
 横纹肌溶解03(21)0.521
辅助检查[例(%)]
 脑电图有痫样波或δ刷06(43)0.115
 头颅MRI异常3(50)8(57)1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1207064235855659162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209800467357, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两组重症抗NMDAR脑炎患儿临床资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标预后良好组(n=6)预后不良组(n=14)P
一般情况
 男/女(例)2/47/70.642
 年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)8.7±3.39.4±3.90.717
 入院到完善抗体检测时间[d, M(Q1, Q3)]1(1.00, 2.00)3(1.00, 7.50)0.032
 起病到启动免疫治疗时间[d, M(Q1, Q3)]20.50(12.25, 38.00)12.50(10.00, 19.00)0.120
 PICU住院时间[d, M(Q1, Q3)]9.00 (0, 24.75)3.50 (0, 23.75)0.898
主要症状[例(%)]
 癫痫发作3(50)9(64)0.642
 精神行为异常5(83)11(78)1.000
 意识障碍4(66)6(43)0.628
 运动障碍3(50)4(28)0.613
 语言障碍3(50)11(78)0.303
 中枢性低通气3(50)5(35)0.642
 难治性癫痫持续状态3(50)9(64)0.642
 急性颅内压增高1(16)6(43)0.354
 多脏器功能衰竭04(28)0.267
 休克04(28)0.267
 横纹肌溶解03(21)0.521
辅助检查[例(%)]
 脑电图有痫样波或δ刷06(43)0.115
 头颅MRI异常3(50)8(57)1.000
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1146441329971666965, delFlag=0, nameCn=解放军医学杂志, nameEn=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0577-7402, eissn=null, cn=11-1056/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=是, ccby=CC BY-NC-ND, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1751262512917, updatedTime=1761735725513, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=M, firstLetterEn=M, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, picEn=ELwBh5xqrSTlIs7HmSNt2Q==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369167564968109, language=CN, name=解放军医学杂志, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735725537, updatedTime=1761735725537, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=#, submissionEditorUrl=#, submissionReviewUrl=#, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369167615299758, language=EN, name=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735725549, updatedTime=1761735725549, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=#, submissionEditorUrl=#, submissionReviewUrl=#, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189873630562394117, websiteList=[Website(id=1189873845923287108, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189873630562394117, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761617631655, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761622010471, updateBy=18614031015, name=解放军医学杂志-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=解放军医学杂志, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189924939378520839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761629813284, updateTime=1761629813284, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939353355012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761629813278, updateTime=1761629813278, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939399492362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813289, updateTime=1761629813289, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939344966403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/file/pic?fileId=+zXjYVhun8ZOAA6+aKx2hw==, createTime=1761629813276, updateTime=1761629813276, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939412075276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813292, updateTime=1761629813292, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939374326534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761629813283, updateTime=1761629813283, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939407880971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813291, updateTime=1761629813291, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939361743621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761629813280, updateTime=1761629813280, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939386909448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761629813286, updateTime=1761629813286, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939395298057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761629813288, updateTime=1761629813288, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189873846057504839, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189873630562394117, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761617631687, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761622030030, updateBy=18614031015, name=解放军医学杂志-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189924968168223505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761629820148, updateTime=1761629820148, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968147251982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761629820143, updateTime=1761629820143, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968185000724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820152, updateTime=1761629820152, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968138863373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/file/pic?fileId=+zXjYVhun8ZOAA6+aKx2hw==, createTime=1761629820141, updateTime=1761629820141, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968197583638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820155, updateTime=1761629820155, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968159834896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761629820146, updateTime=1761629820146, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968193389333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820154, updateTime=1761629820154, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968155640591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761629820145, updateTime=1761629820145, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968172417810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761629820149, updateTime=1761629820149, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968180806419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761629820151, updateTime=1761629820151, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://zh.jfjyxzz.org.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, journalPhotoCn=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, journalPhotoEn=ELwBh5xqrSTlIs7HmSNt2Q==, journalFirstLetter=M, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1125, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1125, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/PDF/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1125, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/PDF/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1125, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
儿童重症抗NMDAR脑炎的临床特征、治疗及预后分析
收藏切换
PDF下载
韩慰 1 , 蒋莉 1 , 洪思琦 1 , 符跃强 2 , 卢思为 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2022,47(11): 1125-1132
收起
收藏切换
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2022, 47(11): 1125-1132
儿童重症抗NMDAR脑炎的临床特征、治疗及预后分析
全屏
韩慰1, 蒋莉1, 洪思琦1, 符跃强2, 卢思为2, *
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014
  • 2重庆医科大学附属儿童医院重症监护室,重庆 400014
  • 韩慰,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事儿童神经病学方面的研究

通讯作者:

卢思为,E-mail:
Clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of children with severe anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor autoimmune encephalitis
Wei Han1, Li Jiang1, Si-Qi Hong1, Yue-Qiang Fu2, Si-Wei Lu2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
  • 2Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
出版时间: 2022-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1125
文章导航
收藏切换

目的 总结分析儿童重症抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)脑炎的临床特征、治疗及预后情况。方法 收集2014年1月-2021年9月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科及儿童重症监护病房(PICU)收治的20例重症抗NMDAR脑炎患儿的临床资料。分析所有患儿的临床特征、治疗及预后情况;采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评估患儿的短期预后,将其分为预后良好组(mRS<2分)与预后不良组(mRS≥2分或死亡),并分析其预后影响因素。结果 纳入的20例重症抗NMDAR脑炎患儿中,女11例,男9例,发病年龄(9.2±3.7)岁。首发神经系统症状以惊厥发作、精神行为异常为主,主要并发症为意识障碍(85.0%),癫痫持续状态(60.0%),中枢性低通气(40.0%),急性颅内压增高(35.0%),多脏器功能衰竭(20.0%),休克(20.0%),横纹肌溶解(15.0%),其中短期预后良好的患儿无多脏器功能衰竭、休克和横纹肌溶解发生。首次脑电图检查异常19例(95.0%),主要为慢波活动,短期预后良好的患儿均无痫样波及δ刷。所有患儿均接受一线治疗,包括甲泼尼龙、静脉用丙种球蛋白(IVIG)或血浆置换(TPE),2例患儿接受利妥昔单抗二线免疫治疗,免疫治疗前后GCS评分有所改善。出院后进行3个月的短期随访,发现4例患儿死亡,16例存活患儿遗留以认知功能减退(12例,75.0%)、语言障碍(10例,62.5%)及运动障碍(8例,50.0%)为主的神经系统功能障碍,mRS评分为(2.81±1.55)分。近期预后良好组入院到完善抗体检测的时间明显短于近期预后不良组(P=0.032)。结论 儿童重症抗NMDAR脑炎除尽早完善抗体检测及脑电图检查、尽快启动免疫治疗外,还应重视呼吸、循环及癫痫持续状态的管理;大部分患儿免疫治疗有效,但近期预后欠佳。

N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)  /  儿童  /  重症脑炎  /  抗NMDAR脑炎

Objective To summarize and analyze the clinical features, treatment and prognosis of children with severe anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis. Methods A total of 20 cases clinical data of children patients with severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis were collected from the Department of Internal Neurology and Pediatric ICU of Children's Hospital affiliated to Chongqing Medical University from January 2014 to September 2021. The clinical features, treatment and prognosis were analyzed. Modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to evaluate the short-term prognosis of the patients, and divided them into favourable prognosis group (mRS <2) and unfavourable prognosis group (mRS ≥2, or death), and analyze the influencing factor to prognosis. Results A total of 20 children with severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis were included, among them 11 girls and 9 boys with on-set age of (9.2±3.7) years. convulsion attack and mental behaviour disorder were the first neurological symptoms, and the main complications included consciousness disturbance (85.0%), status epilepticus (60.0%), central hypoventilation (40.0%),acute intracranial hypertension (35.0%), multiple organ dysfunction (20.0%), shock (20.0%) and rhabdomyolysis (15.0%), while no multiple organ dysfunction, shock and rhabdomyolysis occurred in favourable prognosis group. Moreover, slow wave activity was critical feature of first electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities (95.0%), and none of the patients in favourable prognosis group had epileptiform waves and δ-brushes. The first-line immune treatment was received by all the children patients including the combination therapies of methyllprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasma exchange (TPE), among them 2 cases received the second-line immunotherapy with rituximab. Glasgow coma score (GCS) scores improved after immunotherapy compared with pre-treatment. Short-term follow-up was performed for 3 months. Finally, 4 of the children patients died and 16 survived with neurological deficits, mainly including cognitive impairment (12 cases, 75.0%), language impairment (10 cases,62.5%) and motor deficits (8 cases, 50.0%), average mRS score was 2.81±1.55. The time from admission to performed the antibody testing was significantly shorter in favourable prognosis group than that in the unfavourable prognosis group. Conclusions For children patients with severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis, in addition to early testing the cerebrospinal fluid antibody, completing electroencephalogram and early initiation of immunotherapy, attention should also be paid to the management of central respiratory, cardiovascular and status epilepticus. Immunotherapy is effective in majority of the patients. However, children with severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis have a poor short-term prognosis.

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)  /  children  /  severe encephalitis  /  anti-NMDAR encephalitis
韩慰, 蒋莉, 洪思琦, 符跃强, 卢思为. 儿童重症抗NMDAR脑炎的临床特征、治疗及预后分析. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (11) : 1125 -1132 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1125
Wei Han, Li Jiang, Si-Qi Hong, Yue-Qiang Fu, Si-Wei Lu. Clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of children with severe anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor autoimmune encephalitis[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (11) : 1125 -1132 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1125
抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor,NMDAR)脑炎由Dalmau等[1]于2007首次提出,是儿童常见的非感染性脑炎。儿童抗NMDAR脑炎是一种中枢神经系统免疫性疾病,常急性起病,以快速进展的精神行为异常、认知语言障碍、癫痫发作、运动障碍为典型表现,可发展为以癫痫持续状态、意识障碍甚至呼吸衰竭、心血管功能障碍等严重神经系统和脑部以外多器官功能障碍为特征的重症脑炎,并可遗留严重的神经系统后遗症,甚至危及生命。由于其临床表现复杂多样,易延误诊断及治疗,发展为重症的比例高[2],因此,近年来该病逐渐受到儿科重症监护病房(pediatric intensive care unit,PICU)的重视。目前,国内外对儿童重症抗NMDAR脑炎的研究较少,对该病的认识不足,且儿童抗NMDAR脑炎在某些临床特征方面不同于成人,因此,充分认识其特点对于及时、有效的临床干预至关重要[3]。本研究对重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科及PICU收治的重症抗NMDAR脑炎20例患儿的临床特点、治疗方案与短期预后进行总结分析,旨在为临床诊疗提供参考。
收集2014年1月-2021年9月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科及PICU收治的20例重症抗NMDAR脑炎患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。纳入标准:(1)年龄0~16岁;(2)符合抗NMDAR脑炎的诊断标准;(3)符合重症脑炎的诊断标准。抗NMDAR脑炎的诊断标准:(1)快速起病(病程<3个月);(2)临床表现具备[①异常行为(精神症状)或认知功能障碍;②语言功能障碍;③癫痫发作;④运动障碍、异动症或肌强直/异常姿势;⑤意识水平下降;⑥自主神经功能障碍或中枢性通气不足]6项主要症状中的1项或多项;(3)脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)NMDAR抗体IgG阳性伴或不伴血NMDAR抗体IgG阳性;(4)排除其他可能病因,包括病毒性脑炎、脑肿瘤、代谢性疾病、药物中毒等。重症脑炎诊断标准[4]至少符合以下1项:①单次全身性惊厥时间>5 min或癫痫持续状态(refractory status epilepticus,RSE);②意识障碍,改良格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow coma score,GCS)≤8分;③肢体瘫痪;④脑干损害;⑤严重或持续颅内压增高;⑥脑外器官功能障碍或衰竭。本研究获重庆医科大学附属儿童医院伦理委员会批准[2022年伦审(研)第(306)号]。
收集患儿基本资料(性别、年龄、起病到启动免疫治疗时间、PICU住院时间、总住院时间),首发症状、临床表现,合并症,既往自身免疫、肿瘤病史,主要实验室指标(脑脊液常规、血及脑脊液自身免疫性脑炎抗体、自身抗体),脑电图和影像学资料,治疗措施及预后转归等。根据GCS评分评估意识状态,改良Rankin评分(modified Rankin score,mRS)评估脑功能情况。
主要包括免疫治疗及支持治疗。常用的一线免疫治疗方法包括糖皮质激素、静脉用丙种球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)、治疗性血浆置换(therapeutic plasma exchange,TPE)两种及以上的联合治疗。糖皮质激素主要是甲泼尼龙10~30 mg/(kg.d),连续3~5 d,最大剂量1 g/d,冲击后改为1~2 mg/(kg.d)直至出院。IVIG总剂量为2 g/kg,持续用药2~5 d。TPE单次置换血浆量50 ml/kg。以上一线治疗方法效果不佳者采用二线治疗(利妥昔单抗或环磷酰胺)。对症支持治疗包括缓解自主神经症状,机械通气、抗感染、持续镇静,处理横纹肌溶解症,抗癫痫药物治疗,营养支持及纠正内环境紊乱,必要时行气管切开等。
采用门诊复诊及电话方式随访,并采用mRS评估患儿的短期预后,将其分为预后良好组与预后不良组。其中,认定完全恢复或轻微后遗症(mRS<2分)为预后良好,中或重度后遗症(mRS≥2分)或死亡为预后不良。
将纳入病例的一般情况、临床特征、重要的辅助检查结果、治疗与预后转归情况进行描述分析,并进一步对近期预后良好与预后不良组患儿的一般情况、主要临床症状及辅助检查结果进行比较。
采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,不符合正态分布的计量资料以M(Q1Q3)表示,组间比较采用秩和检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用Fisher确切概率法。均为双侧检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
20例中男9例,女11例,年龄(9.2±3.7)岁。起病到入院时间为10.00(8.00,1 8.0 0) d,入院到完善抗体检测的时间为2.00(1.00,3.75) d,起病到启动免疫治疗的时间为13.00(10.00,23.50) d,PICU住院时间3.50(0.00,21.75) d,总住院时间31.00(18.75,58.75) d。
20例中,前驱症状包括发热11例,头痛3例,恶心呕吐4例,肢体无力2例。首发神经系统症状包括惊厥发作12例,精神行为异常16例,意识障碍10例,语言障碍14例,运动障碍7例,共济失调2例。病程中出现的并发症包括癫痫持续状态12例,意识障碍17例,严重精神行为异常17例,中枢性低通气8例,急性颅内压增高7例,多脏器功能衰竭4例,休克4例,横纹肌溶解3例(表1)。既往均无自身免疫疾病、肿瘤病史。1例为乙型脑炎病毒感染后触发,1例为EB病毒感染后触发。
入院后首次脑脊液检查白细胞数升高5例,蛋白质升高3例。20例患儿中,血清和脑脊液抗NMDAR抗体均阳性18例,血清抗体阴性2例,合并髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein,MOG)抗体阳性1例。血清抗Ro-52抗体阳性5例,血清抗SS-A抗体阳性4例。铁蛋白增高2例。入院后首次脑电图检查异常19例(95%),慢波活动19例,痫样波发放5例,δ刷1例。典型脑电图表现如图1所示。首次头颅MRI检查可见异常11例,主要涉及部位为侧脑室后角、基底节区、胼胝体区、丘脑、海马、颞叶、岛叶等。有7例病程中复查头颅MRI,其中4例存在不同程度的脑萎缩。
20例均给予一线免疫治疗,其中IVIG(2 g/kg)联合甲泼尼龙20~30 mg/(kg.d)连续3~5 d冲击治疗14例,IVIG+甲泼尼龙+TPE治疗6例,有2例给予2次50 ml/kg TPE,然后序贯治疗给予甲泼尼龙1~2 mg/(kg.d),3~6个月逐渐减停。2例经过IVIG冲击和甲泼尼龙冲击治疗效果欠佳后给予二线免疫治疗[利妥昔单抗(375 mg/m2)]。免疫治疗前GCS评分为(7.85±2.73)分,治疗后GCS评分为(12.77±3.21)分(表2)。8例中枢性低通气综合征患儿给予有创机械通气,持续时间196.00(130.50,225.37) h。1例给予血液净化治疗。12例癫痫持续状态给予咪达唑仑静脉维持联合1~3种口服抗癫痫药物,包括左乙拉西坦、丙戊酸钠、氯硝西泮,惊厥控制后给予口服抗癫痫药物治疗。
20例中,3例住院期间死亡;出院后3个月通过电话或门诊随访,16例存活,1例出院后死亡。存活患儿中遗留运动障碍8例,精神行为异常3例,语言障碍10例,仍有癫痫发作4例,认知功能减退12例。随访时mRS评分为(2.81±1.55)分。近期预后良好(mRS<2分)6例,预后不良(mRS≥2分或死亡)14例(表2)。此外,近期预后良好组入院到完善抗体检测的时间明显短于近期预后不良组(P=0.032),且病程中均无多脏器功能衰竭、休克及横纹肌溶解等表现,脑电图也未见痫样波或δ刷(表3)。
近年来,自身抗体介导的自身免疫性疾病已成为儿童临床神经病学研究的热点之一。抗NMDAR脑炎是儿童及青少年最常见的自身抗体相关性免疫性脑炎[5],具体发病率尚不清楚,有研究报道1~85岁均可发病,女性发病率较高[5-6]。由于抗NMDAR脑炎病死率高达6%,18%可遗留严重后遗症[7-8],尤其是对于重症患者,延迟诊断治疗可能导致病死率和致残率明显增高,因此,早期诊断和治疗该疾病具有重要意义。但抗NMDAR脑炎患儿的前驱症状无特异性,临床表现多样,如何早期识别、及时明确诊断是临床最大的挑战之一。
本研究20例重症抗NMDAR脑炎患儿中女性占11例,起病到入院时间平均10 d,平均总住院时间长达31 d。其起病急、进展快,且迅速恶化,超过一半的患儿(12例,75%)出院后短期随访发现伴有认知功能减退,故需重视并加强对本病的诊断和认识。本组患儿的前驱症状无特异性,主要为发热、恶心、呕吐、头痛、肢体无力等类似流感症状,与既往文献[6]报道一致。首发神经系统症状以精神行为异常为主,常伴有癫痫发作或语言障碍。既往研究发现,儿童抗NMDAR脑炎的神经系统表现常以癫痫发作等神经症状为主,而成人常以精神症状为主[9-12],提示对于以精神行为异常起病伴有癫痫发作的患儿,需要高度警惕该病重症的可能,应及时完善相关抗体检测,以便尽早启动治疗。
本研究中重症抗NMDAR患儿病情进展快,可能与自身免疫反应强度对脑功能的影响相关,对脑功能的影响可体现在脑电图的异常上。本研究中95%的患儿存在不同程度的脑电图异常,其中1例具有典型的δ刷,而短期预后良好组均未见痫样波或δ刷。绝大多数抗NMDAR患儿在疾病发展的各期脑电图均可出现弥散性慢波,部分患儿可出现额颞叶痫样波,而出现痫样波时应关注该患儿已经出现较为严重的神经功能损害,继发癫痫的可能性较高;部分患儿可出现典型的δ刷,有研究者通过定量脑电图分析发现,在急性期首次脑电图δ节律范围内的峰值频率越高,出现不良后果的可能性越大[13],提示脑电图监测是重症抗NMDAR脑炎患儿病情判断的重要手段。而头颅MRI对于诊断自身免疫性脑炎特异性不佳,本研究的重症患儿中有近一半首次头颅MRI并未发现阳性结果,且头颅MRI有无异常对短期预后的影响也无明显差异。
本研究患儿的并发症主要包括RSE、进行性加重的意识障碍、中枢性低通气、急性颅内压增高、多脏器功能衰竭、休克、横纹肌溶解等,且预后良好组患儿未出现多脏器功能衰竭、休克及横纹肌溶解表现。Titulaer等[8]发现,在抗NMDAR脑炎患者中,约70%因气道保护、运动障碍、自主神经功能失调、意识障碍等原因需要进入ICU治疗,在此期间,常见的挑战包括区分真正的癫痫发作与运动障碍,以及区分由呼吸道感染引起的发热与由原发疾病引起的高热症。大多数患者存在心动过速,可能与心动过缓交替出现,甚至出现心脏停搏[14-16]。国内有研究发现,27例重症自身免疫性脑炎患儿中有5例(18.5%)出现中枢性低通气综合征,需使用呼吸机辅助通气[17],本研究中有8例(40%)患儿使用呼吸机辅助通气,可见对于抗NMDAR脑炎患儿需警惕中枢性呼吸衰竭,应尽早给予呼吸支持。抗NMDAR脑炎患儿约70%出现癫痫发作,其中RSE发生率高达14.8%[18],本研究中有60%的患儿出现RSE,急性期往往需要联合多种抗癫痫药物,包括静脉使用咪达唑仑,但部分患儿仍存在难以控制的癫痫发作,甚至需超剂量使用咪达唑仑或加用丙泊酚类的麻醉药物,然而,长时间使用该类药物可能导致戒断综合征、呼吸抑制,并影响血流动力学,也是重症监护期间的挑战之一。
值得注意的是,本研究中有3例短期预后不良患儿出现横纹肌溶解。有研究发现,严重的运动障碍和肌张力障碍导致的横纹肌溶解症是抗NMDAR脑炎的并发症之一,但癫痫发作或疾病的严重程度不是横纹肌溶解症的诱发因素,而免疫治疗后使用多巴胺受体阻断剂可能会增加患者出现横纹肌溶解的风险[19]。因此,如果发生横纹肌溶解症,应及时治疗,停用多巴胺受体阻断剂,并给予大剂量的苯二氮䓬类药物。
尽早启动免疫治疗被认为是影响预后的重要因素。Irani等[20]发现,在起病后40 d内启动免疫治疗与良好的预后存在相关性。在本研究中,症状出现至免疫治疗开始的时间平均为13 d,免疫治疗后GCS评分明显改善,提示早期免疫治疗至关重要。本研究中患儿均接受一线丙种球蛋白联合甲泼尼龙治疗,6例接受了TPE,2例接受了二线治疗。国内研究者认为,如果患者病情严重且进展迅速,出现了生命体征不稳定,且对于一线治疗反应不佳,则应尽早使用二线治疗,尤其是利妥昔单抗[21]。国外研究认为,对于重症患者一线免疫治疗2周效果欠佳者建议启动二线免疫治疗,推荐利妥昔单抗或环磷酰胺,应在1~3个月后再作疗效判断[22]
目前,对于重症患者具体采用哪种方案更为有效仍无定论。有研究发现,TPE治疗联合其他一线免疫调节治疗可加速抗细胞表面抗原抗体的清除,改善患儿的病情及预后[22]。本研究中6例接受TPE治疗的重症患儿也有较好的疗效,但因样本量较小,尚需进一步研究来验证。同时,不可忽视TPE治疗过程中存在的并发症风险,包括贫血、低血压、低血钙、过敏反应及中心静脉置管造成的感染及血栓等。一项研究发现,免疫吸附治疗对难治性和严重的抗NMDAR脑炎有效[23],但由于样本量较小,其有效性和安全性仍不确定。
研究发现,肿瘤和病毒感染是抗NMDAR脑炎的触发因素,在14岁以下的儿童中合并肿瘤的比例<10%;而病毒感染,尤其是单纯疱疹病毒感染是触发抗NMDAR脑炎的危险因素[24]。在一项纳入51例单纯疱疹病毒脑炎的前瞻性研究中,有14例(27%)在单纯疱疹感染后2~16周触发了自身免疫性脑炎[25]。有研究者认为,单纯疱疹病毒脑炎后触发自身免疫性脑炎的发生机制为中枢神经系统在病毒感染下神经元表面抗原被排入颈部深层淋巴结,激活抗原特异性记忆B细胞,并促进其产生自身抗体。此外,记忆B细胞可进入大脑,并在抗原刺激驱动下克隆扩增,分化为产生抗体的浆细胞[26-27],因此,与B细胞相关的细胞因子可能是预测自身免疫性脑炎的指标。本研究中1例继发于EB病毒,1例继发于乙型脑炎,提示对于病毒性脑炎患儿恢复期出现症状反复者应重视抗NMDAR脑炎的筛查,警惕重症抗NMDAR脑炎的发生。
综上所述,难治性癫痫持续状态、进行性加重的意识障碍及低通气综合征是重症抗NMDAR脑炎患儿转入PICU的重要原因。对于精神行为异常且伴有惊厥发作的患儿应尽早完善抗体筛查及脑电图检查,尽早启动免疫治疗,避免其转为重症;若一线免疫治疗效果欠佳,应及时启动二线免疫治疗。对于重症抗NMDAR脑炎患儿,应密切监测生命体征,加强呼吸道管理,避免RSE、低血压、多脏器功能衰竭及横纹肌溶解的发生,以改善患儿的预后。但本研究存在一定的局限性,作为单中心的回顾性研究,病例数较少,期望将来通过大样本、多中心的前瞻性研究进一步深入分析。
  • 重庆市教委科学技术研究项目(KJQN202100423)
  • 儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室基础研究青年项目(YBRP-202110)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Dalmau J, Tüzün E, Wu HY, et al. Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma[J]. Ann Neurol, 2007, 61(1): 25-36.
[2]
Chen C, Lin JF, Gong X, et al. Advances in research on recurrence of autoimmune encephalitis[J]. Med J Chin PLA, 2019, 44(6): 508-514.
[陈矗, 林静芳, 龚雪, 等. 自身免疫性脑炎复发的研究进展[J]. 解放军医学杂志, 2019, 44(6): 508-514.]
[3]
He YL, Shen XY, Ge CM. Research status of overlap syndrome of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody disease and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis[J]. Med J Chin PLA, 2021, 46(12): 1263-1267.
[何亚玲, 沈雪阳, 葛朝明.MOG抗体病及抗NMDAR脑炎重叠综合征研究现状[J]. 解放军医学杂志, 2021, 46(12): 1263-1267.]
[4]
Cellucci T, van Mater H, Graus F, et al. Clinical approach to the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis in the pediatric patient[J]. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 2020, 7(2): e663.
[5]
Dalmau J, Armangué T, Planagumà J, et al. An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists:mechanisms and models[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2019, 18(11): 1045-1057.
[6]
Ursitti F, Roberto D, Papetti L, et al. Diagnosis of pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis at the onset: a clinical challenge[J]. Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2021, 30: 9-16.
[7]
Ji T, Huang Z, Lian Y, et al. Emerging role of free triiodothyronine in patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis[J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 6045.
[8]
Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2013, 12(2): 157-165.
[9]
Balu R, McCracken L, Lancaster E, et al. A score that predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis[J]. Neurology, 2019, 92(3): e244-e252.
[10]
Dalmau J, Geis C, Graus F. Autoantibodies to synaptic receptors and neuronal cell surface proteins in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system[J]. Physiol Rev, 2017, 97(2): 839-887.
[11]
Warren N, Siskind D, O'Gorman C. Refining the psychiatric syndrome of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis[J]. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 2018, 138(5): 401-408.
[12]
Gibson LL, Pollak TA, Blackman G, et al. The psychiatric phenotype of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis[J]. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2019, 31(1): 70-79.
[13]
Blackman G, Kumar K, Hanrahan JG, et al. Quantitative EEG as a prognostic tool in suspected anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody encephalitis[J]. J Clin Neurophysiol, 2021.doi: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000877.
[14]
de Montmollin E, Demeret S, Brulé N, et al. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis in adult patients requiring intensive care[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2017, 195(4):491-499.
[15]
Remy KE, Custer JW, Cappell J, et al. Pediatric anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a review with pooled analysis and critical care emphasis[J]. Front Pediatr, 2017, 5: 250.
[16]
Wang D, Su S, Tan M, et al. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in severe anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis:a single center retrospective observational study[J]. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 665183.
[17]
Dou JY, Cui Y, Shi JY, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment of severe autoimmune encephalitis in children[J]. Chin J Emerg Med, 2021, 30(6): 677-681.
[窦家莹, 崔云, 史婧奕, 等. 儿童重症免疫性脑炎临床特征和治疗分析[J]. 中华急诊医学杂志, 2021, 30(6): 677-681.]
[18]
Lin KL, Lin JJ. Neurocritical care for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis[J]. Biomed J, 2020, 43(3): 251-258.
[19]
Lim JA, Lee ST, Kim TJ, et al. Frequent rhabdomyolysis in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis[J]. J Neuroimmunol, 2016, 298:178-180.
[20]
Irani SR, Bera K, Waters P, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes[J]. Brain, 2010, 133(Pt 6): 1655-1667.
[21]
Zhang JZ, Jiang YW. Autoimmune encephalitis in children[J]. Chin Pediatr Emerg Med, 2018, 25(12): 881-887.
[张建昭, 姜玉武. 儿童自身免疫性脑炎[J]. 中国小儿急救医学, 2018, 25(12): 881-887.]
[22]
Nosadini M, Thomas T, Eyre M, et al. International consensus recommendations for the treatment of pediatric NMDAR antibody encephalitis[J]. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 2021, 8(5): e1052.
[23]
Yang Y, Zhang BJ, Li M, et al. Successful treatment with immunoadsorption therapy in four patients with severe and refractory anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis[J]. J Clin Apher, 2021, 36(6): 886-892.
[24]
Nosadini M, Mohammad SS, Corazza F, et al. Herpes simplex virus-induced anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis:a systematic literature review with analysis of 43 cases[J]. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2017, 59(8): 796-805.
[25]
Armangue T, Spatola M, Vlagea A, et al. Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after Herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2018, 17(9): 760-772.
[26]
Dalmau J, Graus F. Antibody-mediated encephalitis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(9): 840-851.
[27]
Sun B, Ramberger M, O'Connor KC, et al. The B cell immunobiology that underlies CNS autoantibody-mediated diseases[J]. Nat Rev Neurol, 2020, 16(9): 481-492.
2022年第47卷第11期
PDF下载
211
95
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1125
  • 接收时间:2021-12-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-14
  • 出版时间:2022-11-28
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2021-12-27
  • 录用日期:2022-02-13
基金
Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(KJQN202100423)
重庆市教委科学技术研究项目(KJQN202100423)
Youth Basic Research Project from Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders(YBRP-202110)
儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室基础研究青年项目(YBRP-202110)
作者信息
    1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014
    2重庆医科大学附属儿童医院重症监护室,重庆 400014

通讯作者:

卢思为,E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1125
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏