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Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are the important endocrine hormones for human, and their associated diseases (e. g. acromegaly and growth hormone deficiency) can lead to obviously increased morbidity and mortality secondary to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases. Clinically, the determination and closely monitoring of serum GH and IGF-1 are important means for diagnosing, assessing curative effect and formulating post-treatment follow-up plans of such diseases, and have received extensive concern from clinicians. Although the levels of serum GH and IGF-1 are consistent in most cases, more and more studies have reported that the results of serum GH and IGF-1 are unreasonable or even contradictory. Therefore, in the conditions of inconsistent serum GH and IGF-1 levels, reliable biochemical criteria for assessing disease status and control degree are currently controversial, and their rational interpretation remains a clinical challenge. In present paper, the influence of serum GH and IGF-1 detection methods, physiological and pathological states, and drugs on the detection results and the possible reasons or mechanisms are explained in detail, and proposes that it is necessary to carefully sort out the factors that may lead to unreasonable results in clinic, in order to judge the detection results more accurately and conduct appropriate diagnosis and treatment of the related diseases.

, correspAuthors=Min Long, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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生长激素(GH)及胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)是人体内重要的内分泌激素,其相关疾病(如肢端肥大症和生长激素缺乏症)可导致继发的心血管疾病、脑血管和呼吸系统疾病的发病率及病死率明显增高。临床上,血清GH、IGF-1的测定与监测是此类疾病诊断、评估疗效以及制定后续治疗方案的重要手段,受到临床医师的广泛关注和重视。虽然大多数情况下血清GH、IGF-1水平是一致的,但越来越多的研究报道血清GH与IGF-1结果可出现不合理甚至矛盾的情况。在血清GH和IGF-1水平不一致的情况下,用于评估疾病状态及控制程度的可靠生化标准目前存在争议,对其进行合理解释也是一个临床难题。本文针对血清GH及IGF-1的检测方法、生理病理状态、药物等对检测结果的影响及其可能机制进行阐述,提出临床上需要仔细梳理可能导致不合理结果的因素,以期更准确地判断检测结果并对相关疾病进行恰当的诊治。

, correspAuthors=隆敏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
隆敏,E-mail:
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沈如飞,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事垂体及肾上腺疾病、糖尿病及相关并发症、内分泌疑难疾病方面的临床及基础研究

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沈如飞,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事垂体及肾上腺疾病、糖尿病及相关并发症、内分泌疑难疾病方面的临床及基础研究

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沈如飞,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事垂体及肾上腺疾病、糖尿病及相关并发症、内分泌疑难疾病方面的临床及基础研究

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M. 中位数

, figureFileSmall=NkVwIMTek22CTSClwc//jw==, figureFileBig=S4mucJ6DmBHmjQ3MWEeFtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064235000021119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209410397081, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Test values of the same sample using different GH assay methods (Data from literature [8]), figureFileSmall=asf7FT/fpke6AQsli+1P2Q==, figureFileBig=pNZKpCBjFkjBp7eub3qqmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064235092295810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209410397081, language=CN, label=图2, caption=同一样本采用不同GH测定方法的检测值(数据来源于文献[8])

Q1. P25百分位数;Q3. P75百分位数

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IGF-1. 胰岛素样生长因子-1;–2SD-Ge或+2SD-Ge,德国人的平均值–或+2×标准差;–2SD-Ch或+2SD-Ch,中国人的平均值–或+2×标准差;A.男性;B. 女性

, figureFileSmall=YnuwgF3T1qejxKfqM0dWxw==, figureFileBig=6/qpXplOrT8MQmw+pDcGFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207064235402674312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209410397081, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

The main factors leading to the inconsistency of serum GH and IGF-1 levels

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因素高水平IGF-1高水平GH
生理因素青少年、妊娠、高脂和高蛋白饮食应激、运动、低血糖、睡眠
病理因素甲亢、自身免疫性甲状腺疾病糖尿病
 甲状腺结节肾脏疾病(CKD、CRF、DN等)
 恶性肿瘤(如乳腺癌、甲状腺癌、肺癌等)肝脏疾病(NAFLD、肝硬化、肝癌等)
 营养过剩心脑血管疾病(冠心病、脑卒中等)
 高血压营养不良、慢性炎症(IBD、JIA等)
药物及其他因素IGF-1检测方法GH检测方法或切点值太低
 长期使用糖皮质激素口服雌激素治疗
 孕酮短期使用糖皮质激素
 芳香化酶抑制剂雌激素拮抗剂(他莫昔芬)
 多巴胺受体激动剂生长抑素受体配体、培维索孟
), ArticleFig(id=1207064235515920524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209410397081, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

导致血清GH及IGF-1水平不一致的主要因素

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因素高水平IGF-1高水平GH
生理因素青少年、妊娠、高脂和高蛋白饮食应激、运动、低血糖、睡眠
病理因素甲亢、自身免疫性甲状腺疾病糖尿病
 甲状腺结节肾脏疾病(CKD、CRF、DN等)
 恶性肿瘤(如乳腺癌、甲状腺癌、肺癌等)肝脏疾病(NAFLD、肝硬化、肝癌等)
 营养过剩心脑血管疾病(冠心病、脑卒中等)
 高血压营养不良、慢性炎症(IBD、JIA等)
药物及其他因素IGF-1检测方法GH检测方法或切点值太低
 长期使用糖皮质激素口服雌激素治疗
 孕酮短期使用糖皮质激素
 芳香化酶抑制剂雌激素拮抗剂(他莫昔芬)
 多巴胺受体激动剂生长抑素受体配体、培维索孟
), ArticleFig(id=1207064235587223696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209410397081, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of commonly used detection methods for GH and IGF-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目RIA法IRMA法ELISA法CLIA法
制造商MediagnostDIASourceCisBioMediagnostDIASourceSiemensIDSDiasorin
仪器型号Mediagnost RIADIASource RIARIACTMediagnost ELISADIASource ELISAIMMULITE 2000iSYSLIAISON XL
标记物125I过氧化物酶结合物碱性磷酸酶吖啶酯异氨基苯二酰肼
优点成本低成本低、操作简单成本低、操作简单、试剂较稳定
缺点操作复杂、存在放射性污染、有效期短定性或半定量工作曲线随时间漂移
GH可检测范围(ng/ml)NF1~1200.03~75NF0.17~980.01~400.05~1000.052~80
IGF-1可检测范围(ng/ml)2.6~780NF1~9001.9~1050NF20~16008.8~12003~1500
), ArticleFig(id=1207064235717247124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1206995209410397081, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

GH和IGF-1常用检测方法比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目RIA法IRMA法ELISA法CLIA法
制造商MediagnostDIASourceCisBioMediagnostDIASourceSiemensIDSDiasorin
仪器型号Mediagnost RIADIASource RIARIACTMediagnost ELISADIASource ELISAIMMULITE 2000iSYSLIAISON XL
标记物125I过氧化物酶结合物碱性磷酸酶吖啶酯异氨基苯二酰肼
优点成本低成本低、操作简单成本低、操作简单、试剂较稳定
缺点操作复杂、存在放射性污染、有效期短定性或半定量工作曲线随时间漂移
GH可检测范围(ng/ml)NF1~1200.03~75NF0.17~980.01~400.05~1000.052~80
IGF-1可检测范围(ng/ml)2.6~780NF1~9001.9~1050NF20~16008.8~12003~1500
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血清IGF-1及生长激素检测水平对内分泌相关疾病的评估价值研究进展
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沈如飞 1 , 田野 2 , 杨辉 3 , 郑宏庭 1 , 隆敏 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022,47(11): 1159-1167
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2022, 47(11): 1159-1167
血清IGF-1及生长激素检测水平对内分泌相关疾病的评估价值研究进展
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沈如飞1, 田野2, 杨辉3, 郑宏庭1, 隆敏1, *
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学第二附属医院内分泌科,重庆 400037
  • 2陆军军医大学第二附属医院检验科,重庆 400037
  • 3陆军军医大学第二附属医院神经外科,重庆 400037
  • 沈如飞,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事垂体及肾上腺疾病、糖尿病及相关并发症、内分泌疑难疾病方面的临床及基础研究

通讯作者:

隆敏,E-mail:
Research progress on the evaluation value of the detection levels of serum IGF-1 and growth hormone for endocrine-related diseases
Ru-Fei Shen1, Ye Tian2, Hui Yang3, Hong-Ting Zheng1, Min Long1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
  • 2Department of Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
  • 3Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
出版时间: 2022-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1159
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生长激素(GH)及胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)是人体内重要的内分泌激素,其相关疾病(如肢端肥大症和生长激素缺乏症)可导致继发的心血管疾病、脑血管和呼吸系统疾病的发病率及病死率明显增高。临床上,血清GH、IGF-1的测定与监测是此类疾病诊断、评估疗效以及制定后续治疗方案的重要手段,受到临床医师的广泛关注和重视。虽然大多数情况下血清GH、IGF-1水平是一致的,但越来越多的研究报道血清GH与IGF-1结果可出现不合理甚至矛盾的情况。在血清GH和IGF-1水平不一致的情况下,用于评估疾病状态及控制程度的可靠生化标准目前存在争议,对其进行合理解释也是一个临床难题。本文针对血清GH及IGF-1的检测方法、生理病理状态、药物等对检测结果的影响及其可能机制进行阐述,提出临床上需要仔细梳理可能导致不合理结果的因素,以期更准确地判断检测结果并对相关疾病进行恰当的诊治。

生长激素  /  胰岛素样生长因子1  /  影响因素

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are the important endocrine hormones for human, and their associated diseases (e. g. acromegaly and growth hormone deficiency) can lead to obviously increased morbidity and mortality secondary to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases. Clinically, the determination and closely monitoring of serum GH and IGF-1 are important means for diagnosing, assessing curative effect and formulating post-treatment follow-up plans of such diseases, and have received extensive concern from clinicians. Although the levels of serum GH and IGF-1 are consistent in most cases, more and more studies have reported that the results of serum GH and IGF-1 are unreasonable or even contradictory. Therefore, in the conditions of inconsistent serum GH and IGF-1 levels, reliable biochemical criteria for assessing disease status and control degree are currently controversial, and their rational interpretation remains a clinical challenge. In present paper, the influence of serum GH and IGF-1 detection methods, physiological and pathological states, and drugs on the detection results and the possible reasons or mechanisms are explained in detail, and proposes that it is necessary to carefully sort out the factors that may lead to unreasonable results in clinic, in order to judge the detection results more accurately and conduct appropriate diagnosis and treatment of the related diseases.

growth hormone  /  insulin-like growth factor 1  /  influence factor
沈如飞, 田野, 杨辉, 郑宏庭, 隆敏. 血清IGF-1及生长激素检测水平对内分泌相关疾病的评估价值研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2022 , 47 (11) : 1159 -1167 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1159
Ru-Fei Shen, Ye Tian, Hui Yang, Hong-Ting Zheng, Min Long. Research progress on the evaluation value of the detection levels of serum IGF-1 and growth hormone for endocrine-related diseases[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2022 , 47 (11) : 1159 -1167 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1159
人体内生长激素(growth hormone,GH)及胰岛素样生长因子(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1)可通过全身、旁分泌、自分泌方式,调节体细胞生长、身体组分及代谢等。血清GH和IGF-1的测定是GH相关疾病(GH缺乏、不敏感、过量)诊断及随访的重要指标,如肢端肥大症的诊断及疗效判断依赖于血清IGF-1水平和口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)中的GH谷值,而生长激素缺乏症的诊断则依赖激发试验的GH峰值[1-2]。虽然血清GH、IGF-1的测定已被临床广泛运用,但其检测方法间的异质性及各种疾病、药物均可能影响其水平和结果的判断,也常困扰着临床医师。目前,已有多篇国内外文献报道因GH、IGF-1检测结果不可靠而误诊、漏诊的情况[3-6]。本文基于GH及IGF-1的合成、分泌及作用,从血清GH和IGF-1检测的影响因素,以及不同疾病、性激素及糖皮质激素、特殊状态和肢端肥大症治疗药物等多方面阐述影响IGF-1及GH水平的因素,以期为临床医师提供判读检测结果的思路,拓宽诊治疾病的思维。
人类GH是一种由腺垂体生长激素细胞分泌的多肽,主要以单体形式存在于垂体和循环血液中,呈脉冲式释放,间隔3~5 h,脉冲间期的GH基础值很低,夜间分泌量约占总量的70%,儿童和青少年日分泌量的50%是在熟睡早期分泌的。GH的合成和分泌主要受下丘脑分泌的生长激素释放激素(growth hormone releasing hormone,GHRH)及生长抑素的双重调节[7]。体内多种内分泌因子也可直接或间接调节GH的分泌,如IGF-1、神经肽Y和缩宫素可抑制GH分泌,而甲状腺素、胃饥饿素、糖皮质激素则可刺激GH分泌[8]。此外,睡眠、应激、运动、低血糖、某些氨基酸可刺激GH分泌,而高血糖可抑制GH分泌[9]。GH主要通过与细胞膜表面的生长激素受体(growth hormone receptor,GHR)结合,进而激活酪氨酸激酶途径(JAK2-STAT5/ERK1/2)发挥效应[7],即其大部分作用是通过刺激IGF-1的表达和释放介导的。肝脏作为IGF-1的主要合成场所,其合成的IGF-1占血清IGF-1的75%。循环中超过95%的IGF-1与胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白(insulin-like growth factor binding protein,IGFBPs)、酸不稳定亚单位(acid labile subunit,ALS)结合形成三元复合物或二聚体,其半衰期可从1~2 min延长至12 h,从而维持血清IGF-1水平的相对稳定[10]。此外,IGF-1的合成分泌除受GH调节外,还可受性激素、年龄、性别、食物、营养状态、生理节律、微生物代谢物等的影响[10]。反过来,IGF-1也可通过负反馈作用调节中枢GH分泌及血清GH水平。正常情况下,血清IGF-1、IGFBP-3(与循环中IGF-1的结合最丰富)的浓度与24 h平均GH浓度呈平行关系。因此,血清GH、IGF-1水平可能受到生理、病理、药物等因素的影响,并可能发生两者不一致的情况,即IGF-1高于正常参考范围而GH在正常参考范围内(简称高水平IGF-1)或GH高于正常参考范围而IGF-1在正常参考范围(简称高水平GH)(表1)。
目前,GH和IGF-1的测定方法均无广泛认可的国际标准,且在同一实验室内针对同一标本采用不同检测方法所得结果差异较大,甚至同一标本在不同实验室间采用同种方法测定也存在较大差异。如Khosravi等[11]发现,虽然不同检测方法间的IGF-1测量值存在差异,但仍具有高度相关性;然而,Granada等[12]则发现各种检测方法检测的IGF-1水平仅在高浓度或低浓度时才表现出相关性,中间浓度的IGF-1水平差异可达147%。
目前,GH和IGF-1的免疫分析检测方法包括放射免疫法(radioimmunoassay,RIA法)、免疫放射法(immunoradiometric assay,IRMA法)、酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA法)和化学发光免疫分析法(chemiluminescent immunoassay,CLIA法),国际上常见的IGF-1和GH检测平台在方法学、标记物、可检测范围、正常参考值区间及检测结果等方面均存在差异(表2图12)[8,12-14]。其中RIA法、IRMA法由于多种原因已逐渐退出历史舞台。CLIA法是目前较为先进的标记免疫测定技术,具有敏感度高、特异性强、方法稳定快速、检测范围宽、操作简单、自动化程度高等多项优点,但可能出现因钩状效应、非特异性物质(异嗜性抗体、人抗动物抗体等)的干扰、方法标准化、抗原决定簇特异性、生长激素结合蛋白(growth hormone binding proteins,GHBPs)的干扰导致结果不可靠的情况。虽然检测技术在不断革新,检测手段逐渐多样化,不同检测方法的测定结果间差异仍较大,其中IMMULITE 2000平台测得的GH、IGF-1水平最高,Beckman-Coulter immunoradiometric assay测得的GH最低、Mediagnost RIA测得的IGF-1最低,差值约为4倍。临床上需要考虑以下多种情况的影响:(1)不同方法学、相同方法学的不同检测平台所用检测试剂中抗体的特异性;(2)GHBPs和IGFBPs的干扰;(3)参考值范围的差异。其中,IGFBPs的干扰作用在IGF-1测定中显得尤为突出。此外,这些测定方法的检测结果还存在分析前条件标准化、敏感度、特异度、重复度定义、质量控制分析、消除结合蛋白干扰等因素的影响。
GH呈脉冲式释放且脉冲期间的GH基础值很低,正常情况下最低可达0.03 μg/L,最高可达50~100 μg/L[15],故检测时间点对GH检测结果影响较大,这也是随机GH和IGF-1不一致的主要原因之一。一般情况下,血清IGF-1具有数值稳定、无明显脉冲分泌和昼夜节律、与血清GH平均值大致呈平行关系等特点,临床上可作为反映内源性GH分泌状态的指标。虽然连续24 h或夜间12 h血清GH浓度更能准确反映GH的自然分泌情况,但采血量大、操作复杂、耗费大,患者接受度低。正是由于GH脉冲式分泌的特点,多部指南推荐将空腹或随机血清GH测定作为疾病筛查的指标之一,而非用于诊断。此外,为排除自然分泌的节律干扰,兴奋和抑制试验常被用于了解GH的峰值和谷值。
国内研究发现,血清IGF-1水平与年龄密切相关,在青春发育期前其水平缓慢升高并于青春期达到峰值,随后呈先快后慢的下降趋势(图3),且该变化与GH释放呈平行关系[16];血清IGF-1水平的性别差异在国外相关研究中的结论不尽相同,可能与雌激素水平差异有关[17]。随着BMI的增加,IGF-1呈倒U形变化,BMI过高或过低时IGF-1水平均相对较低。此外,不同地域饮食文化、环境条件、基因背景对IGF-1水平也会产生影响(图3)[17]。因此,基于既往研究中不同性别、地域的参考范围存在差异,指南推荐各地区应建立不同性别、不同年龄段的IGF-1正常参考值范围,同时推荐在某些功能试验中也采用BMI校正检验切点,然而对GH的参考值范围是否需要进一步细化目前尚未统一。
虽然IGF-1、IGFBPs主要由肝脏合成及分泌,但血清IGF-1水平并不能完全反映垂体的GH分泌效能和肝组织IGF-1分泌的真实情况[18]。实际上,部分慢性肝脏疾病患者的血清GH水平升高,而IGF-1、IGFBP-3、ALS水平降低,其机制可能与肝细胞数目减少、肝脏合成能力下降、肝细胞纤维化、肝细胞脂肪变性,以及糖、脂肪、蛋白质代谢降低有关[18]。非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)患者血清中IGF-1水平也降低,可能与胰岛素抵抗导致GH调控的肝内IGF-1合成减少及IGF-1消耗增加相关,且IGF-1水平与晚期肝纤维化、肝小叶炎症、脂肪变性程度呈负相关[19]。同样,肝细胞肝癌患者的GH水平也明显升高。而对于肝硬化患者,一方面,血清IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平明显降低,在合并丙型肝炎病毒感染者中其水平更低,IGF-1水平与疾病进展速度及总生存率呈负相关[20];另一方面,肝硬化患者血清GH水平较健康人明显升高,即存在获得性GH抵抗,且GH水平随肝硬化程度(Child-Pugh评分)增加而升高,即Child-Pugh评分分级从A级至C级时,GH水平从(3.1±0.8) μg/L升至(6.6±1.6) μg/L(P<0.05),而IGF-1、IGFBP-3的变化趋势则相反,即IGF-1水平由(81.0±9.2) μg/L降至(26.5±6.1) μg/L(ELISA法)、IGFBP-3水平由1.57 μg/ml降至0.68 μg/ml(化学发光法)(P<0.05),且GH水平与白蛋白浓度呈明显正相关,与国际标准化比值、部分活化凝血活酶时间比值、脾脏大小呈负相关[21-22]。其可能的机制为:(1)垂体前叶分泌GH增多和GH降解减少;(2)肝细胞减少和肝细胞GHR表达量减少;(3)血清IGFBPs和ALS水平降低、胰岛素抵抗致IGF-1产生减少导致对下丘脑-垂体的负反馈作用减弱;(4)高水平雌激素刺激GH分泌;(5)GHRH反应性异常增高[18,21]
总体来说,肾病患者可表现为血清GH升高和(或)IGF-1降低。慢性肾脏疾病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者体内的GH、IGF-1水平与疾病严重程度相关。有研究发现,与年龄匹配、肾功能正常的特发性矮小患儿相比,慢性肾衰竭(chronic renal failure,CRF)、终末期肾病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD)患儿的GH半衰期明显延长[(23.1±2.1) min vs. (27.5±2.7) min vs.(14.8±1.6) min,P<0.001],ESRD患儿的血清GH水平明显升高[(11.3±2.4) mg/L vs. (4.4±0.6) mg/L,P<0.005],而CRF患儿的血清GH水平无明显变化[(4.6±0.5) mg/L vs. (4.4±0.6) mg/L][23]。虽然文献报道CRF或ESRD患儿血清IGF-1水平可能升高、正常或降低,但结合血清中GH水平高,仍需考虑IGF-1水平相对低下[24]。有研究发现,CRF患儿血清IGF-1水平在正常范围(71~458 ng/ml)、ESRD患儿血清IGF-1水平高于正常范围(228~805 ng/ml)[25];而另一项研究则发现,CKD 3期和4期患儿、ESRD患儿的血清IGF-1水平明显低于健康儿童[(209±141) ng/ml、(159±163) ng/ml vs.(420±182) ng/ml,P<0.0001][24]。可能的机制为:(1)GH清除率降低致GH半衰期延长;(2)外周组织的GHR密度、血清高亲和力GH结合蛋白水平降低;(3)IGF-1生物活性明显降低(IGFBPs合成增加而清除率降低,使总IGF-1和游离IGF-1明显减少,而增加的免疫活性IGFBPs片段则降低了IGF-1的亲和力);(4)IGFBP-3蛋白水解增加,致三元复合物减少,进而导致IGF-1的有效转运减少;(5)代谢性酸中毒可抑制垂体GH分泌、降低血清IGF-1水平;(6)长期糖皮质激素治疗可抑制GH脉冲式释放及肝脏IGF-1的合成[26-27]。慢性肾脏疾病进展最终可导致CRF,肾脏滤过降低,GH半衰期进一步延长,使血清GH水平升高,其升高幅度主要取决于肾功能受损的严重程度。维持血液透析患者的GH分泌和IGFBP-3裂解速度均明显增快,导致血清GH、IGFBP-3水平升高。此外,腹膜透析治疗患者的GH抵抗更严重,从而使空腹GH水平高于血液透析治疗的患者[28]。总之,CRF患者血清GH水平明显升高,而IGF-1水平明显降低。
甲状腺激素可增高GH、GHRH、GHRH受体转录水平,从而影响GH/IGF-1轴的合成和分泌。有研究发现,甲状腺功能亢进(简称甲亢)患者的IGF-1水平升高,且与游离三碘甲状腺素(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺受体抗体(TRAB)呈正相关,而与促甲状腺激素(TSH)呈负相关,而抗甲亢药物治疗后血清IGF-1水平可降低或不变[29-30]。但目前不同研究的结果不一致,可能由于测定方法、胰岛素样生长因子-1受体(insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor,IGF-1R)数量、营养状态、能量平衡等不同所致[31]。相反,甲状腺功能减退(简称甲减)和亚临床甲减患者的血清IGF-1水平明显低于健康人,与TSH水平呈负相关,且IGFBP-3水平明显降低或不变,而甲状腺素治疗可升高原发性甲减患者血清中IGF-1、ALS、IGFBP-3水平或中枢性甲减患者血清IGF-1和ALS水平[32]。此外,有研究发现,自身免疫性甲状腺疾病患者可通过非GH依赖方式调节IGF-1、IGFBP-3的合成及分泌,表现为甲状腺球蛋白抗体与IGF-1水平呈正相关(r=0.306,P=0.002),而血清甲状腺球蛋白水平的对数与IGF-1水平呈负相关(r=–0.394,P<0.001)[31]。此外,有研究采用RIA法检测发现,良性甲状腺结节组患者的血清IGF-1水平明显低于健康对照组[111.10(81.53,165.44) ng/L vs. 192.65(96.38,313.49) ng/L,P<0.001];但近期有研究采用化学发光法检测发现,良性甲状腺结节组患者血清IGF-1水平与健康对照组无明显差异[154(128,195) ng/ml vs. 185(150,212) ng/ml,P>0.05],血清IGFBP-3水平与结节大小呈正相关(P=0.042,r=0.23),但机制尚不明确[33-35]。综上,甲状腺非恶性疾病(甲亢、甲减、甲状腺结节)患者血清IGF-1、IGFBP-3均可能发生变化,遗憾的是极少有研究观察甲状腺疾病患者GH水平的变化,有研究报道自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的血清GH水平无明显改变[31],因而可能造成此类患者血清中GH水平与IGF-1水平存在矛盾。
IGF-1可通过IGF-1R和胰岛素受体降低血糖水平、增加胰岛素敏感性,当体内胰岛素水平增高时,胰岛素受体水平降低、IGF-1R水平升高,并使血清IGF-1水平降低、IGFBP-3水平升高,因此,影响IGF-1水平的因素是胰岛素水平而非血糖水平[36]。2型糖尿病或肥胖患者空腹胰岛素水平升高、血清IGF-1水平降低、IGFBP-3水平升高,使胰岛素受体减少、IGF-1R增多,进而增加杂合胰岛素受体/IGF-1R数量,加重胰岛素功能缺陷[36];而低水平的血清IGF-1对下丘脑或垂体的反馈抑制作用减弱又使GH分泌增多,进一步降低了胰岛素的敏感性。不同的是,妊娠糖尿病患者的血清IGF-1水平高于非妊娠糖尿病患者,但产后其水平迅速下降[37]
虽然目前机制尚不明确,但各种心血管疾病患者的血清IGF-1或GH水平均存在不同程度的下降[38],且在不同时期内其水平也存在变化。因此,心脑血管疾病患者的血清GH、IGF-1水平受疾病种类和时相的双重影响。有研究发现,在心肌梗死早期,心肌梗死组的血清IGF-1水平明显低于对照组[(115±112) ng/ml vs.(615±300) ng/ml,P<0.0001],而GH水平无明显变化[(0.8±1.0) ng/ml vs. (2.1±2.5) ng/ml,P>0.05],但1年后IGF-1水平恢复至正常范围(P=0.10),而GH水平下降更明显(P=0.02)[39]。另有研究发现,成人血清GH水平与高血压呈负相关(P=0.019),而血清IGF-1水平与高血压无相关性(P=0.794)[40];但还有研究发现,儿童血清IGF-1、IGF-1/IGFBP-3水平与收缩压、舒张压均呈正相关(P<0.05)[41]
IGF-1具有潜在的促有丝分裂、抗凋亡、促转移作用。有研究发现,某些肿瘤患者的IGF-1水平高于健康人,如甲状腺癌[(228(180,305) ng/ml vs. 185(150,212) ng/ml,P=0.003][34]和肺癌[(159.24±44.74) μg/L vs. (128.79±25.40) μg/L,P=0.034][42]。甲状腺癌患者的血清IGF-1水平与肿瘤分期、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移呈明显正相关,且在孤立性结节患者中IGF-1水平更高[34]。然而,关于乳腺癌患者血清GH、IGF-1水平的不同研究结果间存在矛盾,部分研究发现乳腺癌患者血清GH、IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平高于健康女性[43-45],而另一部分研究则得出了完全相反的结果[46],提示此类患者血清GH和IGF-1水平的影响因素较复杂,不能一概而论。
性激素对GH、IGF-1的合成和分泌具有调节作用,其相关药物对血清GH、IGF-1也有一定的影响。雌激素是GH/IGF-1轴的重要调节因子,可抑制GH在肝脏中的作用,如抑制GH诱导的肝内IGF-1合成,进而刺激垂体合成、分泌GH;睾酮(而非双氢睾酮)可通过芳香化酶转化为雌二醇而作用于雌激素受体发挥作用。因肝脏具有首过效应,超生理剂量的口服雌激素可抑制IGF-1的合成而降低IGF-1水平、升高GH水平,而生理剂量的非口服雌激素(如经皮肤给药)则无此作用[47]
糖皮质激素可通过增加下丘脑生长抑素的分泌而抑制垂体GH的合成和分泌,从而影响血清GH、IGF-1水平;也可直接影响IGF-1和IGFBPs的mRNA表达水平,使血清IGF-1和IGFBPs水平升高、生物活性增强[48]。有研究发现,持续糖皮质激素治疗的炎症性肠病患者IGF-1标准差比值为–0.9(–3.1,0.1)[49],另有研究发现,甲状腺眼病患者经12周泼尼松治疗后IGF-1水平由(18.2±5.2) nmol/L升至(24.1±6.7) nmol/L(P<0.001)[50],即大剂量、长期糖皮质激素暴露可降低IGF-1水平,而GH的合成和分泌不变,而低剂量、短期糖皮质激素治疗可能通过刺激下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)的分泌,进而刺激GH的分泌和IGF-1的生成[51]。总之,糖皮质激素对GH/IGF-1轴的影响具有双面性。
正常妊娠过程中雌激素和孕激素的生理性升高会降低肝脏的GH敏感性,此外,在妊娠后半期胎盘GH(placental growth hormone,pGH)分泌量呈指数增加,可抑制垂体GH的分泌。因此,妊娠早期血清IGF-1轻度下降,中期时可升高2~3倍,至37周时达峰值,产后则随着胎盘的分离明显下降,直至产后48 h逐渐降至正常水平[52]。有研究指出,血清IGFBP-3水平在妊娠晚期可明显升高[53]。值得注意的是,GH的检测方法不同可导致其结果呈假性升高或降低,如在竞争性免疫测定时,GH与pGH的高度同源性导致GH水平假性升高,而在其他免疫测定法测定时,GH样分子(GH和pGH)与两种或一种单克隆抗体结合可能导致GH测定值假性升高或降低[52]。因此,在妊娠的不同时期,GH、IGF-1、IGFBP-3均可能出现不同的变化趋势或者矛盾,甚至会出现“妊娠性肢端肥大症”现象,需要引起重视。
慢性炎症可通过多种机制抑制GH/IGF-1轴,如导致GH分泌相对不足和(或)IGF-1分泌不足、下调GHR和(或)IGF-1R致外周GH和(或)IGF-1抵抗、扰乱GH/IGF-1信号通路、引起IGFBPs功能失调、降低IGF生物利用度等[7]。白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-1β等促炎因子可通过全身和局部、单独或联合作用下调GHR表达,抑制肝细胞IGF-1的表达,降低IGFBPs的水平,加速IGF-1的清除,最终导致GH水平正常或升高,而使IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平降低[54],如炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)和幼年型关节炎(Juvenile arthritis,JIA)患者的IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平降低,而GH则处于在生理水平或高于正常范围,同时合并的营养不良则可升高GH水平并进一步降低IGF-1水平[55-56]。因此,慢性炎症疾病如IBD、JIA等可通过促炎因子、营养不良等导致GH水平正常或升高,而IGF-1、IGFBP-3水平则降低。
蛋白质和热量摄入可通过影响GHR密度分布或GH受体后机制来调节肝内IGF-1的产生。营养不良尤其是蛋白摄入不足可导致肝内IGF-1的mRNA合成减少,进而导致循环IGF-1水平降低、GH水平升高。同时,虽然肝内IGFBP-3 mRNA合成不变,但IGFBP-3降解增加可导致循环中IGFBP-3水平降低。反之,营养过剩、高脂和高蛋白饮食均可刺激肝内IGF-1释放、抑制GH分泌[9,57]。总之,营养状态和饮食成分均可通过调节IGF-1合成、IGFBP-3降解而影响GH的分泌水平,导致血清GH和IGF-1水平可能出现矛盾。
生长抑素受体配体(somatostatin receptor ligand,SRL)是治疗肢端肥大症的常用药物,不仅可降低大多数患者的血清GH、IGF-1水平,还具有一定的缩瘤作用。有研究发现,该类药物可降低胰岛素水平、增加胰岛素敏感性,进而抑制肝脏IGF-1的合成分泌和对GH的反应性,还可抑制GH的脉冲式分泌而非基础分泌,导致少部分患者偶可出现高水平GH情况[58]。多巴胺受体激动剂也可能导致IGF-1水平高于正常范围,而GH可被OGTT抑制[59]。GHR拮抗剂培维索孟一般情况下可导致GH检测值偏高,但也有文献报道该药物可呈浓度依赖性地使血清GH水平测量值降低,可能的原因为:(1)培维索孟中的聚乙二醇成分可造成夹心法检测GH水平时的空间位阻;(2)培维索孟可能作为抗原与两种抗体之一结合;(3)培维索孟与GH具有较高的结构同源性而与两种抗体结合形成“三明治结构”[60]
综上所述,血清GH与IGF-1水平受生理、病理、药物等多种因素的影响,其中一些因素(如妊娠、甲亢、恶性肿瘤、高血压等)可导致IGF-1水平升高,另一些因素(如应激、糖尿病、肝肾疾病等)可导致GH水平升高。临床上,如果仅机械地根据GH或IGF-1水平来判断,可能导致肢端肥大症或生长激素缺乏症的漏诊、误诊或对疗效的误判。因此,对于单独GH或IGF-1水平升高的患者需仔细分析可能的影响因素(如检测方法、检测干扰、合并疾病或营养状态等),并密切随访。此外,开发新的检测试剂盒或探索更加稳定的检测步骤,将有助于检测或排除其他可能与GH受体结合引发生物学效应的GH亚型单体或寡聚体。
  • 陆军军医大学新桥医院临床科研项目(2018XLC3049)
  • 陆军军医大学新桥医院临床科研项目(2019XLC2009)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2022.11.1159
  • 接收时间:2021-08-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-14
  • 出版时间:2022-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-27
  • 录用日期:2022-03-17
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Clinical Research Project of Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University(2018XLC3049)
陆军军医大学新桥医院临床科研项目(2018XLC3049)
Clinical Research Project of Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University(2019XLC2009)
陆军军医大学新桥医院临床科研项目(2019XLC2009)
作者信息
    1陆军军医大学第二附属医院内分泌科,重庆 400037
    2陆军军医大学第二附属医院检验科,重庆 400037
    3陆军军医大学第二附属医院神经外科,重庆 400037

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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