Article(id=1203061228844331025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203061212524290053, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1651507200000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1654531200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-06-07, onlineDate=1764761748752, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1674835200000, pubDateStr=2023-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764761748752, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764761748752, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764761748752, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203061212524290053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764761744816, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764763211166, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203067362732913657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203061212524290053, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203067362732913658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203061212524290053, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=18, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203061229523808278, articleId=1203061228844331025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Clinical assessment and treatment of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: Current perspectives, columnId=1203061223249125389, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Evaluation and Management of Cirrhosis and Its Complications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a common complication of liver cirrhosis. Decreased portal vein velocity is the most important risk factor for cirrhotic PVT, and the etiology and severity of liver cirrhosis, hemostasis status, and inflammatory and immune mechanisms may also be associated with the development of cirrhotic PVT. The natural history of cirrhotic PVT includes improvement, stabilization, progression, and recurrence. Non-occlusive PVT and improvement of liver function may be associated with spontaneous improvement of cirrhotic PVT. The impact of different occlusion degree of cirrhotic PVT on patients' prognosis is inconsistent. Non-occlusive PVT may not significantly affect patients' outcomes; occlusive PVT may increase the risk of death, and PVT involving the mesenteric veins may also lead to intestinal ischemia and infarction. Clinical management strategies for cirrhotic PVT include wait-and-see strategy (no intervention), anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). When the degree of PVT is less than 50% and the mesenteric veins are not involved, immediate intervention may not be required. Anticoagulation is the first-line choice for cirrhotic PVT requiring treatment. Thrombolysis and TIPS are mainly used for patients with contraindications of anticoagulation and those who do not respond to anticoagulation. This paper reviews the clinical assessment of cirrhotic PVT and its predictors, natural history, impact on prognosis, treatment, and prophylaxis.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-Zhong Guo, Xing-Shun Qi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* Guo Xiao-Zhong, E-mail:
Qi Xing-Shun, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Le Wang, Xiao-Zhong Guo, Xing-Shun Qi), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203061234749911104, articleId=1203061228844331025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=CN, title=肝硬化门静脉血栓的临床评估与治疗:当前观点, columnId=1203061224549359633, journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, columnName=肝硬化及其并发症的评估与管理专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

门静脉血栓(PVT)是肝硬化的常见并发症之一。门静脉血流速度减慢是肝硬化PVT最主要的危险因素,而肝病病因、严重程度、止血状态、炎症和免疫机制也可能与肝硬化PVT的发生相关。肝硬化PVT的自然病史包括改善、稳定、进展和复发;非阻塞性PVT及肝功能改善可能与肝硬化PVT自发性改善有关。不同PVT的阻塞程度对肝硬化患者预后的影响并不一致;非阻塞性PVT可能不会显著影响患者预后,但阻塞性PVT可能增加患者的死亡风险,累及肠系膜静脉时还可导致肠缺血及肠梗死。肝硬化PVT的临床管理策略包括观察(暂无干预)、抗凝、溶栓和经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)。PVT程度<50%且未累及肠系膜静脉时,可暂不干预;对于需治疗的肝硬化PVT,抗凝是一线治疗方式,而溶栓和TIPS主要用于存在抗凝禁忌证或抗凝无效的患者。本文就肝硬化PVT的临床评估、预测因素、自然病史、对预后的影响、治疗和预防等进行了阐述。

, correspAuthors=郭晓钟, 祁兴顺, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郭晓钟,E-mail:
祁兴顺,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=DDXC9vgP3rIdNAgFnvyUkA==, magXml=cEURseMFXAiHFb96UZQLdA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Cd3HBoMdbS36325X3hyXBA==, pdfFileSize=1268766, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Og88OhFhGIrHWLhSY/qvjQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=wqLLDTwsjz047mbkmL/QEQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王乐,博士研究生,主要从事消化系统疾病诊治方面的研究

郭晓钟,主任医师,中国医师协会胰腺专业委员会副主任委员,中华医学会消化病分会常委、胰腺学组组长,中国医师协会消化医师分会常委,中央军委保健委员会会诊专家,辽宁省消化病学会前主任委员。

祁兴顺,医学博士,副主任医师,中华医学会消化病学分会第十一届委员会青年委员、肝胆疾病学组委员,辽宁省医学会消化病学分会第十届委员会委员,2019年辽宁省青年科技奖十大英才,入选2021年Elsevier中国高被引用学者。

, authorsList=王乐, 郭晓钟, 祁兴顺)}, authors=[Author(id=1203061235936899176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1203061236394078329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, authorId=1203061235936899176, language=EN, stringName=Le Wang, firstName=Le, middleName=null, lastName=Wang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, China
2Postgraduate College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1203061236532490367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, authorId=1203061235936899176, language=CN, stringName=王乐, firstName=乐, middleName=null, lastName=王, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1北部战区总医院消化内科,辽宁沈阳 110840
2中国医科大学研究生院,辽宁沈阳 110122, bio={"content":"

王乐,博士研究生,主要从事消化系统疾病诊治方面的研究

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王乐,博士研究生,主要从事消化系统疾病诊治方面的研究

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203061235391639631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235433582674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235391639631, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235446165587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235391639631, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北部战区总医院消化内科,辽宁沈阳 110840)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203061235647492187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235689435229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235647492187, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Postgraduate College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235743961183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235647492187, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国医科大学研究生院,辽宁沈阳 110122)])]), Author(id=1203061236721234055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=guo_xiao_zhong@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1203061237945970841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, authorId=1203061236721234055, language=EN, stringName=Xiao-Zhong Guo, firstName=Xiao-Zhong, middleName=null, lastName=Guo, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, China
2Postgraduate College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1203061238172463267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, authorId=1203061236721234055, language=CN, stringName=郭晓钟, firstName=晓钟, middleName=null, lastName=郭, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1北部战区总医院消化内科,辽宁沈阳 110840
2中国医科大学研究生院,辽宁沈阳 110122, bio={"content":"

郭晓钟,主任医师,中国医师协会胰腺专业委员会副主任委员,中华医学会消化病分会常委、胰腺学组组长,中国医师协会消化医师分会常委,中央军委保健委员会会诊专家,辽宁省消化病学会前主任委员。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

郭晓钟,主任医师,中国医师协会胰腺专业委员会副主任委员,中华医学会消化病分会常委、胰腺学组组长,中国医师协会消化医师分会常委,中央军委保健委员会会诊专家,辽宁省消化病学会前主任委员。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203061235391639631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235433582674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235391639631, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235446165587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235391639631, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北部战区总医院消化内科,辽宁沈阳 110840)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203061235647492187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235689435229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235647492187, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Postgraduate College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235743961183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235647492187, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国医科大学研究生院,辽宁沈阳 110122)])]), Author(id=1203061238382178477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xingshunqi@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1203061238516396215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, authorId=1203061238382178477, language=EN, stringName=Xing-Shun Qi, firstName=Xing-Shun, middleName=null, lastName=Qi, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, China
2Postgraduate College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1203061238646419652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, authorId=1203061238382178477, language=CN, stringName=祁兴顺, firstName=兴顺, middleName=null, lastName=祁, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1北部战区总医院消化内科,辽宁沈阳 110840
2中国医科大学研究生院,辽宁沈阳 110122, bio={"content":"

祁兴顺,医学博士,副主任医师,中华医学会消化病学分会第十一届委员会青年委员、肝胆疾病学组委员,辽宁省医学会消化病学分会第十届委员会委员,2019年辽宁省青年科技奖十大英才,入选2021年Elsevier中国高被引用学者。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

祁兴顺,医学博士,副主任医师,中华医学会消化病学分会第十一届委员会青年委员、肝胆疾病学组委员,辽宁省医学会消化病学分会第十届委员会委员,2019年辽宁省青年科技奖十大英才,入选2021年Elsevier中国高被引用学者。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203061235391639631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235433582674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235391639631, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235446165587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235391639631, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北部战区总医院消化内科,辽宁沈阳 110840)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203061235647492187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235689435229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235647492187, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Postgraduate College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235743961183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235647492187, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国医科大学研究生院,辽宁沈阳 110122)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1203061238826774745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=liver cirrhosis), Keyword(id=1203061238969381089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=portal vein thrombosis/thrombus), Keyword(id=1203061239086821614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=treatment), Keyword(id=1203061239212650743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=prophylaxis), Keyword(id=1203061239342674181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=prognosis), Keyword(id=1203061239439143186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=肝硬化), Keyword(id=1203061239564972318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=门静脉血栓形成), Keyword(id=1203061239787270451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=治疗), Keyword(id=1203061240022151487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=预防), Keyword(id=1203061240361890129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=预后)], refs=[Reference(id=1203061242408710572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=36, issue=12, pageStart=2667, pageEnd=2674, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Hepatobiliary Disease Study Group, Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, Chinese Medical Association, journalName=J Clin Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hepatobiliary Disease Study Group, Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, Chinese Medical Association. Consensus for management of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis (2020, Shanghai)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2020, 36(12): 2667-2674., articleTitle=Consensus for management of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis (2020, Shanghai), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061242538734003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=36, issue=12, pageStart=2667, pageEnd=2674, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=中华医学会消化病学分会肝胆疾病协作组, journalName=临床肝胆病杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[中华医学会消化病学分会肝胆疾病协作组. 肝硬化门静脉血栓管理专家共识(2020年,上海)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2020, 36(12): 2667-2674.], articleTitle=肝硬化门静脉血栓管理专家共识(2020年,上海), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061242723283393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=11, issue=8, pageStart=1059, pageEnd=1066, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Violi F, Corazza GR, Caldwell SH, journalName=Intern Emerg Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Violi F, Corazza GR, Caldwell SH, et al. Portal vein thrombosis relevance on liver cirrhosis: Italian Venous Thrombotic Events Registry[J]. Intern Emerg Med, 2016, 11(8): 1059-1066., articleTitle=Portal vein thrombosis relevance on liver cirrhosis: Italian Venous Thrombotic Events Registry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061242870084042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=119, issue=3, pageStart=496, pageEnd=499, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Violi F, Corazza GR, Caldwell SH, journalName=Thromb Haemost, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Violi F, Corazza GR, Caldwell SH, et al. Incidence and recurrence of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients[J]. Thromb Haemost, 2019, 119(3): 496-499., articleTitle=Incidence and recurrence of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061243008496084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=61, issue=2, pageStart=660, pageEnd=667, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Nery F, Chevret S, Condat B, journalName=Hepatology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nery F, Chevret S, Condat B, et al. Causes and consequences of portal vein thrombosis in 1, 243 patients with cirrhosis: results of a longitudinal study[J]. Hepatology, 2015, 61(2): 660-667., articleTitle=Causes and consequences of portal vein thrombosis in 1, 243 patients with cirrhosis: results of a longitudinal study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061243167879649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=51, issue=4, pageStart=682, pageEnd=689, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Zocco MA, di Stasio E, de Cristofaro R, journalName=J Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zocco MA, di Stasio E, de Cristofaro R, et al. Thrombotic risk factors in patients with liver cirrhosis: correlation with MELD scoring system and portal vein thrombosis development[J]. J Hepatol, 2009, 51(4): 682-689., articleTitle=Thrombotic risk factors in patients with liver cirrhosis: correlation with MELD scoring system and portal vein thrombosis development, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061243318874603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=9, issue=11, pageStart=1421, pageEnd=1432, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Qi X, Li H, Liu X, journalName=Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi X, Li H, Liu X, et al. Novel insights into the development of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis patients[J]. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 9(11): 1421-1432., articleTitle=Novel insights into the development of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061243415343603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=4, pageStart=1904, pageEnd=1930, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Wu Y, Li H, Zhang T, journalName=Adv Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Y, Li H, Zhang T, et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis after splenectomy or splenic artery embolization: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Adv Ther, 2021, 38(4): 1904-1930., articleTitle=Splanchnic vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis after splenectomy or splenic artery embolization: a systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061243486646780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=13, issue=4, pageStart=468, pageEnd=481, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Xu X, Guo X, de Stefano V, journalName=Hepatol Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu X, Guo X, de Stefano V, et al. Nonselective beta-blockers and development of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Hepatol Int, 2019, 13(4): 468-481., articleTitle=Nonselective beta-blockers and development of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061243604087302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=32, issue=2, pageStart=125, pageEnd=131, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Wang L, Guo X, Xu X, journalName=Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang L, Guo X, Xu X, et al. Association of portal venous system thrombosis with endoscopic variceal treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 32(2): 125-131., articleTitle=Association of portal venous system thrombosis with endoscopic variceal treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061243738305040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=15, issue=null, pageStart=17562848221087536, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Wang L, Guo X, Shao X, journalName=Therap Adv Gastroenterol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang L, Guo X, Shao X, et al. Association of endoscopic variceal treatment with portal venous system thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a case-control study[J]. Therap Adv Gastroenterol, 2022, 15: 17562848221087536., articleTitle=Association of endoscopic variceal treatment with portal venous system thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a case-control study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061243851551257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=76, issue=4, pageStart=959, pageEnd=974, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=11, authorNames=de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, journalName=J Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Baveno Ⅶ - Renewing consensus in portal hypertension[J]. J Hepatol, 2022, 76(4): 959-974., articleTitle=Baveno Ⅶ - Renewing consensus in portal hypertension, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061243939631649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=201, issue=1, pageStart=149, pageEnd=154, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Bach AM, Hann LE, Brown KT, journalName=Radiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bach AM, Hann LE, Brown KT, et al. Portal vein evaluation with US: comparison to angiography combined with CT arterial portography[J]. Radiology, 1996, 201(1): 149-154., articleTitle=Portal vein evaluation with US: comparison to angiography combined with CT arterial portography, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061244107403821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1991, volume=157, issue=2, pageStart=293, pageEnd=296, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Tessler FN, Gehring BJ, Gomes AS, journalName=AJR Am J Roentgenol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tessler FN, Gehring BJ, Gomes AS, et al. Diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis: value of color Doppler imaging[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1991, 157(2): 293-296., articleTitle=Diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis: value of color Doppler imaging, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061244262593072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=10, issue=11, pageStart=450, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Zanetto A, Campello E, Spiezia L, journalName=Cancers (Basel), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zanetto A, Campello E, Spiezia L, et al. Cancer-associated thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2018, 10(11): 450., articleTitle=Cancer-associated thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061244354867769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=32, issue=8, pageStart=1731, pageEnd=1737, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Cho JY, Suh KS, Shin WY, journalName=World J Surg, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cho JY, Suh KS, Shin WY, et al. Thrombosis confined to the portal vein is not a contraindication for living donor liver transplantation[J]. World J Surg, 2008, 32(8): 1731-1737., articleTitle=Thrombosis confined to the portal vein is not a contraindication for living donor liver transplantation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061244434559553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=49, issue=2, pageStart=113, pageEnd=120, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Margini C, Berzigotti A, journalName=Dig Liver Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Margini C, Berzigotti A. Portal vein thrombosis: the role of imaging in the clinical setting[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2017, 49(2): 113-120., articleTitle=Portal vein thrombosis: the role of imaging in the clinical setting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061244526834250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=36, issue=6, pageStart=561, pageEnd=568, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Qi X, Han G, He C, journalName=Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi X, Han G, He C, et al. CT features of non-malignant portal vein thrombosis: a pictorial review[J]. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2012, 36(6): 561-568., articleTitle=CT features of non-malignant portal vein thrombosis: a pictorial review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061244644274767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=10, pageStart=e00409, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Xu S, Guo X, Yang B, journalName=Clin Transl Gastroenterol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu S, Guo X, Yang B, et al. Evolution of nonmalignant portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a pictorial review[J]. Clin Transl Gastroenterol, 2021, 12(10): e00409., articleTitle=Evolution of nonmalignant portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a pictorial review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061244736549463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=168, issue=3, pageStart=719, pageEnd=723, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Tublin ME, Dodd GD 3rd, Baron RL, journalName=AJR Am J Roentgenol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tublin ME, Dodd GD 3rd, Baron RL. Benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis: differentiation by CT characteristics[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1997, 168(3): 719-723., articleTitle=Benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis: differentiation by CT characteristics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061244858184289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=12, issue=11, pageStart=1682, pageEnd=1688, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Shah TU, Semelka RC, Voultsinos V, journalName=Liver Transpl, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shah TU, Semelka RC, Voultsinos V, et al. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative detection of portal vein thrombosis in liver transplant candidates[J]. Liver Transpl, 2006, 12(11): 1682-1688., articleTitle=Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative detection of portal vein thrombosis in liver transplant candidates, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061244946264681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=216, issue=1, pageStart=86, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Kreft B, Strunk H, Flacke S, journalName=Radiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kreft B, Strunk H, Flacke S, et al. Detection of thrombosis in the portal venous system: comparison of contrast-enhanced MR angiography with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography[J]. Radiology, 2000, 216(1): 86-92., articleTitle=Detection of thrombosis in the portal venous system: comparison of contrast-enhanced MR angiography with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061245059510897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=73, issue=1, pageStart=366, pageEnd=413, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Northup PG, Garcia-Pagan JC, Garcia-Tsao G, journalName=Hepatology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Northup PG, Garcia-Pagan JC, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Vascular liver disorders, portal vein thrombosis, and procedural bleeding in patients with liver disease: 2020 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases[J]. Hepatology, 2021, 73(1): 366-413., articleTitle=Vascular liver disorders, portal vein thrombosis, and procedural bleeding in patients with liver disease: 2020 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061245147591287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=38, issue=1, pageStart=94, pageEnd=101, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Stine JG, Wang J, Shah PM, journalName=Liver Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stine JG, Wang J, Shah PM, et al. Decreased portal vein velocity is predictive of the development of portal vein thrombosis: a matched case-control study[J]. Liver Int, 2018, 38(1): 94-101., articleTitle=Decreased portal vein velocity is predictive of the development of portal vein thrombosis: a matched case-control study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061245319557763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=25, issue=12, pageStart=1747, pageEnd=1755, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Gaballa D, Bezinover D, Kadry Z, journalName=Liver Transpl, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gaballa D, Bezinover D, Kadry Z, et al. Development of a model to predict portal vein thrombosis in liver transplant candidates: the portal vein thrombosis risk index[J]. Liver Transpl, 2019, 25(12): 1747-1755., articleTitle=Development of a model to predict portal vein thrombosis in liver transplant candidates: the portal vein thrombosis risk index, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061245567021711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=32, issue=3, pageStart=401, pageEnd=405, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Huang X, Fan X, Zhang R, journalName=Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang X, Fan X, Zhang R, et al. Systemic inflammation and portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with gastroesophageal varices[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 32(3): 401-405., articleTitle=Systemic inflammation and portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with gastroesophageal varices, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061246854673051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=21, issue=1, pageStart=253, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=26, authorNames=He Y, Yuan S, Guo X, journalName=BMC Gastroenterol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=He Y, Yuan S, Guo X, et al. Association of thromboelastography profile with severity of liver cirrhosis and portal venous system thrombosis[J]. BMC Gastroenterol, 2021, 21(1): 253., articleTitle=Association of thromboelastography profile with severity of liver cirrhosis and portal venous system thrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061246984696484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=1, issue=2, pageStart=275, pageEnd=285, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Hugenholtz GCG, Lisman T, Stravitz RT, journalName=Res Pract Thromb Haemost, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hugenholtz GCG, Lisman T, Stravitz RT. Thromboelastography does not predict outcome in different etiologies of cirrhosis[J]. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2017, 1(2): 275-285., articleTitle=Thromboelastography does not predict outcome in different etiologies of cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061247110525610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=132, issue=2, pageStart=e131, pageEnd=e134, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Rossetto V, Spiezia L, Senzolo M, journalName=Thromb Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rossetto V, Spiezia L, Senzolo M, et al. Whole blood rotation thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) profiles in subjects with non-neoplastic portal vein thrombosis[J]. Thromb Res, 2013, 132(2): e131-e134., articleTitle=Whole blood rotation thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) profiles in subjects with non-neoplastic portal vein thrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061247206994607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=10, issue=null, pageStart=2204, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Guo L, Rondina MT, journalName=Front Immunol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo L, Rondina MT. The era of thromboinflammation: platelets are dynamic sensors and effector cells during infectious diseases[J]. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 2204., articleTitle=The era of thromboinflammation: platelets are dynamic sensors and effector cells during infectious diseases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061247320240824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=54, issue=1, pageStart=302, pageEnd=309, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Xing Y, Tian Z, Jiang Y, journalName=Ann Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xing Y, Tian Z, Jiang Y, et al. A practical nomogram based on systemic inflammatory markers for predicting portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis[J]. Ann Med, 2022, 54(1): 302-309., articleTitle=A practical nomogram based on systemic inflammatory markers for predicting portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061247462847171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=33, issue=1S Suppl 1, pageStart=e108, pageEnd=e113, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Nery F, Carneiro P, Correia S, journalName=Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nery F, Carneiro P, Correia S, et al. Systemic inflammation as a risk factor for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: a prospective longitudinal study[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 33(1S Suppl 1): e108-e113., articleTitle=Systemic inflammation as a risk factor for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: a prospective longitudinal study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061247588676299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=9, issue=3, pageStart=384, pageEnd=391, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Han JB, Shu QH, Zhang YF, journalName=J Clin Transl Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Han JB, Shu QH, Zhang YF, et al. Predictive value of inflammation biomarkers in patients with portal vein thrombosis[J]. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 2021, 9(3): 384-391., articleTitle=Predictive value of inflammation biomarkers in patients with portal vein thrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061247731282645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=2022, issue=null, pageStart=5900468, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Hassnine AA, Elsayed AM, journalName=Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hassnine AA, Elsayed AM. COVID-19 in cirrhotic patients: is portal vein thrombosis a potential complication? [J]. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022, 2022: 5900468., articleTitle=COVID-19 in cirrhotic patients: is portal vein thrombosis a potential complication?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061247840334554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=236, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Kimball AS, Obi AT, Diaz JA, journalName=Front Immunol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kimball AS, Obi AT, Diaz JA, et al. The emerging role of NETs in venous thrombosis and immunothrombosis[J]. Front Immunol, 2016, 7:236., articleTitle=The emerging role of NETs in venous thrombosis and immunothrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061247974552290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=36, issue=5, pageStart=e24433, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Xing Y, Jiang Y, Xing S, journalName=J Clin Lab Anal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xing Y, Jiang Y, Xing S, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps are associated with enhanced procoagulant activity in liver cirrhosis patients with portal vein thrombosis[J]. J Clin Lab Anal, 2022, 36(5): e24433., articleTitle=Neutrophil extracellular traps are associated with enhanced procoagulant activity in liver cirrhosis patients with portal vein thrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061248079409897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=75, issue=6, pageStart=1367, pageEnd=1376, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Turon F, Driever EG, Baiges A, journalName=J Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Turon F, Driever EG, Baiges A, et al. Predicting portal thrombosis in cirrhosis: a prospective study of clinical, ultrasonographic and hemostatic factors[J]. J Hepatol, 2021, 75(6): 1367-1376., articleTitle=Predicting portal thrombosis in cirrhosis: a prospective study of clinical, ultrasonographic and hemostatic factors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061248222016246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=265, issue=1, pageStart=124, pageEnd=132, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Luca A, Caruso S, Milazzo M, journalName=Radiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Luca A, Caruso S, Milazzo M, et al. Natural course of extrahepatic nonmalignant partial portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis[J]. Radiology, 2012, 265(1): 124-132., articleTitle=Natural course of extrahepatic nonmalignant partial portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061248297513724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=20, issue=5, pageStart=288, pageEnd=292, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Girleanu I, Stanciu C, Cojocariu C, journalName=Saudi J Gastroenterol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Girleanu I, Stanciu C, Cojocariu C, et al. Natural course of nonmalignant partial portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients[J]. Saudi J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(5): 288-292., articleTitle=Natural course of nonmalignant partial portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061248389788418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=33, issue=1S Suppl 1, pageStart=e423, pageEnd=e430, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Xu S, Guo X, Xu X, journalName=Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu S, Guo X, Xu X, et al. Natural history and predictors associated with the evolution of portal venous system thrombosis in liver cirrhosis[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 33(1S Suppl 1): e423-e430., articleTitle=Natural history and predictors associated with the evolution of portal venous system thrombosis in liver cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061248465285897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=16, issue=1, pageStart=83, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Qi X, Guo X, Yoshida EM, journalName=BMC Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi X, Guo X, Yoshida EM, et al. Transient portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis[J]. BMC Med, 2018, 16(1): 83., articleTitle=Transient portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061248565949201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=20, issue=5, pageStart=265, pageEnd=266, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Qi X, Yang Z, Fan D, journalName=Saudi J Gastroenterol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi X, Yang Z, Fan D. Spontaneous resolution of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: where do we stand, and where will we go? [J]. Saudi J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(5): 265-266., articleTitle=Spontaneous resolution of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: where do we stand, and where will we go?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061248695972633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=116, issue=7, pageStart=1447, pageEnd=1464, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Lv Y, Bai W, Li K, journalName=Am J Gastroenterol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lv Y, Bai W, Li K, et al. Anticoagulation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: a prospective observational study[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2021, 116(7): 1447-1464., articleTitle=Anticoagulation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: a prospective observational study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061248805024541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=2015, issue=null, pageStart=480842, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Qi X, Dai J, Yang M, journalName=Gastroenterol Res Pract, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi X, Dai J, Yang M, et al. Association between portal vein thrombosis and survival in non-liver-transplant patients with liver cirrhosis: a systematic review of the literature[J]. Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2015, 2015: 480842., articleTitle=Association between portal vein thrombosis and survival in non-liver-transplant patients with liver cirrhosis: a systematic review of the literature, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061248901493540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=7, issue=27, pageStart=2774, pageEnd=2780, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=44, authorNames=Stine JG, Shah PM, Cornella SL, journalName=World J Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stine JG, Shah PM, Cornella SL, et al. Portal vein thrombosis, mortality and hepatic decompensation in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis[J]. World J Hepatol, 2015, 7(27): 2774-2780., articleTitle=Portal vein thrombosis, mortality and hepatic decompensation in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061249048294188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=100, issue=16, pageStart=e25439, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Xian J, Tang Y, Shao H, journalName=Medicine (Baltimore), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xian J, Tang Y, Shao H, et al. Effect of portal vein thrombosis on the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis without a liver transplant: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2021, 100(16): e25439., articleTitle=Effect of portal vein thrombosis on the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis without a liver transplant: a systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061249169929010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=34, issue=6, pageStart=1088, pageEnd=1092, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Cool J, Rosenblatt R, Kumar S, journalName=J Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cool J, Rosenblatt R, Kumar S, et al. Portal vein thrombosis prevalence and associated mortality in cirrhosis in a nationally representative inpatient cohort[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 34(6): 1088-1092., articleTitle=Portal vein thrombosis prevalence and associated mortality in cirrhosis in a nationally representative inpatient cohort, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061249304146745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=32, issue=9, pageStart=1160, pageEnd=1167, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Fan X, Huang X, Hershman M, journalName=Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan X, Huang X, Hershman M, et al. Portal vein thrombosis prevalence and mortality among alcoholic cirrhosis in a nationwide inpatient cohort[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 32(9): 1160-1167., articleTitle=Portal vein thrombosis prevalence and mortality among alcoholic cirrhosis in a nationwide inpatient cohort, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061249480307521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=13, issue=3, pageStart=585, pageEnd=593, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Berry K, Taylor J, Liou IW, journalName=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Berry K, Taylor J, Liou IW, et al. Portal vein thrombosis is not associated with increased mortality among patients with cirrhosis[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 13(3): 585-593., articleTitle=Portal vein thrombosis is not associated with increased mortality among patients with cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061249610330953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=18, issue=11, pageStart=2564, pageEnd=2572.e1, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Zhang Y, Xu BY, Wang XB, journalName=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Y, Xu BY, Wang XB, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis and acute decompensation[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 18(11): 2564-2572.e1., articleTitle=Prevalence and clinical significance of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis and acute decompensation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061249765520209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=107, issue=12, pageStart=1872, pageEnd=1878, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Manguso F, journalName=Am J Gastroenterol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Manguso F, et al. The effectiveness of current acute variceal bleed treatments in unselected cirrhotic patients:refining short-term prognosis and risk factors[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2012, 107(12): 1872-1878., articleTitle=The effectiveness of current acute variceal bleed treatments in unselected cirrhotic patients:refining short-term prognosis and risk factors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061249882960726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=38, issue=3, pageStart=599, pageEnd=612, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=51, authorNames=D'Amico G, de Franchis R, Cooperative Study Group, journalName=Hepatology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=D'Amico G, de Franchis R, Cooperative Study Group. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators[J]. Hepatology, 2003, 38(3): 599-612., articleTitle=Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061249979429723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=57, issue=6, pageStart=1207, pageEnd=1213, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=52, authorNames=Chen PH, Chen WC, Hou MC, journalName=J Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen PH, Chen WC, Hou MC, et al. Delayed endoscopy increases re-bleeding and mortality in patients with hematemesis and active esophageal variceal bleeding: a cohort study[J]. J Hepatol, 2012, 57(6): 1207-1213., articleTitle=Delayed endoscopy increases re-bleeding and mortality in patients with hematemesis and active esophageal variceal bleeding: a cohort study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061250075898720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=56, issue=5, pageStart=1025, pageEnd=1032, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Hung HH, Chang CJ, Hou MC, journalName=J Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hung HH, Chang CJ, Hou MC, et al. Efficacy of non-selective β-blockers as adjunct to endoscopic prophylactic treatment for gastric variceal bleeding: a randomized controlled trial[J]. J Hepatol, 2012, 56(5): 1025-1032., articleTitle=Efficacy of non-selective β-blockers as adjunct to endoscopic prophylactic treatment for gastric variceal bleeding: a randomized controlled trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061250180756326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=685944, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=54, authorNames=Chen Z, Ran T, Cao H, journalName=Front Med (Lausanne), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Z, Ran T, Cao H, et al. The impact of portal vein thrombosis on the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis: a retrospective propensity-score matched study[J]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2021, 8: 685944., articleTitle=The impact of portal vein thrombosis on the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis: a retrospective propensity-score matched study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061251292246891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=108, issue=4, pageStart=568, pageEnd=574, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=55, authorNames=Maruyama H, Okugawa H, Takahashi M, journalName=Am J Gastroenterol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Maruyama H, Okugawa H, Takahashi M, et al. De novo portal vein thrombosis in virus-related cirrhosis: predictive factors and long-term outcomes[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2013, 108(4): 568-574., articleTitle=De novo portal vein thrombosis in virus-related cirrhosis: predictive factors and long-term outcomes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061251392910192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=115, issue=1, pageStart=18, pageEnd=40, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=56, authorNames=Simonetto DA, Singal AK, Garcia-Tsao G, journalName=Am J Gastroenterol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Simonetto DA, Singal AK, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. ACG clinical guideline: disorders of the hepatic and mesenteric circulation[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2020, 115(1): 18-40., articleTitle=ACG clinical guideline: disorders of the hepatic and mesenteric circulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061251451630449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=64, issue=1, pageStart=179, pageEnd=202, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=57, authorNames=European Association for the Study of the Liver, journalName=J Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: vascular diseases of the liver[J]. J Hepatol, 2016, 64(1):179-202., articleTitle=EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: vascular diseases of the liver, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061251564876659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=85, issue=7, pageStart=782, pageEnd=798, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=58, authorNames=Biancofiore G, Blasi A, de Boer MT, journalName=Minerva Anestesiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Biancofiore G, Blasi A, de Boer MT, et al. Perioperative hemostatic management in the cirrhotic patient: a position paper on behalf of the Liver Intensive Care Group of Europe (LICAGE)[J]. Minerva Anestesiol, 2019, 85(7): 782-798., articleTitle=Perioperative hemostatic management in the cirrhotic patient: a position paper on behalf of the Liver Intensive Care Group of Europe (LICAGE), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061251741037434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=16, issue=1, pageStart=83, pageEnd=90, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Englesbe MJ, Kubus J, Muhammad W, journalName=Liver Transpl, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Englesbe MJ, Kubus J, Muhammad W, et al. Portal vein thrombosis and survival in patients with cirrhosis[J]. Liver Transpl, 2010, 16(1): 83-90., articleTitle=Portal vein thrombosis and survival in patients with cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061251808146301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=24, issue=1, pageStart=51, pageEnd=59, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=60, authorNames=Qi X, Dai J, Jia J, journalName=J Gastrointestin Liver Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi X, Dai J, Jia J, et al. Association between portal vein thrombosis and survival of liver transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 2015, 24(1): 51-59., articleTitle=Association between portal vein thrombosis and survival of liver transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061251883643776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=13, issue=2, pageStart=118, pageEnd=121, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=61, authorNames=Wang L, Xu X, Hou Y, journalName=Drug Discov Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang L, Xu X, Hou Y, et al. Acute mesenteric vein thrombosis after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in a patient with liver cirrhosis[J]. Drug Discov Ther, 2019, 13(2): 118-121., articleTitle=Acute mesenteric vein thrombosis after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in a patient with liver cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061251967529859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=11, issue=7, pageStart=435, pageEnd=446, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=62, authorNames=Qi X, Han G, Fan D, journalName=Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi X, Han G, Fan D. Management of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis[J]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2014, 11(7): 435-446., articleTitle=Management of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061252055610247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=26, issue=1, pageStart=23, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=63, authorNames=Qi X, de Stefano V, Li H, journalName=Eur J Intern Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi X, de Stefano V, Li H, et al. Anticoagulation for the treatment of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. Eur J Intern Med, 2015, 26(1): 23-29., articleTitle=Anticoagulation for the treatment of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061252168856457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=1, pageStart=495, pageEnd=520, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=64, authorNames=Wang L, Guo X, Xu X, journalName=Adv Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang L, Guo X, Xu X, et al. Anticoagulation favors thrombus recanalization and survival in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis: results of a meta-analysis[J]. Adv Ther, 2021, 38(1): 495-520., articleTitle=Anticoagulation favors thrombus recanalization and survival in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis: results of a meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061252248548235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=10, issue=7, pageStart=776, pageEnd=783, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=65, authorNames=Delgado MG, Seijo S, Yepes I, journalName=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Delgado MG, Seijo S, Yepes I, et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation on patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 10(7): 776-783., articleTitle=Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation on patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061252382765965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=32, issue=6, pageStart=919, pageEnd=927, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=66, authorNames=Senzolo M, Sartori TM, Rossetto V, journalName=Liver Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Senzolo M, Sartori TM, Rossetto V, et al. Prospective evaluation of anticoagulation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis[J]. Liver Int, 2012, 32(6): 919-927., articleTitle=Prospective evaluation of anticoagulation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061252508595089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=20, issue=4, pageStart=384, pageEnd=391, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[67], rfOrder=67, authorNames=Chung JW, Kim GH, Lee JH, journalName=Clin Mol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chung JW, Kim GH, Lee JH, et al. Safety, efficacy, and response predictors of anticoagulation for the treatment of nonmalignant portal-vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis: a propensity score matching analysis[J]. Clin Mol Hepatol, 2014, 20(4): 384-391., articleTitle=Safety, efficacy, and response predictors of anticoagulation for the treatment of nonmalignant portal-vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis: a propensity score matching analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061252626035602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=31, issue=1, pageStart=34, pageEnd=42, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=68, authorNames=Rodriguez-Castro KI, Vitale A, Fadin M, journalName=Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rodriguez-Castro KI, Vitale A, Fadin M, et al. A prediction model for successful anticoagulation in cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 31(1): 34-42., articleTitle=A prediction model for successful anticoagulation in cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061252726698901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=163, issue=null, pageStart=71, pageEnd=76, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=69, authorNames=Kwon J, Koh Y, Yu SJ, journalName=Thromb Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kwon J, Koh Y, Yu SJ, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin treatment for portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: efficacy and the risk of hemorrhagic complications[J]. Thromb Res, 2018, 163: 71-76., articleTitle=Low-molecular-weight heparin treatment for portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: efficacy and the risk of hemorrhagic complications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061252839945111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1995, volume=165, issue=5, pageStart=1151, pageEnd=1155, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=70, authorNames=de Gaetano AM, Lafortune M, Patriquin H, journalName=AJR Am J Roentgenol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=de Gaetano AM, Lafortune M, Patriquin H, et al. Cavernous transformation of the portal vein: patterns of intrahepatic and splanchnic collateral circulation detected with Doppler sonography[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1995, 165(5): 1151-1155., articleTitle=Cavernous transformation of the portal vein: patterns of intrahepatic and splanchnic collateral circulation detected with Doppler sonography, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061252928025497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=30, issue=9, pageStart=381, pageEnd=386, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=71, authorNames=Li Z, Xu WT, Xu XB, journalName=World Chin J Digestol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Z, Xu WT, Xu XB, et al. Heparins for prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in cirrhosis: Research advances[J]. World Chin J Digestol, 2022, 30(9): 381-386., articleTitle=Heparins for prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in cirrhosis: Research advances, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061253028688796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=30, issue=9, pageStart=381, pageEnd=386, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=72, authorNames=李喆, 许文涛, 许向波, journalName=世界华人消化杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[李喆, 许文涛, 许向波, 等. 肝素类药物防治肝硬化静脉血栓栓塞的研究进展[J]. 世界华人消化杂志, 2022, 30(9): 381-386.], articleTitle=肝素类药物防治肝硬化静脉血栓栓塞的研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061253150323616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=113, issue=null, pageStart=86, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[72], rfOrder=73, authorNames=Hanafy AS, Abd-Elsalam S, Dawoud MM, journalName=Vascul Pharmacol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hanafy AS, Abd-Elsalam S, Dawoud MM. Randomized controlled trial of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in the management of acute non-neoplastic portal vein thrombosis[J]. Vascul Pharmacol, 2019, 113: 86-91., articleTitle=Randomized controlled trial of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in the management of acute non-neoplastic portal vein thrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061253234209699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=48, issue=1, pageStart=51, pageEnd=58, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=74, authorNames=Nagaoki Y, Aikata H, Daijyo K, journalName=Hepatol Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nagaoki Y, Aikata H, Daijyo K, et al. Efficacy and safety of edoxaban for treatment of portal vein thrombosis following danaparoid sodium in patients with liver cirrhosis[J]. Hepatol Res, 2018, 48(1): 51-58., articleTitle=Efficacy and safety of edoxaban for treatment of portal vein thrombosis following danaparoid sodium in patients with liver cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061253334872998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=15, issue=5, pageStart=1196, pageEnd=1206, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=75, authorNames=Ng CH, Tan DJH, Nistala KRY, journalName=Hepatol Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ng CH, Tan DJH, Nistala KRY, et al. A network meta-analysis of direct oral anticoagulants for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis[J]. Hepatol Int, 2021, 15(5): 1196-1206., articleTitle=A network meta-analysis of direct oral anticoagulants for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061253452313513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=54, issue=1, pageStart=56, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[75], rfOrder=76, authorNames=Koh JH, Liew ZH, Ng GK, journalName=Dig Liver Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Koh JH, Liew ZH, Ng GK, et al. Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonist for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2022, 54(1): 56-62., articleTitle=Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonist for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061253523616684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=64, issue=9, pageStart=2671, pageEnd=2683, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[76], rfOrder=77, authorNames=Noronha Ferreira C, Reis D, Cortez-Pinto H, journalName=Dig Dis Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Noronha Ferreira C, Reis D, Cortez-Pinto H, et al. Anticoagulation in cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis is safe and improves prognosis in advanced cirrhosis[J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2019, 64(9): 2671-2683., articleTitle=Anticoagulation in cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis is safe and improves prognosis in advanced cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061253628474286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=9, issue=8, pageStart=176, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[77], rfOrder=78, authorNames=Senzolo M, Riva N, Dentali F, journalName=Clin Transl Gastroenterol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Senzolo M, Riva N, Dentali F, et al. Long-term outcome of splanchnic vein thrombosis in cirrhosis[J]. Clin Transl Gastroenterol, 2018, 9(8):176., articleTitle=Long-term outcome of splanchnic vein thrombosis in cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061253703971760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=28, issue=1, pageStart=82, pageEnd=89, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[78], rfOrder=79, authorNames=Chen H, Liu L, Qi X, journalName=Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen H, Liu L, Qi X, et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation in more advanced portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 28(1): 82-89., articleTitle=Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation in more advanced portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061253821412274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=130, issue=13-14, pageStart=446, pageEnd=455, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[79], rfOrder=80, authorNames=Scheiner B, Stammet PR, Pokorny S, journalName=Wien Klin Wochenschr, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Scheiner B, Stammet PR, Pokorny S, et al. Anticoagulation in non-malignant portal vein thrombosis is safe and improves hepatic function[J]. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 2018, 130(13-14): 446-455., articleTitle=Anticoagulation in non-malignant portal vein thrombosis is safe and improves hepatic function, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061254039516084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=100, issue=6, pageStart=1084, pageEnd=1088, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[80], rfOrder=81, authorNames=Smalberg JH, Spaander MV, Jie KS, journalName=Thromb Haemost, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Smalberg JH, Spaander MV, Jie KS, et al. Risks and benefits of transcatheter thrombolytic therapy in patients with splanchnic venous thrombosis[J]. Thromb Haemost, 2008, 100(6): 1084-1088., articleTitle=Risks and benefits of transcatheter thrombolytic therapy in patients with splanchnic venous thrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061254131790774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=16, issue=5, pageStart=651, pageEnd=661, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[81], rfOrder=82, authorNames=Hollingshead M, Burke CT, Mauro MA, journalName=J Vasc Interv Radiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hollingshead M, Burke CT, Mauro MA, et al. Transcatheter thrombolytic therapy for acute mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2005, 16(5): 651-661., articleTitle=Transcatheter thrombolytic therapy for acute mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061254245036984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=42, issue=6, pageStart=451, pageEnd=455, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[82], rfOrder=83, authorNames=de Santis A, Moscatelli R, Catalano C, journalName=Dig Liver Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=de Santis A, Moscatelli R, Catalano C, et al. Systemic thrombolysis of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients: a pilot study[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2010, 42(6): 451-455., articleTitle=Systemic thrombolysis of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients: a pilot study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061254333117370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1995, volume=195, issue=1, pageStart=153, pageEnd=157, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[83], rfOrder=84, authorNames=Blum U, Haag K, Rössle M, journalName=Radiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Blum U, Haag K, Rössle M, et al. Noncavernomatous portal vein thrombosis in hepatic cirrhosis: treatment with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and local thrombolysis[J]. Radiology, 1995, 195(1): 153-157., articleTitle=Noncavernomatous portal vein thrombosis in hepatic cirrhosis: treatment with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and local thrombolysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061254396031932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=100, issue=7, pageStart=533, pageEnd=537, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[84], rfOrder=85, authorNames=Zhang WG, Ren JZ, Han XW, journalName=Natl Med J China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang WG, Ren JZ, Han XW, et al. Clinical application and efficacy of TIPS combined with AngioJet mechanical thrombectomy for liver cirrhosis with extensive portal vein thrombosis[J]. Natl Med J China, 2020, 100(7): 533-537., articleTitle=Clinical application and efficacy of TIPS combined with AngioJet mechanical thrombectomy for liver cirrhosis with extensive portal vein thrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061254479918014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=100, issue=7, pageStart=533, pageEnd=537, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[84], rfOrder=86, authorNames=张文广, 任建庄, 韩新巍, journalName=中华医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[张文广, 任建庄, 韩新巍, 等. 经颈静脉肝内门体分流术联合AngioJet血栓清除装置治疗肝硬化急性门静脉广泛血栓效果分析[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2020, 100(7): 533-537.], articleTitle=经颈静脉肝内门体分流术联合AngioJet血栓清除装置治疗肝硬化急性门静脉广泛血栓效果分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061254551221184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=35, issue=null, pageStart=88, pageEnd=97, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[85], rfOrder=87, authorNames=Yang S, Zhang L, Liu K, journalName=Ann Vasc Surg, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang S, Zhang L, Liu K, et al. Postoperative catheter-directed thrombolysis versus systemic anticoagulation for acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis[J]. Ann Vasc Surg, 2016, 35: 88-97., articleTitle=Postoperative catheter-directed thrombolysis versus systemic anticoagulation for acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061254635107265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=23, issue=41, pageStart=7470, pageEnd=7477, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[86], rfOrder=88, authorNames=Jiang TT, Luo XP, Sun JM, journalName=World J Gastroenterol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiang TT, Luo XP, Sun JM, et al. Clinical outcomes of transcatheter selective superior mesenteric artery urokinase infusion therapy vs transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with cirrhosis and acute portal vein thrombosis[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2017, 23(41): 7470-7477., articleTitle=Clinical outcomes of transcatheter selective superior mesenteric artery urokinase infusion therapy vs transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with cirrhosis and acute portal vein thrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061255721432002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=6, issue=3, pageStart=576, pageEnd=590, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[87], rfOrder=89, authorNames=Qi X, Han G, journalName=Hepatol Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi X, Han G. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the treatment of portal vein thrombosis: a critical review of literature[J]. Hepatol Int, 2012, 6(3): 576-590., articleTitle=Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the treatment of portal vein thrombosis: a critical review of literature, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061255805318083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=9, issue=19, pageStart=5179, pageEnd=5190, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[88], rfOrder=90, authorNames=Zhang JB, Chen J, Zhou J, journalName=World J Clin Cases, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang JB, Chen J, Zhou J, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis[J]. World J Clin Cases, 2021, 9(19): 5179-5190., articleTitle=Systematic review and meta-analysis of trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061255880815556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=28, issue=12, pageStart=1714, pageEnd=1721.e2, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[89], rfOrder=91, authorNames=Thornburg B, Desai K, Hickey R, journalName=J Vasc Interv Radiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Thornburg B, Desai K, Hickey R, et al. Pretransplantation portal vein recanalization and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation for chronic portal vein thrombosis: final analysis of a 61-patient cohort[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2017, 28(12): 1714-1721.e2., articleTitle=Pretransplantation portal vein recanalization and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation for chronic portal vein thrombosis: final analysis of a 61-patient cohort, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061255947924421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=67, issue=12, pageStart=2156, pageEnd=2168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[90], rfOrder=92, authorNames=Lv Y, Qi X, He C, journalName=Gut, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lv Y, Qi X, He C, et al. Covered TIPS versus endoscopic band ligation plus propranolol for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis: a randomised controlled trial[J]. Gut, 2018, 67(12): 2156-2168., articleTitle=Covered TIPS versus endoscopic band ligation plus propranolol for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis: a randomised controlled trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061256052782022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=10, issue=11, pageStart=2316, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[91], rfOrder=93, authorNames=Zhan C, Prabhu V, Kang SK, journalName=J Clin Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhan C, Prabhu V, Kang SK, et al. Comparison of non-tumoral portal vein thrombosis management in cirrhotic patients: TIPS versus anticoagulation versus no treatment[J]. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(11): 2316., articleTitle=Comparison of non-tumoral portal vein thrombosis management in cirrhotic patients: TIPS versus anticoagulation versus no treatment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061256136668103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=279, issue=3, pageStart=943, pageEnd=951, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[92], rfOrder=94, authorNames=Wang Z, Jiang MS, Zhang HL, journalName=Radiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Z, Jiang MS, Zhang HL, et al. Is post-TIPS anticoagulation therapy necessary in patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis? A randomized controlled trial[J]. Radiology, 2016, 279(3): 943-951., articleTitle=Is post-TIPS anticoagulation therapy necessary in patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis? A randomized controlled trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061256291857352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=143, issue=5, pageStart=1253, pageEnd=1260.e4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[93], rfOrder=95, authorNames=Villa E, Cammà C, Marietta M, journalName=Gastroenterology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Villa E, Cammà C, Marietta M, et al. Enoxaparin prevents portal vein thrombosis and liver decompensation in patients with advanced cirrhosis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2012, 143(5): 1253-1260.e4., articleTitle=Enoxaparin prevents portal vein thrombosis and liver decompensation in patients with advanced cirrhosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061256413492169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=90, issue=12, pageStart=2420, pageEnd=2424, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[94], rfOrder=96, authorNames=Yang M, Liu J, journalName=ANZ J Surg, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang M, Liu J. Low-molecular weight heparin prevents portal vein system thrombosis after splenectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. ANZ J Surg, 2020, 90(12): 2420-2424., articleTitle=Low-molecular weight heparin prevents portal vein system thrombosis after splenectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203061256509961162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=157, issue=null, pageStart=104825, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[95], rfOrder=97, authorNames=Ding H, Zhang Y, Zhao L, journalName=Pharmacol Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ding H, Zhang Y, Zhao L, et al. What intervention regimen is most effective prevention for portal venous system thrombosis after splenectomy in cirrhotics patients with portal hypertension? Systematic review and network meta-analysis[J]. Pharmacol Res, 2020, 157: 104825., articleTitle=What intervention regimen is most effective prevention for portal venous system thrombosis after splenectomy in cirrhotics patients with portal hypertension? Systematic review and network meta-analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203061235391639631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235433582674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235391639631, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235446165587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235391639631, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北部战区总医院消化内科,辽宁沈阳 110840)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203061235647492187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235689435229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235647492187, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Postgraduate College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061235743961183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, companyId=1203061235647492187, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国医科大学研究生院,辽宁沈阳 110122)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203061240605159781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Contrast-enhanced CT images of PVT in liver cirrhosis, figureFileSmall=yM7oV7NNXQI3GKop2xxqBA==, figureFileBig=Og88OhFhGIrHWLhSY/qvjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061240705823085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=CN, label=图1, caption=肝硬化PVT的增强CT图像

A. 红色箭头示门静脉主干附壁血栓;B. 红色箭头示门静脉主干部分血栓;C. 红色箭头示门静脉主干完全血栓,黄色箭头示门静脉海绵样变性(CTPV);D. 红色箭头示门静脉左支条索化;E. 红色箭头示肠系膜上静脉(SMV)附壁血栓,黄色箭头示脾静脉完全血栓(图片来源于北部战区总医院)

, figureFileSmall=yM7oV7NNXQI3GKop2xxqBA==, figureFileBig=Og88OhFhGIrHWLhSY/qvjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061241041367437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Recommendations of clinical guidelines and consensus on the management strategies for cirrhotic PVT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管理策略美国胃肠病学院临床指南(2020)[56]美国肝病学会实践指导(2020)[22]欧洲肝病学会临床实践指南(2015)[57]Baveno Ⅶ门静脉高压共识(2021)[11]中国肝硬化PVT管理专家共识(2020)[1]欧洲肝脏重症监护组专家共识(2019)[58]
观察,暂无干预未提及近期肝内门静脉分支血栓或门静脉主干血栓程度<50%未提及未提及PVT程度<50%且未累及肠系膜静脉未提及
抗凝治疗急性完全性门静脉主干血栓
肠系膜静脉血栓
PVT蔓延至肠系膜静脉
慢性PVT但存在以下几种中的一种:
(1)遗传性易栓症
(2)血栓进展
(3)既往因血栓累及肠系膜静脉引起肠缺血等待肝移植
近期且程度>50%的门静脉主干血栓
近期且程度>50%的肠系膜静脉血栓
未提及有症状的PVT
近期且程度<50%的门静脉主干血栓门静脉主干血栓程度<50%但合并SMV血栓或在随访期间(1~3个月)进展等待肝移植
急性症状性PVT
PVT程度≥50%
合并肠系膜静脉血栓
PVT程度<50%但在随访期间进展
等待肝移植
未提及
溶栓治疗未提及抗凝后仍存在肠缺血的近期PVT未提及未提及证据不足未提及
经颈静脉肝内门体分流术未提及阻碍受体和移植物门静脉生理性吻合的慢性PVT(等待肝移植患者)
内镜或内科治疗后仍反复出血和(或)顽固性腹水的慢性PVT
抗凝未能控制PVT蔓延的等待肝移植患者抗凝无效的门静脉主干血栓(尤其是等待肝移植的患者)有抗凝禁忌证
抗凝效果欠佳
合并静脉曲张出血但内科止血疗效不佳
急性症状性PVT合并静脉曲张出血
广泛血栓或抗凝无效
), ArticleFig(id=1203061241196556700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

临床指南与共识对肝硬化PVT管理策略的推荐意见

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管理策略美国胃肠病学院临床指南(2020)[56]美国肝病学会实践指导(2020)[22]欧洲肝病学会临床实践指南(2015)[57]Baveno Ⅶ门静脉高压共识(2021)[11]中国肝硬化PVT管理专家共识(2020)[1]欧洲肝脏重症监护组专家共识(2019)[58]
观察,暂无干预未提及近期肝内门静脉分支血栓或门静脉主干血栓程度<50%未提及未提及PVT程度<50%且未累及肠系膜静脉未提及
抗凝治疗急性完全性门静脉主干血栓
肠系膜静脉血栓
PVT蔓延至肠系膜静脉
慢性PVT但存在以下几种中的一种:
(1)遗传性易栓症
(2)血栓进展
(3)既往因血栓累及肠系膜静脉引起肠缺血等待肝移植
近期且程度>50%的门静脉主干血栓
近期且程度>50%的肠系膜静脉血栓
未提及有症状的PVT
近期且程度<50%的门静脉主干血栓门静脉主干血栓程度<50%但合并SMV血栓或在随访期间(1~3个月)进展等待肝移植
急性症状性PVT
PVT程度≥50%
合并肠系膜静脉血栓
PVT程度<50%但在随访期间进展
等待肝移植
未提及
溶栓治疗未提及抗凝后仍存在肠缺血的近期PVT未提及未提及证据不足未提及
经颈静脉肝内门体分流术未提及阻碍受体和移植物门静脉生理性吻合的慢性PVT(等待肝移植患者)
内镜或内科治疗后仍反复出血和(或)顽固性腹水的慢性PVT
抗凝未能控制PVT蔓延的等待肝移植患者抗凝无效的门静脉主干血栓(尤其是等待肝移植的患者)有抗凝禁忌证
抗凝效果欠佳
合并静脉曲张出血但内科止血疗效不佳
急性症状性PVT合并静脉曲张出血
广泛血栓或抗凝无效
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1146441329971666965, delFlag=0, nameCn=解放军医学杂志, nameEn=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0577-7402, eissn=null, cn=11-1056/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=是, ccby=CC BY-NC-ND, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1751262512917, updatedTime=1761735725513, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=M, firstLetterEn=M, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, picEn=ELwBh5xqrSTlIs7HmSNt2Q==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369167564968109, language=CN, name=解放军医学杂志, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735725537, updatedTime=1761735725537, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=#, submissionEditorUrl=#, submissionReviewUrl=#, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369167615299758, language=EN, name=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735725549, updatedTime=1761735725549, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=#, submissionEditorUrl=#, submissionReviewUrl=#, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189873630562394117, websiteList=[Website(id=1189873845923287108, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189873630562394117, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761617631655, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761622010471, updateBy=18614031015, name=解放军医学杂志-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=解放军医学杂志, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189924939378520839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761629813284, updateTime=1761629813284, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939353355012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761629813278, updateTime=1761629813278, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939399492362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813289, updateTime=1761629813289, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939344966403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/file/pic?fileId=+zXjYVhun8ZOAA6+aKx2hw==, createTime=1761629813276, updateTime=1761629813276, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939412075276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813292, updateTime=1761629813292, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939374326534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761629813283, updateTime=1761629813283, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939407880971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629813291, updateTime=1761629813291, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939361743621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761629813280, updateTime=1761629813280, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939386909448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761629813286, updateTime=1761629813286, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924939395298057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873845923287108, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761629813288, updateTime=1761629813288, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189873846057504839, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189873630562394117, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761617631687, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761622030030, updateBy=18614031015, name=解放军医学杂志-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189924968168223505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761629820148, updateTime=1761629820148, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968147251982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761629820143, updateTime=1761629820143, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968185000724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820152, updateTime=1761629820152, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968138863373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/file/pic?fileId=+zXjYVhun8ZOAA6+aKx2hw==, createTime=1761629820141, updateTime=1761629820141, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968197583638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820155, updateTime=1761629820155, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968159834896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761629820146, updateTime=1761629820146, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968193389333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761629820154, updateTime=1761629820154, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968155640591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761629820145, updateTime=1761629820145, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968172417810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761629820149, updateTime=1761629820149, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189924968180806419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189873846057504839, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761629820151, updateTime=1761629820151, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://zh.jfjyxzz.org.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, journalPhotoCn=6srot5PcoYX30Oa4xeTmeg==, journalPhotoEn=ELwBh5xqrSTlIs7HmSNt2Q==, journalFirstLetter=M, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0018, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0018, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/PDF/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0018, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/EN/PDF/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0018, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
肝硬化门静脉血栓的临床评估与治疗:当前观点
收藏切换
PDF下载
王乐 1, 2 , 郭晓钟 1, 2, * , 祁兴顺 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 肝硬化及其并发症的评估与管理专题 2023,48(1): 18-26
收起
收藏切换
解放军医学杂志 | 肝硬化及其并发症的评估与管理专题 2023, 48(1): 18-26
肝硬化门静脉血栓的临床评估与治疗:当前观点
全屏
王乐1, 2, 郭晓钟1, 2, * , 祁兴顺1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1北部战区总医院消化内科,辽宁沈阳 110840
  • 2中国医科大学研究生院,辽宁沈阳 110122
  • 王乐,博士研究生,主要从事消化系统疾病诊治方面的研究

    郭晓钟,主任医师,中国医师协会胰腺专业委员会副主任委员,中华医学会消化病分会常委、胰腺学组组长,中国医师协会消化医师分会常委,中央军委保健委员会会诊专家,辽宁省消化病学会前主任委员。

    祁兴顺,医学博士,副主任医师,中华医学会消化病学分会第十一届委员会青年委员、肝胆疾病学组委员,辽宁省医学会消化病学分会第十届委员会委员,2019年辽宁省青年科技奖十大英才,入选2021年Elsevier中国高被引用学者。

通讯作者:

郭晓钟,E-mail:
祁兴顺,E-mail:
Clinical assessment and treatment of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: Current perspectives
Le Wang1, 2, Xiao-Zhong Guo1, 2, * , Xing-Shun Qi1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, China
  • 2Postgraduate College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
出版时间: 2023-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0018
文章导航
收藏切换

门静脉血栓(PVT)是肝硬化的常见并发症之一。门静脉血流速度减慢是肝硬化PVT最主要的危险因素,而肝病病因、严重程度、止血状态、炎症和免疫机制也可能与肝硬化PVT的发生相关。肝硬化PVT的自然病史包括改善、稳定、进展和复发;非阻塞性PVT及肝功能改善可能与肝硬化PVT自发性改善有关。不同PVT的阻塞程度对肝硬化患者预后的影响并不一致;非阻塞性PVT可能不会显著影响患者预后,但阻塞性PVT可能增加患者的死亡风险,累及肠系膜静脉时还可导致肠缺血及肠梗死。肝硬化PVT的临床管理策略包括观察(暂无干预)、抗凝、溶栓和经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)。PVT程度<50%且未累及肠系膜静脉时,可暂不干预;对于需治疗的肝硬化PVT,抗凝是一线治疗方式,而溶栓和TIPS主要用于存在抗凝禁忌证或抗凝无效的患者。本文就肝硬化PVT的临床评估、预测因素、自然病史、对预后的影响、治疗和预防等进行了阐述。

肝硬化  /  门静脉血栓形成  /  治疗  /  预防  /  预后

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a common complication of liver cirrhosis. Decreased portal vein velocity is the most important risk factor for cirrhotic PVT, and the etiology and severity of liver cirrhosis, hemostasis status, and inflammatory and immune mechanisms may also be associated with the development of cirrhotic PVT. The natural history of cirrhotic PVT includes improvement, stabilization, progression, and recurrence. Non-occlusive PVT and improvement of liver function may be associated with spontaneous improvement of cirrhotic PVT. The impact of different occlusion degree of cirrhotic PVT on patients' prognosis is inconsistent. Non-occlusive PVT may not significantly affect patients' outcomes; occlusive PVT may increase the risk of death, and PVT involving the mesenteric veins may also lead to intestinal ischemia and infarction. Clinical management strategies for cirrhotic PVT include wait-and-see strategy (no intervention), anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). When the degree of PVT is less than 50% and the mesenteric veins are not involved, immediate intervention may not be required. Anticoagulation is the first-line choice for cirrhotic PVT requiring treatment. Thrombolysis and TIPS are mainly used for patients with contraindications of anticoagulation and those who do not respond to anticoagulation. This paper reviews the clinical assessment of cirrhotic PVT and its predictors, natural history, impact on prognosis, treatment, and prophylaxis.

liver cirrhosis  /  portal vein thrombosis/thrombus  /  treatment  /  prophylaxis  /  prognosis
王乐, 郭晓钟, 祁兴顺. 肝硬化门静脉血栓的临床评估与治疗:当前观点. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (1) : 18 -26 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0018
Le Wang, Xiao-Zhong Guo, Xing-Shun Qi. Clinical assessment and treatment of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: Current perspectives[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (1) : 18 -26 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0018
门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)是指发生在门静脉主干及其分支的血栓,可蔓延至肠系膜静脉和脾静脉[1]。PVT是肝硬化患者最常见的静脉血栓栓塞类型,患病率高达17%,每年发病率达4.6%~6.0%[2-4]。门静脉血流速度降低是肝硬化发生PVT的主要原因[5]。自发性门体分流、脾切除和脾动脉栓塞术、内镜下静脉曲张治疗、腹腔内感染、遗传性和获得性易栓症等也可增加肝硬化PVT的风险[6-10]。PVT的阻塞程度、范围及分期可影响患者的临床表现、PVT自然病史及预后。因此,临床常需根据PVT的特征实施个体化管理策略。近年来关于肝硬化PVT的研究日益增多,各大临床指南与共识的相继发布也进一步规范了肝硬化PVT患者的临床管理。本文主要就肝硬化PVT的临床评估、预测因素、自然病史、对预后的影响、抗凝策略、预防等方面进行总结及探讨。
PVT可增加肝移植手术的复杂性及增高肝移植术后的病死率,因此,建议等待肝移植的患者常规筛查PVT[11]。PVT的筛查和评估首选多普勒超声,其应用广泛、操作便捷、费用低、无辐射暴露,诊断PVT的敏感度为89%~93%,特异度为92%~99%[12-13]。此外,多普勒超声可评估门静脉血流速度,进而预判肝硬化PVT的发生风险[5]。若多普勒超声显示门静脉内动脉样血流,则提示癌栓而非PVT[14]。但多普勒超声诊断非阻塞性PVT和肠系膜静脉血栓的敏感度相对较低,且诊断准确性易受检查医师的经验、患者肥胖和肠积气的影响[15-16],因而超声诊断PVT后,仍需通过增强CT或磁共振进行明确。若增强CT和磁共振检查提示门静脉系血管腔内造影剂充盈缺损或缺乏造影剂通过,提示为PVT;若阻塞的肝内门静脉分支、门静脉主干或肠系膜静脉周围多发迂曲的小血管,则提示门静脉海绵样变性(cavernous transformation of the portal vein,CTPV)[17-18]。此外,若增强CT动脉期提示血栓内点状或线状强化、静脉扩张、新生血管、毗邻肝细胞癌病灶、静脉壁破裂,则提示癌栓而非PVT[19]。相比于增强CT,增强磁共振无辐射暴露,且诊断肝脏恶性肿瘤及胆道疾病的敏感度更高,其诊断门静脉主干血栓的敏感度达100%,特异度达92%~98%,而诊断肠系膜上静脉(superior mesenteric vein,SMV)血栓的敏感度、特异度均为100%[20-21]
一旦确诊为PVT,应准确评估其阻塞程度、范围和分期,以便明确PVT的进展风险以及是否需要抗血栓治疗。根据阻塞程度,PVT可分为阻塞性和非阻塞性,具体可细分为附壁PVT、部分PVT、完全PVT、条索化和CTPV。范围是指PVT有无进一步累及肠系膜静脉和脾静脉[1,11,22](图1)。分期包括近期PVT(一般发生在6个月之内)和慢性PVT(发生超过6个月)[11,22]。由于肝硬化PVT多无症状且发生时间不确定,中国肝硬化PVT管理专家共识已不推荐根据PVT发生时间来进行分期,而是推荐按照有无急性腹痛等急性PVT相关的临床症状分为急性和非急性症状性PVT[1]
门静脉血流速度<15 cm/s可预测肝硬化PVT的发生风险[23]。此外,肝硬化病因、严重程度等也与PVT的发生风险相关。2019年,Gaballa等[24]基于非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、终末期肝病模型(model for end-stage liver disease,MELD)评分、中重度腹水等5个变量建立了“PVT风险指数模型”,以预测等待肝移植患者的PVT发生风险。
全血黏弹性试验,包括血栓弹力图(thromboelastography,TEG)和旋转血栓弹力仪检测,可更全面地评估肝硬化患者的止血状态[22]。Huang等[25]发现,肝硬化PVT组的TEG反应时间明显短于无PVT组,但其他研究并未发现TEG和旋转血栓弹力仪提示的高凝状态与肝硬化PVT之间的相关性[26-28]。值得注意的是,上述研究均基于横断面数据,全血黏弹性试验提示高凝状态预测PVT发生风险的价值仍需进一步探讨。
近年来,越来越多的研究提出血栓形成与炎症和免疫机制相关[29]。Xing等[30]基于横断面数据发现,中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值和血小板/淋巴细胞比值与肝硬化PVT独立相关。另一项同样基于横断面数据的研究也发现,白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)水平与肝硬化PVT独立相关[25]。Nery等[31]进行的前瞻性纵向研究纳入了107例无PVT的肝硬化患者,其中10.3%的患者在随访期间发生了PVT,基线时IL-6水平>5.5 pg/ml和淋巴细胞计数<1.2×109/L是PVT的独立预测因素。此外,在接受脾切除和贲门周围血管断流术的肝硬化患者中,术前和术后7 d血小板/淋巴细胞比值、术前单核细胞/淋巴细胞比值为PVT的独立预测因素[32]。最近更有学者发现,肝硬化合并新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的患者PVT患病率明显高于无COVID-19的肝硬化患者,提示肝硬化PVT的发生可能与潜在的免疫反应相关[33]。中性粒细胞外捕网在免疫血栓形成中起着重要作用[34],但其与肝硬化PVT的相关性仍存争议[35-36]
肝硬化PVT的自然病史是指未接受任何抗血栓治疗时PVT的转归,包括改善、进展、稳定和复发,但各研究的定义并不一致。Luca等[37]将门静脉主干、SMV及脾静脉血栓占据管腔程度平均减少10%及以上定义为改善、减少或增加10%以内定义为稳定、增加10%及以上定义为进展,对42例肝硬化非阻塞性PVT患者进行了平均27个月的随访后,19例(45%)PVT改善,3例(7%)PVT稳定,20例(48%)PVT进展。Girleanu等[38]则将PVT占据管腔程度减少50%以上或完全再通定义为改善,减少50%以内或保持不变定义为稳定,蔓延至SMV、脾静脉或变为阻塞性PVT定义为进展,对22例肝硬化非阻塞性PVT患者平均随访20个月后,5例(22.7%)PVT改善,11例(50%)PVT稳定,6例(27.3%)PVT进展。此外,Xu等[39]将附壁血栓、部分血栓、完全血栓和条索化分别计为1、2、3和4分,将门静脉系统内每支血管的评分总和定义为门静脉系血栓评分,评分降低定义为改善、不变定义为稳定、增高定义为进展,在27例肝硬化PVT患者中,11例(40.7%)PVT改善,4例(14.8%)稳定,12例(44.4%)进展。
非阻塞性PVT似乎更易自发改善或再通[40-41]。一项前瞻性研究在长期随访后发现,9.5%(118/1243)的肝硬化患者发生了PVT,其中,超过80%是非阻塞性PVT;70%实现了自发的完全再通,明显高于荟萃分析报道的33%的肝硬化PVT自发再通率[4,40]。最近一项研究也表明,肝硬化附壁PVT自发的完全再通率明显高于部分和完全PVT(57% vs. 20% vs. 0%)[42]。此外,肝功能的动态变化也可能有助于判断PVT的转归。本课题组研究还发现,MELD评分下降是肝硬化PVT改善的预测因素[39]
本课题组在2015年发表的系统评价发现,PVT可能会降低肝硬化患者的长期生存率[43]。Stine等[44]对3项研究进行的荟萃分析发现,PVT不仅增高了肝硬化患者的病死率,而且也增高了腹水发生率。2021年,Xian等[45]对两项研究进行的荟萃分析也发现,PVT明显降低了肝硬化患者的1年生存率。然而,这两项荟萃分析纳入的研究数量较少,意义有限,仍需进一步证实。目前,虽已有较多研究探讨了PVT与肝硬化患者预后的相关性,但均未明确PVT的阻塞程度、范围,以及是否接受抗血栓治疗,因而意义有限[46-53]。PVT的阻塞程度可能决定了其对肝硬化患者预后的影响。有两项回顾性研究纳入的患者中85%~90%为非阻塞性PVT,且未接受抗血栓治疗,结果发现,PVT未明显增加肝脏失代偿和死亡的风险[54-55],提示非阻塞性PVT可能不会显著影响肝硬化患者的预后。临床指南与共识也指出,PVT程度<50%时,无需接受抗血栓治疗(表1)[1,11,22,56-58]。相比之下,阻塞性PVT则可能导致不良预后。有研究纳入3295例等待肝移植的肝硬化患者,其中148例在评估肝移植时或肝移植前存在阻塞性PVT,结果发现,阻塞性PVT是等待肝移植患者死亡的独立危险因素[59]。在肝移植受体中,PVT(尤其是阻塞性PVT)可明显影响肝移植术后1年生存率[60]。此外,若PVT累及肠系膜静脉,则可能会导致肠缺血及肠梗死等危及生命的并发症,严重影响患者预后[61]
抗凝是肝硬化PVT的一线治疗方式,可明显增高门静脉再通率,降低血栓进展率[62-63]。一项荟萃分析表明,抗凝后的总体PVT再通率达72%,完全再通率达41%,血栓进展率为6.9%[64]。临床指南与共识对抗凝适应证的推荐意见并不完全一致。总体来说,急性症状性PVT、血栓占据管腔>50%的近期PVT、PVT进展、累及肠系膜静脉的PVT和等待肝移植的PVT均应考虑接受抗凝治疗(表1)。
多项研究表明,早期启动抗凝治疗可增高PVT再通率,降低血栓进展率[65-69]。若阻塞性PVT未能及时再通,可在数天或数周内发生CTPV;虽然CTPV可代偿部分门静脉血流,但也进一步加重了门静脉高压[70]。因此,符合抗凝适应证的患者应在全面评估出血风险及其他抗凝禁忌证后尽早启动抗凝治疗。伴高危静脉曲张或静脉曲张出血史的患者应在抗凝治疗前预防静脉曲张出血,但无需将抗凝治疗的启动时间推迟至静脉曲张消失后[1,22]
最佳的抗凝方案仍不明确。美国胃肠病学院建议应用普通肝素或低分子肝素(low molecular weight heparin,LMWH)治疗肝硬化PVT,其中,肾功能不全患者首选普通肝素,血小板减少症患者首选LMWH[56]。然而,欧洲肝病学会指出普通肝素可能不适用于肝硬化患者[57]。而Baveno Ⅶ共识指出,肝硬化PVT患者的初始抗凝可优先选择LMWH,维持抗凝可选择LMWH、维生素K拮抗剂(vitamin K antagonists,VKAs)和直接口服抗凝药(direct-acting oral anticoagulants,DOACs)[11]。LMWH需皮下注射,长期应用时患者依从性较差,且用于治疗肝硬化PVT的最佳剂量仍不清楚[71]。VKAs需根据国际标准化比值调整剂量,但由于受肝功能影响,其剂量调整常不准确。DOACs无需皮下注射,也不用根据凝血指标调整药物剂量,有助于增强患者的依从性。此外,多项临床研究及荟萃分析结果显示,DOACs在促进门静脉再通、预防血栓进展方面优于LMWH和VKAs[72-75]。然而,DOACs主要通过肝肾途径代谢,Child-Pugh B级和肌酐清除率<30 ml/min的患者应慎用,Child-Pugh C级患者不宜使用[11]
有荟萃分析发现,停用抗凝药后PVT复发率高达46%[64]。临床指南与共识推荐的PVT抗凝周期通常为6个月,等待肝移植者可延长抗凝治疗时间,肠系膜静脉血栓及伴有遗传性血栓形成倾向者需长期抗凝[1,11,56]
抗凝可能改善肝硬化PVT患者的预后。Noronha Ferreira等[76]发现,在MELD评分≥15分的肝硬化患者中,抗凝可使患者累积生存率明显增高,但在Child-Pugh A级和MELD评分<15分的患者中,抗凝未能明显改善生存。Senzolo等[77]也发现,仅在Child-Pugh B/C级患者中,抗凝后PVT再通者的累积死亡发生率明显低于PVT稳定或进展者。然而,Chen等[78]纳入的患者MELD评分较低[抗凝组:(9.9±4)分;未抗凝组:(8.9±3)分],发现抗凝未明显影响肝脏失代偿和死亡。此外,长期抗凝治疗可明显改善血清白蛋白水平并增高腹水的控制率[79]。有荟萃分析也发现,抗凝可明显降低食管胃静脉曲张出血的发生率,这可能与PVT再通后门静脉压力降低有关[64]
溶栓药物导致的出血并发症发生风险较高,且溶栓用于治疗肝硬化PVT的临床证据也非常欠缺,故不作为首选治疗方式[80-81]。仅美国肝病学会实践指导指出溶栓治疗可用于抗凝后仍持续存在肠缺血的近期PVT患者,其他临床指南与共识并未推荐溶栓治疗(表1)。
目前,仅一项队列研究探讨了全身溶栓治疗肝硬化PVT的有效性和安全性。2010年,de Santis等[82]前瞻性纳入了9例肝硬化近期PVT患者,其中5例PVT为阻塞性、5例累及SMV,所有9例患者均接受≤7 d的全身溶栓联合LMWH抗凝治疗,4例PVT完全溶解,4例部分溶解,1例无应答,治疗期间无患者发生严重出血。但该研究仅纳入9例患者,有关全身溶栓的安全性仍需进一步验证。
局部溶栓治疗肝硬化PVT的证据相对多一些。1995年,Blum等[83]报道了7例行经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)治疗的肝硬化阻塞性PVT患者的结局,所有患者在行TIPS的同时接受了局部溶栓治疗,其中5例PVT完全溶解、2例部分溶解,治疗期间无患者发生出血事件。2020年,张文广等[84]报道了11例伴消化道出血或腹水的肝硬化急性广泛性PVT患者,均接受TIPS+局部溶栓+血栓抽吸+术后抗凝联合治疗,其中9例门静脉主干血栓清除率≥90%、2例≥50%,7例SMV血栓清除率≥90%、4例≥50%,治疗期间无患者发生严重出血。
相比于抗凝和TIPS,局部溶栓治疗急性SMV血栓似乎更有效,且未明显增加出血风险。一项回顾性研究纳入了32例接受肠切除术和血栓切除术的肝硬化急性SMV血栓患者,术后接受局部溶栓或抗凝治疗以清除残余血栓,局部溶栓组术后7 d血栓完全再通率明显高于抗凝组(80.0% vs. 29.4%),二次手术风险明显低于抗凝组(20.0% vs. 70.6%),30 d生存率明显高于抗凝组(93.3% vs. 58.2%),两组腹腔内出血(20.0%vs. 11.8%)和小出血(20.0% vs. 35.3%)事件发生率差异无统计学意义[85],但该研究人群均为肠切除术和血栓切除术后患者,且仅约40%患有肝硬化。一项随机对照试验比较了局部溶栓和TIPS治疗肝硬化急性症状性PVT的有效性和安全性,20例接受经肠系膜上动脉置管局部溶栓治疗、20例接受TIPS,两组患者的症状均在48 h内好转,PVT均部分或完全再通;长期随访发现,两组患者PVT均保持再通或稳定;接受局部溶栓的患者SMV和脾静脉血栓明显改善,但接受TIPS的患者SMV和脾静脉血栓未明显改善,随访期间出血事件发生率差异无统计学意义[86]
TIPS可加快门静脉进入肝脏的血流速度,持续冲刷门静脉,以实现PVT再通[87]。一项荟萃分析发现,在无CTPV的肝硬化PVT患者中,TIPS的成功率为98.9%,伴CTPV的肝硬化PVT患者中,TIPS的成功率为92.3%;然而,TIPS术后易导致肝性脑病等并发症,其术后肝性脑病的1年累积发生率高达16.4%[88]。故TIPS不作为PVT的一线治疗方式。临床指南与共识对TIPS适应证的推荐意见并不完全一致。总体来说,TIPS可用于抗凝无效或存在抗凝禁忌证的PVT患者、合并门静脉高压相关症状的PVT患者及伴有慢性PVT的等待肝移植患者(表1)。
Thornburg等[89]报道,在等待肝移植的患者中,经脾或经肝门静脉再通-TIPS治疗的61例肝硬化慢性PVT的成功率为98%,中位随访19.2个月后,门静脉管腔通畅率为92%;其中,在接受肝移植的患者中,96%可通过端端吻合门静脉成功完成肝移植术。在非肝移植候选者中,TIPS术后总体PVT再通率可达78%~95%,与内镜下静脉曲张套扎术联合非选择性β-受体阻滞剂相比,TIPS能更有效地预防食管静脉曲张出血[90]。此外,TIPS治疗慢性PVT较抗凝可能更具优势。一项前瞻性研究纳入了396例肝硬化PVT患者,其中90.4%为慢性PVT、32.6%伴CTPV,伴难治性腹水或6周内静脉曲张出血史的患者接受了TIPS,其余患者若PVT阻塞程度>50%或累及SMV则接受抗凝治疗,结果发现,TIPS术后总体PVT再通率高于抗凝治疗(99.0% vs. 36.5%),大出血发生率低于抗凝治疗(14.4% vs. 22.2%),但显性肝性脑病发生率高于抗凝治疗(28.8% vs. 3.2%)[42]。另一项回顾性研究也发现,TIPS术后PVT的Yerdel分级下降的患者比例(78.0% vs. 29.0%)和PVT完全再通率(33% vs. 0%)明显高于抗凝治疗[91]。值得注意的是,在肝硬化PVT患者中,TIPS术后抗凝治疗不会增高PVT再通率,也未降低PVT复发率,因此,TIPS术后可能无需常规抗凝治疗[42,92]
一项随机对照试验探讨了抗凝预防肝硬化PVT的作用。Villa等[93]将纳入的70例肝硬化无PVT患者随机分为预防性抗凝组(每日皮下注射依诺肝素4000 U,持续1年)与无抗凝组。所有患者均为Child-Pugh B/C级,且近3个月未发生肝脏失代偿事件。结果显示,预防性抗凝组的累积PVT发生率(P=0.006)和累积肝脏失代偿发生率(P<0.0001)明显低于无抗凝组,累积生存率明显高于无抗凝组(P=0.020)。此外,预防性抗凝组肠细胞损伤和微生物易位标志物水平较基线时明显降低(肠脂肪酸结合蛋白:P=0.003;IL-6:P=0.023;16S rDNA:P<0.001;可溶性CD14:P=0.004),细菌感染率也明显低于无抗凝组(P=0.019)。因此,除降低PVT发生风险外,抗凝还可延缓肝病进展及改善患者生存,这可能与肠道微循环的改善和细菌易位的减少相关。
预防性抗凝及其他抗血栓药物也可降低肝硬化患者脾切除术后PVT的发生率,且未明显增加术后出血风险[7,94]。此外,预防性溶栓联合阿司匹林可改善肝硬化脾切除术后患者的预后。一项网状荟萃分析结果显示,早期应用LMWH联合低分子葡聚糖可能是肝硬化脾切除术后预防PVT的最佳方式,但目前尚无研究报道预防性抗凝对脾切除术后长期预后的影响[95]。此外,尚无研究探讨预防性抗凝等抗血栓治疗对其他PVT高危人群的价值。
肝硬化PVT的临床管理需个体化。附壁PVT无症状,且有着较高的自发再通率,也不会影响预后,因此暂时无需抗血栓治疗;相反,近期的部分或完全PVT、急性症状性PVT、肠系膜静脉血栓和等待肝移植患者的PVT常会影响预后,需尽早启动抗血栓治疗。抗凝是PVT的一线治疗方式,可明显增高门静脉再通率,并可能改善晚期肝病患者的预后,但最佳的抗凝策略仍不明确。TIPS可用于治疗存在抗凝禁忌证的PVT、慢性PVT及合并门静脉高压相关症状的PVT。未来应进一步明确PVT的预测因素、不同阻塞程度和范围的PVT的自然病史、自发再通或进展的预测因素及其对预后的影响,以精准指导PVT的临床管理。预防性抗凝可降低PVT发生率、肝脏失代偿发生率及病死率,但仍需更多的研究证据支持。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Hepatobiliary Disease Study Group, Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, Chinese Medical Association. Consensus for management of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis (2020, Shanghai)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2020, 36(12): 2667-2674.
[中华医学会消化病学分会肝胆疾病协作组. 肝硬化门静脉血栓管理专家共识(2020年,上海)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2020, 36(12): 2667-2674.]
[2]
Violi F, Corazza GR, Caldwell SH, et al. Portal vein thrombosis relevance on liver cirrhosis: Italian Venous Thrombotic Events Registry[J]. Intern Emerg Med, 2016, 11(8): 1059-1066.
[3]
Violi F, Corazza GR, Caldwell SH, et al. Incidence and recurrence of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients[J]. Thromb Haemost, 2019, 119(3): 496-499.
[4]
Nery F, Chevret S, Condat B, et al. Causes and consequences of portal vein thrombosis in 1, 243 patients with cirrhosis: results of a longitudinal study[J]. Hepatology, 2015, 61(2): 660-667.
[5]
Zocco MA, di Stasio E, de Cristofaro R, et al. Thrombotic risk factors in patients with liver cirrhosis: correlation with MELD scoring system and portal vein thrombosis development[J]. J Hepatol, 2009, 51(4): 682-689.
[6]
Qi X, Li H, Liu X, et al. Novel insights into the development of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis patients[J]. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 9(11): 1421-1432.
[7]
Wu Y, Li H, Zhang T, et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis after splenectomy or splenic artery embolization: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Adv Ther, 2021, 38(4): 1904-1930.
[8]
Xu X, Guo X, de Stefano V, et al. Nonselective beta-blockers and development of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Hepatol Int, 2019, 13(4): 468-481.
[9]
Wang L, Guo X, Xu X, et al. Association of portal venous system thrombosis with endoscopic variceal treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 32(2): 125-131.
[10]
Wang L, Guo X, Shao X, et al. Association of endoscopic variceal treatment with portal venous system thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a case-control study[J]. Therap Adv Gastroenterol, 2022, 15: 17562848221087536.
[11]
de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Baveno Ⅶ - Renewing consensus in portal hypertension[J]. J Hepatol, 2022, 76(4): 959-974.
[12]
Bach AM, Hann LE, Brown KT, et al. Portal vein evaluation with US: comparison to angiography combined with CT arterial portography[J]. Radiology, 1996, 201(1): 149-154.
[13]
Tessler FN, Gehring BJ, Gomes AS, et al. Diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis: value of color Doppler imaging[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1991, 157(2): 293-296.
[14]
Zanetto A, Campello E, Spiezia L, et al. Cancer-associated thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2018, 10(11): 450.
[15]
Cho JY, Suh KS, Shin WY, et al. Thrombosis confined to the portal vein is not a contraindication for living donor liver transplantation[J]. World J Surg, 2008, 32(8): 1731-1737.
[16]
Margini C, Berzigotti A. Portal vein thrombosis: the role of imaging in the clinical setting[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2017, 49(2): 113-120.
[17]
Qi X, Han G, He C, et al. CT features of non-malignant portal vein thrombosis: a pictorial review[J]. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2012, 36(6): 561-568.
[18]
Xu S, Guo X, Yang B, et al. Evolution of nonmalignant portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a pictorial review[J]. Clin Transl Gastroenterol, 2021, 12(10): e00409.
[19]
Tublin ME, Dodd GD 3rd, Baron RL. Benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis: differentiation by CT characteristics[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1997, 168(3): 719-723.
[20]
Shah TU, Semelka RC, Voultsinos V, et al. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative detection of portal vein thrombosis in liver transplant candidates[J]. Liver Transpl, 2006, 12(11): 1682-1688.
[21]
Kreft B, Strunk H, Flacke S, et al. Detection of thrombosis in the portal venous system: comparison of contrast-enhanced MR angiography with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography[J]. Radiology, 2000, 216(1): 86-92.
[22]
Northup PG, Garcia-Pagan JC, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Vascular liver disorders, portal vein thrombosis, and procedural bleeding in patients with liver disease: 2020 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases[J]. Hepatology, 2021, 73(1): 366-413.
[23]
Stine JG, Wang J, Shah PM, et al. Decreased portal vein velocity is predictive of the development of portal vein thrombosis: a matched case-control study[J]. Liver Int, 2018, 38(1): 94-101.
[24]
Gaballa D, Bezinover D, Kadry Z, et al. Development of a model to predict portal vein thrombosis in liver transplant candidates: the portal vein thrombosis risk index[J]. Liver Transpl, 2019, 25(12): 1747-1755.
[25]
Huang X, Fan X, Zhang R, et al. Systemic inflammation and portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with gastroesophageal varices[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 32(3): 401-405.
[26]
He Y, Yuan S, Guo X, et al. Association of thromboelastography profile with severity of liver cirrhosis and portal venous system thrombosis[J]. BMC Gastroenterol, 2021, 21(1): 253.
[27]
Hugenholtz GCG, Lisman T, Stravitz RT. Thromboelastography does not predict outcome in different etiologies of cirrhosis[J]. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2017, 1(2): 275-285.
[28]
Rossetto V, Spiezia L, Senzolo M, et al. Whole blood rotation thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) profiles in subjects with non-neoplastic portal vein thrombosis[J]. Thromb Res, 2013, 132(2): e131-e134.
[29]
Guo L, Rondina MT. The era of thromboinflammation: platelets are dynamic sensors and effector cells during infectious diseases[J]. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 2204.
[30]
Xing Y, Tian Z, Jiang Y, et al. A practical nomogram based on systemic inflammatory markers for predicting portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis[J]. Ann Med, 2022, 54(1): 302-309.
[31]
Nery F, Carneiro P, Correia S, et al. Systemic inflammation as a risk factor for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: a prospective longitudinal study[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 33(1S Suppl 1): e108-e113.
[32]
Han JB, Shu QH, Zhang YF, et al. Predictive value of inflammation biomarkers in patients with portal vein thrombosis[J]. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 2021, 9(3): 384-391.
[33]
Hassnine AA, Elsayed AM. COVID-19 in cirrhotic patients: is portal vein thrombosis a potential complication? [J]. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022, 2022: 5900468.
[34]
Kimball AS, Obi AT, Diaz JA, et al. The emerging role of NETs in venous thrombosis and immunothrombosis[J]. Front Immunol, 2016, 7:236.
[35]
Xing Y, Jiang Y, Xing S, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps are associated with enhanced procoagulant activity in liver cirrhosis patients with portal vein thrombosis[J]. J Clin Lab Anal, 2022, 36(5): e24433.
[36]
Turon F, Driever EG, Baiges A, et al. Predicting portal thrombosis in cirrhosis: a prospective study of clinical, ultrasonographic and hemostatic factors[J]. J Hepatol, 2021, 75(6): 1367-1376.
[37]
Luca A, Caruso S, Milazzo M, et al. Natural course of extrahepatic nonmalignant partial portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis[J]. Radiology, 2012, 265(1): 124-132.
[38]
Girleanu I, Stanciu C, Cojocariu C, et al. Natural course of nonmalignant partial portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients[J]. Saudi J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(5): 288-292.
[39]
Xu S, Guo X, Xu X, et al. Natural history and predictors associated with the evolution of portal venous system thrombosis in liver cirrhosis[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 33(1S Suppl 1): e423-e430.
[40]
Qi X, Guo X, Yoshida EM, et al. Transient portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis[J]. BMC Med, 2018, 16(1): 83.
[41]
Qi X, Yang Z, Fan D. Spontaneous resolution of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: where do we stand, and where will we go? [J]. Saudi J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(5): 265-266.
[42]
Lv Y, Bai W, Li K, et al. Anticoagulation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: a prospective observational study[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2021, 116(7): 1447-1464.
[43]
Qi X, Dai J, Yang M, et al. Association between portal vein thrombosis and survival in non-liver-transplant patients with liver cirrhosis: a systematic review of the literature[J]. Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2015, 2015: 480842.
[44]
Stine JG, Shah PM, Cornella SL, et al. Portal vein thrombosis, mortality and hepatic decompensation in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis[J]. World J Hepatol, 2015, 7(27): 2774-2780.
[45]
Xian J, Tang Y, Shao H, et al. Effect of portal vein thrombosis on the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis without a liver transplant: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2021, 100(16): e25439.
[46]
Cool J, Rosenblatt R, Kumar S, et al. Portal vein thrombosis prevalence and associated mortality in cirrhosis in a nationally representative inpatient cohort[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 34(6): 1088-1092.
[47]
Fan X, Huang X, Hershman M, et al. Portal vein thrombosis prevalence and mortality among alcoholic cirrhosis in a nationwide inpatient cohort[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 32(9): 1160-1167.
[48]
Berry K, Taylor J, Liou IW, et al. Portal vein thrombosis is not associated with increased mortality among patients with cirrhosis[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 13(3): 585-593.
[49]
Zhang Y, Xu BY, Wang XB, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis and acute decompensation[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 18(11): 2564-2572.e1.
[50]
Amitrano L, Guardascione MA, Manguso F, et al. The effectiveness of current acute variceal bleed treatments in unselected cirrhotic patients:refining short-term prognosis and risk factors[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2012, 107(12): 1872-1878.
[51]
D'Amico G, de Franchis R, Cooperative Study Group. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators[J]. Hepatology, 2003, 38(3): 599-612.
[52]
Chen PH, Chen WC, Hou MC, et al. Delayed endoscopy increases re-bleeding and mortality in patients with hematemesis and active esophageal variceal bleeding: a cohort study[J]. J Hepatol, 2012, 57(6): 1207-1213.
[53]
Hung HH, Chang CJ, Hou MC, et al. Efficacy of non-selective β-blockers as adjunct to endoscopic prophylactic treatment for gastric variceal bleeding: a randomized controlled trial[J]. J Hepatol, 2012, 56(5): 1025-1032.
[54]
Chen Z, Ran T, Cao H, et al. The impact of portal vein thrombosis on the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis: a retrospective propensity-score matched study[J]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2021, 8: 685944.
[55]
Maruyama H, Okugawa H, Takahashi M, et al. De novo portal vein thrombosis in virus-related cirrhosis: predictive factors and long-term outcomes[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2013, 108(4): 568-574.
[56]
Simonetto DA, Singal AK, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. ACG clinical guideline: disorders of the hepatic and mesenteric circulation[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2020, 115(1): 18-40.
[57]
European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: vascular diseases of the liver[J]. J Hepatol, 2016, 64(1):179-202.
[58]
Biancofiore G, Blasi A, de Boer MT, et al. Perioperative hemostatic management in the cirrhotic patient: a position paper on behalf of the Liver Intensive Care Group of Europe (LICAGE)[J]. Minerva Anestesiol, 2019, 85(7): 782-798.
[59]
Englesbe MJ, Kubus J, Muhammad W, et al. Portal vein thrombosis and survival in patients with cirrhosis[J]. Liver Transpl, 2010, 16(1): 83-90.
[60]
Qi X, Dai J, Jia J, et al. Association between portal vein thrombosis and survival of liver transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 2015, 24(1): 51-59.
[61]
Wang L, Xu X, Hou Y, et al. Acute mesenteric vein thrombosis after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in a patient with liver cirrhosis[J]. Drug Discov Ther, 2019, 13(2): 118-121.
[62]
Qi X, Han G, Fan D. Management of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis[J]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2014, 11(7): 435-446.
[63]
Qi X, de Stefano V, Li H, et al. Anticoagulation for the treatment of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. Eur J Intern Med, 2015, 26(1): 23-29.
[64]
Wang L, Guo X, Xu X, et al. Anticoagulation favors thrombus recanalization and survival in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis: results of a meta-analysis[J]. Adv Ther, 2021, 38(1): 495-520.
[65]
Delgado MG, Seijo S, Yepes I, et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation on patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 10(7): 776-783.
[66]
Senzolo M, Sartori TM, Rossetto V, et al. Prospective evaluation of anticoagulation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis[J]. Liver Int, 2012, 32(6): 919-927.
[67]
Chung JW, Kim GH, Lee JH, et al. Safety, efficacy, and response predictors of anticoagulation for the treatment of nonmalignant portal-vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis: a propensity score matching analysis[J]. Clin Mol Hepatol, 2014, 20(4): 384-391.
[68]
Rodriguez-Castro KI, Vitale A, Fadin M, et al. A prediction model for successful anticoagulation in cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 31(1): 34-42.
[69]
Kwon J, Koh Y, Yu SJ, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin treatment for portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: efficacy and the risk of hemorrhagic complications[J]. Thromb Res, 2018, 163: 71-76.
[70]
de Gaetano AM, Lafortune M, Patriquin H, et al. Cavernous transformation of the portal vein: patterns of intrahepatic and splanchnic collateral circulation detected with Doppler sonography[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1995, 165(5): 1151-1155.
[71]
Li Z, Xu WT, Xu XB, et al. Heparins for prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in cirrhosis: Research advances[J]. World Chin J Digestol, 2022, 30(9): 381-386.
[李喆, 许文涛, 许向波, 等. 肝素类药物防治肝硬化静脉血栓栓塞的研究进展[J]. 世界华人消化杂志, 2022, 30(9): 381-386.]
[72]
Hanafy AS, Abd-Elsalam S, Dawoud MM. Randomized controlled trial of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in the management of acute non-neoplastic portal vein thrombosis[J]. Vascul Pharmacol, 2019, 113: 86-91.
[73]
Nagaoki Y, Aikata H, Daijyo K, et al. Efficacy and safety of edoxaban for treatment of portal vein thrombosis following danaparoid sodium in patients with liver cirrhosis[J]. Hepatol Res, 2018, 48(1): 51-58.
[74]
Ng CH, Tan DJH, Nistala KRY, et al. A network meta-analysis of direct oral anticoagulants for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis[J]. Hepatol Int, 2021, 15(5): 1196-1206.
[75]
Koh JH, Liew ZH, Ng GK, et al. Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonist for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2022, 54(1): 56-62.
[76]
Noronha Ferreira C, Reis D, Cortez-Pinto H, et al. Anticoagulation in cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis is safe and improves prognosis in advanced cirrhosis[J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2019, 64(9): 2671-2683.
[77]
Senzolo M, Riva N, Dentali F, et al. Long-term outcome of splanchnic vein thrombosis in cirrhosis[J]. Clin Transl Gastroenterol, 2018, 9(8):176.
[78]
Chen H, Liu L, Qi X, et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation in more advanced portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 28(1): 82-89.
[79]
Scheiner B, Stammet PR, Pokorny S, et al. Anticoagulation in non-malignant portal vein thrombosis is safe and improves hepatic function[J]. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 2018, 130(13-14): 446-455.
[80]
Smalberg JH, Spaander MV, Jie KS, et al. Risks and benefits of transcatheter thrombolytic therapy in patients with splanchnic venous thrombosis[J]. Thromb Haemost, 2008, 100(6): 1084-1088.
[81]
Hollingshead M, Burke CT, Mauro MA, et al. Transcatheter thrombolytic therapy for acute mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2005, 16(5): 651-661.
[82]
de Santis A, Moscatelli R, Catalano C, et al. Systemic thrombolysis of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients: a pilot study[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2010, 42(6): 451-455.
[83]
Blum U, Haag K, Rössle M, et al. Noncavernomatous portal vein thrombosis in hepatic cirrhosis: treatment with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and local thrombolysis[J]. Radiology, 1995, 195(1): 153-157.
[84]
Zhang WG, Ren JZ, Han XW, et al. Clinical application and efficacy of TIPS combined with AngioJet mechanical thrombectomy for liver cirrhosis with extensive portal vein thrombosis[J]. Natl Med J China, 2020, 100(7): 533-537.
[张文广, 任建庄, 韩新巍, 等. 经颈静脉肝内门体分流术联合AngioJet血栓清除装置治疗肝硬化急性门静脉广泛血栓效果分析[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2020, 100(7): 533-537.]
[85]
Yang S, Zhang L, Liu K, et al. Postoperative catheter-directed thrombolysis versus systemic anticoagulation for acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis[J]. Ann Vasc Surg, 2016, 35: 88-97.
[86]
Jiang TT, Luo XP, Sun JM, et al. Clinical outcomes of transcatheter selective superior mesenteric artery urokinase infusion therapy vs transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with cirrhosis and acute portal vein thrombosis[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2017, 23(41): 7470-7477.
[87]
Qi X, Han G. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the treatment of portal vein thrombosis: a critical review of literature[J]. Hepatol Int, 2012, 6(3): 576-590.
[88]
Zhang JB, Chen J, Zhou J, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis[J]. World J Clin Cases, 2021, 9(19): 5179-5190.
[89]
Thornburg B, Desai K, Hickey R, et al. Pretransplantation portal vein recanalization and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation for chronic portal vein thrombosis: final analysis of a 61-patient cohort[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2017, 28(12): 1714-1721.e2.
[90]
Lv Y, Qi X, He C, et al. Covered TIPS versus endoscopic band ligation plus propranolol for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis: a randomised controlled trial[J]. Gut, 2018, 67(12): 2156-2168.
[91]
Zhan C, Prabhu V, Kang SK, et al. Comparison of non-tumoral portal vein thrombosis management in cirrhotic patients: TIPS versus anticoagulation versus no treatment[J]. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(11): 2316.
[92]
Wang Z, Jiang MS, Zhang HL, et al. Is post-TIPS anticoagulation therapy necessary in patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis? A randomized controlled trial[J]. Radiology, 2016, 279(3): 943-951.
[93]
Villa E, Cammà C, Marietta M, et al. Enoxaparin prevents portal vein thrombosis and liver decompensation in patients with advanced cirrhosis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2012, 143(5): 1253-1260.e4.
[94]
Yang M, Liu J. Low-molecular weight heparin prevents portal vein system thrombosis after splenectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. ANZ J Surg, 2020, 90(12): 2420-2424.
[95]
Ding H, Zhang Y, Zhao L, et al. What intervention regimen is most effective prevention for portal venous system thrombosis after splenectomy in cirrhotics patients with portal hypertension? Systematic review and network meta-analysis[J]. Pharmacol Res, 2020, 157: 104825.
2023年第48卷第1期
PDF下载
160
74
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0018
  • 接收时间:2022-05-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-01-28
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-05-03
  • 录用日期:2022-06-07
基金
作者信息
    1北部战区总医院消化内科,辽宁沈阳 110840
    2中国医科大学研究生院,辽宁沈阳 110122

通讯作者:

郭晓钟,E-mail:
祁兴顺,E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0018
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏