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Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a common complication of liver cirrhosis. Decreased portal vein velocity is the most important risk factor for cirrhotic PVT, and the etiology and severity of liver cirrhosis, hemostasis status, and inflammatory and immune mechanisms may also be associated with the development of cirrhotic PVT. The natural history of cirrhotic PVT includes improvement, stabilization, progression, and recurrence. Non-occlusive PVT and improvement of liver function may be associated with spontaneous improvement of cirrhotic PVT. The impact of different occlusion degree of cirrhotic PVT on patients' prognosis is inconsistent. Non-occlusive PVT may not significantly affect patients' outcomes; occlusive PVT may increase the risk of death, and PVT involving the mesenteric veins may also lead to intestinal ischemia and infarction. Clinical management strategies for cirrhotic PVT include wait-and-see strategy (no intervention), anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). When the degree of PVT is less than 50% and the mesenteric veins are not involved, immediate intervention may not be required. Anticoagulation is the first-line choice for cirrhotic PVT requiring treatment. Thrombolysis and TIPS are mainly used for patients with contraindications of anticoagulation and those who do not respond to anticoagulation. This paper reviews the clinical assessment of cirrhotic PVT and its predictors, natural history, impact on prognosis, treatment, and prophylaxis.
, correspAuthors=Xiao-Zhong Guo, Xing-Shun Qi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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门静脉血栓(PVT)是肝硬化的常见并发症之一。门静脉血流速度减慢是肝硬化PVT最主要的危险因素,而肝病病因、严重程度、止血状态、炎症和免疫机制也可能与肝硬化PVT的发生相关。肝硬化PVT的自然病史包括改善、稳定、进展和复发;非阻塞性PVT及肝功能改善可能与肝硬化PVT自发性改善有关。不同PVT的阻塞程度对肝硬化患者预后的影响并不一致;非阻塞性PVT可能不会显著影响患者预后,但阻塞性PVT可能增加患者的死亡风险,累及肠系膜静脉时还可导致肠缺血及肠梗死。肝硬化PVT的临床管理策略包括观察(暂无干预)、抗凝、溶栓和经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)。PVT程度<50%且未累及肠系膜静脉时,可暂不干预;对于需治疗的肝硬化PVT,抗凝是一线治疗方式,而溶栓和TIPS主要用于存在抗凝禁忌证或抗凝无效的患者。本文就肝硬化PVT的临床评估、预测因素、自然病史、对预后的影响、治疗和预防等进行了阐述。
, correspAuthors=郭晓钟, 祁兴顺, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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王乐,博士研究生,主要从事消化系统疾病诊治方面的研究
郭晓钟,主任医师,中国医师协会胰腺专业委员会副主任委员,中华医学会消化病分会常委、胰腺学组组长,中国医师协会消化医师分会常委,中央军委保健委员会会诊专家,辽宁省消化病学会前主任委员。
祁兴顺,医学博士,副主任医师,中华医学会消化病学分会第十一届委员会青年委员、肝胆疾病学组委员,辽宁省医学会消化病学分会第十届委员会委员,2019年辽宁省青年科技奖十大英才,入选2021年Elsevier中国高被引用学者。
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Contrast-enhanced CT images of PVT in liver cirrhosis, figureFileSmall=yM7oV7NNXQI3GKop2xxqBA==, figureFileBig=Og88OhFhGIrHWLhSY/qvjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061240705823085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
肝硬化PVT的增强CT图像A. 红色箭头示门静脉主干附壁血栓;B. 红色箭头示门静脉主干部分血栓;C. 红色箭头示门静脉主干完全血栓,黄色箭头示门静脉海绵样变性(CTPV);D. 红色箭头示门静脉左支条索化;E. 红色箭头示肠系膜上静脉(SMV)附壁血栓,黄色箭头示脾静脉完全血栓(图片来源于北部战区总医院)
, figureFileSmall=yM7oV7NNXQI3GKop2xxqBA==, figureFileBig=Og88OhFhGIrHWLhSY/qvjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061241041367437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=
Recommendations of clinical guidelines and consensus on the management strategies for cirrhotic PVT
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 管理策略 | 美国胃肠病学院临床指南(2020)[56] | 美国肝病学会实践指导(2020)[22] | 欧洲肝病学会临床实践指南(2015)[57] | Baveno Ⅶ门静脉高压共识(2021)[11] | 中国肝硬化PVT管理专家共识(2020)[1] | 欧洲肝脏重症监护组专家共识(2019)[58] |
|---|
| 观察,暂无干预 | 未提及 | 近期肝内门静脉分支血栓或门静脉主干血栓程度<50% | 未提及 | 未提及PVT程度<50%且未累及肠系膜静脉 | 未提及 |
| 抗凝治疗 | 急性完全性门静脉主干血栓 肠系膜静脉血栓 PVT蔓延至肠系膜静脉 慢性PVT但存在以下几种中的一种: (1)遗传性易栓症 (2)血栓进展 (3)既往因血栓累及肠系膜静脉引起肠缺血等待肝移植 | 近期且程度>50%的门静脉主干血栓 近期且程度>50%的肠系膜静脉血栓 | 未提及 | 有症状的PVT 近期且程度<50%的门静脉主干血栓门静脉主干血栓程度<50%但合并SMV血栓或在随访期间(1~3个月)进展等待肝移植 | 急性症状性PVT PVT程度≥50% 合并肠系膜静脉血栓 PVT程度<50%但在随访期间进展 等待肝移植 | 未提及 |
| 溶栓治疗 | 未提及 | 抗凝后仍存在肠缺血的近期PVT | 未提及 | 未提及 | 证据不足 | 未提及 |
| 经颈静脉肝内门体分流术 | 未提及 | 阻碍受体和移植物门静脉生理性吻合的慢性PVT(等待肝移植患者) 内镜或内科治疗后仍反复出血和(或)顽固性腹水的慢性PVT | 抗凝未能控制PVT蔓延的等待肝移植患者 | 抗凝无效的门静脉主干血栓(尤其是等待肝移植的患者) | 有抗凝禁忌证 抗凝效果欠佳 合并静脉曲张出血但内科止血疗效不佳 急性症状性PVT合并静脉曲张出血 | 广泛血栓或抗凝无效 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203061241196556700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228844331025, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
临床指南与共识对肝硬化PVT管理策略的推荐意见
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 管理策略 | 美国胃肠病学院临床指南(2020)[56] | 美国肝病学会实践指导(2020)[22] | 欧洲肝病学会临床实践指南(2015)[57] | Baveno Ⅶ门静脉高压共识(2021)[11] | 中国肝硬化PVT管理专家共识(2020)[1] | 欧洲肝脏重症监护组专家共识(2019)[58] |
|---|
| 观察,暂无干预 | 未提及 | 近期肝内门静脉分支血栓或门静脉主干血栓程度<50% | 未提及 | 未提及PVT程度<50%且未累及肠系膜静脉 | 未提及 |
| 抗凝治疗 | 急性完全性门静脉主干血栓 肠系膜静脉血栓 PVT蔓延至肠系膜静脉 慢性PVT但存在以下几种中的一种: (1)遗传性易栓症 (2)血栓进展 (3)既往因血栓累及肠系膜静脉引起肠缺血等待肝移植 | 近期且程度>50%的门静脉主干血栓 近期且程度>50%的肠系膜静脉血栓 | 未提及 | 有症状的PVT 近期且程度<50%的门静脉主干血栓门静脉主干血栓程度<50%但合并SMV血栓或在随访期间(1~3个月)进展等待肝移植 | 急性症状性PVT PVT程度≥50% 合并肠系膜静脉血栓 PVT程度<50%但在随访期间进展 等待肝移植 | 未提及 |
| 溶栓治疗 | 未提及 | 抗凝后仍存在肠缺血的近期PVT | 未提及 | 未提及 | 证据不足 | 未提及 |
| 经颈静脉肝内门体分流术 | 未提及 | 阻碍受体和移植物门静脉生理性吻合的慢性PVT(等待肝移植患者) 内镜或内科治疗后仍反复出血和(或)顽固性腹水的慢性PVT | 抗凝未能控制PVT蔓延的等待肝移植患者 | 抗凝无效的门静脉主干血栓(尤其是等待肝移植的患者) | 有抗凝禁忌证 抗凝效果欠佳 合并静脉曲张出血但内科止血疗效不佳 急性症状性PVT合并静脉曲张出血 | 广泛血栓或抗凝无效 |
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