Article(id=1203061228731084814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203061212524290053, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1646668800000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1649520000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-10, onlineDate=1764761748725, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1674835200000, pubDateStr=2023-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764761748725, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764761748725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764761748725, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203061212524290053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764761744816, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764763211166, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203067362732913657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203061212524290053, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203067362732913658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203061212524290053, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203061233500008494, articleId=1203061228731084814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect of fasudil attenuates acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide and its mechanism, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effect of ROCK inhibitor fasudil (FS) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice and its possible mechanisms. Methods Forty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=10): control group, ALI group, FS group, and ALI+FS group. After administration of LPS or FS, lung histopathological changes, inflammatory cytokine levels, expression levels of Rho kinase (ROCK), and cell pyroptosis-related proteins, including NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD, cleaved GSDMD, and IL-1β, were assessed. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured and the cell activity, LDH release rate, inflammatory factor levels, and the expression levels of cell pyroptosis-related proteins were measured after administration of LPS+ATP and FS. Results In vivo experiments on mice demonstrated that the alveolar hemorrhage, alveolar septum thickening, and lung tissue edema were more pronounced in ALI group compared to the control group, and FS pretreatment significantly reduced these histopathological changes. Compared with the control group, mice in ALI group showed increased lung wet/dry weight ratio, increased total cell count and total protein concentration in alveolar lavage fluid, increased levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-1β, and increased expression of ROCK1, ROCK2, and pyroptosis-related proteins including NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase 1, cleaved GSDMD, and IL-1β in pulmonary tissues (P<0.05); compared with mice in ALI group, mice in ALI+FS group had a lower lung wet/dry weight ratio, a lower total cell count and total protein concentration in alveolar lavage fluid, lower levels of inflammatory factors and lower expression levsls of ROCK1, ROCK2, and pyroptosis-related proteins in lung tissue (P<0.05). In vitro experiments on HUVECs cells confirmed that compared with the control group, ALI group showed a significant decrease in cell viability, an increase in LDH release rate, cell death rate, and inflammatory factor levels, and an upregulation of the expression of the pyroptosis-related proteins (P<0.05); compared with ALI group, ALI+FS group showed an increase in cell viability, a significant decrease in LDH release rate, cell death rate, and inflammatory factor levels, and downregulation of the expression of pyroptosis proteins (P<0.05). Conclusion FS may alleviate LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting endothelial cell pyroptosis.

, correspAuthors=Dao-Xin Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨Rho激酶(ROCK)抑制剂法舒地尔(FS)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的作用及其可能的机制。方法 将40只雄性 C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、ALI组、FS组和ALI+FS组,每组10只,分别给予相应处理后,评估各组小鼠的肺组织病理变化、湿/干重比和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,以及炎性因子水平、ROCK和细胞焦亡相关蛋白(NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、cleaved caspase-1、GSDMD、cleaved GSDMD、IL-1β)的表达水平。将培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)分为对照组、ALI组、FS组和ALI+FS组,分别给予相应处理后,测定各组细胞活性、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放率、炎性因子水平及上述细胞焦亡相关蛋白的表达水平。结果 小鼠实验显示,与对照组比较,ALI 组小鼠肺泡出血、肺泡间隔增厚和肺组织水肿更加明显;FS预处理后,ALI+FS组上述肺组织病理改变明显减轻。与对照组比较,ALI 组小鼠肺湿/干重比值增高,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中总细胞数增多、总蛋白浓度升高,髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性升高,炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-6、IL-18和IL-1β水平上升,肺组织中ROCK1、ROCK2、NLRP3、ASC、cleaved caspase-1、cleaved GSDMD和IL-1β表达上调,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与ALI 组小鼠比较,ALI+FS组小鼠肺湿/干重比值降低,BALF中总细胞数减少、总蛋白浓度降低,MPO活性降低,炎性因子水平降低,肺组织中ROCK1、ROCK2以及焦亡相关蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05)。HUVECs细胞实验显示,与对照组比较,ALI 组细胞活性明显下降,LDH释放率明显升高,细胞死亡率明显增高,炎性因子水平升高,焦亡相关蛋白表达水平明显增高(P<0.05);与ALI组比较,ALI+FS组细胞活性增加,LDH释放率降低,细胞死亡率降低,炎性因子及焦亡相关蛋白表达水平降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 FS可能通过抑制内皮细胞焦亡缓解LPS诱导的ALI。

, correspAuthors=王导新, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王导新,E-mail:
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雍朝英,硕士研究生,主要从事急性呼吸窘迫综合征方面的研究

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雍朝英,硕士研究生,主要从事急性呼吸窘迫综合征方面的研究

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ALI. 急性肺损伤;FS. 法舒地尔;BALF. 支气管肺泡灌洗液;MPO. 髓过氧化物酶;A. HE染色;B. 肺组织湿/干重比;C. BALF中总细胞数;D. BALF中总蛋白浓度;E. 肺组织中的MPO活性;F. BALF中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-18和IL-1β水平;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05;与 ALI 组比较,(2)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=No398xablr2uTnCtFadMJg==, figureFileBig=Lz3nvlEVb8ceGDI/xSBkBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061243423732213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228731084814, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Expression levels of ROCK1, ROCK2 and pyroptosis-related proteins in lung tissue of ALI mice (Western blotting, n=3), figureFileSmall=gEzCWgzqP/Zu9a5IQtk73Q==, figureFileBig=CxgppPhRnFpyzIZgqpGB6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061243503423998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228731084814, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Western blotting检测ALI小鼠肺组织中ROCK1、ROCK2及焦亡相关蛋白的相对表达水平(n=3)

ALI. 急性肺损伤;FS. 法舒地尔;ROCK1. Rho激酶1;ROCK2. Rho激酶2;A. ROCK1和ROCK2蛋白表达情况;B. 焦亡相关蛋白NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、cleaved caspase-1、GSDMD、cleaved GSDMD和IL-1β表达情况;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05;与ALI组比较,(2)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=gEzCWgzqP/Zu9a5IQtk73Q==, figureFileBig=CxgppPhRnFpyzIZgqpGB6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061243641836043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228731084814, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The effect of FS on cell viability and Inflammatory factor levels in HUVECs (n=3), figureFileSmall=T4ccTkcAs27TqYioNrr2mQ==, figureFileBig=DV1Zzhw9L6Kf0AnO+yVIYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061243755082258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228731084814, language=CN, label=图3, caption=法舒地尔对HUVECs细胞活性和炎性因子水平的影响(n=3)

HUVECs. 人脐静脉内皮细胞;ALI. 急性肺损伤;FS. 法舒地尔;LDH. 乳酸脱氢酶;A. 细胞活性;B. LDH释放率;C. 流式细胞术检测细胞死亡率;D. HUVECs上清液中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-18和IL-1β水平;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05;与ALI组比较,(2)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=T4ccTkcAs27TqYioNrr2mQ==, figureFileBig=DV1Zzhw9L6Kf0AnO+yVIYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061243864134170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228731084814, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Expression levels of pyroptosis-related proteins in HUVECs (Western blotting, n=3), figureFileSmall=9MmFmOal/hNFlE7G1wwwAw==, figureFileBig=ZZzcg1YAsKz3sM3A5/yFGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061244040294951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061228731084814, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Western blotting检测各组HUVECs中焦亡相关蛋白的表达水平(n=3)

HUVECs. 人脐静脉内皮细胞;ALI. 急性肺损伤;FS. 法舒地尔;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05;与 ALI 组比较,(2)P<0.05

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法舒地尔减轻脂多糖诱导急性肺损伤的作用及其机制
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雍朝英 , 焦阳 , 戚迪 , 王导新 *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023,48(1): 27-33
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023, 48(1): 27-33
法舒地尔减轻脂多糖诱导急性肺损伤的作用及其机制
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雍朝英, 焦阳, 戚迪, 王导新*
作者信息
  • 重庆医科大学附属第二医院呼吸与危重症医学科,重庆 400010
  • 雍朝英,硕士研究生,主要从事急性呼吸窘迫综合征方面的研究

通讯作者:

王导新,E-mail:
Effect of fasudil attenuates acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide and its mechanism
Chao-Ying Yong, Yang Jiao, Di Qi, Dao-Xin Wang*
Affiliations
  • Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
出版时间: 2023-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0027
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目的 探讨Rho激酶(ROCK)抑制剂法舒地尔(FS)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的作用及其可能的机制。方法 将40只雄性 C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、ALI组、FS组和ALI+FS组,每组10只,分别给予相应处理后,评估各组小鼠的肺组织病理变化、湿/干重比和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,以及炎性因子水平、ROCK和细胞焦亡相关蛋白(NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、cleaved caspase-1、GSDMD、cleaved GSDMD、IL-1β)的表达水平。将培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)分为对照组、ALI组、FS组和ALI+FS组,分别给予相应处理后,测定各组细胞活性、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放率、炎性因子水平及上述细胞焦亡相关蛋白的表达水平。结果 小鼠实验显示,与对照组比较,ALI 组小鼠肺泡出血、肺泡间隔增厚和肺组织水肿更加明显;FS预处理后,ALI+FS组上述肺组织病理改变明显减轻。与对照组比较,ALI 组小鼠肺湿/干重比值增高,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中总细胞数增多、总蛋白浓度升高,髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性升高,炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-6、IL-18和IL-1β水平上升,肺组织中ROCK1、ROCK2、NLRP3、ASC、cleaved caspase-1、cleaved GSDMD和IL-1β表达上调,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与ALI 组小鼠比较,ALI+FS组小鼠肺湿/干重比值降低,BALF中总细胞数减少、总蛋白浓度降低,MPO活性降低,炎性因子水平降低,肺组织中ROCK1、ROCK2以及焦亡相关蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05)。HUVECs细胞实验显示,与对照组比较,ALI 组细胞活性明显下降,LDH释放率明显升高,细胞死亡率明显增高,炎性因子水平升高,焦亡相关蛋白表达水平明显增高(P<0.05);与ALI组比较,ALI+FS组细胞活性增加,LDH释放率降低,细胞死亡率降低,炎性因子及焦亡相关蛋白表达水平降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 FS可能通过抑制内皮细胞焦亡缓解LPS诱导的ALI。

急性肺损伤  /  法舒地尔  /  炎症  /  细胞焦亡

Objective To investigate the effect of ROCK inhibitor fasudil (FS) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice and its possible mechanisms. Methods Forty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=10): control group, ALI group, FS group, and ALI+FS group. After administration of LPS or FS, lung histopathological changes, inflammatory cytokine levels, expression levels of Rho kinase (ROCK), and cell pyroptosis-related proteins, including NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD, cleaved GSDMD, and IL-1β, were assessed. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured and the cell activity, LDH release rate, inflammatory factor levels, and the expression levels of cell pyroptosis-related proteins were measured after administration of LPS+ATP and FS. Results In vivo experiments on mice demonstrated that the alveolar hemorrhage, alveolar septum thickening, and lung tissue edema were more pronounced in ALI group compared to the control group, and FS pretreatment significantly reduced these histopathological changes. Compared with the control group, mice in ALI group showed increased lung wet/dry weight ratio, increased total cell count and total protein concentration in alveolar lavage fluid, increased levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-1β, and increased expression of ROCK1, ROCK2, and pyroptosis-related proteins including NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase 1, cleaved GSDMD, and IL-1β in pulmonary tissues (P<0.05); compared with mice in ALI group, mice in ALI+FS group had a lower lung wet/dry weight ratio, a lower total cell count and total protein concentration in alveolar lavage fluid, lower levels of inflammatory factors and lower expression levsls of ROCK1, ROCK2, and pyroptosis-related proteins in lung tissue (P<0.05). In vitro experiments on HUVECs cells confirmed that compared with the control group, ALI group showed a significant decrease in cell viability, an increase in LDH release rate, cell death rate, and inflammatory factor levels, and an upregulation of the expression of the pyroptosis-related proteins (P<0.05); compared with ALI group, ALI+FS group showed an increase in cell viability, a significant decrease in LDH release rate, cell death rate, and inflammatory factor levels, and downregulation of the expression of pyroptosis proteins (P<0.05). Conclusion FS may alleviate LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting endothelial cell pyroptosis.

acute lung injury  /  fasudil  /  inflammation  /  pyroptosis
雍朝英, 焦阳, 戚迪, 王导新. 法舒地尔减轻脂多糖诱导急性肺损伤的作用及其机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (1) : 27 -33 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0027
Chao-Ying Yong, Yang Jiao, Di Qi, Dao-Xin Wang. Effect of fasudil attenuates acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide and its mechanism[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (1) : 27 -33 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0027
急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)和急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)是由多种致病因素导致的,以顽固性低氧血症为特征的临床综合征[1]。ALI和ARDS的重要病理特征之一是肺内皮屏障损伤及其伴随的肺水肿。尽管过去几十年在ALI与ARDS的流行病学、病理生理学及发病机制方面取得了一些进展[2],但是其病死率仍居高不下[3]。因此,探索ALI与ARDS内皮细胞损伤的机制和可能的治疗方法具有重要意义[4]。内皮细胞焦亡是ALI内皮损伤的重要机制之一。既往研究在ALI和ARDS小鼠的肺中观察到大量细胞焦亡[5]。尽管有少量证据提示Rho激酶(ROCK)抑制剂法舒地尔(fasudil,FS)可能具有一定的抗细胞凋亡和焦亡作用[6],但其是否能保护ALI中血管内皮细胞免受焦亡的影响尚不清楚。本研究观察了法舒地尔对ALI小鼠的作用并探讨其可能的机制,旨在为ALI与ARDS的治疗提供新的思路。
6~8周龄SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠,体重20~25 g,购买并饲养于重庆医科大学实验动物中心[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(渝)2018-0003]。人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)购自武汉普诺赛公司。胎牛血清购自德国PAN生物公司。RPMI 1640购自美国Gibco公司。法舒地尔购自上海MCE公司;脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)、BCA试剂盒购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒购自北京博奥森生物科技有限公司;髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)检测试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所;蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting)配胶试剂盒购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;兔单克隆抗甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)抗体和辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)标记的山羊抗兔、抗鼠IgG抗体购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;鼠单克隆抗cleaved caspase-1、IL-1β抗体购自美国NOVUS公司;兔单克隆抗焦亡执行蛋白Gasdermin D(GSDMD)、caspase-1抗体购自美国Abcam公司;兔单克隆抗NLRP3抗体购自武汉博士德生物工程有限公司;兔单克隆抗ROCK1、ROCK2抗体购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司。
40只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、ALI 组、FS组和ALI+FS组,每组10只。各组小鼠采用50 mg/kg戊巴比妥腹腔注射麻醉后,FS组和ALI+FS组小鼠分别腹腔注射10 mg/kg法舒地尔溶液,1 h后ALI组和ALI+FS组小鼠气管插管滴注5 mg/kg LPS(总体积100 μl),对照组和FS组小鼠气管插管滴注100 μl磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。于造模后24 h处死小鼠,收集标本进行各项检测。动物实验方案得到了重庆医科大学动物中心伦理委员会的批准[批准文号:2022年科伦审(45)号];实验过程符合国家及单位有关动物管理和使用的规定。
HUVECs细胞用含10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素/链霉素的RPMI 1640培养基在37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱中培养。将细胞分为4组:对照组、ALI组、FS组和ALI+FS组。对照组不做任何处理;ALI组用LPS(1 μg/ml)处理12 h,然后用ATP(5 mmol/L)处理1 h;ALI+FS组先用法舒地尔(30 mmol/L)处理1 h,然后用LPS(1 μg/ml)处理12 h,最后用ATP(5 mmol/L)处理1 h。FS组仅用法舒地尔(30 mmol/L)处理1 h。收集上述细胞进行进一步实验。
严格按照试剂盒说明书操作,测定各组HUVECs的细胞活性。
严格按照试剂盒说明书操作,测定各组HUVECs的LDH释放率。
小鼠麻醉后气管插管,用1 ml PBS冲洗肺部3~5次以收集BALF。获取的BALF以 1500 r/min在4 ℃条件下离心15 min,收集上清液–80 ℃储存备用。
取小鼠左肺,直接浸入 4%多聚甲醛中24 h,梯度乙醇脱水,石蜡包埋,切成5~7 μm厚的切片,二甲苯脱蜡,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色。染色完成后,脱水封片,在光学显微镜下观察小鼠肺组织形态学变化。
用4 ℃预冷的生理盐水洗净右上肺,吸干水分,称取湿重。然后将肺组织置于烤箱中,60 ℃干燥48 h至恒重后,称取干重。计算肺组织的W/D值。
取小鼠肺组织,严格按照MPO检测试剂盒说明书操作,测定各组小鼠肺组织的MPO活性。
严格按照ELISA试剂盒说明书操作,测定各组小鼠BALF和细胞培养基中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-18和IL-1β的水平。
严格按照试剂盒说明书,使用含有PMSF的RIPA缓冲液从肺组织或细胞中提取蛋白质,BCA法测定蛋白浓度。蛋白质裂解物在 SDS-PAGE 凝胶上分离,然后电转移到聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜上,在室温下用5%脱脂牛奶封闭2 h,并在4 ℃下与抗 ROCK1、ROCK2、NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、cleaved caspase-1、GSDMD、cleaved GSDMD、IL-1β和GAPDH 的一抗孵育过夜。随后,将膜与二抗在室温下孵育1 h,并使用 ChemiDoc Touch 成像系统进行曝光显像。采用Image Lab软件系统对蛋白条带灰度值进行分析,以目的蛋白与内参蛋白条带灰度值的比值表示目的蛋白的相对表达水平。
用Annexin V-FITC/PI凋亡检测试剂盒测定细胞死亡率。将HUVECs细胞重悬于500 μl结合缓冲液中,并与FITC标记的Annexin V(5 μl)和PI(5 μl)室温避光孵育15~20 min,然后用CytoFLEX流式细胞仪测定细胞死亡率。
采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
造模24 h后,HE染色结果显示,对照组和FS组小鼠肺组织结构正常,肺泡内基本无出血,肺泡间隔不厚;与对照组比较,ALI 组小鼠肺组织结构破坏明显,肺泡内可见明显出血及炎症细胞浸润,肺泡间隔明显增厚、水肿;与ALI组小鼠比较,ALI+FS组小鼠肺组织结构破坏减轻,肺泡内出血及炎症细胞浸润减少,肺泡间质水肿减轻(图1A)。
ALI 组小鼠肺组织湿/干重比明显高于对照组(P<0.05);经法舒地尔预处理后,ALI+FS组小鼠肺组织湿/干重比明显下降(P<0.05,图1B)。与对照组比较,ALI组小鼠BALF中总细胞数和总蛋白浓度明显升高(P<0.05);与ALI 组比较,ALI+FS组BALF中总细胞数和总蛋白浓度均明显下降(P<0.05,图1C-D)。
与对照组比较,ALI组小鼠肺组织MPO活性明显升高(P<0.05);与ALI 组比较,ALI+FS组小鼠的MPO活性明显降低(P<0.05,图1E)。ELISA法检测结果显示,与对照组比较,ALI 组小鼠BALF中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-18和IL-1β水平均明显升高(P<0.05);与ALI组比较,ALI+FS组小鼠BALF中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-18和IL-1β水平明显降低(P<0.05,图1F)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,ALI 组小鼠肺组织中ROCK1和ROCK2蛋白表达水平明显增高(P<0.05);与ALI组比较,ALI+FS组小鼠肺组织中ROCK1和ROCK2蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05,图2A)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,ALI组小鼠肺组织中焦亡相关蛋白 NLRP3、ASC、cleaved caspase-1、cleaved GSDMD和IL-1β相对表达水平均明显增高(P<0.05);与ALI 组比较,ALI+FS组小鼠肺组织中NLRP3、ASC、cleaved caspase-1、cleaved GSDMD和IL-1β相对表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05,图2B)。
CCK-8试验、LDH释放率及流式细胞术检测结果显示,与对照组比较,ALI组细胞活性明显下降,LDH释放率明显增高,细胞死亡率明显增高(P<0.05);与ALI 组比较,ALI+FS组细胞活性明显上升,LDH释放率明显降低,细胞死亡率明显降低(P<0.05,图3A-C)。ELISA法检测结果显示,与对照组比较,ALI组细胞培养基中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-18和IL-1β的水平明显增高(P<0.05);与ALI 组比较,ALI+FS组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-18和IL-1β的水平明显降低(P<0.05,图3D)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,ALI 组细胞中焦亡相关蛋白NLRP3、ASC、cleaved caspase-1、cleaved GSDMD和IL-1β表达水平均明显增高(P<0.05);与ALI组比较,ALI+FS组细胞中NLRP3、ASC、cleaved caspase-1、cleaved GSDMD和 IL-1β表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05,图4)。
焦亡是近年报告的一种不同于凋亡和坏死的炎性程序性细胞死亡方式,其特征是细胞肿胀、细胞溶解和胞质内容物释放[7]。脂多糖或损伤性信号直接刺激可引起NLRP3炎症小体和caspase-1的激活,导致焦亡执行蛋白GSDMD的裂解和N-末端片段的释放,在质膜上形成孔道,从而触发IL-1β的释放和焦亡[8]
Rho蛋白及其下游效应器ROCK参与多种生物学过程,包括细胞运动、黏附、收缩和炎症细胞迁移等[9]。法舒地尔是第一个被批准用于临床的ROCK抑制剂,主要用于预防和治疗蛛网膜下腔出血后的脑血管痉挛[10]。脂多糖或细菌内毒素是革兰阴性菌的外细胞壁成分和表面抗原[11]。已有研究显示,脂多糖引起ROCK激活和通过活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)产生的病理性内皮细胞激活及屏障功能障碍与ALI有关[12];腹腔注射ROCK抑制剂Y-27632或法舒地尔对脂多糖诱导的小鼠ALI具有一定的治疗作用,可能是通过减少炎性细胞因子和中性粒细胞跨内皮细胞向肺组织迁移而实现的[13-14]。抑制ROCK可减轻肺部炎症及恢复肺内皮细胞屏障功能,但其具体的分子机制还有待进一步研究。
本研究观察了法舒地尔对脂多糖诱导的小鼠ALI的影响,结果显示,法舒地尔可减轻脂多糖诱导的小鼠ALI,包括肺水肿、出血和过度的炎性细胞聚集。此外,本研究结果还显示,法舒地尔能在小鼠体内和体外细胞水平抑制脂多糖诱导的NLRP3炎性小体激活和焦亡相关蛋白的表达。
炎症是ALI进展的关键,抑制炎性因子的释放可能成为ALI的一种治疗策略[15]。细胞焦亡是ALI 中关键炎症介质IL-1β释放的一种被动机制,IL-1β可通过上调细胞表面的IL-1β受体表达进一步放大炎症[16]。本研究结果显示,法舒地尔可抑制炎性因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-18和IL-1β的释放,提示其可减轻小鼠ALI的肺组织炎症反应。血管内皮细胞损伤可参与ALI的进展,内皮屏障的广泛破坏和炎症导致内皮通透性增加是ALI的重要发病机制之一[17]。本研究结果提示,法舒地尔可显著降低内皮屏障的通透性,表现为毛细血管渗漏减少,肺水肿减轻,BALF中总细胞数和总蛋白浓度降低。内皮焦亡是ALI血管内皮损伤的重要机制之一,可导致大量促炎细胞因子(如IL-1β和乳酸脱氢酶)释放,破坏内皮屏障,最终导致全身炎症反应和器官衰竭[18-19]。细胞焦亡的主要标志是caspase-1和GSDMD的活化裂解。本研究结果显示,脂多糖可在体内外上调焦亡相关蛋白NLRP3、ASC、cleaved caspase-1、cleaved GSDMD和IL-1β的表达,而法舒地尔处理后上述焦亡相关蛋白表达水平均明显降低,提示法舒地尔可能通过抑制细胞焦亡缓解ALI小鼠的肺损伤。
Rho蛋白和ROCK在细胞黏附、收缩、运动和分裂中发挥重要作用[20]。ROCK的两个主要亚型ROCK1和ROCK2具有相似的生理功能。Rho蛋白和ROCK的过度激活与脂多糖诱导的肺损伤相关。因此,抑制ROCK的激活可能成为一种有效的ALI治疗措施。本研究显示,ROCK抑制剂法舒地尔可减轻脂多糖诱导的ALI和肺部炎症。有研究发现,腹腔注射ROCK抑制剂Y-27632或法舒地尔可减轻盲肠结扎穿孔诱导的ALI[21];在机械通气相关的肺损伤、百草枯诱导的肺损伤以及转化生长因子-β1诱导的内皮细胞损伤中也有类似的发现[22-24]。结合本研究结果,提示法舒地尔用于改善脂多糖所致的ALI可能有效。但法舒地尔不能完全逆转内皮损伤和肺损伤,可能与ALI复杂的病理生理机制及持续炎症引起的继发损伤有关。在以往的报道中,法舒地尔也不能完全拯救所有的ALI小鼠[25]。尽管多项研究显示,ROCK抑制剂有可能用于治疗ALI和ARDS[26-28],但还需要进一步的临床研究验证其在ALI和ARDS中的有益作用。本研究尚存在以下不足:(1)仅进行了法舒地尔单次给药造模后24 h的形态学分析及指标检测,后续研究将对长期用药后的生存情况及炎症损伤进行评估;(2)结果显示法舒地尔可以减轻肺组织焦亡,但其具体机制尚待进一步研究。
综上所述,本研究显示,法舒地尔可减轻脂多糖诱导的ALI,该作用可能是通过抑制内皮细胞焦亡实现的。虽然法舒地尔对临床ALI患者的作用还不明确,但有望成为ALI潜在的治疗药物。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81670071)
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2023年第48卷第1期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0027
  • 接收时间:2022-03-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-08
  • 录用日期:2022-04-10
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81670071)
国家自然科学基金(81670071)
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    重庆医科大学附属第二医院呼吸与危重症医学科,重庆 400010

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王导新,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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