Article(id=1203061225870565403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203061212524290053, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0107, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1625760000000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1644595200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-02-12, onlineDate=1764761748044, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1674835200000, pubDateStr=2023-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764761748044, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764761748044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764761748044, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203061212524290053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764761744816, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764763211166, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203067362732913657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203061212524290053, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203067362732913658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203061212524290053, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=107, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203061226512293927, articleId=1203061225870565403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on osteogenesis by drag reduction distraction of the periodontal ligament, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Malocclusion seriously affect oral health and general health of patients, and keep a high prevalence remaining for many years. Orthodontics is an effective treatment. It is reported that osteogenesis by drag reduction distraction of the periodontal ligament can safely and efficiently accelerate the movement of orthodontic tooth, so might be used to solve some difficult problems caused by traditional correcting methods which took a long treatment duration, increased the risk of dental caries, periodontitis and root resorption. However, periodontal ligament distraction (PDLD) has not been widely used in clinical practice due to large force, inconvenient exertion, and poor comfort of patients. With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology, more mechanical force-sensitive genes, non-coding RNA and lncRNAs/circRNA-miRNAs-mRNAs regulatory network maps involved in regulation have been found. At the same time, the research and development of accurate measurement and control and automatic distraction devices have also made great progress, which can gradually overcome the technical defects of PDLD in the past. A variety of new automatic distraction devices such as motor system, hydraulic system, shape memory alloy and piezoelectric motor have been developed, which have achieved encouraging results in animal experiments and clinical trials. Therefore, PDLD has made rapid progress in minimally invasive and automated aspects. The previous studies addressing the development history, important technical parameters, molecular biological mechanism, histological characteristics, technical advantages and innovation of PDLD have been reviewed in present article, in order to make a comprehensive summary of the latest progress in research and provide reference for accelerating the technical innovation and clinical application of orthodontic tooth movement.

, correspAuthors=Xi Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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错𬌗畸形严重影响患者的口腔甚至全身健康,且多年来患病率居高不下。正畸矫治是错𬌗畸形的重要治疗手段。减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术可安全、高效地使正畸牙移动加速,有望解决传统矫治方法因矫治周期长而引发牙体、牙周健康风险的问题,但同时也存在加力大、加力难等问题,制约了其临床应用。近年来,关于减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的分子机制研究不断深入,自动牵张成骨装置不断研发,推动了这项技术的不断革新。本文综合国内外的相关研究,从减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的发展简史、重要技术参数、分子生物学机制及组织学特点、技术优势与革新等方面进行综述,以利于全面了解减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的研究进展,加深对该技术的深入理解,为加速正畸牙移动的技术革新与临床应用提供参考。

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王文芳,博士研究生,主治医师,主要从事错𬌗畸形诊治及牙周组织重建方面的研究

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Biomed Eng Online, 2020, 19(1): 17., articleTitle=Review of automatic continuous distraction osteogenesis devices for mandibular reconstruction applications, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1203061234426945811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061225870565403, awardId=2020GXLH-Y-014, language=EN, fundingSource=Joint Project of Universities in Shaanxi Province(2020GXLH-Y-014), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203061234527609112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061225870565403, awardId=2020GXLH-Y-014, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省高校联合项目(2020GXLH-Y-014), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203061229733519461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061225870565403, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061229750296679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061225870565403, companyId=1203061229733519461, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061229813211243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061225870565403, companyId=1203061229733519461, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安交通大学口腔医院陕西省颅颌面精准医学研究重点实验室,陕西西安 710000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203061230010343538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061225870565403, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061230022926451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061225870565403, companyId=1203061230010343538, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061230060675190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061225870565403, companyId=1203061230010343538, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院口腔科,陕西西安 710000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203061233768440049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061225870565403, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=lncRNAs-miRNAs-mRNAs regulatory network map of periodontal ligament cells under mechanical tension. The data comes from SRA public database PRJNA665587 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/?term=PRJNA665587), figureFileSmall=mF6yI4R3TrkewawGkjeq7w==, figureFileBig=9cClg6zjNEkBlIi2ucXung==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061234003321085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061225870565403, language=CN, label=图1, caption=机械张力作用下牙周膜细胞lncRNAs-miRNAs-mRNAs调节网络图

数据来源于SRA公共数据库PRJNA665587(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/?term=PRJNA665587)

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减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的研究进展
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王文芳 1 , 陈曦 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(1): 107-114
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(1): 107-114
减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的研究进展
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王文芳1, 陈曦2, *
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学口腔医院陕西省颅颌面精准医学研究重点实验室,陕西西安 710000
  • 2西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院口腔科,陕西西安 710000
  • 王文芳,博士研究生,主治医师,主要从事错𬌗畸形诊治及牙周组织重建方面的研究

通讯作者:

陈曦,E-mail:
Research progress on osteogenesis by drag reduction distraction of the periodontal ligament
Wen-Fang Wang1, Xi Chen2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710000, China
  • 2Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710000, China
出版时间: 2023-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0107
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错𬌗畸形严重影响患者的口腔甚至全身健康,且多年来患病率居高不下。正畸矫治是错𬌗畸形的重要治疗手段。减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术可安全、高效地使正畸牙移动加速,有望解决传统矫治方法因矫治周期长而引发牙体、牙周健康风险的问题,但同时也存在加力大、加力难等问题,制约了其临床应用。近年来,关于减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的分子机制研究不断深入,自动牵张成骨装置不断研发,推动了这项技术的不断革新。本文综合国内外的相关研究,从减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的发展简史、重要技术参数、分子生物学机制及组织学特点、技术优势与革新等方面进行综述,以利于全面了解减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的研究进展,加深对该技术的深入理解,为加速正畸牙移动的技术革新与临床应用提供参考。

牙周膜  /  机械张力  /  骨重建  /  牵张成骨

Malocclusion seriously affect oral health and general health of patients, and keep a high prevalence remaining for many years. Orthodontics is an effective treatment. It is reported that osteogenesis by drag reduction distraction of the periodontal ligament can safely and efficiently accelerate the movement of orthodontic tooth, so might be used to solve some difficult problems caused by traditional correcting methods which took a long treatment duration, increased the risk of dental caries, periodontitis and root resorption. However, periodontal ligament distraction (PDLD) has not been widely used in clinical practice due to large force, inconvenient exertion, and poor comfort of patients. With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology, more mechanical force-sensitive genes, non-coding RNA and lncRNAs/circRNA-miRNAs-mRNAs regulatory network maps involved in regulation have been found. At the same time, the research and development of accurate measurement and control and automatic distraction devices have also made great progress, which can gradually overcome the technical defects of PDLD in the past. A variety of new automatic distraction devices such as motor system, hydraulic system, shape memory alloy and piezoelectric motor have been developed, which have achieved encouraging results in animal experiments and clinical trials. Therefore, PDLD has made rapid progress in minimally invasive and automated aspects. The previous studies addressing the development history, important technical parameters, molecular biological mechanism, histological characteristics, technical advantages and innovation of PDLD have been reviewed in present article, in order to make a comprehensive summary of the latest progress in research and provide reference for accelerating the technical innovation and clinical application of orthodontic tooth movement.

periodontium  /  stress, mechanical  /  bone remodeling  /  osteogenesis, distraction
王文芳, 陈曦. 减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (1) : 107 -114 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0107
Wen-Fang Wang, Xi Chen. Research progress on osteogenesis by drag reduction distraction of the periodontal ligament[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (1) : 107 -114 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0107
错𬌗畸形被世界卫生组织列为口腔三大疾病之一,其患病率高,危害大,而正畸矫治是其有效的治疗手段。正畸力作用于牙周膜和牙槽骨,张力侧骨沉积,压力侧骨吸收,是正畸牙移动的生物学基础,这其中涉及复杂的信号转导[1],其转导效率决定了正畸牙移动速度[2]。传统正畸治疗通常需要2年左右的时间,漫长的矫治周期增加了龋病、牙周炎和牙根吸收等风险[3]。因此,加速正畸牙移动一直是国内外学者们不断探索的课题。减阻牙周膜牵张成骨(亦称为“牙周膜牵张成骨”“牙周膜牵引成骨”“牙周膜牵张”“减阻牵张成骨”等)借鉴了骨缝牵张成骨的理念,最早由Liou和Huang在1998年提出[4]。研究发现,与传统正畸方法相比,减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术可明显加速牙周组织重塑及正畸牙移动,且不会导致牙根吸收、牙齿松动和支抗丢失等[5-7]。但是由于需要手动加力、依赖患者依从性、施加力量大、患者舒适感差,一直以来该技术在临床上的使用甚少。近年来关于机械力下牙周组织重建的生物学机制研究逐步深入,使我们对这一技术原理的认识越来越深刻。同时,精准测控和自动牵张装置的研发也有了长足的发展,逐渐可以攻克减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术以往加力大、加力难的技术缺陷。本文就减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的发展简史、重要技术参数、分子生物学机制及组织学特点、技术优势与革新等进行综述,旨在全面总结减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的研究进展,为加速正畸牙移动的技术革新和临床应用提供参考。
20世纪初Codivilla[8]提出,骨在牵引力作用下可形成新骨,即牵张成骨术。牵张成骨是将骨截为两段,保留骨膜、软组织附着及血供,用牵张器固定,施加一定速度和频率的牵拉力,刺激新骨生成,以实现骨的延长及骨缺损的修复。牵张成骨的生物学原理符合骨痂愈合机制,涉及骨膜成骨和软骨内化骨,目前主流的观点是骨膜成骨占主导地位[9]。如今,牵张成骨的应用范围已从四肢长骨拓展到全身骨骼,包括口腔颌面部[10]
颅面部有很多天然的骨缝。骨缝组织包括纤维、基质、细胞、血管等,可看作两层相互融合的骨膜。通过牵张装置给骨缝两侧的骨施加牵张力,即经缝牵张术,与截骨牵张成骨术相比,避免了截骨,具有创伤小、手术简单、术后可即刻牵引等优势,已在临床普遍应用,尤其是对腭中缝的快速牵引(即快速扩弓)已成为口腔临床的常规操作之一。
牙周膜是位于牙根与牙槽骨之间的致密结缔组织,与腭中缝的组织结构类似,此外牙周膜中含有丰富的未分化间充质细胞,被称为牙周膜干细胞,其成骨改建更为活跃。1998年,Liou和Huang[4]首次对正畸患者采用减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术,实现了尖牙的快速远中移动,3周内尖牙平均远移6.5 mm,比传统正畸牙移动速度提高了近10倍,且未发现明显牙根吸收、牙周缺损及牙髓病变等并发症。动物实验和临床研究结果均提示减阻牙周膜牵张成骨是安全有效的加速正畸牙移动的方法[5-7,11-13]
减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术主要应用于拔除第一前磨牙,希望尖牙快速远移的病例。因其在支抗保护方面的独特优势,尤其适用于需要强支抗的患者。术前给患者制取印模,在体外为尖牙和第一磨牙铸造带环,在二者之间焊接螺旋牵张器(可用成品快速扩弓器)。拔除第一双尖牙的同时,去除尖牙远中的部分牙槽间隔,以减小牙槽间隔的厚度,并在拔牙窝底与剩余牙槽间隔相接处的近中颊、舌侧各凿一条斜向尖牙根尖的减阻沟槽。术后即刻牵引,患者按照要求自行手动旋转螺簧。需要注意的是,若将拔牙窝颊侧骨板全部去除,并围绕尖牙牙根颊侧及根尖行骨皮质切开,仅保留完整的腭侧骨板,则为牙槽骨牵张成骨术[14],因该术式手术创伤大,临床应用仍有争议[15],有别于减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术,故不在本综述之列。
牵张速度、牵张频率、牵张力值是影响减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术牵引效果的重要参数。
即每天的牵张量。对于长骨牵张成骨的研究表明,牵张速度>1.5 mm/d时,局部血供减少,成骨反应减慢,骨不完全联合;而每天牵引0.5 mm时,骨形成率低,骨提早联合[16]。黄丽等[17]对减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的研究发现,在1次/d的牵张频率下,随着牵张速度的加快,牙移动速度相应加快;然而,当牵张速度加快至1.0 mm/d时,牙周纤维断裂,牙周组织发生永久性损伤。牙周纤维超出弹性极限后,骨形成就会受到抑制[18]。因此,目前主流的减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术均采取0.5~1.0 mm/d的牵张速度。
关于长骨牵张成骨的研究普遍认为,当牵张速度一定时,牵张频率越高,组织再生越活跃。骨小梁对机械力的适应呈对数依赖于负载频率,当频率低于一定阈值时,骨的分解代谢会大于合成代谢[19]。随着机械牵张频率的增加,成骨反应的应变阈值减小[20]。然而,Engebretson等[21]对组织工程肌腱结构的研究发现,肌腱结构的良好改建需要较小的牵引频率。限于传统手动加力装置对加力频次的限制,目前国内外减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术主要采取2~4次/d的牵张频率。一直以来,不少学者致力于自动牵张装置的研发,使高频率牵张成为可能,已有研究发现,连续牵张较周期性间断牵张更有利于骨形成[22]
实际应用中,很难测定牵张力大小,主要对牵张速度和牵张频率做调节。当牵张速度恒定时,牵张频率越高,产生的牵引力越小。当牵张频率恒定时,牵张速度越快,则意味着牵引力越大。据报道,高强度拉伸应变刺激会诱导牙周膜成纤维细胞的自噬和死亡,而低强度的拉伸应变则更有利于细胞对机械刺激做出适应性反应[23]。此外,研究发现低幅高频振动有利于牙周组织改建[24],目前已有相应的临床产品问世。低幅高频振动的机械振动方向是咬合力方向,与正畸牙移动方向垂直,而减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的牵张力方向与正畸牙移动方向平行,因此低幅高频加速骨改建的结论是否同样适用于减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术尚需进一步研究证实。近年来,随着传感器技术和数控技术的飞速发展,学者们不断尝试精准、实时地测控施加力值[25]
正畸牙移动的速度直接取决于压力侧破骨活动的快慢。压力侧的牙周膜受挤压而紧缩,牙周间隙变窄,血管受压血流量减少,牙周膜介导的假炎症反应可诱导白细胞介素(IL)-1、IL-6和环氧化酶(COX)的表达增加,促进胶原纤维和基质降解[26];同时,前列腺素E2(PGE2)明显增加,使核因子κB(NF-κB)配体受体激活因子(RANKL)的表达增加,骨保护素(OPG)的表达减少,从而促进破骨细胞分化和破骨功能增强[27]。破骨细胞清晰区的胞膜通过整合素与骨基质紧密附着,形成封闭区,后者通过褶皱缘进行细胞内外的物质交换,在破骨细胞分泌的酸和各种酶作用下,骨基质被降解,最终形成骨吸收陷窝。整合素-局灶黏附激酶(FAK)复合物在牙周膜细胞中起机械感受器的作用,可调节压缩应激诱导的巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、RANKL和OPG的表达[28]。在机械力作用下,PGE2/COX、β2-肾上腺素能受体(Adrb2)、压电型机械敏感离子通道组件1(Piezo1)通路、Notch信号通路和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)信号通路等诸多破骨信号通路和分子被激活,共同作用于下游靶点RANKL/OPG系统[29]。Li等[30]发现,叉头框蛋白M1(FOXM1)也是人牙周膜细胞中的机械响应基因,抑制FOXM1的表达可促进破骨细胞分化及RANKL/OPG的上调。总之,牙周膜细胞可通过调节各种信号分子的表达介导正畸牙移动,这一生物学过程主要受机械转导的调控,而牙周血管收缩引起的低氧效应起次要作用[31]
减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术由于采取了减阻措施,尖牙远中牙槽间隔变得脆弱,在牵张力下弯曲折断,从而使牙-牙槽间隔整体快速移向拔牙窝,牙齿初始位移大。而且,由于尖牙远中牙槽间隔部分被去除,压力侧阻力减小,玻璃样变减少,破骨细胞活跃[5],减阻手术的微创伤引起区域加速现象[32],因此,牙移动停滞期很短或无停滞期,从而使尖牙远中移动的整个过程加快,3周内即可完成5 mm以上的牙齿移动[11]。Karacay等[33]研究发现,减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术可能通过调节TNF-α的释放,促进压力侧骨吸收。此外,由于减阻手术使尖牙阻抗中心更接近牙冠,也有利于尖牙的整体移动[34]
张力侧的成骨改建是牙齿快速移动的支撑,否则会导致牙齿松动和脱落。张力侧牙周膜纤维拉伸变长,可使牙周膜间隙增宽,胶原纤维和基质增生,最终使成纤维细胞和牙周膜干细胞向成骨细胞谱系分化[35]。目前,已发现转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)、骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)、有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)、Notch、Wnt、Hedgehog、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)、Hippo等多种信号通路参与了此过程[29]
机械张力可激活钙通道[36],使钙离子内流,随后通过整合素-FAK或蛋白激酶(PKC-Src)信号激活ERK1/2和p38MAPK通路[37],诱导RUNT相关转录因子2(Runx2)磷酸化[38]。Runx2是成骨过程中非常重要的特异性转录因子,可刺激成骨细胞分化,促进成骨前体细胞合成和矿化相关蛋白转录。Runx2通过其C端的核靶向信号(NMTS)定位于细胞核的特定位置,调控Ⅰ型胶原、骨钙素、骨涎蛋白和骨桥蛋白等下游成骨相关基因的转录[39]。此外,Runx2的C端也可与Smads、Yes等其他蛋白结合形成共调节因子,增强其成骨调节作用[40]
研究发现,整合素β1而非整合素β5可介导机械张力下成骨细胞的分化和细胞外基质的形成[41]。循环张力使牙周膜细胞中的肌动蛋白Girdin表达上调,直接促进肌动蛋白的细胞骨架重构,触发细胞增殖和迁移[42]。循环张力还可激活Yes相关蛋白(YAP),从而促进牙周膜细胞的成骨分化[43]。此外,生长分化因子15(GDF15)也在机械刺激调节未成熟成骨细胞的分化中发挥作用[44]
动物研究发现,减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术张力侧牙周膜的成骨活性明显优于传统正畸牙移动[5-6]。减阻牙周膜牵张5~7 d时,张力侧牙周纤维紧张,牙周膜增宽;10~14 d时,毛细血管增多,成纤维细胞和成骨细胞丰富,新生类骨质沿紧张的牙周纤维呈指状突起,成骨特异性标志分子呈高表达[6,45-46]。与常规正畸牙移动比较,减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术可刺激Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原和基质金属蛋白酶1(MMP-1)的表达,促进牙周膜重建[6];张力区骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP2)[46]、TGF-β[45]明显高表达,可加速新骨形成。杨子桧等[47]发现,在牵张力作用下哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)/MMPs信号通路被激活,从而促进成骨过程。然而,减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术张力侧完成成骨改建是否比传统矫治方法所需时间更少,目前尚缺乏实验依据,需进一步研究。
牙周膜中的机械响应细胞主要是成纤维细胞和牙周膜干细胞。近年来有研究发现,牙周膜中的Gli1+细胞可直接响应正畸力并进一步介导骨重塑[48]。成骨细胞和破骨细胞的生物学行为是相互调节的。破骨细胞的形成依赖于细胞外基质和成骨细胞源性因子对破骨细胞前体的影响[49]。压缩和拉伸应变下,RANKL和OPG的表达相互调节,平衡了压力侧的骨吸收与张力侧的骨形成,从而使牙齿可安全移动[50]。机械力响应基因不仅仅局限于上述IL-1、IL-6、COX、PGE2、RANKL、OPG、FAK、FOXM1、M-CSF、TNF-α、TGF-β、BMP、Girdin、YAP、GDF15等常见的功能基因,随着高通量测序技术的飞速发展,更多的机械力敏感基因和参与调节的非编码RNA被发现。F-肌动蛋白(F-actin)的重塑与YAP/PDZ结合基序的转录共激活子(TAZ)激活形成正反馈环,YAP/TAZ为干细胞成骨分化所必需,被鉴定为细胞和组织的机械传感器和效应器[51-52]。Paxillin可直接改变细胞骨架,并诱导细胞连接蛋白43(connexin 43)的表达变化,使骨细胞直接感知机械刺激[53]。Pkd1及激动素家族蛋白3a(Kif3a)的缺失可导致骨细胞的力学感知功能受损,最终损害机械反应和骨形成[54]。骨膜素(periostin)作为机械转导的中间调节剂,可通过上调NANOG和八聚体结合蛋白4(OCT4)来调控牙周膜干细胞的转归[55]。miR-29b-3p可通过调控骨细胞分泌胰岛素样生长因子1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)来调节机械力下成骨细胞的分化[56]。miR-195-5p可靶向调节WNT3A和骨形态发生蛋白受体1A(BMPR1A)的表达,在机械负荷诱导的成骨分化和骨形成中发挥着重要作用[57]。长链非编码核糖核酸(lncRNA)和环状核糖核酸(circRNA)可充当微小核糖核酸(miRNA)海绵,与信使核糖核酸(mRNA)竞争性共享miRNA,从而使miRNA对靶基因的抑制作用减弱,这一调控机制被称为竞争性内源性RNA机制(competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA)[58-59]。lncRNA H19可作为miR-138的ceRNA,通过上调FAK,介导机械张力诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞成骨过程[60]。lncRNA无活性特异性转录本(Xist)作为miR-590-3p的ceRNA,可上调转化生长因子β诱导因子2(Tgif2),并促进破骨细胞分化[61]。circRNA 3140作为miR-21的ceRNA,可调控激活素受体ⅡB,介导机械力诱导的牙周膜干细胞成骨分化[62]。生物信息学的应用,使机械力作用下牙周膜细胞中lncRNAs-miRNAs-mRNAs等复杂的调节网络[63]逐渐被揭示(图1)。
减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术在明显加速正畸牙移动的同时,展现出以下优势:(1)可快速完成尖牙的远移,避免了长时间加力引发医源性牙根吸收的风险[5-7];(2)在3周内即完成尖牙的远中移动,而没有采取减阻措施的磨牙此时还处在透明样变期,这个时间差使磨牙支抗得到了很好的保护[4,11-13];(3)由于对尖牙采取减阻措施,使阻抗中心向牙冠方向移动,更有利于尖牙的整体移动[34]。总体来说,减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术可明显缩短正畸疗程,不会产生支抗丢失、牙根吸收、牙髓坏死等并发症。
减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术早在20世纪90年代末即被提出,其加速牙移动的效果明显,但是一直以来未能在临床广泛应用,主要是由于其产生的牵张力大,患者舒适感差。此外,传统牵张装置需手动调节,加力频次受限,且依赖患者依从性,也是其缺点之一。针对这些技术不足,多年来学者们一直在不断研究改进,以推动减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的技术革新。目前已设计和研发的自动牵张成骨装置主要有电机系统、液压系统、形状记忆合金、压电马达等。(1)电机系统驱动牵张器:将直流电机与精确的机械结构相结合,综合采用旋转编码器和电子控制单元,人机界面可方便、准确地控制电机,并测量电机轴旋转角度及牵张移动位置[64]。Hatefi等[22]将丝杠与步进电机组合,进一步提高了牵张精度和牵张速度,并采用新的自动控制方法——多轴自动控制器,从而产生更精确、可靠和稳定的连续牵张力,且采用了更微型的口内牵张装置。Roux等[65]研发了特殊便携式可充电电池系统,该系统可在充电前为自动连续牵张成骨装置提供运行30 h所需的电力。(2)液压系统驱动牵张器:包含一个置入式执行器和一个便携式外部自动液压泵控制系统,通过对水加压并调节流入活塞的流量,利用液压产生连续的牵张力。与电机系统驱动牵张器相比,液压系统驱动牵张器的置入致动器结构更简单紧凑,不需要置入电机和其他存在生物相容性风险的部件,并于2005年实现了自动连续牵张器在人体的首次应用[66]。Magill等[67]采用了弹簧式储液器驱动泵和微型阀门,体积小,但能够产生比电池供电注射泵更高的流体压力。Peacock等[68-69]使用蓝牙无线连接技术进行各项参数监测,并在控制器外部配备了警报系统,以闪烁发光二极管(LED)的形式对牵张偏差或电池电量不足等各种设备或跟踪错误发出警报。(3)形状记忆合金(SMA)驱动牵张器:由一个镍钛螺旋弹簧组成,被软组织完全覆盖,无任何黏膜或皮肤穿透,在体温下具有超弹性,温度变化可引起弹簧力的变化,而当温度恢复到37 ℃时,牵引力恢复至接近初始水平,且在牵引过程继续时完全恢复,从而施加持续恒定的牵张力[70]。Yamauchi等[71]将可吸收材料用于SMA装置的初级固定,随后自激活至原始形状以进行扩张,从而避免了通过二次手术干预来激活装置。Imoto等[72]采用具有形状记忆特性的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)材料替代SMA,弥补了SMA材料昂贵、存在过敏反应风险等缺陷。(4)压电马达驱动牵张器:由Squiggle压电电机和基于微软Windows操作系统的控制软件组成,可使用控制软件便捷地选择各种间歇性或连续性的牵张模式[73]。目前关于压电马达驱动牵张器的报道较少,尚需进一步研究。总之,这些自动持续牵张装置可实现对牵张速度、频率或输出力值的精确控制。在相同的牵张速度下,随着加载频率的增高,新骨形成的应变阈值降低[20],产生的牵张力减小,患者的不适和疼痛也得到缓解,且自动加力装置不依赖患者依从性,简单易用,使减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术逐渐实现自动化、微创化。
综上所述,减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术能明显加速正畸牙移动,有效保护支抗,无牙根吸收、牙松动、牙髓失活等并发症,是一种安全、有效的加速正畸牙移动的方法。牵张速度、牵张频率、牵张力值是影响减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术牵引效果的重要参数。众多分子和通路参与调控减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术张力侧和压力侧牙周组织的重塑。随着高通量测序技术的飞速发展,越来越多的机械力敏感基因和参与调控的非编码RNA被发现,分子机制方面的研究有利于减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的技术改进,为探寻更加快捷高效、安全舒适的加力模式提供了新思路。虽然针对以往减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术存在加力大、加力难、患者舒适度差、依赖患者依从性等问题,新型自动牵张装置与传统的手动装置相比已显示出良好的效果,但要实现临床广泛应用仍需进一步研究和改进。随着自动牵张装置在牵引精度、可靠性、安全性、控制复杂性和装置尺寸等方面不断进步[74],减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术的技术参数不断优化,自动化、微创化的减阻牙周膜牵张成骨术将展现出更广阔的临床应用前景。
  • 陕西省高校联合项目(2020GXLH-Y-014)
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2023年第48卷第1期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0107
  • 接收时间:2021-07-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-09
  • 录用日期:2022-02-12
基金
Joint Project of Universities in Shaanxi Province(2020GXLH-Y-014)
陕西省高校联合项目(2020GXLH-Y-014)
作者信息
    1西安交通大学口腔医院陕西省颅颌面精准医学研究重点实验室,陕西西安 710000
    2西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院口腔科,陕西西安 710000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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