Article(id=1203061223198793740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203061212524290053, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1628438400000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1656345600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-06-28, onlineDate=1764761747406, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1674835200000, pubDateStr=2023-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764761747406, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764761747406, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764761747406, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203061212524290053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764761744816, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764763211166, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203067362732913657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203061212524290053, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203067362732913658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203061212524290053, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203061226034143262, articleId=1203061223198793740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Primary ciliary dyskinesia causing neonatal respiratory distress: A case report and literature review, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To summarize the clinical features, diagnosing and treating passes of a case of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) in newborns, and by literature review to increase awareness of PCD. Methods The clinical data of an infant patient, admitted in Children's Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University and diagnosed as PCD, was collected and retrospectively analyzed. CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) were searched, eligible literature was analyzed. Results A term female infant aged 1 month and 13 days was admitted to the hospital with 1-month history of cyanosis and 3-week of cough and wheeze, which aggravated 3 days prior to admission. She developed cyanosis on postnatal day 1, then cough and wheeze gradually. Her symptoms deteriorated due to pneumonia, non-invasive ventilation was performed, and continued CO2 retention existed. Hypercapnia and oxygen dependence were found throughout the hospital stay even after clinical improvement. Whole exon sequencing test revealed DNAH1 compound heterozygous mutation in this patient, which leaded to the diagnosis of PCD. A total of 9 papers of neonatal respiratory distress caused by PCD were retrieved. All 12 patients in those papers were term infants, presented with varying degree of respiratory distress, which mainly manifested as tachypnea, retractions, elevated work of breath, cyanosis, hypoxemia, oxygen dependence. Of the 12 patients, 8 (66.7%) had situs inversus viscerum, 6 (50.0%) had atelectasis, 6 (50.0%) needed non-invasive or invasive ventilation. A total of 3 papers of PCD caused by DNAH1 mutation with 9 patients were retrieved. Of these patients, 7 were diagnosed in childhood and 2 in adulthood. The main clinical manifestations were Kartagener syndrome (55.5%), bronchiectasis (33.3%), atelectasis (22.2%), post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (33.3%), neonatal respiratory distress (11.1%), and female infertility (11.1%). Conclusions The clinical features of PCD in neonates are mainly unexplained respiratory distress, higher incidence of situs inversus viscerum and atelectasis, and the demand for respiratory support is high. Raising awareness of the clinical features of PCD in infants is helpful for early diagnosis and intervention.

, correspAuthors=Zheng-Xiu Luo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 报道1例原发性纤毛运动障碍(PCD)患儿的新生儿期临床表现、诊治过程并进行文献复习,以提高对PCD的认识。方法 回顾性分析重庆医科大学附属儿童医院收治的1例PCD患儿的临床资料,并检索中国知网、万方数据库、PubMed、Cochrane Library、Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM),总结PCD的新生儿期表现。结果 本例患儿女,1个月13 d,因“活动后发绀1个月余,咳嗽喘息3周,加重3 d”入院。足月儿,生后1 d出现活动后发绀,后渐出现咳嗽及喘息,因肺炎而加重,住院期间需无创通气,且存在持续CO2潴留,肺炎临床治愈后仍有持续氧依赖。外显子测序提示DNAH1复合杂合突变,结合临床诊断为PCD。检索到PCD导致新生儿呼吸窘迫的病例报道9篇,共12例,均为足月儿,存在不同程度呼吸窘迫,主要表现为气促、胸壁凹陷、呼吸费力、发绀、低氧血症、氧依赖等,其中8例(66.7%)有内脏转位、6例(50.0%)有肺不张、6例(50.0%)需无创或有创机械通气。检索到DNAH1致PCD的文献报道3篇,共9例,其中儿童期确诊7例、成人期确诊2例,主要临床表现包括Kartagener综合征5例(55.5%)、支气管扩张3例(33.3%)、肺不张2例(22.2%)、感染后闭塞性细支气管炎3例(33.3%)、新生儿呼吸窘迫1例(11.1%)、女性不孕1例(11.1%)。结论 PCD的新生儿期表现主要为不明原因的呼吸窘迫,且内脏转位和肺不张发病率较高,呼吸支持需求率较高。提高对PCD生命早期表现的认识有助于早期诊断和干预。

, correspAuthors=罗征秀, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
罗征秀,E-mail:
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骆学勤,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事儿童呼吸道疾病的相关研究

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Clin Genet, 2017, 91(2): 313-321., articleTitle=Homozygous DNAH1 frameshift mutation causes multiple morphological anomalies of the sperm flagella in Chinese, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203061230048092276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061223198793740, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061230106812534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061223198793740, companyId=1203061230048092276, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Respiratory Disease, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University/Key Laboratory of Child Development Disease Research, Ministry of Education/National Children’s Health and Disease Clinical Medical Research Center/National and International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Major Diseases of Child Development/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203061230119395447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061223198793740, companyId=1203061230048092276, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203061234548580634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061223198793740, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=PaCO2 and PaO2 of the PCD patients from 27th April to 15th May, 2021, figureFileSmall=l11L0NQBJZK2Z2025p9Jbw==, figureFileBig=aHuQpI/zcOfGddFY4A7nEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061234624078112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061223198793740, language=CN, label=图1, caption=原发性纤毛运动障碍患儿2021年4月27日-5月15日的PaCO2及PaO2波动图

A. 患儿PaCO2持续增高,最后1次(出院前1 d)降至正常;图中的黑线为PaCO2正常上限(45 mmHg),红线为Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的PaCO2切点值(50 mmHg);B. 入院前1 d鼻导管吸氧下仍有低氧血症,入院后给予呼吸支持后氧分压上升;肺炎恢复期未用氧状态下PaO2≤60 mmHg(见图中▲标识);图中红线为呼吸衰竭的PaO2切点值(60 mmHg)

, figureFileSmall=l11L0NQBJZK2Z2025p9Jbw==, figureFileBig=aHuQpI/zcOfGddFY4A7nEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061235030925621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061223198793740, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Gene test results of the PCD patient and her parents, figureFileSmall=aIPzI7RISWvJuVaRQXuDSg==, figureFileBig=POAdWyR/+1ODBL4M5Kd+NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061235173531963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061223198793740, language=CN, label=图2, caption=原发性纤毛运动障碍患儿及其父母的基因检测结果

检出DNAH1基因复合杂合变异,c.6822(exon43)C>G(A),c.8567(exon54)T>C(B)。患儿父亲为携带c.6822(exon43)C>G的杂合子,母亲为携带c.8567(exon54)T>C的杂合子,父母临床表型均正常

, figureFileSmall=aIPzI7RISWvJuVaRQXuDSg==, figureFileBig=POAdWyR/+1ODBL4M5Kd+NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061235299361088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061223198793740, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Chest CT changes of the PCD patient, figureFileSmall=AkoeQb1uaXEm/juEE+xosA==, figureFileBig=uppvpdvlD9GiKmo/KFSXtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061235379052869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061223198793740, language=CN, label=图3, caption=原发性纤毛运动障碍患儿的胸部CT改变

A. 入院后第2天(2021年4月29日),双肺散在斑片影、条絮影;B. 1个月后(2021年5月29日),双肺充气不均,呈马赛克征

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CPAP. 持续气道正压通气

, figureFileSmall=jGohT55Gw/Pept64/j38vw==, figureFileBig=xa01A60oJzWxTqfm4wwEuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203061235743957336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061223198793740, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

PCD patients diagnosed in neonatal period

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献性别孕周起病日龄(d)临床表现用氧方式住院时长(d)确诊方式
Oggiano等[8]a足月NA呼吸窘迫,内脏转位,Turner综合征NANA纤毛运动分析
Bromiker等[9]足月1气促,胸壁凹陷,发绀,肺不张高浓度氧疗19鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
足月1发作性发绀,胸壁凹陷,内脏转位鼻导管吸氧10鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
Hossain等[10]足月1气促,呼吸费力,肺不张,氧依赖,内脏转位CPAP18鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
足月1呼吸费力,低氧血症,肺不张,内脏转位CPAP12鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
Bessaci-Kabouya等[11]bNA足月NA呼吸窘迫,肺不张,内脏转位NANA纤毛电镜活检
Laerhoven等[12]bNA足月NA呼吸窘迫,内脏转位NANA鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
Hünseler等[13]b足月1呼吸困难,发绀,肺不张CPAPNA鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
Molchan等[14]足月2湿性咳嗽,低氧血症,呼吸道分泌物多鼻导管吸氧11鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
Yasuhara等[15]足月1气促,胸壁凹陷,肺不张,内脏转位,氧依赖,呼吸道分泌多SIMV41鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
足月1呼吸费力,氧依赖,内脏转位,呼吸道分泌物多SIMV31鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
Primo等[16]足月1呼吸衰竭,持续气促、胸壁凹陷,氧依赖,反复肺不张CPAP、有创通气、HFNC33基因检测
), ArticleFig(id=1203061235832037727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061223198793740, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

新生儿期诊断的PCD患儿

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献性别孕周起病日龄(d)临床表现用氧方式住院时长(d)确诊方式
Oggiano等[8]a足月NA呼吸窘迫,内脏转位,Turner综合征NANA纤毛运动分析
Bromiker等[9]足月1气促,胸壁凹陷,发绀,肺不张高浓度氧疗19鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
足月1发作性发绀,胸壁凹陷,内脏转位鼻导管吸氧10鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
Hossain等[10]足月1气促,呼吸费力,肺不张,氧依赖,内脏转位CPAP18鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
足月1呼吸费力,低氧血症,肺不张,内脏转位CPAP12鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
Bessaci-Kabouya等[11]bNA足月NA呼吸窘迫,肺不张,内脏转位NANA纤毛电镜活检
Laerhoven等[12]bNA足月NA呼吸窘迫,内脏转位NANA鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
Hünseler等[13]b足月1呼吸困难,发绀,肺不张CPAPNA鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
Molchan等[14]足月2湿性咳嗽,低氧血症,呼吸道分泌物多鼻导管吸氧11鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
Yasuhara等[15]足月1气促,胸壁凹陷,肺不张,内脏转位,氧依赖,呼吸道分泌多SIMV41鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
足月1呼吸费力,氧依赖,内脏转位,呼吸道分泌物多SIMV31鼻黏膜纤毛电镜活检
Primo等[16]足月1呼吸衰竭,持续气促、胸壁凹陷,氧依赖,反复肺不张CPAP、有创通气、HFNC33基因检测
), ArticleFig(id=1203061235936895332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061223198793740, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

PCD patients caused by DNAH1 gene mutation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献确诊年龄(岁)性别临床表现基因位点
Imtiaz等[17]29慢性咳喘,不孕,甲减,KSexon20 g.52387629A > C; c.3460A > C; p.Lys1154Gln
20+KSexon20 g.52387629A > C; c.3460A > C; p.Lys1154Gln
Yue等[18]7慢性湿咳,KSexon69:c.10970C > G:p.T3657R
8慢性湿咳,KSexon19: c.3103C > T:p.R1035C
6慢性湿咳,KSexon11:c.1822C > T:p.Q608X
Guan等[19]NANANAc.5356C/T (p.R1786C), c.1286þ7C/A
NANANAc.2912G/A (p.R971H), c.11135G/A (p.R3712Q)
NANANAc.2610G/A (p.W870X)
NANANAc.3836A/G (p.K1279R)
共4例患儿,确诊年龄(3.6±3.1)岁,男女各2例,临床表现包括支气管扩张3例,肺不张2例,PIBO 3例,新生儿呼吸窘迫1例
), ArticleFig(id=1203061236071113065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203061223198793740, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

DNAH1基因突变所致的PCD患者

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献确诊年龄(岁)性别临床表现基因位点
Imtiaz等[17]29慢性咳喘,不孕,甲减,KSexon20 g.52387629A > C; c.3460A > C; p.Lys1154Gln
20+KSexon20 g.52387629A > C; c.3460A > C; p.Lys1154Gln
Yue等[18]7慢性湿咳,KSexon69:c.10970C > G:p.T3657R
8慢性湿咳,KSexon19: c.3103C > T:p.R1035C
6慢性湿咳,KSexon11:c.1822C > T:p.Q608X
Guan等[19]NANANAc.5356C/T (p.R1786C), c.1286þ7C/A
NANANAc.2912G/A (p.R971H), c.11135G/A (p.R3712Q)
NANANAc.2610G/A (p.W870X)
NANANAc.3836A/G (p.K1279R)
共4例患儿,确诊年龄(3.6±3.1)岁,男女各2例,临床表现包括支气管扩张3例,肺不张2例,PIBO 3例,新生儿呼吸窘迫1例
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原发性纤毛运动障碍致新生儿呼吸窘迫1例并文献复习
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骆学勤 , 臧娜 , 罗健 , 罗征秀 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023,48(1): 84-90
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023, 48(1): 84-90
原发性纤毛运动障碍致新生儿呼吸窘迫1例并文献复习
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骆学勤, 臧娜, 罗健, 罗征秀*
作者信息
  • 重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014
  • 骆学勤,硕士研究生,主治医师,主要从事儿童呼吸道疾病的相关研究

通讯作者:

罗征秀,E-mail:
Primary ciliary dyskinesia causing neonatal respiratory distress: A case report and literature review
Xue-Qin Luo, Na Zang, Jian Luo, Zheng-Xiu Luo*
Affiliations
  • Department of Respiratory Disease, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University/Key Laboratory of Child Development Disease Research, Ministry of Education/National Children’s Health and Disease Clinical Medical Research Center/National and International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Major Diseases of Child Development/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
出版时间: 2023-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0084
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目的 报道1例原发性纤毛运动障碍(PCD)患儿的新生儿期临床表现、诊治过程并进行文献复习,以提高对PCD的认识。方法 回顾性分析重庆医科大学附属儿童医院收治的1例PCD患儿的临床资料,并检索中国知网、万方数据库、PubMed、Cochrane Library、Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM),总结PCD的新生儿期表现。结果 本例患儿女,1个月13 d,因“活动后发绀1个月余,咳嗽喘息3周,加重3 d”入院。足月儿,生后1 d出现活动后发绀,后渐出现咳嗽及喘息,因肺炎而加重,住院期间需无创通气,且存在持续CO2潴留,肺炎临床治愈后仍有持续氧依赖。外显子测序提示DNAH1复合杂合突变,结合临床诊断为PCD。检索到PCD导致新生儿呼吸窘迫的病例报道9篇,共12例,均为足月儿,存在不同程度呼吸窘迫,主要表现为气促、胸壁凹陷、呼吸费力、发绀、低氧血症、氧依赖等,其中8例(66.7%)有内脏转位、6例(50.0%)有肺不张、6例(50.0%)需无创或有创机械通气。检索到DNAH1致PCD的文献报道3篇,共9例,其中儿童期确诊7例、成人期确诊2例,主要临床表现包括Kartagener综合征5例(55.5%)、支气管扩张3例(33.3%)、肺不张2例(22.2%)、感染后闭塞性细支气管炎3例(33.3%)、新生儿呼吸窘迫1例(11.1%)、女性不孕1例(11.1%)。结论 PCD的新生儿期表现主要为不明原因的呼吸窘迫,且内脏转位和肺不张发病率较高,呼吸支持需求率较高。提高对PCD生命早期表现的认识有助于早期诊断和干预。

原发性纤毛运动障碍  /  新生儿  /  呼吸窘迫

Objective To summarize the clinical features, diagnosing and treating passes of a case of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) in newborns, and by literature review to increase awareness of PCD. Methods The clinical data of an infant patient, admitted in Children's Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University and diagnosed as PCD, was collected and retrospectively analyzed. CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) were searched, eligible literature was analyzed. Results A term female infant aged 1 month and 13 days was admitted to the hospital with 1-month history of cyanosis and 3-week of cough and wheeze, which aggravated 3 days prior to admission. She developed cyanosis on postnatal day 1, then cough and wheeze gradually. Her symptoms deteriorated due to pneumonia, non-invasive ventilation was performed, and continued CO2 retention existed. Hypercapnia and oxygen dependence were found throughout the hospital stay even after clinical improvement. Whole exon sequencing test revealed DNAH1 compound heterozygous mutation in this patient, which leaded to the diagnosis of PCD. A total of 9 papers of neonatal respiratory distress caused by PCD were retrieved. All 12 patients in those papers were term infants, presented with varying degree of respiratory distress, which mainly manifested as tachypnea, retractions, elevated work of breath, cyanosis, hypoxemia, oxygen dependence. Of the 12 patients, 8 (66.7%) had situs inversus viscerum, 6 (50.0%) had atelectasis, 6 (50.0%) needed non-invasive or invasive ventilation. A total of 3 papers of PCD caused by DNAH1 mutation with 9 patients were retrieved. Of these patients, 7 were diagnosed in childhood and 2 in adulthood. The main clinical manifestations were Kartagener syndrome (55.5%), bronchiectasis (33.3%), atelectasis (22.2%), post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (33.3%), neonatal respiratory distress (11.1%), and female infertility (11.1%). Conclusions The clinical features of PCD in neonates are mainly unexplained respiratory distress, higher incidence of situs inversus viscerum and atelectasis, and the demand for respiratory support is high. Raising awareness of the clinical features of PCD in infants is helpful for early diagnosis and intervention.

primary ciliary dyskinesia  /  neonate  /  respiratory distress
骆学勤, 臧娜, 罗健, 罗征秀. 原发性纤毛运动障碍致新生儿呼吸窘迫1例并文献复习. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (1) : 84 -90 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0084
Xue-Qin Luo, Na Zang, Jian Luo, Zheng-Xiu Luo. Primary ciliary dyskinesia causing neonatal respiratory distress: A case report and literature review[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (1) : 84 -90 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0084
原发性纤毛运动障碍(primary ciliary dyskinesia,PCD)是由于纤毛结构和(或)功能异常引起一系列临床表现的一组遗传性疾病,主要临床表现包括反复呼吸道感染、鼻窦炎、中耳炎、支气管扩张、内脏转位、不孕不育等。约50%的患者同时存在内脏转位、支气管扩张和慢性鼻窦炎,即Kartagener综合征[1]。PCD病程呈慢性进展,可导致肺功能损害、支气管扩张,影响患儿的生长发育和生存质量。由于其呼吸道症状常见于儿童,且检测手段需要一定技术水平,因此,PCD存在明显的诊断不足和诊断延迟。在欧洲,多数患儿在儿童时期确诊,平均诊断年龄为5+[2],而国内平均诊断年龄较晚,约为9岁[3-4]。很少有患者能在新生儿期或小婴儿时期确诊,尤其是不伴内脏转位者诊断难度更大,目前国内尚未见到不伴内脏转位的新生儿PCD报道。有研究发现,约80%的PCD患者在新生儿期即存在呼吸窘迫,表现为足月儿对吸氧或正压通气的需求超过24 h,且无法用其他明确的原因来解释[5]。因此,提高对PCD患者新生儿期呼吸窘迫的识别对早期诊断尤为重要。为加强儿科医师对本病的认识,现将本院收治的1例以新生儿期呼吸窘迫为主要表现、不伴内脏转位的PCD患儿的诊治经过报告如下,并对相关文献进行复习。
患儿女,1个月13 d,因“活动后发绀1个月余,咳嗽喘息3周,加重3 d”于2021年4月28日入住本院呼吸科。患儿生后1 d即出现吃奶及哭吵后头面部发绀,严重时伴有四肢发绀,安静休息后可很快缓解。3周前开始出现轻微咳嗽伴痰响、间断喘息。3 d前受凉后出现咳嗽加重,伴喘息明显、呼吸增快,发绀频率增高。病程中无张口呼吸,无发热,无喉鸣。入院前于当地医院住院半天无好转,遂转入本院。个人史:G2P2,孕38周剖宫产。生后因新生儿病理性黄疸住院1周。新生儿代谢筛查发现促甲状腺素(TSH)增高,未予处理。母孕期患妊娠糖尿病,无甲状腺疾病,否认PCD家族史,否认慢性咳嗽咯痰疾病家族史。
体温36.4 ℃,呼吸48次/min,心率135次/min,鼻导管吸氧下经皮氧饱和度为88%~98%,体重6 kg。神志清楚,稍烦躁,面色微绀。有轻微吸气性三凹征;双肺呼吸音粗,可闻及中量中细湿啰音;心音有力、律齐,心前区未闻及明显杂音。腹软,肝脾无肿大;肢端无水肿。
入院时血气分析:pH 7.31,PaCO2 58 mmHg,PaO2 57 mmHg。住院18 d期间多次血气分析发现PaCO2持续增高,波动在50~77 mmHg,出院前1 d恢复正常;患儿吸氧时无低氧血症,但吸入空气时查PaO2≤60 mmHg(图1)。血常规、C反应蛋白、降钙素原、肝肾功能、电解质、心肌酶谱均未见异常。甲状腺功能:游离甲状腺素(FT4)为8.87 pmol/L(↓),TSH为17.3 μU/L(↑),总三碘甲腺原氨酸(总T3)、游离T3、总T4、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体、抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体、甲状腺球蛋白均正常。病原学检查:鼻病毒核酸聚合酶链反应(PCR)阳性,呼吸道7种病毒抗原(合胞病毒、腺病毒、流感病毒A型、流感病毒B型、副流感病毒1型、副流感病毒2型、副流感病毒3型)均阴性,痰培养阴性,肺炎支原体PCR阴性,沙眼衣原体PCR阴性,百日咳PCR阴性。胸部平扫CT:双肺散在斑片影、条絮影,气道重建及血管重建未见异常。心脏彩超:卵圆孔未闭。甲状腺彩超未见异常。头部MRI未见异常。喉镜:先天性喉软骨发育不良(轻-中度)。
入院后主要诊断为“重症肺炎、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭、先天性甲状腺功能减退症”,给予持续气道正压通气,4+ d后改为鼻导管吸氧1 L/min;同时给予左甲状腺素钠片(治疗1周后定期复查甲状腺功能均正常)。住院期间患儿呼吸道分泌物多(鼻腔及口咽部吸痰量均较多)、呼吸代偿能力差(无气促及三凹征),哭吵后发绀、经皮氧饱和度降至60%~70%,安静后可自行恢复。阿莫西林克拉维酸钾静脉滴注治疗9 d后,患儿呼吸道分泌物减少,肺部体征消失,复查血气分析仍持续存在CO2潴留和低氧血症。
患儿生后不久即存在慢性缺氧表现,肺炎临床治愈后发现仍存在持续Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭,因此考虑存在基础疾病的可能。结合患儿的临床特征及发病年龄,主要考虑有以下几种疾病:(1)脑-肺-甲状腺综合征。该病是由NKX2-1基因缺陷所致的单基因病,累及脑、肺、甲状腺3个器官,临床表现为呼吸窘迫、慢性缺氧、肺间质疾病,甲状腺功能减低,舞蹈病、共济失调、发育落后、肌张力低下等神经系统表现[6]。本例患儿存在慢性缺氧和肺部间质病变,合并甲状腺功能减低,故需警惕该病。本例患儿暂无神经系统表现,考虑可能与其年龄尚小有关。明确是否为该病需行基因检测。(2)先天性中枢性低通气综合征。该病是由以PHOX2B为主的基因突变所致,以呼吸中枢代谢控制障碍为主要特征,临床表现为睡眠时呼吸运动减弱,CO2潴留、氧饱和度下降[7]。本例患儿发病年龄早,有持续CO2潴留和慢性缺氧表现,故需警惕该病。但患儿的上述表现与睡眠无明显相关,明确诊断需行基因检测。(3)PCD。该病在新生儿期表现为不明原因的呼吸窘迫,部分患儿合并内脏转位、肺不张。本例患儿存在不明原因的呼吸窘迫,故需警惕该病。确诊需行基因检测或气道黏膜纤毛活检。
为明确诊断,征得家长同意后,抽取患儿及父母外周血,行trio全外显子组测序检测(北京智因东方转化医学研究中心)。结果显示患儿为DNAH1基因复合杂合突变(c.6822 C>G,c.8567 T>C),父母均为携带其中一种突变的杂合子(图2)。该基因关联疾病为PCD 37型(OMIM:617577)。结合患儿临床表现及基因检测结果,最终诊断为PCD。
患儿住院17 d后,鼻导管吸氧下复查血气分析提示无CO2潴留,住院18 d后出院继续家庭氧疗。出院后1、2周分别复查血气分析均正常。出院后2周复查胸部CT提示双肺充气不均,呈马赛克征(图3)。出院后1个月随访时患儿未再吸氧,剧烈哭吵后仍有面色微绀,但频率及严重程度较前明显减轻。患儿的主要临床表现及治疗经过时间轴见图4
以中文“新生儿呼吸窘迫”和“原发性纤毛运动障碍”,英文“neonatal respiratory distress”和“primary ciliary dyskinesia”为关键词,检索万方数据库、中国知网、PubMed、Cochrane Library。截至2021年6月1日,未检索到相关中文文献,共查到有确诊依据(阳性的电镜或基因结果)的新生儿PCD病例报道9篇,其中英文文献6篇,德语、法语、荷兰语文献各1篇(表1),共报道了12例患儿,均为足月儿,存在不同程度呼吸窘迫,主要表现为气促、胸壁凹陷、呼吸费力、发绀、低氧血症、氧依赖等。其中8例(66.7%)有内脏转位、6例(50.0%)有肺不张、6例(50.0%)需要无创或有创机械通气[8-16]。12例患儿中,8例(66.7%)于生后1 d起病,3例(25.0%)起病时间不详,住院时长10 ~33 d。
以中文“DNAH1”和“原发性纤毛运动障碍”,英文“DNAH1”和“primary ciliary dyskinesia”为关键词,检索万方数据库、中国知网、PubMed、Cochrane Library、Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM),截至2021年6月1日,共检索到3篇合格英文文献并获取全文。3篇文献共报道9例DNAH1所致PCD,其男女比例为1:1.25;儿童期确诊7例,成人期确诊2例。9例患者的临床表现包括Kartagener综合征5例(55.5%),支气管扩张3例(33.3%),肺不张2例(22.2%),感染后闭塞性细支气管炎(post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans,PIBO)3例(33.3%),新生儿呼吸窘迫1例(11.1%),女性不孕1例(11.1%)(表2)[17-19]
以中文“先天性甲状腺功能减退症”和“呼吸衰竭”(或“通气功能障碍”、“低通气”),英文“congenital hypothyroidism”和“respiratory failure”(或“respiratory distress”“hypoventilation”)检索万方数据库、中国知网、PubMed、Cochrane Library,均未查到与患儿临床表现及基因结果相符合的文献。
本文报道了1例PCD患儿的新生儿期表现和诊治经过,由于该患儿不存在内脏转位、肺不张,仅以呼吸窘迫为主要表现,临床容易漏诊。据笔者所知,这是目前国内报道的不伴内脏转位年龄最小的PCD患者。
PCD的新生儿期表现主要为不明原因的新生儿肺炎、肺不张,不明原因的足月儿呼吸窘迫,内脏转位[1],其中呼吸窘迫的发生率高达80%[5],但往往被诊断为新生儿肺炎、新生儿暂时性呼吸增快、胎粪吸入等疾病[20-21]。迄今为止国内外仅报道了12例于新生儿期因呼吸窘迫而确诊的PCD患儿,提示儿科医师对本病的早期认识仍存在明显不足。本研究进行文献复习发现,PCD患儿多为足月儿,多在生后1 d起病,其呼吸窘迫主要表现为气促、胸壁凹陷、呼吸费力、发绀、低氧血症、氧依赖等,且内脏转位及肺不张发生率高,呼吸支持需求率高。本例患儿系足月儿,生后1 d开始出现呼吸窘迫,表现为活动后发绀,CO2潴留持续2周余,氧依赖持续2个月余,与既往报道类似。
PCD的诊断主要依靠典型临床表现联合纤毛电镜活检、鼻NO检测、基因检测、高速摄像显微分析等辅助检查[5]。但约30%的患者电镜下纤毛超微结构正常,且可能存在纤毛活检的样本量不够需多次采样、纤毛超微结构为非特异性改变而难以分析等问题;鼻NO检测在5岁以下儿童中难以配合完成;高速摄像显微分析设备昂贵、技术要求高,临床开展受限[22]。近年来,基因检测的临床应用增多,且成本下降,已逐渐成为PCD的一线诊断方法,其对PCD的诊断敏感度为80%,特异度为99.5%[5]。PCD是常染色体隐性遗传的单基因病,目前已发现超过40种PCD的致病基因,主要包括DNAH5DNAH11DNAI1CCDC39CCC40等,而DNAH1是其中比较少见的致病基因[23]。根据美国胸科协会(ATS)推荐的诊断流程,具有典型临床表现的患儿,若年龄<5岁无法配合鼻NO检测,推荐行基因检测,发现PCD相关致病基因等位突变则可确诊[5]。本例患儿临床表现符合PCD的特点,行基因检测发现存在DNAH1复合杂合突变,故明确诊断为PCD。
DNAH1位于3号染色体短臂2区1带1亚带(3p21.1),该基因突变最早于2014年被发现于男性不育患者[24],可导致精子尾部纤毛内动力臂缺陷,之后国内外陆续有该基因突变导致男性不育的报道,但缺乏其他临床表现[25-26]。2015年该基因突变首次被发现于PCD患者[17],迄今为止国内外共有9例DNAH1突变所致PCD的病例报道,男女比例为1:1.25,其中儿童7例,成人2例,主要临床表现包括Kartagener综合征、支气管扩张、肺不张、PIBO、新生儿呼吸窘迫、女性不孕等,与其他基因所致的PCD差异无统计学意义,但DNAH1所致PCD患者似乎更容易发生PIBO[19]。本例患儿虽肺部CT呈现马赛克征,但并没有PIBO的相关临床表现,后续仍需长期随访关注。
目前临床尚无PCD的特效疗法,治疗以加强气道管理和积极抗感染为主,以尽可能延缓疾病进展,改善和维持肺功能,预防慢性肺损伤的发生[1]
综上所述,本文总结了1例不伴内脏转位的PCD患儿的临床表现和诊疗经过,对认识本病有一定意义。当新生儿期出现的呼吸窘迫难以用常见疾病解释时,应考虑本病的可能性,及时识别并完善检查是提高本病早期诊断的主要方法。由于本病为罕见病,病例数较少,仍有待进一步收集更多病例资料进行分析,以更深入地探讨PCD患者的早期表现。
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2023年第48卷第1期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.01.0084
  • 接收时间:2021-08-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-09
  • 录用日期:2022-06-28
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    重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地/儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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