Article(id=1203057888097952121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203057879566737430, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.02.0231, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1632844800000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1637251200000, acceptedDateStr=2021-11-19, onlineDate=1764760952257, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1677513600000, pubDateStr=2023-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764760952257, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764760952257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764760952257, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203057879566737430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='123', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764760950222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764762101198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203062707223241334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203057879566737430, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203062707223241335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203057879566737430, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=231, endPage=236, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203057888387359118, articleId=1203057888097952121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on extracellular vesicles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by airway inflammation,lung tissue destruction and airflow limitation associated with airway remodeling. As an important form of cellular communication,extracellular vesicles (EVs) are capable of selectively transmitting signals to nearby or distant cells to regulate their function and phenotype, and thought to play an indispensable role in lung disease. EVs can be released by bronchial epithelial cells, lymphocytes,neutrophils, macrophages, vascular endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells upon activation or apoptosis under specific conditions. The role of EVs derived from these cells in the pathogenesis and progression of COPD is reviewed in present paper for contributing a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of the role of EVs in the complex pathophysiology of COPD.

, correspAuthors=Guang-Lan Xu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种异质性疾病,以气道炎症、肺组织破坏和气道重塑相关的气流受限为主要特征。细胞外囊泡(EVs)作为一种重要的细胞通信形式,能够选择性地向附近或远处细胞传递信号,以调节其功能和表型。EVs被认为在肺部疾病中发挥着不可或缺的作用。支气管上皮细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、血管内皮细胞、间充质干细胞在特定条件下被激活或凋亡时可释放EVs,本文对这些细胞来源的EVs在COPD发病与进展中的作用进行综述,以更全面、更详细地了解EVs在COPD复杂病理生理中的作用。

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郑杭彬,硕士研究生,主要从事中西医结合呼吸系统疾病的基础与临床研究

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细胞外囊泡在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的作用研究进展
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郑杭彬 1 , 许光兰 2, * , 李国生 2 , 李愿玲 1 , 郭一慧 1
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(2): 231-236
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(2): 231-236
细胞外囊泡在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的作用研究进展
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郑杭彬1, 许光兰2, * , 李国生2, 李愿玲1, 郭一慧1
作者信息
  • 1广西中医药大学研究生学院,广西南宁 530001
  • 2广西中医药大学第一附属医院呼吸与危重症医学科,广西南宁 530023
  • 郑杭彬,硕士研究生,主要从事中西医结合呼吸系统疾病的基础与临床研究

通讯作者:

许光兰,E-mail:
Research progress on extracellular vesicles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Hang-Bin Zheng1, Guang-Lan Xu2, * , Guo-Sheng Li2, Yuan-Ling Li1, Yi-Hui Guo1
Affiliations
  • 1Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
  • 2Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
出版时间: 2023-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.02.0231
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慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种异质性疾病,以气道炎症、肺组织破坏和气道重塑相关的气流受限为主要特征。细胞外囊泡(EVs)作为一种重要的细胞通信形式,能够选择性地向附近或远处细胞传递信号,以调节其功能和表型。EVs被认为在肺部疾病中发挥着不可或缺的作用。支气管上皮细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、血管内皮细胞、间充质干细胞在特定条件下被激活或凋亡时可释放EVs,本文对这些细胞来源的EVs在COPD发病与进展中的作用进行综述,以更全面、更详细地了解EVs在COPD复杂病理生理中的作用。

细胞外囊泡  /  慢性阻塞性肺疾病  /  生物标志物

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by airway inflammation,lung tissue destruction and airflow limitation associated with airway remodeling. As an important form of cellular communication,extracellular vesicles (EVs) are capable of selectively transmitting signals to nearby or distant cells to regulate their function and phenotype, and thought to play an indispensable role in lung disease. EVs can be released by bronchial epithelial cells, lymphocytes,neutrophils, macrophages, vascular endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells upon activation or apoptosis under specific conditions. The role of EVs derived from these cells in the pathogenesis and progression of COPD is reviewed in present paper for contributing a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of the role of EVs in the complex pathophysiology of COPD.

extracellular vesicles  /  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  /  biomarkers
郑杭彬, 许光兰, 李国生, 李愿玲, 郭一慧. 细胞外囊泡在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (2) : 231 -236 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.02.0231
Hang-Bin Zheng, Guang-Lan Xu, Guo-Sheng Li, Yuan-Ling Li, Yi-Hui Guo. Research progress on extracellular vesicles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (2) : 231 -236 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.02.0231
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是由吸烟或其他有害颗粒引起的慢性炎症性肺病,可导致持续气流受限,同时造成呼吸困难、咳嗽与咳痰等症状。2015年,COPD在全球范围内造成320万人死亡[1]。慢性炎症是COPD发展的核心,COPD的慢性炎症主要表现为中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞和其他炎性细胞在小气道浸润[2]。此外,COPD患者的气道结构细胞(上皮细胞、内皮细胞及成纤维细胞)在炎症过程中也起着重要作用[3]。这些炎性细胞和气道结构细胞释放炎性介质和破坏酶,导致COPD患者肺部结构进行性破坏。此外,COPD被认为是一种加速肺早衰的疾病,衰老的肺在多个方面与COPD患者的肺相似[4]。在COPD患者体内发现NAD依赖性去乙酰化酶Sirtuin-1和Sirtuin-6等抗衰老分子丢失,这些分子的丢失可促进细胞衰老[5]。目前,驱动COPD病理变化的关键分子机制尚未明确。
细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)通过其内容物的传递成为细胞间通信的媒介之一。EVs通过与细胞膜直接融合、靶细胞吞噬、内吞及胞饮等方式将其内容物传递给靶细胞,影响靶细胞的各种生物学过程[6]。例如,EVs可诱导细胞增殖,刺激血管生成,通过分泌基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)促进细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)的破坏与重塑,通过调节T细胞的活性促进免疫逃逸[7]。在不同病理生理情况下,细胞可分泌不同的EVs。Sundar等[8]发现,非吸烟者、吸烟者和COPD患者血浆来源的EVs在大小、浓度、分布和表型特征方面各不相同。所有细胞都能分泌EVs[9],如肺泡结构细胞、免疫调节细胞和干细胞可通过分泌EVs加重或减轻肺部炎症[10]。此外,呼吸道细菌和病毒感染也可触发人类功能性EVs的释放[11]。生物体液如痰液、黏液、肺上皮衬液、水肿液、肺循环、胸腔积液和淋巴液等中的EVs已成为COPD诊断和预后评估的候选生物标志物[12]。了解EVs的细胞过程对于阐明其生理病理功能及临床应用至关重要。目前研究发现,支气管上皮细胞(bronchial epithelial cells,BECs)、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、血管内皮细胞、间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)来源的EVs与COPD的发生发展关系密切,本文就上述细胞分泌的EVs在COPD发生发展中的作用及意义进行综述。
EVs是所有细胞释放到周围环境中的囊泡结构[13],由双层脂质膜界定,不能复制,即不包含功能性细胞核。根据大小、来源和分泌机制,EVs可分为外泌体、微囊泡/微粒和凋亡小体[14]。外泌体是被磷脂膜包裹的直径30~150 nm的囊泡[15],由内体膜向内反向出芽产生,成为包含腔内囊泡(intraluminal vesicles,ILVs)的多泡小体(multivesicular bodies,MVBs),再通过MVBs的外周膜与质膜融合后释放到细胞外空间。微囊泡直径为50~1000 nm,但癌细胞分泌的原癌小体(oncosomes)直径更大(可达10 μm)。正常情况下细胞受到刺激后,微囊泡通过脱落或出芽的方式由质膜产生[9]。微囊泡富含磷脂酰丝氨酸,含有与母细胞膜相似的膜成分[16]。凋亡小体是直径为50~5000 nm的细胞凋亡小体,在细胞凋亡过程中从质膜中释放出来,由经历程序性死亡的细胞产生[17]
EVs与受体细胞的通信主要包括以下两种方式[18]:(1)与受体细胞表面的膜蛋白直接结合,引起受体细胞下游信号通路的激活;(2)被受体细胞摄取至胞内起作用,具体摄取机制可分为以下3种:直接膜融合;通过网格蛋白依赖的内吞作用、吞噬作用及胞饮作用;通过脂筏蛋白及小窝蛋白介导的内吞作用。EVs内容物的性质和数量具有显著特异性,通常受供体细胞生理或病理状态、调节其产生和释放的刺激因素以及导致其生物发生的分子机制影响[19]。通过分析Exocarta、Vesiclepedia和EVpedia数据库发现,EVs含有各种蛋白质、脂质和核酸。
BECs位于气道腔内,是致病因素(主要是香烟烟雾)刺激的主要部位,在维持正常气道稳态中起着关键作用[20],其EVs主要由BECs在受到香烟烟雾等有毒刺激时产生[21]。Corsello等[22]利用高通量下一代测序技术确定了香烟烟雾浓缩物(cigarette smoke condensate,CSC)刺激的人类小气道肺上皮细胞(small airway epithelial,SAE)释放的EVs中RNA的组成,同时证实CSC处理的SAE实验组miR-3913-5p表达较对照组明显上调;同时使用人类靶点数据库预测发现,miR-3913-5p的作用靶点包括细胞骨架组成成分PLEKHS1蛋白、参与淋巴细胞运动负向调节的GCSAM蛋白等;进一步对miR-3913-5p的作用靶点进行GO富集分析发现,靶点与脂质运输及mRNA稳定性调控有关。脂质是气道黏膜的重要组成部分,吸烟暴露已被证实可改变小鼠肺泡内的脂质稳态,从而破坏气道黏膜功能。BECs受到香烟烟雾刺激时,可分泌不同的miRNA参与气道结构的破坏及重塑,进而影响肺功能。香烟烟雾提取物(cigarette smoke extract,CSE)可诱导BECs外泌体内容物miR-210的表达上调,通过靶向抑制肺成纤维细胞中AGT7的表达,促进肺成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞分化,最终导致气道重塑[23]。此外,Xu等[24]发现,吸烟者和COPD患者血清外泌体中miR-21水平升高,并与第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)/用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)呈负相关;人类BECs经CSE处理后,其外泌体携带的miR-21通过pVHL/HIF-1α信号通路促进人胎儿肺成纤维细胞(MRC-5细胞系)向肌成纤维细胞分化,直接导致气道重塑;在小鼠中下调miR-21的表达可抑制CSE诱导的气道重塑。He等[25]发现,CSE刺激COPD模型小鼠BECs可减少miR-21的释放,抑制M2型巨噬细胞极化,从而缓解BECs的上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)过程,达到间接抑制小气道重塑的效果。上述研究结果表明,经CSE刺激后BECs可释放不同的EVs致使小气道重塑,对这些EVs的抑制及其作用靶点的阻断,可能成为抑制COPD疾病进展的新方向。
在香烟烟雾诱导下,BECs过度表达甲基转移酶样蛋白3(methyltransferase-like 3,METTL3),导致m6A甲基化(N6-methyladenosine)修饰增强,致使miR-93过度表达并以EVs形式分泌,且与巨噬细胞产生串扰(crosstalk),最终致使巨噬细胞产生过多的MMP-9、MMP-12,诱导弹性蛋白降解,从而导致吸烟相关的肺气肿[26]。细胞衰老是COPD的标志之一。在氧化应激过程中,BECs可释放富含miR-34a的外泌体。miR-34a可调节PI3K/mTOR信号通路[27],该信号通路可通过抑制Sirtuin-1、Sirtuin-6的表达来诱导细胞衰老,从而诱发和加速COPD的进展[28]。使用antagomir抑制剂抑制miR-34a可抑制衰老标志物的生成,减少衰老相关的分泌表型,并逆转COPD患者BECs的细胞周期停滞。另外,氧化应激可通过p38 MAPK信号转导诱导BECs中miR-570的表达,抑制Sirtuin-1,最终驱动衰老[29]。使用antagomir抑制COPD小气道上皮细胞中miR-570的表达,可恢复Sirtuin-1的表达并抑制细胞衰老标志物(p16INK4a、p21Waf1和p27Kip1)的生成。miR-195在CSE诱导的COPD中具有致病作用[30]。在COPD患者的BECs中miR-195呈高表达,敲除miR-195可减轻CSE诱导的肺损伤,减少炎性细胞浸润和炎性细胞因子的产生,还可通过抑制PHLPP2基因的表达来调节Akt磷酸化。PHLPP2是miR-195的下游靶标和miR-195表达的负调节因子,其作为丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶家族的一员,可直接使Akt去磷酸化和失活,而Akt通路与COPD炎症的发生发展密切相关[31]。总之,BECs产生的EVs通过不同途径参与了肺结构的破坏,EVs作为疾病发生发展的生物标志物具有重要的临床意义。对这些靶点的抑制,可为COPD生物靶向治疗提供新的方向。
适应性免疫应答可通过抗原激活淋巴细胞的克隆增殖、抗原特异性和免疫记忆而导致COPD的进展[32]。在COPD患者的肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中可观察到T淋巴细胞数量增加。Maeno等[33]利用香烟烟雾诱导的肺气肿大鼠模型研究CD8+ T淋巴细胞在炎性细胞募集和肺结构破坏中的作用,发现CD8+ T淋巴细胞的产物γ干扰素诱导蛋白10(CXCL10)可诱导巨噬细胞产生MMP-12,该酶可降解弹性蛋白,直接导致肺结构破坏并产生弹性蛋白片段,而弹性蛋白片段可作为单核细胞趋化因子,加重巨噬细胞介导的肺结构破坏,表明T淋巴细胞在COPD患者炎性细胞招募与肺损伤中起着重要作用。T淋巴细胞微粒(T lymphocyte microparticles,TLMPs)可诱导产生与炎症相关的细胞因子和细胞凋亡。例如,Qiu等[34]比较了48例COPD患者与28名健康人的气道TLMPs发现,从CD4+和CD8+ T淋巴细胞中分离的TLMPs可降低细胞活力,诱导抗炎因子IL-10的表达下调,而使IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α、单核细胞化学侵入剂蛋白(MCP)-1、MCP-2和MMP-9的表达上调,表明呼吸道中的TLMPs可导致BECs损伤和炎症,可作为COPD疾病进展的生物标志物。
保护性EVs的产生不足在疾病发展中也起着一定作用。例如,Shen等[35]发现,经CSE处理的T淋巴细胞中miR-3202表达降低,导致BECs凋亡,提示COPD疾病正在进展。T淋巴细胞产生的miR-3202可靶向抑制Fas凋亡抑制分子2(FAIM2)的表达,从而减少γ干扰素和TNF-α的产生,抑制BECs凋亡,最终起到保护作用,提示miR-3202在COPD的治疗和诊断中可能具有一定作用。
中性粒细胞是细菌和真菌天然免疫反应的第一道防线,在COPD的生理病理过程中起着至关重要的作用[36]。中性粒细胞活化后衍生的外泌体可获得中性粒细胞表面弹性蛋白酶(neutrophilic elastase,NE),并通过降解ECM中的胶原蛋白原纤维导致肺气肿[37]。由于NE被外泌体包裹,可避免被α1抗胰蛋白酶降解而保持原有活性,最终导致细胞外蛋白原纤维的降解[38],表明相较游离的NE,外泌体的NE更容易造成肺气肿的发生。Soni等[39]分析了轻至重度COPD患者BALF中的微囊泡,发现BALF中中性粒细胞分泌的微囊泡与FEV1、mMRC评分、6分钟步行试验距离、过度通气和气体弥散指标明显相关(P<0.05),与BODE指数(包括体重指数、FEV1、呼吸困难和6分钟步行试验距离)强烈相关(P<0.01)。由此可见,中性粒细胞衍生的EVs可通过破坏ECM参与COPD的进展。目前对于这些EVs通过何种途径参与疾病进展尚不明确。此外,中性粒细胞释放的微囊泡中也含有miR-126、miR-150和miR-451a等抗炎性的miRNA[40]
巨噬细胞在COPD的发病机制中起到关键作用,并被认为是炎症反应的关键因素。Bazzan等[41]发现,吸烟的COPD患者微囊泡膜表面的CD14过表达,表明COPD患者的肺泡巨噬细胞活化水平更高。此外,CSE诱导产生的EVs可上调髓系细胞触发受体-1(triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1,TREM-1)的表达,后者可通过刺激促炎趋化因子和细胞因子的释放,以及增加细胞活化标志物的表达,放大单核细胞介导的炎症反应,促进M1型巨噬细胞极化[42]。M1型巨噬细胞极化可破坏肺泡结构,导致肺气肿的病理改变[43]。CSE可通过细胞内钙动员激活单核细胞,单核细胞通过释放促凝和促炎介质[包括IL-8、细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)]增加巨噬细胞来源的EVs的释放。肺泡巨噬细胞来源的EVs可分泌细胞信号抑制因子(suppressors of cytokine signaling,SOCS)-1和SOCS-3[44]。SOCS家族成员参与多种炎症性疾病的发病机制,其中SOCS-3在气道过敏性炎症的调节、发作和维持中发挥着重要作用。另外,CSE暴露的巨噬细胞释放的微囊泡具有较强的蛋白水解活性,分析原因主要是巨噬细胞表面存在高表达的MMP-14,而微囊泡在MMP-14高表达的膜域生成并释放,进而破坏ECM[45]。Cordazzo等[46]研究发现,巨噬细胞衍生的EVs含有IL-8、MCP-1和ICAM-1等促炎分子,可促进香烟烟雾暴露对单核细胞的激活;还含有主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ(major histocompatibility complexⅡ,MHC-Ⅱ)分子和共刺激分子,为肺组织中的抗原呈递和免疫激活提供了途径[47]。有研究利用失血性休克(hemorrhagic shock,HS)小鼠模型和细胞缺氧-复氧模型证实,HS激活的肺泡巨噬细胞释放的外泌体可诱导中性粒细胞内NADPH氧化酶衍生的活性氧(ROS)产生,随后促进肺上皮细胞坏死,揭示了HS引起肺部炎症的机制[48]。因此,巨噬细胞来源的EVs在COPD中起着促炎及破坏肺结构的作用,可为今后探讨微囊泡作为COPD的生物标志物及治疗靶点提供方向。
在COPD早期阶段,通常可观察到小型肺动脉的结构和功能受损,包括血管壁增厚、血管平滑肌增殖、内皮功能障碍及炎性细胞(CD8+ T淋巴细胞与巨噬细胞)浸润[49]。受损的内皮细胞会主动释放EVs,并可调节肺部炎症以及肺动脉平滑肌细胞的增殖和凋亡[50]。循环内皮细胞微粒(endothelial microparticles,EMPs)是循环血液中具有活性的内皮细胞或凋亡的内皮细胞脱落的膜囊泡[51]。目前,EMPs作为COPD的潜在生物标志物已受到广泛关注。根据内皮包膜标志物的不同,EMPs可分为8类:血管内皮钙黏蛋白(vascular endothelial-cadherin)、血小板内皮细胞黏附分子(platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule)、黑色素瘤细胞黏附分子(melanoma cell adhesion molecule)、E-选择素(E-selectin)、CD51、CD105、血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor)、CD143[52]。上述EMPs在传递炎性因子时可引起邻近正常内皮细胞凋亡,从而促进COPD的进展。相较健康人,稳定期与急性加重期COPD患者血清血管内皮钙黏蛋白、血小板内皮细胞黏附分子及E-选择素水平增高,而这三种EMPs的血清水平与肺部破坏和气流受限明显相关,提示EMPs与COPD内皮损伤的病理状态密切相关[50]。此外,暴露于香烟烟雾的内皮细胞可通过释放EMPs影响特定巨噬细胞对凋亡细胞的清除[53]。然而,内皮细胞来源的EVs在肺部疾病中的具体作用机制仍有待阐明。
MSCs是一类具有增殖分化、免疫调节等功能的多能干细胞,主要来源于肺、骨髓、胎盘、外周血等器官及组织[54]。在临床前研究中,MSCs表现出抗炎、抗菌、促血管生成及抗纤维化的作用,同时可改善COPD动物模型的肺功能,降低病死率[55]。已完成的临床试验发现,静脉注射MSCs可降低COPD患者血浆C反应蛋白水平和BODE指数,改善生活质量[56-57]。目前的证据表明,MSCs的有益作用可通过其释放的EVs及可溶性因子(包括细胞因子、趋化因子和生长因子等)实现[58]
MSCs源性EVs在许多生理过程中具有重要的有益调节作用。MSCs源性EVs富含抗炎细胞因子,如IL-18结合蛋白、IL-13、IL-10与神经营养蛋白3因子等,通过这些因子可实现机体的免疫调节。Ridzuan等[59]发现,脐带MSCs源性EVs可降低核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)亚基p65的表达水平,缓解COPD大鼠的气道炎症。Bari等[60]发现,冻干配方的MSCs源性EVs可通过植物血凝素激活外周血单核细胞,从而抑制促炎性IFN-γ的释放,促进抗炎性IL-10的分泌,其抗炎功效与MSCs相当。此外,MSCs源性EVs富含多种生长因子,可再生受损的肺组织,刺激驻留在肺组织的MSCs分化为肺上皮细胞。MSCs源性EVs中的血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibrobast growth factor,bFGF)和CXCL12有助于血管再生。Bari等[61]通过蛋白质组学分析发现,MSCs源性EVs中含有内肽酶抑制剂,可通过抑制蛋白酶的活性调节蛋白酶与抗蛋白酶之间的平衡。在临床试验中,与MSCs相比,MSCs源性EVs治疗COPD具有以下优点[62]:(1)可通过非侵入性方式给药,减少静脉给药引起的不良反应和疼痛,起效更快,达到同等疗效所需剂量更小;(2)栓塞形成与致瘤的风险低;(3)免疫原性低;(4)引起的不良反应更易阻断。总之,MSCs源性EVs在抗炎、促进血管再生、调节蛋白酶/抗蛋白酶平衡等方面的作用及其展现出的治疗优势,使其在COPD的治疗中极具潜力,具有良好的应用前景。
在COPD的发生与进展中,不同细胞可释放EVs参与炎症及免疫调节、气道重塑、肺气肿形成、细胞衰老等病理生理过程,从而影响疾病转归。MSCs源性EVs治疗COPD展现出较好的安全性和疗效。EVs在细胞外液中的稳定性及其所含的疾病特异性分子表明其作为疾病潜在生物标志物具有光明的前景。但目前EVs的提纯分离技术尚未统一,这可能造成EVs因分离技术不同而表现出差异,因此,研究EVs分离技术之间的差异及优劣,确定EVs的分离规范,是EVs作为生物标志物应用于临床的前提。EVs作为细胞间的通信工具,具有稳定、可跨膜、低免疫原性等特点,利用这些特点,结合其治疗COPD的潜力,将EVs设计为药物或药物搭载系统是具有良好前景的研究方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81760848)
  • 2020 Postgraduate Education Innovation Plan Project of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine(xjyb072)
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2023年第48卷第2期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.02.0231
  • 接收时间:2021-09-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-29
  • 录用日期:2021-11-19
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81760848)
国家自然科学基金(81760848)
2020 Postgraduate Education Innovation Plan Project of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine(xjyb072)
作者信息
    1广西中医药大学研究生学院,广西南宁 530001
    2广西中医药大学第一附属医院呼吸与危重症医学科,广西南宁 530023

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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