Article(id=1203057883853316206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203057879566737430, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.02.0218, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1637769600000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1640102400000, acceptedDateStr=2021-12-22, onlineDate=1764760951245, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1677513600000, pubDateStr=2023-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764760951245, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764760951245, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764760951245, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203057879566737430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='123', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764760950222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764762101198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203062707223241334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203057879566737430, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203062707223241335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203057879566737430, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=218, endPage=223, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203057884201443459, articleId=1203057883853316206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Influence of hepatitis B virus infection and liver function status on the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and liver function status on the occurrence and development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods The medical data of 628 pregnant women, who underwent prenatal examination and delivery in Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children from January 2018 to October 2021, were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Depending on whether infected with HBV, the patients were divided into HBV positive group(n=389) and HBV negative group (n=239). Those in HBV positive group were then further divided into normal liver function group(n=301) and abnormal liver function group (n=88) according to the liver function status in the second trimester of pregnancy so as to analyze the influence of HBV infection and liver function status on the occurrence and development of GDM. A total of 137 pregnant women who met the diagnostic criteria of GDM were divided into HBV positive group (n=97) and HBV negative group(n=40) according to the different HBV infection status. Those in HBV positive group were then divided into normal liver function group (n=62) and abnormal liver function group (n=35) according to their liver function status in the second trimester, so as to analyze the influence of HBV infection on blood glucose and postpartum blood glucose in GDM patients and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results The fluctuation of blood glucose levels of pregnancy OGTT 1 h and 2 h was more obvious in pregnant women with positive HBV infection than those in negative group of HBV infection (P<0.05). The incidence of GDM was increased (24.9%vs. 16.7%) and gestational age was shortened in the pregnant women with positive HBV infection (P<0.05). Among the pregnant women with positive HBV infection, the average age, fasting blood glucose in the second trimester, OGTT 1 h, 2 h blood glucose and the incidence of GDM were higher in those with abnormal liver function (39.8% vs. 20.1%) than in those with normal liver function (P<0.05). HBV-infected GDM pregnant women with abnormal liver function developed higher blood glucose level in the second trimester of pregnancy, fasting blood glucose level within 6-12 weeks postpartum and a higher risk of impaired glucose tolerance than those with normal liver function (P<0.05). The incidence of GDM in the second pregnancy of pregnant women with HBV infection was higher than those in the first pregnancy (P<0.05). The rate of cesarean section and postpartum hemorrhage was higher in GDM with HBV infection pregnant women than those GDM pregnant women with normal liver function (P<0.05). Conclusions HBV infection with liver function damage can increase the incidence of GDM. GDM patients with HBV infection and liver function damage have a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. HBV infection may prolong the recovery time of postpartum blood glucose metabolism in pregnant women.

, correspAuthors=Ting-Ting Luo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染和肝功能状态对妊娠糖尿病(GDM)发生发展的影响。方法 收集2018年1月-2021年10月在重庆市妇幼保健院行产前检查并分娩的628例孕妇的病历资料进行回顾性分析。根据是否感染HBV将所有孕妇分为HBV感染阳性组(n=389)与HBV感染阴性组(n=239),HBV感染阳性组再根据孕中期肝功能状态分为肝功能正常组(n=301)与肝功能异常组(n=88),分析HBV感染及肝功能状态对GDM发生发展的影响。然后,将符合GDM诊断标准的137例孕妇根据不同HBV感染状态分为HBV感染阳性组(n=97)和HBV感染阴性组(n=40),在HBV感染阳性组中,再根据孕中期肝功能状态分为肝功能正常组(n=62)与肝功能异常组(n=35),以分析HBV感染对GDM患者血糖及产后血糖转归和不良妊娠结局的影响。结果 HBV感染阳性组孕妇的妊娠期口服糖耐量试验(OGTT)1、2 h血糖水平波动较HBV感染阴性组明显,GDM发生率增高,且孕周明显缩短(P<0.05)。在HBV感染阳性的孕妇中,肝功能异常组孕妇的年龄,孕中期空腹血糖(FPG),OGTT 1、2 h血糖水平及GDM发生率均高于肝功能正常组(P<0.05)。肝功能异常的HBV感染GDM孕妇的孕中期OGTT 1、2 h血糖水平及产后6~12周的FPG水平、产后6~12周出现糖耐量受损的风险均高于肝功能正常的GDM孕妇(P<0.05)。合并HBV感染的孕妇二次妊娠时GDM发生率明显高于初次妊娠的孕妇(P<0.05);伴HBV感染且肝功能异常的GDM孕妇其剖宫产率及产后出血率均高于肝功能正常的GDM孕妇(P<0.05)。结论 HBV感染合并肝功能损害可使GDM发生率增高,且出现肝功能损害的HBV感染GDM患者发生不良妊娠结局的风险更高;HBV感染可能延长孕妇产后血糖代谢功能的恢复时间。

, correspAuthors=罗婷婷, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
罗婷婷,E-mail:
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曲嘉琳,医学硕士,主管技师,主要从事免疫及常规化学分析方面的研究

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曲嘉琳,医学硕士,主管技师,主要从事免疫及常规化学分析方面的研究

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Diabetologia, 2002, 45(4): 502-508., articleTitle=Comparison of alterations in insulin signalling pathway in adipocytes from Type Ⅱdiabetic pregnant women and women with gestational diabetes mellitus, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203266927763370018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203057883853316206, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203266927775952931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203057883853316206, companyId=1203266927763370018, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 401147, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203266927792730148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203057883853316206, companyId=1203266927763370018, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=重庆医科大学附属妇女儿童医院/重庆市妇幼保健院检验科,重庆 401147)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203266929432703036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203057883853316206, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of general situation of pregnant women with different HBV infection and liver function status

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目HBV感染肝功能
阴性组(n=239)阳性组(n=389)P正常组(n=301)异常组(n=88)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)28.8±4.429.5±4.30.39029.1±4.329.9±4.60.018
妊娠前BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)21.3±1.021.2±1.70.35221.4±1.521.0±1.30.063
孕周($\bar{x}±s$)39.6±2.338.5±2.70.03738.9±2.437.9±2.20.043
妊娠早期FPG(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.7±0.34.7±0.40.3204.7±0.34.7±0.40.848
妊娠中期FPG(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.5±0.44.5±0.40.1644.4±0.44.5±0.50.042
OGTT 1 h(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)7.8±1.88.1±1.90.0148.0±1.98.7±2.00.004
OGTT 2 h(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)6.8±1.37.1±1.70.0326.9±1.77.5±1.80.006
GDM[例(%)]40(16.7)97(24.9)0.01662(20.1)35(39.8)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1203266929512394813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203057883853316206, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同HBV感染及肝功能损伤状态孕妇的一般情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目HBV感染肝功能
阴性组(n=239)阳性组(n=389)P正常组(n=301)异常组(n=88)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)28.8±4.429.5±4.30.39029.1±4.329.9±4.60.018
妊娠前BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)21.3±1.021.2±1.70.35221.4±1.521.0±1.30.063
孕周($\bar{x}±s$)39.6±2.338.5±2.70.03738.9±2.437.9±2.20.043
妊娠早期FPG(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.7±0.34.7±0.40.3204.7±0.34.7±0.40.848
妊娠中期FPG(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.5±0.44.5±0.40.1644.4±0.44.5±0.50.042
OGTT 1 h(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)7.8±1.88.1±1.90.0148.0±1.98.7±2.00.004
OGTT 2 h(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)6.8±1.37.1±1.70.0326.9±1.77.5±1.80.006
GDM[例(%)]40(16.7)97(24.9)0.01662(20.1)35(39.8)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1203266929583697982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203057883853316206, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Glucose metabolism during pregnancy and postpartum in GDM patients with different HBV infection and liver status

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目HBV感染肝功能
阴性组(n=40)HBV感染阳性组(n=97)P正常组(n=62)异常组(n=35)P
妊娠早期FPG(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.88±0.414.84±0.430.6344.87±0.424.78±0.450.275
妊娠中期FPG(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.84±0.464.78±0.410.3914.75±0.524.78±0.610.814
OGTT 1 h(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)9.97±1.3310.11±1.690.5839.65±1.6610.39±1.740.018
OGTT 2 h(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)8.20±1.498.98±1.670.0088.51±1.678.95±1.720.039
产后6~12周FPG(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.57±0.314.93±0.560.0524.72±0.625.04±0.370.034
产后6~12周糖代谢受损情况[例(%)]
 IGT1(2.5)12(12.4)0.0793(4.8)9(25.7)0.013
 IFG1(2.5)6(6.2)0.3732(3.2)4(11.4)0.107
 DM01(1.0)0.56001(2.9)0.181
), ArticleFig(id=1203266929659195455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203057883853316206, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同HBV感染及肝功能损伤状态GDM孕妇妊娠期糖代谢情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目HBV感染肝功能
阴性组(n=40)HBV感染阳性组(n=97)P正常组(n=62)异常组(n=35)P
妊娠早期FPG(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.88±0.414.84±0.430.6344.87±0.424.78±0.450.275
妊娠中期FPG(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.84±0.464.78±0.410.3914.75±0.524.78±0.610.814
OGTT 1 h(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)9.97±1.3310.11±1.690.5839.65±1.6610.39±1.740.018
OGTT 2 h(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)8.20±1.498.98±1.670.0088.51±1.678.95±1.720.039
产后6~12周FPG(mmol/L, $\bar{x}±s$)4.57±0.314.93±0.560.0524.72±0.625.04±0.370.034
产后6~12周糖代谢受损情况[例(%)]
 IGT1(2.5)12(12.4)0.0793(4.8)9(25.7)0.013
 IFG1(2.5)6(6.2)0.3732(3.2)4(11.4)0.107
 DM01(1.0)0.56001(2.9)0.181
), ArticleFig(id=1203266929734692928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203057883853316206, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison of the general situation and adverse pregnancy outcome in GDM patients with different HBV infection and liver status

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目HBV感染肝功能
阴性组(n=40)阳性组(n=97)P正常组(n=62)肝功能异常组(n=35)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)31.4±3.831.4±4.00.96031.4±4.231.4±3.70.940
妊娠前BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)22.68±1.2422.87±1.400.32722.95±1.5522.32±1.670.235
孕周($\bar{x}±s$)39.12±2.1638.51±2.310.08238.93±2.2537.85±2.090.034
妊娠结局[例(%)]
 剖宫产19(47.5)60(61.9)0.12233(53.2)27(77.1)0.020
 羊水过多02(2.1)0.3601(1.6)1(2.9)0.647
 羊水过少1(2.5)5(5.2)0.2572(3.2)3(8.6)0.253
 早产2(5.0)8(8.2)0.5063(4.8)5(14.3)0.104
 胎膜早破3(7.5)10(10.3)0.6105(8.1)5(14.3)0.333
 胎儿宫内窘迫1(2.5)3(3.1)0.8731(1.6)2(5.7)0.679
 巨大儿1(2.5)1(1.0)0.51501(2.9)0.181
 产后出血1(2.5)3(3.1)0.85103(8.6)0.019
), ArticleFig(id=1203266930867155009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203057883853316206, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同HBV感染及肝功能损伤状态GDM孕妇一般情况及不良妊娠结局比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目HBV感染肝功能
阴性组(n=40)阳性组(n=97)P正常组(n=62)肝功能异常组(n=35)P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)31.4±3.831.4±4.00.96031.4±4.231.4±3.70.940
妊娠前BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)22.68±1.2422.87±1.400.32722.95±1.5522.32±1.670.235
孕周($\bar{x}±s$)39.12±2.1638.51±2.310.08238.93±2.2537.85±2.090.034
妊娠结局[例(%)]
 剖宫产19(47.5)60(61.9)0.12233(53.2)27(77.1)0.020
 羊水过多02(2.1)0.3601(1.6)1(2.9)0.647
 羊水过少1(2.5)5(5.2)0.2572(3.2)3(8.6)0.253
 早产2(5.0)8(8.2)0.5063(4.8)5(14.3)0.104
 胎膜早破3(7.5)10(10.3)0.6105(8.1)5(14.3)0.333
 胎儿宫内窘迫1(2.5)3(3.1)0.8731(1.6)2(5.7)0.679
 巨大儿1(2.5)1(1.0)0.51501(2.9)0.181
 产后出血1(2.5)3(3.1)0.85103(8.6)0.019
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乙型肝炎病毒感染及肝功能状态对妊娠糖尿病发生的影响
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曲嘉琳 , 邹伟 , 罗婷婷 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023,48(2): 218-223
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023, 48(2): 218-223
乙型肝炎病毒感染及肝功能状态对妊娠糖尿病发生的影响
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曲嘉琳, 邹伟, 罗婷婷*
作者信息
  • 重庆医科大学附属妇女儿童医院/重庆市妇幼保健院检验科,重庆 401147
  • 曲嘉琳,医学硕士,主管技师,主要从事免疫及常规化学分析方面的研究

通讯作者:

罗婷婷,E-mail:
Influence of hepatitis B virus infection and liver function status on the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus
Jia-Lin Qu, Wei Zou, Ting-Ting Luo*
Affiliations
  • Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 401147, China
出版时间: 2023-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.02.0218
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目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染和肝功能状态对妊娠糖尿病(GDM)发生发展的影响。方法 收集2018年1月-2021年10月在重庆市妇幼保健院行产前检查并分娩的628例孕妇的病历资料进行回顾性分析。根据是否感染HBV将所有孕妇分为HBV感染阳性组(n=389)与HBV感染阴性组(n=239),HBV感染阳性组再根据孕中期肝功能状态分为肝功能正常组(n=301)与肝功能异常组(n=88),分析HBV感染及肝功能状态对GDM发生发展的影响。然后,将符合GDM诊断标准的137例孕妇根据不同HBV感染状态分为HBV感染阳性组(n=97)和HBV感染阴性组(n=40),在HBV感染阳性组中,再根据孕中期肝功能状态分为肝功能正常组(n=62)与肝功能异常组(n=35),以分析HBV感染对GDM患者血糖及产后血糖转归和不良妊娠结局的影响。结果 HBV感染阳性组孕妇的妊娠期口服糖耐量试验(OGTT)1、2 h血糖水平波动较HBV感染阴性组明显,GDM发生率增高,且孕周明显缩短(P<0.05)。在HBV感染阳性的孕妇中,肝功能异常组孕妇的年龄,孕中期空腹血糖(FPG),OGTT 1、2 h血糖水平及GDM发生率均高于肝功能正常组(P<0.05)。肝功能异常的HBV感染GDM孕妇的孕中期OGTT 1、2 h血糖水平及产后6~12周的FPG水平、产后6~12周出现糖耐量受损的风险均高于肝功能正常的GDM孕妇(P<0.05)。合并HBV感染的孕妇二次妊娠时GDM发生率明显高于初次妊娠的孕妇(P<0.05);伴HBV感染且肝功能异常的GDM孕妇其剖宫产率及产后出血率均高于肝功能正常的GDM孕妇(P<0.05)。结论 HBV感染合并肝功能损害可使GDM发生率增高,且出现肝功能损害的HBV感染GDM患者发生不良妊娠结局的风险更高;HBV感染可能延长孕妇产后血糖代谢功能的恢复时间。

乙型肝炎病毒  /  妊娠糖尿病  /  孕妇  /  肝功能异常

Objective To investigate the effects of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and liver function status on the occurrence and development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods The medical data of 628 pregnant women, who underwent prenatal examination and delivery in Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children from January 2018 to October 2021, were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Depending on whether infected with HBV, the patients were divided into HBV positive group(n=389) and HBV negative group (n=239). Those in HBV positive group were then further divided into normal liver function group(n=301) and abnormal liver function group (n=88) according to the liver function status in the second trimester of pregnancy so as to analyze the influence of HBV infection and liver function status on the occurrence and development of GDM. A total of 137 pregnant women who met the diagnostic criteria of GDM were divided into HBV positive group (n=97) and HBV negative group(n=40) according to the different HBV infection status. Those in HBV positive group were then divided into normal liver function group (n=62) and abnormal liver function group (n=35) according to their liver function status in the second trimester, so as to analyze the influence of HBV infection on blood glucose and postpartum blood glucose in GDM patients and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results The fluctuation of blood glucose levels of pregnancy OGTT 1 h and 2 h was more obvious in pregnant women with positive HBV infection than those in negative group of HBV infection (P<0.05). The incidence of GDM was increased (24.9%vs. 16.7%) and gestational age was shortened in the pregnant women with positive HBV infection (P<0.05). Among the pregnant women with positive HBV infection, the average age, fasting blood glucose in the second trimester, OGTT 1 h, 2 h blood glucose and the incidence of GDM were higher in those with abnormal liver function (39.8% vs. 20.1%) than in those with normal liver function (P<0.05). HBV-infected GDM pregnant women with abnormal liver function developed higher blood glucose level in the second trimester of pregnancy, fasting blood glucose level within 6-12 weeks postpartum and a higher risk of impaired glucose tolerance than those with normal liver function (P<0.05). The incidence of GDM in the second pregnancy of pregnant women with HBV infection was higher than those in the first pregnancy (P<0.05). The rate of cesarean section and postpartum hemorrhage was higher in GDM with HBV infection pregnant women than those GDM pregnant women with normal liver function (P<0.05). Conclusions HBV infection with liver function damage can increase the incidence of GDM. GDM patients with HBV infection and liver function damage have a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. HBV infection may prolong the recovery time of postpartum blood glucose metabolism in pregnant women.

hepatitis B virus  /  gestational diabetes mellitus  /  pregnant woman  /  abnormal liver function
曲嘉琳, 邹伟, 罗婷婷. 乙型肝炎病毒感染及肝功能状态对妊娠糖尿病发生的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (2) : 218 -223 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.02.0218
Jia-Lin Qu, Wei Zou, Ting-Ting Luo. Influence of hepatitis B virus infection and liver function status on the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (2) : 218 -223 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.02.0218
我国是乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)高流行地区之一,目前我国孕妇的慢性HBV感染率约为7.6%[1]。HBV感染孕妇不仅有较高的母婴垂直传播风险,而且其产后出血、早产等不良妊娠结局的风险也大大增加[2-4]。妊娠糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是一种常见的妊娠并发症,以妊娠期出现糖代谢异常为特点,对母婴危害均较大,且产妇未来患2型糖尿病的风险增加[5-6]。HBV作为嗜肝性病毒中的一种,可引起肝功能损害,从而影响机体血糖稳态,产生胰岛素抵抗[7],但HBV感染是否增高GDM的发生率仍存在争议[8-9],HBV感染后不同肝功能状态对GDM孕妇产后血糖转归的影响也不明确[10]。本研究回顾分析628例孕妇的临床资料,探讨慢性HBV感染与GDM的相关性,以及HBV感染后不同肝功能状态对GDM孕妇血糖转归的影响,旨在为临床医师管理HBV感染的孕产妇提供依据。
收集2018年1月-2021年10月于重庆市妇幼保健院进行产前检查并分娩的628例孕妇的病历资料进行回顾性分析。纳入标准:(1)妊娠期行HBV感染检测;(2)妊娠中期、产后6~12周内分别行OGTT试验;(3)单胎妊娠;(4)病例资料完整。排除标准:(1)抗HIV阳性,梅毒快速血清反应素环状卡片试验阳性,弓形虫、风疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、EB病毒和单纯疱疹病毒感染阳性;(2)合并肝硬化或肝细胞癌、妊娠期急性脂肪肝或其他导致肝功能受损的疾病;(3)既往明确诊断为糖尿病、高血压、冠心病等慢性疾病;(4)妊娠期应用免疫抑制剂、细胞毒性药物及皮质激素类药物;(5)双胎或多胎妊娠。为分析HBV感染与GDM发生的相关性,根据HBV感染状态将所有孕妇分为HBV感染阳性组(n=389)与HBV感染阴性组(n=239),HBV感染阳性组再根据孕中期肝功能状态分为肝功能正常组(n=301)与肝功能异常组(n=88)。为分析HBV感染对GDM患者血糖及产后血糖转归和不良妊娠结局的影响,将137例符合GDM诊断标准的孕妇根据不同HBV感染状态分为HBV感染阴性组(n=40)和HBV感染阳性组(n=97),在HBV感染阳性组中再根据妊娠中期肝功能状态分为肝功能正常组(n=62)与肝功能异常组(n=35)。本研究获重庆市妇幼保健院伦理委员会审批[(2022)伦审(科)032号]。
(1)HBV感染阳性:孕妇孕前体检发现血清HBsAg持续阳性>6个月。(2)GDM:根据第九版《妇产科学》[4],孕24~28周及28周后孕妇在首次就诊时行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT),如空腹及服糖后1、2 h的血糖水平分别高于5.1 mmol/L、10.0 mmol/L和8.5 mmol/L,或任何时间点血糖值达到或超过一项及以上的上述标准即诊断为GDM。(3)空腹血糖受损(impaired fasting glucose,IFG):空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)为6.1~7.0 mmol/L,OGTT 2 h血糖<7.8 mmol/L。(4)糖耐量受损(impaired glucose tolerance,IGT):FPG<7.0 mmol/L,OGTT 2 h后血糖值为7.8~11.1 mmol/L。(5)糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM):有典型糖尿病症状及随机血糖≥11.1 mmol/L或FPG≥7.0 mmol/L或OGTT 2 h血糖≥11.1 mmol/L。
收集孕妇的年龄、体重指数(BMI)、孕周、血糖及GDM发生情况,比较HBV感染阳性组与HBV感染阴性组,HBV感染阳性组中的肝功能正常亚组与肝功能异常亚组间的差异,分析HBV感染对GDM孕妇的影响。比较GDM孕妇中HBV感染阳性组与HBV感染阴性组、HBV感染阳性组中肝功能正常亚组与肝功能异常亚组间妊娠期及产后6~12周FPG、OGTT水平、糖代谢受损情况。分析GDM孕妇一般情况及不良妊娠的发生情况,比较不同产次孕妇GDM发生率的差异。
采用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验或非参数检验进行分析;计数资料以例(%)表示,两组间比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
HBV感染阴性与阳性组孕妇的年龄、妊娠前BMI、妊娠早期及妊娠中期的FPG差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),HBV感染阳性组孕妇OGTT 1 h、2 h血糖水平及GDM发生率明显高于HBV感染阴性组,孕周短于HBV感染阴性孕妇,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);在HBV感染阳性组孕妇中,肝功能损害的发生率为22.6%。不同肝功能状态的孕妇其妊娠前BMI及妊娠早期FPG水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但肝功能异常组孕妇的年龄、妊娠中期FPG、GDM发生率、OGTT 1 h及2 h血糖水平高于肝功能正常组,孕周短于肝功能正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表1)。
137例GDM孕妇中,不同HBV感染状态及肝功能损伤状态的孕妇妊娠早期及妊娠中期FPG水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HBV感染阳性GDM孕妇的OGTT 2 h血糖水平高于HBV感染阴性GDM孕妇(P<0.05),而产后6~12周FPG、糖代谢受损情况(IGT、IFG)及糖尿病发生率两组间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在HBV感染阳性的GDM孕妇中,肝功能异常组的孕中期OGTT 1 h、2 h血糖及产后6~12周的FPG水平均高于肝功能正常组(P<0.05),且产后6~12周IGT发生率高于肝功能正常组(P<0.05),而IFG、DM发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表2)。
628例孕妇中,产次为1的孕妇共434例(其中HBV感染阳性261例、HBV感染阴性173例),产次为2的孕妇共192例(其中HBV感染阳性128例、HBV感染阴性64例),GDM发生率分别为19.1%(83/434)、30.2%(58/192),即二胎时孕妇GDM发生率高于一胎(P=0.002)。对于不同HBV感染状态而言,产次为2的孕妇合并H BV感染时的G D M发生率[32.0%(41/128)]高于产次为1的孕妇[21.5%(56/261)](P=0.023);在未合并HBV感染的孕妇中,产次为2的孕妇GDM发生率[26.6%(17/64)]与产次为1的孕妇[15.6%(27/173)]比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.054)。
不同HBV感染状态及肝功能损伤状态GDM孕妇的年龄、妊娠前BMI差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。合并HBV感染的肝功能异常GDM孕妇孕周较肝功能正常的孕妇缩短(P=0.034)。GDM孕妇的不良妊娠结局中胎膜早破最常见,其发生率为9.5%(13/137),但在HBV感染阳性组与HBV感染阴性组的胎膜早破发生率差异无统计学意义(P=0.610);肝功能异常组GDM孕妇的剖宫产(P=0.020)及产后出血(P=0.019)发生率高于肝功能正常组,其余不良妊娠结局如羊水过多、羊水过少、早产、胎膜早破、胎儿宫内窘迫、巨大儿等发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表3)。
本研究共纳入389例合并HBV感染的孕妇,其中肝功能损害发生率为22.6%(88/389),明显高于一般孕妇[11]。妊娠期间孕妇生理变化巨大,母体基础代谢升高、营养物质消耗增多、胎儿代谢产物需经母体肝脏代谢等均可导致肝脏等重要器官负担加重,部分健康孕妇妊娠晚期也可能出现肝功能损害。此外,HBV属嗜肝病毒,侵犯肝细胞后,病毒通过激活人体免疫系统引发免疫病理反应,导致肝细胞损害,可进一步导致肝脏合成及代谢功能受损。因此,在妊娠所带来的生理变化及HBV影响的双重作用下,HBV感染孕妇肝功能损害发生率明显高于一般人群。
HBV与GDM发生的关系目前尚无定论[8-9]。安庆市医院开展的一项前瞻性研究显示,GDM发生率与HBV感染状态无关(P=0.960,未调整OR=0.99,95%CI 0.57~1.70;调整后OR=1,95%CI 0.55~1.81)[12]。但另一项纳入3 529 223名孕妇的Meta分析结果显示,妊娠期HBsAg阳性可增加发生GDM的风险(未调整OR=1.35,95%CI 1.17~1.56,I2=82.6%;调整后OR=1.47,95%CI 1.22~1.76,I2=62.0%)[13]。本研究发现,HBV感染阳性孕妇GDM发生率明显高于HBV感染阴性孕妇(24.9% vs. 16.7%,P=0.016),与国内外部分研究[14-16]结果一致。目前认为HBV感染增高GDM发生率的机制可能包括以下几个方面:(1)HBV可致肝功能异常,使葡萄糖的摄取和利用减少;(2)HBV可致胰腺损伤,使胰岛素分泌减少[17];(3)慢性HBV感染可引起全身炎症反应,增加胰岛素抵抗[18]。有研究发现,年龄和肝功能损害是HBV感染阳性孕妇发生GDM的影响因素[19-20],本研究也发现,HBV感染阳性孕妇中,发生肝功能损害者的平均年龄高于肝功能正常者(P=0.018),GDM发生率也明显高于肝功能正常者(39.8% vs. 20.1%,P<0.01)。随着“全面二孩”政策的开放,高龄生育的女性比例增加,二胎孕妇中的HBV感染率仍非常高[21]。本研究也对不同产次合并HBV感染孕妇的GDM发生率进行了初步探讨,结果发现合并HBV感染的孕妇二次妊娠时GDM发生率较首次生产的孕妇高(32.0% vs. 21.5%,P=0.023);在未合并HBV感染的孕妇中,不同产次孕妇的GDM发生率差异无统计学意义(P=0.054)。这可能是由于孕妇年龄越大,HBV感染时间越久,HBV对肝脏代谢功能的影响越重,导致肝脏对血糖的平衡调节功能下降,从而使GDM发生率增高。
目前关于HBV感染后GDM产妇血糖转归的研究较少。在妊娠早中期,随孕周增加,胎儿对营养物质的需求增加,由于胎儿主要通过胎盘从母体获取葡萄糖来增加能量,因此孕妇的FPG可降低10%,空腹时孕妇清除葡萄糖的能力较非妊娠期增强。本研究结果显示,不同HBV感染及肝功能损伤状态下的GDM患者其妊娠早中期FPG水平差异无统计学意义,这可能是由于HBV感染所致的糖代谢障碍尚不能抵消妊娠期母体及胎儿对血糖的消耗。GDM以妊娠中晚期首次发现血糖升高,产后血糖短期内可恢复为特点,此现象与胎盘的功能密切相关[22]。胎盘可合成胎盘生乳素、雌孕激素、胎盘胰岛素酶及母体肾上腺激素,这些激素均可拮抗胰岛素功能,而妊娠终止后,胎盘娩出,胎盘的抗胰岛素功能消失,因此产后血糖可在短期内恢复。本研究随访发现大部分GDM孕妇的血糖水平于产后6~12周即可恢复至正常范围(116/137,84.7%),极少数在产后6~12周发展为DM(1/97,0.7%),但仍有少部分患者糖代谢呈受损状态,以IGT为主,提示除胎盘因素外,HBV感染及肝功能损伤状态也可能是影响GDM患者产后血糖恢复的重要因素,且HBV感染的影响主要体现在孕妇餐后血糖的改变上。许仲婷等[10]对GDM孕妇血糖转归的回顾性研究发现,合并HBV感染的GDM孕妇产后6~8周和产后1年FPG、餐后2 h血糖及空腹胰岛素水平较妊娠24~28周明显下降(P<0.05),产后6~8周和产后1年胰岛β细胞功能均明显高于妊娠24~28周(Z值分别为–4.4484、–3.965,P<0.001),提示HBV感染合并GDM患者产后胰岛素分泌功能可逐渐恢复,但仍存在不同程度的胰岛素抵抗。本研究在分析不同肝功能状态对血糖的影响时也注意到,HBV感染阳性且肝功能受损的GDM患者妊娠期血糖波动更为明显,也是产后短期存在血糖代谢异常的主要人群(14/35,40%),提示HBV感染伴肝功能受损的GDM孕妇产后血糖也将受到影响,或需更长时间才能恢复至正常糖代谢水平。
以往研究认为,HBV感染可增高GDM孕妇不良结局的发生率[2-3,13]。本研究发现,HBV感染阳性的GDM孕妇羊水异常、胎膜早破、早产、胎儿宫内窘迫等不良妊娠结局的发生率虽略高于HBV感染阴性GDM孕妇,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HBV感染阳性合并肝功能损害的GDM孕妇是发生不良妊娠结局的主要群体,因此,推测HBV感染可能不是导致GDM孕妇发生不良妊娠结局的直接因素,HBV感染阳性的GDM孕妇其妊娠结局与肝脏功能更为相关,但仍需进一步研究论证。
综上所述,本研究发现HBV感染和(或)肝功能损伤可能通过延缓孕产妇血糖代谢功能的恢复,进而使GDM发生率增高,且增加了不良妊娠的发生风险。本研究发现,HBV感染合并肝功能损害的GDM孕妇不良妊娠结局发生率更高,且产后6~12周糖代谢水平仍会受到影响。但由于本研究未能监测孕妇产后长期的血糖变化,未来需进行大样本、多中心的随机对照研究,并延长随访时间,以深入观察HBV感染对GDM患者血糖的长期影响。由于合并HBV感染的孕妇更易出现肝功能受损,其发生GDM的风险也较一般孕妇增高,因此,临床上更应重视孕妇的抗HBV治疗,并积极改善肝功能,以减少GDM的发生。
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2023年第48卷第2期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.02.0218
  • 接收时间:2021-11-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-25
  • 录用日期:2021-12-22
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    重庆医科大学附属妇女儿童医院/重庆市妇幼保健院检验科,重庆 401147

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罗婷婷,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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