Article(id=1203053371864342600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203053366290113441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.03.0304, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1645977600000, receivedDateStr=2022-02-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1655308800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-06-16, onlineDate=1764759875503, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1679932800000, pubDateStr=2023-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764759875503, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764759875503, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764759875503, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203053366290113441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='3', pageStart='245', pageEnd='366', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764759874174, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764810242575, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203264626747220064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203053366290113441, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203264626747220065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203053366290113441, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=304, endPage=310, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203053372287967326, articleId=1203053371864342600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Application value of chromosome karyotype combined with chromosome microarray analysis in diagnosis of embryo termination, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the clinical application value of chromosome karyotype combined with chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) on genetic diagnosis of embryo termination in early pregnancy. Methods The clinical information and embryo termination tissues were collected of 194 patients treated in the Prenatal Diagnosis Center of the Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang due to early embryo abortion from June 2019 to June 2020. Traditional chromosome karyotype analysis and CMA analysis were used for chromosome analysis of the enrolled embryos, and carry out genetic traceability test, summarize and analyze chromosome karyotype/CMA results in combination with embryo chromosome test results. Results (1) The average age of all enrolled patients was 34.1 (22-45) years, of them 120 cases (61.9%) were older than 35 years; The average gestational age was 9.75(7-14) weeks, of which 144 cases (74.2%) were with gestational age less than 10 weeks. Among 101 pregnant women (52.1%, 101/194) with adverse pregnancy and childbirth history, 79 cases (78.2%) had a history of embryo termination, and 22 cases had a history of spontaneous abortion (21.8%). (2) Among 124 cases with abnormal karyotype (63.9%, 124/194), 89 cases (71.8%)had trisomy, 15 cases (12.1%) had monosomy, 11 cases (8.9%) had triploidy, 8 cases (6.4%) had chimera, and 1 case (0.8%) had abnormal structure. (3) Among 33 cases of CMA test results, 9 cases of pathogenic, 2 cases of suspected pathogenic, 1 case of benign, and 21 cases of unknown clinical significance (VUS). The combination of CMA increased the detection rate of chromosomal variants by 4.6%. Among 124 cases of abnormal karyotype, 17 cases were associated with abnormal chromosome microstructure (3 cases were pathogenic, 1 case might be benign, and 13 cases were VUS). (4) The results of parental chromosome test showed that 4 cases of polymorphic chromosome changes and 4 cases of abnormal karyotype; Verification and comparison results in 33 couples with chromosome microstructure variation displayed that 1 case of benign and 1 case of VUS were inherited from the mother, and no chromosomal microstructural variation was detected from the other cases. Conclusion Traditional chromosome karyotype technology combined with CMA can effectively improve the detection rate of chromosome variation, and has certain reference value for guiding the future pregnancy.

, correspAuthors=Jing Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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目的 探讨染色体核型分析联合染色体微阵列分析(CMA)在孕早期胚胎停育遗传学诊断中的临床应用价值。方法 收集2019年6月-2020年6月因早期胚胎停育于石家庄市第四医院产前诊断中心就诊的194例患者的临床信息及胚胎停育组织。对入组胚胎停育组织依次采用传统染色体核型分析及CMA进行染色体分析,结合胚胎染色体检测结果进行亲缘性溯源检测并汇总、分析染色体核型分析/CMA结果。结果 (1)所有患者入组平均34.1(22~45)岁,其中120例(61.9%,120/194)>35岁;孕周平均9.75(7~14)周,其中144例(74.2%,144/194)<10周。存在不良孕产史的101例(52.1%,101/194)孕妇中,79例(78.2%,79/101)有胚胎停育史,22例有自然流产史(21.8%,22/101)。(2)124例(63.9%,124/194)核型异常者中,三体89例(71.8%,89/124),单体15例(12.1%,15/124),三倍体11例(8.9%,11/124),嵌合体8例(6.4%,8/124),结构异常1例(0.8%,1/124)。(3)33例仅发生CMA变异者中9例致病、2例可疑致病、1例良性、21例临床意义不明(VUS)。联合应用CMA将染色体变异致病检出率提高了4.6%。124例核型异常胚胎中,17例合并CMA异常(3例致病,1例可能良性,13例VUS)。(4)双亲染色体检测结果显示,4例呈多态性改变,4例呈核型异常;33例染色体微结构变异夫妇进行验证比对,结果显示,1例良性变异及1例VUS,均系母源,余未检出染色体微结构变异。结论 传统染色体核型分析联合CMA可有效提高染色体变异携带检出率,对指导未来妊娠有一定的参考价值。

, correspAuthors=张静, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张静,E-mail:
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孟雁欣,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事产前诊断、遗传咨询方面的研究

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孟雁欣,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事产前诊断、遗传咨询方面的研究

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J Reprod Med, 2017, 26(9): 863-868., articleTitle=Analysis of ambiguous copy variants detected by CMA technique in 308 high-risk pregnancies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203053381637071317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203053371864342600, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=26, issue=9, pageStart=863, pageEnd=868, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=25, authorNames=蒋宇林, 戚庆炜, 孟华, journalName=生殖医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[蒋宇林, 戚庆炜, 孟华, 等. 308例高危妊娠产前诊断CMA技术发现不明确拷贝数变异的结果分析[J]. 生殖医学杂志, 2017, 26(9):863-868.], articleTitle=308例高危妊娠产前诊断CMA技术发现不明确拷贝数变异的结果分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203053381704180182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203053371864342600, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=25, issue=4, pageStart=271, pageEnd=277, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Cui Y, Xiao JP, Yang L, journalName=Chin J Perinat Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cui Y, Xiao JP, Yang L, et al. 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Summary of clinical and chromosomal results of embryonic discontinuation cases

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因素三体单体三倍体嵌合体衍生CMA结果合计[例(%)]
致病可能致病良性临床意义未明正常
女性高龄1843  2  4942(21.7)
高龄+胚胎停育28311 1  2844(22.7)
高龄+自然流产111      1619(9.8)
高龄+胚胎停育+IVF-ET7  1     19(4.6)
高龄+IVF-ET3        36(3.1)
<35岁1263  11 5735(18.0)
<35岁+胚胎停育8122 3  7326(13.4)
<35岁+自然流产  11 1    3(1.6)
女性染色体多态携带  1    11 3(1.6)
女性染色体异常携带1  111    4(1.6)
男性染色体多态携带1     1 1 3(1.6)
男性染色体异常携带          0
合计[例(%)]891511819212137194
), ArticleFig(id=1203053377182720329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203053371864342600, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

胚胎停育病例临床及染色体结果汇总

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因素三体单体三倍体嵌合体衍生CMA结果合计[例(%)]
致病可能致病良性临床意义未明正常
女性高龄1843  2  4942(21.7)
高龄+胚胎停育28311 1  2844(22.7)
高龄+自然流产111      1619(9.8)
高龄+胚胎停育+IVF-ET7  1     19(4.6)
高龄+IVF-ET3        36(3.1)
<35岁1263  11 5735(18.0)
<35岁+胚胎停育8122 3  7326(13.4)
<35岁+自然流产  11 1    3(1.6)
女性染色体多态携带  1    11 3(1.6)
女性染色体异常携带1  111    4(1.6)
男性染色体多态携带1     1 1 3(1.6)
男性染色体异常携带          0
合计[例(%)]891511819212137194
), ArticleFig(id=1203053377300160846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203053371864342600, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Analysis of chromosomal karyotypes analysis combined with CMA variation in embryonic tissue

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
染色体异常类型例数合并CMA变异
例数意义
三体
 2-三体40
 4-三体10
 7-三体21VUS
 8-三体10
 9-三体21致病
 10-三体71VUS
 11-三体21致病
 12-三体10
 13-三体50
 14-三体51VUS
 15-三体81VUS
 16-三体202VUS
 17-三体11VUS
 18-三体51VUS
 20-三体12VUS
 21三体31可能良性
 22-三体213VUS
单体
 21-单体21致病
 1VUS
 X-单体133VUS
三倍体110
 69,XNN90
 68,XNN,-1810
 70,XNN,+210
嵌合体
 70,XNNN/69,XNN10
 47,XN,+10/46,X,+1010
 47,XN,+2/46,X,+210
 47,XN,+4/46,X,+410
 45,X/46,XN10
 47,XN,+2/46,XN10
 45,XN,-17/46,XN20
结构异常
 46,XN,der(1)t(1:2)(q44:p24)10 
合计12421 
), ArticleFig(id=1203053377417601363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203053371864342600, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

胚胎组织染色体核型分析联合CMA检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
染色体异常类型例数合并CMA变异
例数意义
三体
 2-三体40
 4-三体10
 7-三体21VUS
 8-三体10
 9-三体21致病
 10-三体71VUS
 11-三体21致病
 12-三体10
 13-三体50
 14-三体51VUS
 15-三体81VUS
 16-三体202VUS
 17-三体11VUS
 18-三体51VUS
 20-三体12VUS
 21三体31可能良性
 22-三体213VUS
单体
 21-单体21致病
 1VUS
 X-单体133VUS
三倍体110
 69,XNN90
 68,XNN,-1810
 70,XNN,+210
嵌合体
 70,XNNN/69,XNN10
 47,XN,+10/46,X,+1010
 47,XN,+2/46,X,+210
 47,XN,+4/46,X,+410
 45,X/46,XN10
 47,XN,+2/46,XN10
 45,XN,-17/46,XN20
结构异常
 46,XN,der(1)t(1:2)(q44:p24)10 
合计12421 
), ArticleFig(id=1203053377556013402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203053371864342600, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Analysis of embryonic tissue CMA variation and clinical phenotype

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临床意义染色体变异区带变异类型(Mb)临床表型
致病2p25.3p24.3Del 2.4Charge综合征
4q32.3-q35.2Del 23.24生长发育迟缓,特殊面容,智力障碍
4p16.3;p16.3-p15.31Del 2.66;Del 16.94Wolf-Hirschhorn综合征
10p14Del 2.04Barakat综合征
17q12Dup 1.4017q12重复综合征(存在外显不全)
18q11.2-q23Del 34.96智力障碍,身材矮小,肌张力减退,小头畸形
18p11.32-p11.31;p11.23-p11.21Del 4.34;Del 5.12发育迟缓,精神发育迟滞,特殊面容,性腺发育不全
22q11.21Del 2.52Velocardiofacial及DiGeorge综合征
22q11.1-q13.33Dup 32.28异常覆盖22号染色体99%的区域,表现为22-三体
可能致病16p13.3Del 0.32ATR-16综合征约41%的区域,含该综合征关键基因HBA1/HBA2
7q36.3Del 3.1Currarino综合征及肢带型肌营养不良E型
良性4p16.1Dup 0.48多态性
), ArticleFig(id=1203053377652482399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203053371864342600, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

胚胎组织CMA变异及临床表型分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临床意义染色体变异区带变异类型(Mb)临床表型
致病2p25.3p24.3Del 2.4Charge综合征
4q32.3-q35.2Del 23.24生长发育迟缓,特殊面容,智力障碍
4p16.3;p16.3-p15.31Del 2.66;Del 16.94Wolf-Hirschhorn综合征
10p14Del 2.04Barakat综合征
17q12Dup 1.4017q12重复综合征(存在外显不全)
18q11.2-q23Del 34.96智力障碍,身材矮小,肌张力减退,小头畸形
18p11.32-p11.31;p11.23-p11.21Del 4.34;Del 5.12发育迟缓,精神发育迟滞,特殊面容,性腺发育不全
22q11.21Del 2.52Velocardiofacial及DiGeorge综合征
22q11.1-q13.33Dup 32.28异常覆盖22号染色体99%的区域,表现为22-三体
可能致病16p13.3Del 0.32ATR-16综合征约41%的区域,含该综合征关键基因HBA1/HBA2
7q36.3Del 3.1Currarino综合征及肢带型肌营养不良E型
良性4p16.1Dup 0.48多态性
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染色体核型联合染色体微阵列分析在胚胎停育诊断中的应用价值
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孟雁欣 1 , 于湄 1 , 穆卫红 1 , 刘春苗 2 , 孙东兰 1 , 张静 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023,48(3): 304-310
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023, 48(3): 304-310
染色体核型联合染色体微阵列分析在胚胎停育诊断中的应用价值
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孟雁欣1, 于湄1, 穆卫红1, 刘春苗2, 孙东兰1, 张静1, *
作者信息
  • 1石家庄市第四医院产前诊断中心,河北石家庄 050001
  • 2石家庄市第四医院产一科,河北石家庄 050001
  • 孟雁欣,医学博士,主治医师,主要从事产前诊断、遗传咨询方面的研究

通讯作者:

张静,E-mail:
Application value of chromosome karyotype combined with chromosome microarray analysis in diagnosis of embryo termination
Yan-Xin Meng1, Mei Yu1, Wei-Hong Mu1, Chun-Miao Liu2, Dong-Lan Sun1, Jing Zhang1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Prenatal Diagnosis Center, the Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050001, China
  • 2the First Department of Obstetrics, the Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050001, China
出版时间: 2023-03-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.03.0304
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目的 探讨染色体核型分析联合染色体微阵列分析(CMA)在孕早期胚胎停育遗传学诊断中的临床应用价值。方法 收集2019年6月-2020年6月因早期胚胎停育于石家庄市第四医院产前诊断中心就诊的194例患者的临床信息及胚胎停育组织。对入组胚胎停育组织依次采用传统染色体核型分析及CMA进行染色体分析,结合胚胎染色体检测结果进行亲缘性溯源检测并汇总、分析染色体核型分析/CMA结果。结果 (1)所有患者入组平均34.1(22~45)岁,其中120例(61.9%,120/194)>35岁;孕周平均9.75(7~14)周,其中144例(74.2%,144/194)<10周。存在不良孕产史的101例(52.1%,101/194)孕妇中,79例(78.2%,79/101)有胚胎停育史,22例有自然流产史(21.8%,22/101)。(2)124例(63.9%,124/194)核型异常者中,三体89例(71.8%,89/124),单体15例(12.1%,15/124),三倍体11例(8.9%,11/124),嵌合体8例(6.4%,8/124),结构异常1例(0.8%,1/124)。(3)33例仅发生CMA变异者中9例致病、2例可疑致病、1例良性、21例临床意义不明(VUS)。联合应用CMA将染色体变异致病检出率提高了4.6%。124例核型异常胚胎中,17例合并CMA异常(3例致病,1例可能良性,13例VUS)。(4)双亲染色体检测结果显示,4例呈多态性改变,4例呈核型异常;33例染色体微结构变异夫妇进行验证比对,结果显示,1例良性变异及1例VUS,均系母源,余未检出染色体微结构变异。结论 传统染色体核型分析联合CMA可有效提高染色体变异携带检出率,对指导未来妊娠有一定的参考价值。

胚胎停育  /  染色体核型分析  /  染色体微阵列分析  /  产前诊断  /  遗传咨询

Objective To investigate the clinical application value of chromosome karyotype combined with chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) on genetic diagnosis of embryo termination in early pregnancy. Methods The clinical information and embryo termination tissues were collected of 194 patients treated in the Prenatal Diagnosis Center of the Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang due to early embryo abortion from June 2019 to June 2020. Traditional chromosome karyotype analysis and CMA analysis were used for chromosome analysis of the enrolled embryos, and carry out genetic traceability test, summarize and analyze chromosome karyotype/CMA results in combination with embryo chromosome test results. Results (1) The average age of all enrolled patients was 34.1 (22-45) years, of them 120 cases (61.9%) were older than 35 years; The average gestational age was 9.75(7-14) weeks, of which 144 cases (74.2%) were with gestational age less than 10 weeks. Among 101 pregnant women (52.1%, 101/194) with adverse pregnancy and childbirth history, 79 cases (78.2%) had a history of embryo termination, and 22 cases had a history of spontaneous abortion (21.8%). (2) Among 124 cases with abnormal karyotype (63.9%, 124/194), 89 cases (71.8%)had trisomy, 15 cases (12.1%) had monosomy, 11 cases (8.9%) had triploidy, 8 cases (6.4%) had chimera, and 1 case (0.8%) had abnormal structure. (3) Among 33 cases of CMA test results, 9 cases of pathogenic, 2 cases of suspected pathogenic, 1 case of benign, and 21 cases of unknown clinical significance (VUS). The combination of CMA increased the detection rate of chromosomal variants by 4.6%. Among 124 cases of abnormal karyotype, 17 cases were associated with abnormal chromosome microstructure (3 cases were pathogenic, 1 case might be benign, and 13 cases were VUS). (4) The results of parental chromosome test showed that 4 cases of polymorphic chromosome changes and 4 cases of abnormal karyotype; Verification and comparison results in 33 couples with chromosome microstructure variation displayed that 1 case of benign and 1 case of VUS were inherited from the mother, and no chromosomal microstructural variation was detected from the other cases. Conclusion Traditional chromosome karyotype technology combined with CMA can effectively improve the detection rate of chromosome variation, and has certain reference value for guiding the future pregnancy.

embryo termination  /  chromosome karyotype analysis  /  chromosome microarray analysis  /  prenatal diagnosis  /  genetic counseling
孟雁欣, 于湄, 穆卫红, 刘春苗, 孙东兰, 张静. 染色体核型联合染色体微阵列分析在胚胎停育诊断中的应用价值. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (3) : 304 -310 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.03.0304
Yan-Xin Meng, Mei Yu, Wei-Hong Mu, Chun-Miao Liu, Dong-Lan Sun, Jing Zhang. Application value of chromosome karyotype combined with chromosome microarray analysis in diagnosis of embryo termination[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (3) : 304 -310 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.03.0304
胚胎停育是指孕卵或母体因不利因素引起胚胎停止发育/死亡,以稽留流产或不全流产为妊娠结局。同一育龄女性可反复发生,发病率为10%~18%,且逐年上升,临床多通过超声(无胎芽/胎心、妊娠囊模糊)或停经阴道出血、早孕反应消失等症状进行诊断[1]。流行病学调查证实,早期胚胎停育与染色体变异、基因多态性及基因突变等密切相关,染色体变异占50%~70%[2]。传统的染色体核型分析作为非整倍体、重排、倒位、易位及10 Mb以上染色体缺失/重复片段检出的金标准,对于<5 Mb染色体微变异检出存在局限性。染色体微阵列分析(chromsomal microarray analysis,CMA)是一种高效的分子遗传学检测方法,包括单核苷酸多态性微阵列(single nucleotide polymorphism arrays,SNP arrays)及比较基因组杂交微阵列(array-based comparative genomic hybridization,array-CGH),具有简捷、快速、高效、精准(0.1~0.3 Mb)等特点。2013年美国妇产科医师协会(American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,ACOG)及母胎医学会(Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine,SMFM)发布的临床指南推荐将CMA作为检测胚胎或胎儿组织的一线方法。加拿大医学遗传学会(Canadian College of Medical Geneticists,CCMG)建议将CMA用于自然流产、胎死宫内及新生儿死亡的一线检测[3]。本研究拟通过分析胚胎停育绒毛染色体检测结果及患者的病例资料,探讨染色体核型分析联合CMA对孕早期胚胎停育遗传学诊断的临床应用价值,旨在为遗传咨询及辅助生殖提供依据。
收集2019年6月-2020年6月因胚胎停育于石家庄市第四医院产前诊断中心就诊的194患者的临床信息及胚胎停育组织。纳入标准:(1)经阴道超声提示单胎、胚胎(胎儿)无胎心(停止发育);(2)胚胎孕周<13+6周;(3)女性年龄<45岁,男性年龄<55岁。排除标准:因解剖结构异常或明确遗传因素原因以外的胚胎停育者,如血栓前状态、感染性因素、内分泌紊乱、自身免疫因素、基础疾病等。所有入组病例均行遗传咨询并明确传统染色体核型分析及CMA检测目的、意义和技术局限性后,自愿接受胚胎停育病因学检测,并签署知情同意书。本研究获石家庄市第四医院伦理委员会审批(20220837)。
收集所有孕妇的年龄、孕周、受孕方式、生育史、不良妊娠史、家族遗传病史,以及配偶的年龄及家族史。
孕周<10周自然流产组织经生理盐水反复冲洗漂净后取绒毛组织,按操作流程操作。孕11~13+6周胚胎停育者,孕妇取仰卧位,常规消毒铺巾,超声定位下行绒毛膜穿刺术,取约50 mg绒毛组织。绒毛组织放入培养皿中,眼科剪剪碎,加入胰蛋白酶、胶原蛋白酶消化,以长期培养法无菌平行独立培养,9~10 d收获制片,进行G显带分析[4]。应用培养瓶法进行绒毛细胞染色体核型分析。显微镜下计数分析不少于20个,记录观察染色体数目及畸变,若出现嵌合体则检测50个或100个核型。
依照外周血细胞染色体核型分析操作流程,EDTA管抽取被检双亲外周血5 ml,于37 ℃培养基中进行淋巴细胞培养3~4 d,秋水仙碱作用3 h后制片、胰酶分带、G带染色。显微镜下计数20个细胞分裂象,分析其中3~5个分裂象,如考虑异常核型或嵌合体则至少分析50个细胞分裂象。以人类细胞遗传学国际命名体制(ISCN2009)进行染色体结果判读。
15 g绒毛组织/2 ml外周血应用天根DNA提取试剂盒获得基因组DNA,4 ℃预冷离心机1600 r/min离心10 min,取上清;4 ℃下16 000 r/min离心10 min,经洗脱剂洗脱去除残存细胞,Nano-Drop1000微量核苷酸蛋白多功能酶标仪(美国Gene公司)进行DNA含量测定。OD260/OD280比值符合DNA模板扩增需求。剩余标本–80 ℃保存。将DNA片段进行酶切、连接、扩增、纯化、片段化、杂交及扫描,最终进行数据分析。
参照Affymetrix公司提供的实验操作流程进行实验。采用美国Affymetrix公司提供的全基因组Affymetrix CytoScan 750K Array芯片,该芯片包括200 000个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)标记及550 000个染色体微阵列分析标记,平均1个标记/4 kb的密度(未覆盖全染色体基因组所有位点)分布于人类的整个基因组,检测覆盖全基因组有临床意义的≥50 bp且片段长度≥100 kb缺失、重复及片段长度≥100 Mb杂合性缺失片段进行分析。CMA检出染色体微变异片段经OMIM数据库(http://omim.org/)、UCSC数据库(http://genome.ucsc.edu/)、NCBI数据库(http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed)、DECIPHER数据库(https://decipher. sanger. ac.uk/)等公共数据库进行染色体微结构片段变异分析及致病性判别。经公共数据库比对分析后将CMA结果分为致病性、可疑致病性、良性、可疑良性及意义不明确的变异(variation unknown significance,VUS)。VUS染色体微变异进行父母双亲溯源检测,明确片段来源,以判断是否致病。
入组病例先行传统染色体核型分析,再进行CMA分析,结合检测结果,对明确存在染色体变异胚胎父母进行溯源检测,部分致病性微变异及VUS变异需明确片段来源进行结果判读。
本研究所有数据仅进行统计学描述,计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,年龄及孕周以MR)表示,计数资料以例(%)表示。
194例孕妇的年龄平均34.1(22~45)岁,孕周平均9.75(7~14)周。101例孕妇有不良孕产史。依据胚胎停育孕妇临床因素分为单因素、两因素、三因素。其中,单因素为<35岁、>35岁(高龄)、女性/男性染色体多态携带、女性/男性染色体异常携带;两因素为年龄+不良妊娠史(胎停、自然流产史)、高龄+体外受精胚胎移植(in vitro fertilization embryo transfer,IVF-ET);三因素为高龄+不良妊娠+IVF-ET(表1)。≤35岁女性64例(33.0%),其中35例为首次妊娠胚胎停育,26例有胎停育病史,3例有自然流产史。高龄女性(≥35岁)120例(61.8%,120/194),其中42例为首次妊娠胚胎停育,44例有胎停育史,19例有自然流产史。核型分析结果显示,124例胚胎绒毛组织染色体核型异常的阳性率为63.9%(124/194),其中115例染色体数目发生异常[三体型89例(71.8%),单体15例(12.1%),三倍体11例(8.9%)];此外,嵌合体8例(6.4%),结构异常1例(0.8%)](表2)。<35岁女性共检出27例非整倍体改变,≥35岁共检出75例非整倍体改变。IVF-ET发生胚胎停育15例(7.7%),其中11例(73.3%)存在染色体核型变异。经溯源检测明确10例染色体核型多态性改变,女性7例,男性3例。
CMA检测结果显示,124例存在染色体非整倍体变异,变异类型与传统染色体核型分析结果一致;且在这124例胚胎组织中检出21例合并CMA异常者(致病3例,可能良性1例,VUS 17例)(表2)。
CMA检测结果显示,33例仅发生CMA变异(不含染色体核型合并CMA变异),其中12例染色体微变异临床意义明确(9例致病性,2例可疑致病性,1例良性),另21例变异为VUS。CMA的联合应用可将染色体变异致病检出率提高4.64%(9/194)。12例临床意义明确的CMA变异中,5例变异区域分别与Charge综合征、Wolf-Hirschhorn综合征、Barakat综合征、Velocardiofacial及DiGeorge综合征、Currarino综合征及肢带型肌营养不良E型有关;4例变异片段涉及区域在临床表现为生长发育迟缓、智力发育异常;2例变异片段提示涉及17q12重复综合征、ATR-16综合征;1例变异涉及区域考虑为多态性,无临床致病意义(表3)。
对明确染色体核型(n=124)及CMA变异(n=33)共计157例胚胎的双亲(314人)行外周血染色体分析。受检男性年龄25~48岁,其中102例>35岁,平均37.3岁;女性年龄22~43岁,其中108例>35岁,平均35.3岁。共检出外周血核型变异8例(2.5%,8/314),其中染色体多态性4例:1例inv(9)(p11q13)(女性),3例Yqh(+)。染色体核型异常携带者4例:1例46,XX,der(1)t(1:2)(q44:p24),1例46,XX,t(11:22)(q23:q11),1例45,XX,der(14;21)(q10;q10),1例45,X/46XX。33例CMA夫妇进行验证比对,结果发现1例良性变异及1例VUS,均为母源,余未发现染色体微结构变异。
研究发现,55%~66%的胚胎停育诱因为染色体变异,胚胎染色体数目变异以单倍体、三倍体及多倍体常见[1]。本研究194例早期胚胎停育绒毛组织中,124例(63.9%)染色体核型变异除1、3、5、6、19号染色体外均有检出,115例(92.7%)为数目异常,三体发生率最高,其中以22-三体、16-三体常见,与马京梅[4]的报道一致。有研究发现,与适龄生育女性相比,高龄女性卵母细胞减数分裂Ⅰ型同源染色体及减数分裂Ⅱ型姐妹染色单体的纺锤体聚合检验点(spindle assembly checkpoint,SAC)蛋白表达明显降低,从而使卵母细胞染色体减数分裂精准性下降,最终导致胚胎染色体数目发生异常[5]。因此,高龄被公认为诱发不良妊娠结局胚胎染色体变异的高危因素。本研究120例(61.9%,120/194)女性年龄≥35岁,检出三体变异75例(38.7%,75/194),明显高于既往国内报道,这可能与近年二孩/三孩全面放开及相关政策的完善、“晚婚晚育”观念等社会因素有关。本研究对入组对象的男性配偶年龄进行分析发现,异常胚胎染色体男性年龄集中在35~40岁,平均37.3岁。文献通过队列研究数据分析初步证实,大龄父亲子代出生缺陷概率明显增高[6],且存在胚胎性染色体畸变与父方染色体不分离等,但迄今仍缺乏男性高龄对胚胎染色体影响的确切细胞学机制,推测与缺乏男性高龄的明确界定有关。辅助生殖技术犹如“双刃剑”,在解决高龄女性妊娠或反复不良妊娠女性妊娠的同时,也增加了胚胎细胞取材、培养、激素刺激、胚胎形成过程中的染色体变异风险。既往有研究指出,IVF种植前胚胎荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescent in situ hybridization,FISH)及核型分析胚胎染色体异常发生率可高达25%~51%,其中以染色体嵌合(22%~24%)和胚胎分裂紊乱(7%~26%)居多[7]。本研究入组IVF-ET受孕出现胚胎停育组织染色体分析发现,染色体异常发生率为73.3%(11/15)。
目前,尽管胎儿无创DNA检测已在临床广泛应用,且染色体检查指征也逐渐放宽,但仍有必要对高龄或IVF-ET助孕胚胎行介入产前诊断,以对胎儿组织进行染色体检测。除高龄及IVF-ET引起的胚胎染色体变异,染色体异态性也可造成早期胚胎停育[8],但由于缺乏外周血染色体筛查的统一标准,染色体异常检出率差异较大。本研究对胚胎绒毛染色体变异夫妇双方行外周血染色体核型筛查的检出率为2.5%(8/314),提示早期胚胎停育染色体分析也可为外周血染色体筛查提供依据。
传统染色体核型分析标本污染/培养失败风险高,分析条带为350~500 Mb,可分辨10 Mb以上的缺失或重复。本研究传统染色体核型分析检出124例胚胎组织中存在染色体核型变异。该方法在显微镜下可观察到黑白相间、粗细不同的带纹,是细胞遗传学检测的“金标准”,但对<100 kb片段的分析尚存在局限性。CMA取材不需培养、检测深度灵活、结果判读客观,对大片段/染色体数目嵌合的检测结果与传统核型分析结果无明显差异。本研究结果也证实,124例非整倍体变异的CMA检测结果与核型检测结果一致。CMA还可用于在基因组水平检出<100 kb的染色体微缺失/微重复不平衡重组。有研究发现,2%~5%的胚胎停育由染色体微结构变异引起[9]。本研究CMA检出33例胚胎绒毛组织仅存在染色体微结构变异但核型正常,该结果提示联合应用CMA可将染色体变异致病检出率提高4.64%。但CMA对低比例(<30%)嵌合及平衡易位/臂间倒位等结构变异检出率的不确定性限制了其在胚胎染色体变异检测中的临床应用,因此,CMA不能完全取代传统染色体核型分析,尤其是对于染色体平衡易位/臂间倒位的检测。
传统染色体核型分析联合CMA可相互验证各自结果的准确性,优势互补,使检出的染色体变异不局限于数目或大片段结构异常,从而最大限度地降低误诊、漏诊率。本研究CMA分析过程中检出21例异常染色体核型胚胎组织同时存在染色体微结构变异(3例致病,1例可能良性,17例VUS)。这两种技术联合的另一优势是可通过明确染色体变异致病剂量/位置进行临床-基因表型预判。1例核型46,XX,der(1)t(1:2)(q44:p24)胚胎组织CMA分析示2p25.3p24.3缺失,经CMA数据库查询显示,可能与CHARGE综合征有关[10]。此外,本研究对另外33例仅存在CMA变异的检出片段进行了临床-基因表型分析。1例可能致病变异区域覆盖了ATR-16综合征涉及基因组区域的41%,该变异恰好覆盖关键基因HBA1/HBA2,有报道指出该变异片段致病患者临床表型差异大,即携带同一CMA片段的家族成员中轻症者仅表现为轻度肥胖,重症者可表现为发育迟缓、特殊面容等,同时该缺失变异与早期胚胎停育可能存在相关性,因此归为可疑致病[9];8例存在生长/精神发育迟缓,并伴智力障碍或特殊面容[10];3例致病区域分别与Wolf-Hirschhorn综合征、Barakat综合征(涉及GATA3基因)及Velocardiofacial综合征有关,均可表现为生长发育迟缓或智力障碍[11-13]。CMA微结构变异检出后进行VUS片段溯源检测,可明确染色体致病/致畸片段的来源、性质、区带定位,有助于个性化遗传咨询及生育指导。本研究发现1例17q12重复综合征,文献报道其外显率约为21.1%,多数患者遗传自父母一方,父母受累较轻或表型正常,外显不全使其临床表型具有高度异质,轻型者无临床表现,重症者可发生智力障碍[14]。致病性CMA片段溯源可准确评估不良妊娠结局的病因,并可评估再次妊娠胎儿罹患致病性CMA的风险,缓解再育夫妇的焦虑情绪,同时减少产前诊断胎儿的误判。
虽然染色体变异已成为公认的不良妊娠结局的主要因素,但众多患者及家属仍易忽略早期胚胎停育的病因学筛查。反复发生的不良妊娠或晚孕期严重胎儿畸形的引产对女性身心健康带来了巨大影响,并引发一系列家庭、经济、社会问题。胚胎停育绒毛组织染色体检查可通过早发现、早分析、早指导预防不良妊娠的反复发生,也可为遗传咨询提供重要的科学依据。
本研究依据绒毛染色体变异结果进行双亲溯源检测,结果发现2例女性患者为经典罗氏易位45,XX,der(14;21)(q10;q10)及最常见的非罗氏易位46,XX,t(11:22)(q23:q11)携带者,该变异可直接导致胚胎染色体变异,即“染色体相互效应(interchromosomal effects,ICE)”(正常∶携带∶重复∶缺失=1∶1∶1∶1)而发生反复早期胚胎停育、反复流产或生育染色体异常的患儿。一项研究指出,罗氏易位及平衡易位外周血染色体核型携带人群选择胚胎植入前遗传诊断(preimplantation genetic diagnosis,PGD)受孕后,分别约有70.4%及54.7%的囊胚在发育过程中发生染色体新发变异[15]。因此,一旦明确夫妇中一方外周血染色体罗氏易位或是平衡易位,建议以PGD作为首选妊娠方式,并于孕中期通过介入产前诊断技术除外胚胎染色体嵌合核型变异。
迄今,染色体多态性与不良妊娠的关系仍存在争议。本研究检出4例染色体多态性携带者。其中1例女性为inv(9)(p11q13)携带者,其致病性仍存在争议。Blanco-Lago等[16]指出,该类染色体变异仅inv(9)合并(qh)才可引起减数分裂过程异常,并导致胚胎停育或流产。而有学者认为,inv(9)虽无遗传物质丢失,但基因排列顺序的改变仍可干扰减数分裂,引起遗传物质的位置效应,形成1/4正常、1/4倒位、1/2带有部分重复/缺失重组染色体的4种不同配子核型,最终导致不良妊娠结局[17]。另外,本研究溯源检出3例为Yqh(+)携带者的男性,该变异位点为中国及日本人群的高发多态性位点,传统观点认为,Yqh(+)无功能或表型效应[18]。伴随分子生物学的发展,目前发现Yqh(+)长臂异染色质区域内含有精子分化及发育的相关基因,而异常重复片段可影响减数分裂时期X-Y染色体的配对联合,从而影响精子的正常形态或精子的运动能力,最终引起不良妊娠结局。与正常男性比较,Yqh(+)男性不良妊娠的发生率更高。我国学者对117例Yqh(+)患者的研究发现,约60.7%的患者妻子存在流产史[18]。因此,对Yqh(+)等染色体多态性变异者的遗传咨询指导应首先获取完善的家系信息,并结合既往妊娠情况及家族妊娠情况,以评估不良妊娠结局的再发风险及妊娠结局。
CMA主要用于生殖细胞形成过程中非等位同源重组、非同源末端连接等机制形成微结构变异的检测。本研究检出21个VUS变异(10.8%,21/194),明显高于国外5%的报道[19],与我国蒋宇林等[20]的报道一致。VUS染色体微变异多为数据库或既往文献未报道的变异,部分片段涉及临床表型功能不明确的基因或部分外显不全致病基因。通过父母验证明确CMA变异片段来源能为再次妊娠的产前诊断提供分子诊断依据,结合临床超声结果可为妊娠选择提供科学依据。同时,遗传咨询过程中应密切关注CMA数据库的更新,严格遵照指南规范,尤其需要注意的是,对于携带VUS染色体变异的人群,该片段所含基因致病情况及后续生殖咨询、临床随访及持续文献跟进不容忽视,以便及时对此类变异进行判读分类。地区种族差异导致的基因遗传/表型异质性使胎儿预后判断及治疗存在一定困难,如15q11.2del 0.36 Mb除正常人群可携带该片段外,也有研究报道该片段存在致病性(致病外显率为10.4%)[21],提示增加国际、国内交流,及时了解不同种族人群CMA及建立中国人群的CMA数据库存在必要性。
综上所述,胚胎绒毛染色体分析有助于胚胎停育的病因学探索,并可揭示双亲染色体核型,为遗传咨询/产前诊断提供依据。对于胚胎停育尤其是反复胚胎停育组织进行传统染色体核型检测结果呈阴性时,联合CMA能够进一步提高检出率。但对于CMA所检出的染色体微重复/缺失片段对应的基因功能,在胎儿发育动态过程中尚不能建立基因型-表型关系;其次,传统染色体核型分析联合CMA仅局限于染色体水平的分析,而极少数病例存在单基因变异致病的情况。因此,在未来的疾病诊断过程中,医师应联合多维度临床信息,如超声检查、胎儿MRI、CMA甚至全外显子组测序技术等,充分考虑不同模式的局限性,尽量避免迅速的完全替代模式。当诊疗过程中涉及伦理、医疗费用等问题时,医师也需要与患者沟通,充分做好遗传咨询,明确告知各种诊断方法、策略的利弊后,由孕妇及家属知情选择。
  • 河北省自然科学基金青年基金(H2017106030)
  • 河北省医学适用技术跟踪项目(G2018108)
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2023年第48卷第3期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.03.0304
  • 接收时间:2022-02-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-02-28
  • 录用日期:2022-06-16
基金
Natural Science Youth Foundation of Hebei Province(H2017106030)
河北省自然科学基金青年基金(H2017106030)
Hebei Province Applicable Medical Technology Tracking Project(G2018108)
河北省医学适用技术跟踪项目(G2018108)
作者信息
    1石家庄市第四医院产前诊断中心,河北石家庄 050001
    2石家庄市第四医院产一科,河北石家庄 050001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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