Article(id=1203036774378463447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0461, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1639411200000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1651593600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-05-04, onlineDate=1764755918354, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1682611200000, pubDateStr=2023-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764755918354, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764755918354, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764755918354, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203036770628755576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='4', pageStart='367', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764755917460, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764756108290, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203037571086508742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203037571086508743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=461, endPage=467, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203036774676259054, articleId=1203036774378463447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Progress in research on role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in liver diseases, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionarily conservative and non-conventional innate T cell subsets, having the characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cells. They have antibacterial and tissue repair functions,and are the important part of the immune system. MAIT cells are highly abundant in human liver and play a complex role in various liver diseases. Current studies have shown that the markedly reduced number of MAITs and the dysfunction of immunomodulatory effect in various liver diseases were closely related to the occurrence and progression of liver diseases. This paper mainly reviews the characteristics of MAIT cells and their latest progress in chronic viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, and further discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the loss of MAIT cells, so as to provide some references for follow-up research.

, correspAuthors=Qing-Lei Zeng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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黏膜相关恒定T细胞(MAIT)是一群进化保守、非传统的先天性T细胞亚群,兼具固有免疫细胞和适应性免疫细胞的特点,具有抗菌和组织修复等作用,是构成免疫系统的重要部分。MAIT细胞在肝脏中大量存在,并在各种肝脏疾病中发挥着重要作用。研究发现,MAIT细胞数量的减少及免疫功能的异常与疾病严重程度密切相关。本文综述MAIT细胞的特点及其在慢性病毒性肝炎、自身免疫性肝病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病、酒精性肝病及原发性肝癌中作用的最新研究进展,并探讨造成MAIT细胞减少的可能机制。

, correspAuthors=曾庆磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
曾庆磊,E-mail:
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张利萍,硕士研究生,主要从事酒精性肝病方面的研究

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张利萍,硕士研究生,主要从事酒精性肝病方面的研究

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Clin Cancer Res, 2019, 25(11): 3304-3316., articleTitle=Activated and exhausted MAIT cells foster disease progression and indicate poor outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203036785447232162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=10, issue=1, pageStart=124, pageEnd=141, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=74, authorNames=Yan JM, Allen S, McDonald E, journalName=Cancer Discov, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yan JM, Allen S, McDonald E, et al. MAIT cells promote tumor initiation, growth, and metastases via tumor MR1[J]. Cancer Discov, 2020, 10(1): 124-141., articleTitle=MAIT cells promote tumor initiation, growth, and metastases via tumor MR1, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203036785514341027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=121, issue=6, pageStart=951, pageEnd=961, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=75, authorNames=Cosgrove C, Ussher JE, Rauch A, journalName=Blood, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cosgrove C, Ussher JE, Rauch A, et al. Early and nonreversible decrease of CD161++/MAIT cells in HIV infection[J]. Blood, 2013, 121(6): 951-961., articleTitle=Early and nonreversible decrease of CD161++/MAIT cells in HIV infection, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1203036778618905048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, awardId=81970517, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(81970517), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203036778706985435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, awardId=81970517, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(81970517), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203036776039407937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203036776043602242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, companyId=1203036776039407937, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan 450000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203036776051990852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, companyId=1203036776039407937, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1郑州大学医学科学院,河南郑州 450000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203036776127488327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203036776135876937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, companyId=1203036776127488327, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203036776144265546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, companyId=1203036776127488327, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部,北京 100039)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203036776228151633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203036776236540244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, companyId=1203036776228151633, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan 450000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203036776244928851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, companyId=1203036776228151633, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3郑州大学第一附属医院感染病科,河南郑州 450000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203036778392412624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Characteristics and clinical significance of MAIT cells in liver diseases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病毒感染/疾病类型MAIT细胞频率MAIT细胞表型(活化及耗竭标志物分子)MAIT细胞功能临床意义
血液组织
HBV减少减少高表达颗粒酶B、IFN-γ分泌增加,IFN-α分泌减少MAIT细胞频率与HBV相关肝衰竭患者的总生存率呈正相关,提示MAIT细胞对CHB患者具有保护性作用[43-45]
HCV减少减少高表达IFN-γ分泌减少肝内MAIT细胞频率与炎症水平和肝纤维化严重程度呈负相关,抗病毒治疗可改善其频率,提示MAIT细胞对CHC患者具有保护性作用[50-52]
HCV/HIV减少减少高表达IFN-γ分泌减少与HCV感染者相比,合并感染者的MAIT细胞减少更明显,有效抗病毒治疗不能恢复循环MAIT细胞频率[55-56]
HDV/HBV减少减少高表达,且肝脏的MAIT细胞表达更高IFN-γ分泌增加,CD107a、颗粒酶B分泌减少与HBV感染者相比,合并感染者MAIT细胞减少更明显,可能与细胞因子如IL-12、IL-18激活MAIT细胞并诱导细胞凋亡相关
AILD减少减少/增加高表达IFN-γ、TNF-α、CD107a分泌减少活化的MAIT细胞具有促纤维化作用,提示MAIT细胞对AILD患者具有致病性作用[57-59]
NAFLD减少增加高表达IL-4分泌增加,IFN-γ、TNF-α分泌减少MAIT细胞频率与NAFLD活动性评分成正比,并可通过产生调节性细胞因子(IL-4、IL-10)及诱导巨噬细胞极化来保护肝脏[63]
ALD减少不确定高表达IL-17分泌减少MAIT细胞频率与疾病严重程度呈负相关,且其频率减少与菌群易位密切相关,提示MAIT细胞对ALD患者具有保护性作用;戒酒能部分逆转MAIT细胞异常[66-67]
HCC减少减少高表达IFN-γ、IL-17、颗粒酶、穿孔素分泌减少被肿瘤细胞浸润的MAIT细胞被重新编辑,从抗肿瘤免疫转向促肿瘤方向[71]
), ArticleFig(id=1203036778505658838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036774378463447, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MAIT细胞在肝脏疾病中的特点及临床意义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病毒感染/疾病类型MAIT细胞频率MAIT细胞表型(活化及耗竭标志物分子)MAIT细胞功能临床意义
血液组织
HBV减少减少高表达颗粒酶B、IFN-γ分泌增加,IFN-α分泌减少MAIT细胞频率与HBV相关肝衰竭患者的总生存率呈正相关,提示MAIT细胞对CHB患者具有保护性作用[43-45]
HCV减少减少高表达IFN-γ分泌减少肝内MAIT细胞频率与炎症水平和肝纤维化严重程度呈负相关,抗病毒治疗可改善其频率,提示MAIT细胞对CHC患者具有保护性作用[50-52]
HCV/HIV减少减少高表达IFN-γ分泌减少与HCV感染者相比,合并感染者的MAIT细胞减少更明显,有效抗病毒治疗不能恢复循环MAIT细胞频率[55-56]
HDV/HBV减少减少高表达,且肝脏的MAIT细胞表达更高IFN-γ分泌增加,CD107a、颗粒酶B分泌减少与HBV感染者相比,合并感染者MAIT细胞减少更明显,可能与细胞因子如IL-12、IL-18激活MAIT细胞并诱导细胞凋亡相关
AILD减少减少/增加高表达IFN-γ、TNF-α、CD107a分泌减少活化的MAIT细胞具有促纤维化作用,提示MAIT细胞对AILD患者具有致病性作用[57-59]
NAFLD减少增加高表达IL-4分泌增加,IFN-γ、TNF-α分泌减少MAIT细胞频率与NAFLD活动性评分成正比,并可通过产生调节性细胞因子(IL-4、IL-10)及诱导巨噬细胞极化来保护肝脏[63]
ALD减少不确定高表达IL-17分泌减少MAIT细胞频率与疾病严重程度呈负相关,且其频率减少与菌群易位密切相关,提示MAIT细胞对ALD患者具有保护性作用;戒酒能部分逆转MAIT细胞异常[66-67]
HCC减少减少高表达IFN-γ、IL-17、颗粒酶、穿孔素分泌减少被肿瘤细胞浸润的MAIT细胞被重新编辑,从抗肿瘤免疫转向促肿瘤方向[71]
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张利萍 1 , 张纪元 2 , 屈蒙蒙 2 , 曾庆磊 1, 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(4): 461-467
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(4): 461-467
黏膜相关恒定T细胞在肝脏疾病中的作用研究进展
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张利萍1, 张纪元2, 屈蒙蒙2, 曾庆磊1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1郑州大学医学科学院,河南郑州 450000
  • 2解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部,北京 100039
  • 3郑州大学第一附属医院感染病科,河南郑州 450000
  • 张利萍,硕士研究生,主要从事酒精性肝病方面的研究

通讯作者:

曾庆磊,E-mail:
Progress in research on role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in liver diseases
Li-Ping Zhang1, Ji-Yuan Zhang2, Meng-Meng Qu2, Qing-Lei Zeng1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan 450000, China
  • 2Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
  • 3Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan 450000, China
出版时间: 2023-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0461
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黏膜相关恒定T细胞(MAIT)是一群进化保守、非传统的先天性T细胞亚群,兼具固有免疫细胞和适应性免疫细胞的特点,具有抗菌和组织修复等作用,是构成免疫系统的重要部分。MAIT细胞在肝脏中大量存在,并在各种肝脏疾病中发挥着重要作用。研究发现,MAIT细胞数量的减少及免疫功能的异常与疾病严重程度密切相关。本文综述MAIT细胞的特点及其在慢性病毒性肝炎、自身免疫性肝病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病、酒精性肝病及原发性肝癌中作用的最新研究进展,并探讨造成MAIT细胞减少的可能机制。

黏膜相关恒定T细胞  /  慢性病毒性肝炎  /  非酒精性脂肪性肝病  /  酒精性肝病  /  肝癌

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionarily conservative and non-conventional innate T cell subsets, having the characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cells. They have antibacterial and tissue repair functions,and are the important part of the immune system. MAIT cells are highly abundant in human liver and play a complex role in various liver diseases. Current studies have shown that the markedly reduced number of MAITs and the dysfunction of immunomodulatory effect in various liver diseases were closely related to the occurrence and progression of liver diseases. This paper mainly reviews the characteristics of MAIT cells and their latest progress in chronic viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, and further discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the loss of MAIT cells, so as to provide some references for follow-up research.

mucosal-associated invariant T cells  /  chronic viral hepatitis  /  non-alcoholic fatty liver disease  /  alcoholic liver disease  /  hepatocellular carcinoma
张利萍, 张纪元, 屈蒙蒙, 曾庆磊. 黏膜相关恒定T细胞在肝脏疾病中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (4) : 461 -467 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0461
Li-Ping Zhang, Ji-Yuan Zhang, Meng-Meng Qu, Qing-Lei Zeng. Progress in research on role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in liver diseases[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (4) : 461 -467 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0461
肝脏由肝动脉和门静脉共同供血,其中门静脉可收集约80%的胃肠道血流量,当作为第一道防线的肠道黏膜上皮发生损伤或出现功能障碍时,肠源性微生物将经过门静脉移位到达肝脏[1-2]。肝脏是人体内重要的前线免疫器官[3],肝窦间隙中的各种免疫细胞形成滤网,可清除或隔离致病物,特别是来源于胃肠道的微生物,因此肝脏可被视为阻止病原体侵入体循环的第二道防线[4]。黏膜相关恒定T细胞(mucosal-associated invariant T cells,MAIT)是一种特殊的先天性T细胞亚群,在人体中含量丰富,主要分布于肝脏(门静脉束胆管周围,占T细胞的20%~45%)、肠道黏膜组织(占3%~5%)及外周血液(占1%~10%),是肝脏最大的T细胞亚群之一,参与构建了肠道及胆管上皮的“防火墙”[5-8],在抵御细菌、真菌及病毒感染的过程中发挥着重要作用。本文对MAIT细胞在各种肝脏疾病中的功能及作用进行综述,为后续的研究提供参考。
1993年,Porcelli等[9]在对健康志愿者外周血CD4-CD8-αβ T细胞的分析中,发现了两种不同的恒定T细胞受体(T cell receptor,TCR)α片段,其中一个由Vα7.2(TRAV1-2)与Jα33(TRAJ33)基因片段组成。1999年,Tilloy等[10]在人及小鼠中也发现了同源TCRα链,在人类由Vα7.2(TRAV1-2)-Jα33(TRAJ33)和Vβ2(TRBV20)或Vβ13(TRBV6)组成。2003年,Treiner等[11]证实,这种新的T细胞亚群在肠黏膜固有层富集,主要识别主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ类分子(major histocompatibility complex-Ⅰ molecule,MR1)提呈的抗原,并将其命名为黏膜相关恒定T细胞。随后,对抗人TCR Vα7.2特异性单克隆抗体及MR1四聚体的研究进一步深化了人们对MAIT细胞的认识[12-13]。对结合于MR1四聚体的MAIT细胞进行TCR测序发现,约30%的Vα7.2(TRAV1-2)与Jα20(TRAJ20)或Jα12(TRAJ12)连接[14]
人类MAIT细胞在胸腺成熟过程中伴随着某些基因的上调或下调,大致分为3个阶段:第一阶段为CD3+MR1-tet+CD27-CD161-,第二阶段为CD3+MR1-tet+CD27+CD161-,第三阶段为CD3+MR1tet+CD27+CD161+。第三阶段的MAIT细胞与外周成熟MAIT细胞在表型上最接近,其中表达维甲酸相关孤核受体γt(retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gt,RORγt)的亚系被定义为MAIT17,主要分泌白细胞介素-17(interleukin-17,IL-17);表达转录因子T-bet的亚系被定义为MAIT1,主要分泌干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)。同时,MAIT细胞也表达早幼粒细胞白血病锌指蛋白(promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger,PLZF)。PLZF是一种T细胞调控因子,参与调节胸腺中MAIT细胞从第二阶段到第三阶段的发育分化过程;缺乏PLZF的小鼠,第三阶段的MAIT细胞明显减少,甚至出现缺陷[15-18]。离开胸腺后,MAIT细胞在外周的成熟表现为从CD8αβ表达向CD8αα表达的转变,以及分泌细胞因子能力的明显提升;虽然Koay等[15]猜测这与暴露于微生物抗原的时间有关,但具体机制尚不清楚。MAIT细胞大多数为CD4-CD8+ T细胞(占80%),其次为双阴性T细胞(占10%),少数为CD4+CD8- T细胞[19]。此外,MAIT细胞表达多种不同类型的趋化因子受体,如趋化因子(C-C基元)受体6[chemokine(C-C motif)receptor 6,CCR6]、趋化因子(C-C基元)受体9[chemokine(C-C motif)receptor 9,CCR9]、趋化因子(C-X-C基元)受体3[chemokine(C-X-C motif)receptor 3,CXCR3]、趋化因子(C-X-C基元)受体6[chemokine(C-X-C motif)receptor 6,CXCR6]等,这使其具有向肠道及肝脏等组织迁移的能力[6,20]
MAIT细胞可通过多种方式被激活。首先,具有核黄素合成能力的微生物如大肠埃希菌、葡萄球菌、分枝杆菌及真菌等可通过TCR依赖途径激活MAIT细胞[7,21-22]。Kjer-Nielsen等[13]研究发现,来源于叶酸的降解产物6-甲酰蝶呤(6-formylpterin,6-FP)可作为MR1的配体,稳定并上调MR1的表达。相反,Corbett等[23]指出,6-FP可竞争性结合MR1,从而抑制MAIT细胞活化,并且他们发现核黄素合成途径的中间代谢产物5-氨基-6-d-三丁基氨基尿嘧啶(5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil,5-A-RU)与乙二醛或甲基乙二醛的非酶缩合产物5-(2-氧丙基亚氨基)-6-d-三丁基氨基尿嘧啶[5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil,5-OP-RU]、5-(2-氧乙基亚氨基)-6-D-三丁基氨基尿嘧啶[5-(2-oxoethylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil,5-OE-RU]能与MR1结合,从而通过TCR依赖途径强效激活MAIT细胞。也有研究指出,抗原提呈细胞(antigen presenting cell,APC)捕获的完整细菌而非可溶性配体进入溶酶体腔后,可通过核因子κB(NF-κB)蛋白或干扰素信号通路上调MR1,从而以TCR依赖途径激活MAIT细胞[24]。此外,IL-7和IL-15也可增强TCR介导的MAIT细胞活化[25-26]。其次,MAIT细胞表面表达多种细胞因子受体,如IL-12R、IL-18Rα,故创伤、病毒或其他不能合成核黄素中间代谢产物的细菌亦可通过Toll样受体配体(Toll-like receptors ligand,TLRL)如TLR2L、TLR3L、TLR4L、TLR5L、TLR8L、TLR9L[27-29]等介导APC活化,并通过旁路途径激活MAIT细胞。既往研究也明确了IL-15、IL-23、IFN-α/β及肿瘤坏死因子超家族成员如肿瘤坏死因子配体相关分子1A(tumor necrosis factor liked ligand 1A,TL1A)能够协同IL-18和(或)IL-12激活MAIT细胞[30-34]。最后,细菌外毒素(超抗原)可结合于MAIT细胞的TCR Vβ区,直接激活MAIT细胞;也可通过活化T细胞使其释放IL-12、IL-18,间接激活MAIT细胞[35-36]。此外,活化的MAIT细胞可以通过MR1及CD40L依赖途径促进树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC)成熟,并诱导其分泌IL-12,这表明MAIT细胞可通过促进其他细胞成熟从而放大自身的激活效应[29,37]。值得注意的是,MAIT细胞被激活的方式不同,其功能表型也有所不同。以TCR依赖途径激活的MAIT细胞,其表型类似于细胞毒性T细胞17(Tc17);而以旁路途径激活的MAIT细胞,其表型类似于Tc1[38]。单细胞测序结果表明,活化的MAIT细胞表达血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)及转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)等多种因子,提示MAIT细胞具有很强的组织修复能力。同时,活化的MAIT细胞亦可分泌多种促炎细胞因子及细胞毒性效应分子,如IFN-γ、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、IL-17A、IL-22、颗粒酶B及穿孔素等,从而发挥抵御致病微生物的作用,以及参与某些炎性疾病的致病过程[20,39-40]
据估计,全球约2.5亿人感染乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV),7100万人感染丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV),慢性病毒性肝炎仍是导致肝硬化甚至发展为肝癌的主要病因,寻找有效的治疗靶点以阻止病情进展甚至达到临床治愈仍是一个全球关注的问题[41-42]。Liu等[43]的研究表明,HBV感染者外周血及肝脏中的MAIT细胞数量减少,是因为结合胆红素直接促进了MAIT细胞的凋亡,而且损害了TCR诱导的MAIT细胞的增殖及扩张;在缺乏结合胆红素的情况下,IL-2可以部分恢复MAIT细胞的数量。还有研究表明,HBV感染者的MAIT细胞呈高度活化及耗竭,MAIT细胞高表达的CD38于抗病毒治疗后可恢复,早期活化标志物CD69的表达与MAIT细胞产生的颗粒酶B及IFN-γ呈正相关,MAIT细胞的程序性死亡蛋白1(PD-1)表达水平可作为血浆HBV-DNA水平的预测指标[44-45]。慢性乙肝患者外周血MAIT细胞产生的IFN-α明显减少,但是肝脏MAIT细胞产生的IFN-α并未减少,提示二者可能具有不同的免疫活性及功能[46]。此外,HDV合并HBV感染者的MAIT细胞数量进一步减少且功能受损[47-48]。有研究指出,HBV相关肝衰竭患者的MAIT细胞数量与总生存率呈正相关,MAIT细胞数量可作为预后评估的重要指标[49]
与HBV感染者相比,HCV感染者体内MAIT细胞明显减少,肝内残存的MAIT细胞呈现出高水平的免疫激活[50-51]。Bolte等[52]研究发现,HCV感染者肝内MAIT细胞被单核细胞源性细胞因子如IL-18活化,并在HCV诱导的肝脏炎性环境中被耗竭。抗病毒治疗4周后,肝内MAIT细胞频率(占CD3+ T细胞的比例)随着炎症的改善而有所增加,且细胞的免疫激活及细胞毒性效应功能均下降。最近的一项研究也指出,有效的抗病毒治疗可改善循环MAIT细胞的数量及功能[53]。同时,HCV感染者肝内MAIT细胞频率与炎症水平及肝纤维化严重程度呈负相关,且严重的肝纤维化与循环MAIT细胞功能受损相关[52,54]。HCV合并HIV感染者的外周血MAIT细胞亦减少,MAIT细胞在大肠埃希菌刺激下产生IFN-γ的功能受损,猜测可能与微生物易位等肠道功能失调有关[55]。然而,HCV合并HIV感染者在有效抗病毒治疗后,其循环MAIT细胞并不能恢复[56]。上述研究结果提示,MAIT细胞在病毒性肝炎疾病进展中主要通过TCR非依赖途径参与免疫防御及免疫病理过程。
AILD是免疫介导的慢性肝脏疾病,包括肝细胞受累的自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)、胆管受累的原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis,PSC)、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(primary biliary cirrhosis,PBC),以及此三种疾病中的任何两者之间的重叠综合征。有研究表明,AILD患者外周血及肝组织内MAIT细胞均显著减少,且MAIT细胞频率随着纤维化的进展而降低,同时出现活化及耗竭迹象,如分泌IFN-γ的功能受损以及高表达CD38、HLA-DR、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4,CTLA-4)等,从机制上讲,这种减少与长期暴露于细胞因子(如IL-12、IL-18)及细菌抗原有关;且活化的MAIT细胞产生IL-17A使促纤维化的肝星状细胞激活,提示MAIT细胞具有促纤维化作用[57]。von Seth等[58]研究发现,PSC患者的循环MAIT细胞明显减少,且表现为激活表型,但肝脏胆管周围的MAIT细胞未见明显减少。Setsu等[59]研究发现,PBC患者的血液及肝脏中MAIT细胞明显减少,且外周血MAIT细胞低表达活化标志物CD69;该研究的体外刺激实验结果显示,MAIT细胞分泌细胞因子的能力降低,特别是分泌TNF-α的功能受损。然而,Jiang等[60]的研究显示,PBC患者肝内MAIT细胞增多,循环血液中的MAIT细胞过度活化且功能障碍,熊去氧胆酸治疗6个月可减轻上述变化,可能与胆酸通过激活法尼醇X受体促使肝细胞产生IL-7,IL-7诱导信号转导及转录活化蛋白磷酸化,从而促进MAIT细胞分泌细胞因子及颗粒酶B有关。
据报道,全球NAFLD患病率高达25%,肝小叶炎症被认为是NAFLD发展的驱动力,而淋巴细胞介导的适应性免疫在其中发挥着复杂的作用[61]。Hegde等[62]的研究表明,肝硬化患者MAIT细胞在肝纤维隔膜中聚集,一方面增强单核巨噬细胞的促炎能力,另一方面促进成纤维细胞的有丝分裂及促炎功能,从而促进肝纤维化的发生发展。然而,Li等[63]的研究发现,NAFLD患者外周血MAIT细胞减少,相反,肝脏MAIT细胞却增多,且与NAFLD活动性评分呈正相关。同时,MAIT细胞功能发生改变,如IL-4的产生增加,而IFN-γ、TNF-α的产生减少。IFN-γ可促进巨噬细胞极化为促炎的M1表型,而IL-4可使其极化为抗炎的M2表型[64]。此外,Li等[63]通过小鼠模型研究发现,缺乏MAIT细胞的小鼠表现出更严重的肝脏脂肪变性及炎症,同时伴随更多的促炎性巨噬细胞及更少的抗炎性巨噬细胞[63]。上述结果均表明MAIT细胞可通过产生调节性细胞因子及诱导抗炎巨噬细胞极化来保护肝脏。
随着嗜酒人群比例的增加,酒精性肝病已是慢性肝病的主要病因之一。大量饮酒会导致肝细胞损伤,初期表现为脂肪肝,进而发展为酒精性肝炎、肝硬化甚至肝癌。研究表明,多种免疫细胞参与了酒精性肝病的发病过程[65],其中MAIT是近年来研究的一个热点。Riva等[66]研究发现,酒精性肝硬化及严重酒精性肝炎患者的外周血MAIT细胞明显减少,且存在抗菌功能缺陷,进一步分析发现是肠道细菌代谢物导致了MAIT细胞的耗竭及功能障碍,提示长期大量饮酒造成肠道通透性增加,以致肠源性毒素进入门脉循环,MAIT细胞由于长期接触肠道“渗漏”的微生物及其产物,导致其抗菌功能障碍。Li等[67]对酒精性肝炎及无肝病的酗酒者进行长期随访发现,酒精性肝炎患者的MAIT细胞减少,残存的MAIT细胞高表达活化标志物分子(CD69、CD38、HLA-DR)及耗竭分子PD-1,但并未观察到凋亡增加,长期戒酒可部分逆转MAIT细胞的异常。尽管有这些重要的发现,但MAIT细胞在酒精性肝病中的作用及造成MAIT细胞减少的机制仍不清楚。美国国立卫生研究院酒精滥用和成瘾研究所(NIH-NIAAA)的高斌教授指出,Riva等[66]的研究开辟了一个新的方向,但仍需进一步研究明确MAIT细胞与疾病的关系[68]
HCC是癌症相关死亡的第四大原因,5年生存率约为18%,是仅次于胰腺癌的第二大致命性肿瘤[69]。HCC的治疗方法主要有手术、肝移植、肝动脉栓塞、射频消融、化疗及分子靶向治疗等,但由于种种原因,其临床效果并不理想。目前越来越多的研究集中于肿瘤免疫治疗,其中T细胞是抗肿瘤免疫反应的主要细胞[70]。在肝癌的小鼠模型中,Ruf等[71]发现5-OP-RU联合TLR9激动剂CpG可强烈诱导MAIT细胞扩增及活化,在体内产生有效而广泛的抗肿瘤免疫反应。Duan等[72]研究发现,HCC患者外周血及肿瘤组织中的MAIT细胞明显减少,且高表达PD-1、CTLA-4及T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白分子3(T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing molecule 3,TIM-3),提示MAIT细胞减少是由免疫耗竭而非凋亡引起的,同时,HCC患者MAIT细胞被肿瘤明显浸润,且与疾病的不良预后显著相关,肿瘤源性MAIT细胞分泌的IFN-γ、IL-17、颗粒酶、穿孔素减少,而分泌的IL-8等促肿瘤因子增多,提示被肿瘤浸润的MAIT细胞功能已经受损,且被重新编辑,从抗肿瘤免疫转为促肿瘤方向。Yan等[73]的研究表明,表达MR1的肿瘤细胞激活MAIT细胞后,可通过IL-17A部分抑制T细胞及NK细胞的功能,从而促进肿瘤的发生、生长及转移,MR1阻断剂可抑制肿瘤的生长及转移,提示阻断MR1可能是肿瘤免疫治疗的新策略。
近年来,MAIT细胞受到了研究者的广泛关注,涉及感染、免疫及代谢性疾病等多个领域。先前的研究提示MAIT细胞在各种肝病患者体内明显减少,具体特点及临床意义如表1所示,猜测可能与炎症环境刺激细胞活化/诱导细胞死亡、肠道功能失调、微生物易位以及MAIT细胞在某些肝病中活化后表达耗竭表型如PD-1等有关,但具体机制仍不明确。
文献报道HIV感染者的MAIT细胞减少可能与细胞凋亡有关[74]。细胞凋亡是机体为维持内环境稳态,在内源或外源性信号刺激下,由基因调控,遵循一定程序且有一系列酶参与的主动性细胞死亡,其中半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)是多种凋亡方式的关键执行分子,是细胞凋亡的重要标志。
此外,细胞焦亡也可能是肝病患者中MAIT细胞减少的机制。不同于细胞凋亡,细胞焦亡是一种新型的、伴有炎症反应的程序性细胞死亡方式,是由caspase-1介导的天然免疫反应,主要表现为细胞肿胀、破裂及炎性细胞因子(如IL-1β、IL-18)的释放。铁死亡是一种与铁离子相关、依赖脂质过氧化、活性氧自由基大量积累的调节性细胞死亡方式。肝脏是储存、代谢铁的重要脏器,铁过多地沉积于肝脏时可通过脂质过氧化、减少T细胞生成等方式介导肝脏损伤。MAIT细胞是T细胞的重要一员,在肝脏中含量十分丰富,其在肝病中减少的机制可能与铁死亡相关。
MAIT细胞是一群进化保守、非传统的先天性T细胞亚群,兼具固有免疫细胞和适应性免疫细胞的特点,具有抗菌和组织修复等作用,是构成免疫系统的重要部分。MAIT细胞在肝脏中大量存在,并在各种肝脏疾病中发挥着重要作用。MAIT细胞数量的减少及免疫功能的异常与疾病严重程度密切相关。未来需要进一步明确肝病患者MAIT细胞减少的机制,从而了解MAIT细胞在肝病中的免疫调节作用,并通过相关药物如激动剂或抑制剂来调节MAIT细胞的生理特性,以达到治疗疾病的目的。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81970517)
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2023年第48卷第4期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0461
  • 接收时间:2021-12-14
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-14
  • 录用日期:2022-05-04
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81970517)
国家自然科学基金(81970517)
作者信息
    1郑州大学医学科学院,河南郑州 450000
    2解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部,北京 100039
    3郑州大学第一附属医院感染病科,河南郑州 450000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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