Article(id=1203036773975814650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0411, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659456000000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1663603200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-09-20, onlineDate=1764755918258, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1682611200000, pubDateStr=2023-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764755918258, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764755918258, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764755918258, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203036770628755576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='4', pageStart='367', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764755917460, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764756108290, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203037571086508742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203037571086508743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=411, endPage=419, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203036774772732446, articleId=1203036773975814650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effects of exosomes derived from 3D-cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on osteoblast differentiation, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To compare the differences between exosomes derived from three-dimensional (3D) cultured human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) and conventional (2D) cultured hUC-MSCs in promoting osteoblast differentiation, and to explore the application possibility of exosomes derived from 3D-cultured hUC-MSCs in treatment related to promoting bone formation. Methods hUC-MSCs were divided into 2D group and 3D group, and cultured respectively.The morphological characteristics of the both groups were observed under optical microscope, and the viability of 3D-cultured hUC-MSCs was detected by calcein AM/PI double staining of living and dead cells. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to screen the differentially expressed genes between 2D group and 3D group, and GO enrichment analysis was conducted. Exosomes of 2D group and 3D group were extracted and divided into 2D-Exo group and 3D-Exo group. Characterization of exosomes was conducted by transmission electron microscope, nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blotting. The exosomes excreted by 2D group and 3D group were applied to C57BL/6J mouse calvarial osteoblasts, respectively, and osteogenic differentiation was induced in vitro. The effects of exosomes cultured in 2D and 3D on osteogenic differentiation were identified by alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase staining and RT-qPCR. Results Comparing to 2D group, cells in 3D group were equal in size and grew into spherical shape. 3D-cultured hUC-MSCs showed higher rate of viability verified by calcein AM/PI double staining of living and dead cells.Transcriptome sequencing results showed that the up-regulated genes in 3D group were enriched in bone mineralization, cartilage development, composition of extracellular matrix, osteoblast differentiation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation and gene expression.The down-regulated genes were enriched in negative regulation of cell proliferation, cell migration, and apoptotic process, etc.Transmission electron microscope observation showed that the exosome diameter in both 2D-Exo group and 3D-Exo group were around 100 nm and exhibited typical cup shape features, and expressed exosome related marker proteins CD9, CD63 and CD81.Staining results of osteoblasts in calvaria of newborn rats showed that the number of calcium nodules stained with alizarin red and the intensity of alkaline phosphatase staining increased significantly in 3D-Exo group than in 2D-Exo group. Results of RT-qPCR showed that the relative expression levels of osteogenic differentiation related genes Bglap, Runx2, Alp, Col1a1 and Spp1 mRNA increased significantly in 3D-Exo group than in 2D-Exo group with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusion Exosomes from 3D-cultured hUC-MSCs can up-regulate the expressions of osteogenic genes Bglap, Runx2, Alp, Col1a1 and Spp1,and have stronger capabilities to promote osteogenic differentiation compared with 2D-cultured exosomes.

, correspAuthors=Pei-Fu Tang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 比较三维立体(3D)培养与传统贴壁培养(2D)人脐带间充质干细胞(hUC-MSCs)来源的外泌体促进成骨细胞分化能力的差异,探索前者在促进骨形成相关治疗中应用的可能性。方法 将hUC-MSCs分为2D组与3D组分别进行培养,在普通光学显微镜下观察细胞的形态特征,同时应用钙黄绿素-AM/PI活死细胞双染法检测3D组细胞的活性;通过转录组测序筛选两组差异表达基因并进行GO富集分析。提取2D组与3D组细胞分泌的外泌体并分为2D外泌体(2D-Exo)组与3D外泌体(3D-Exo)组,通过透射电子显微镜、纳米颗粒跟踪分析及Western blotting对外泌体进行表征。在体外应用2D-Exo及3D-Exo干预乳鼠颅骨成骨细胞并进行成骨诱导分化,通过茜素红染色、碱性磷酸酶染色及RT-qPCR鉴定2D-Exo、3D-Exo对成骨分化能力的影响。结果 与2D组比较,3D组细胞大小均等,聚拢成球形生长;钙黄绿素-AM/PI活死细胞双染可见3D培养的hUC-MSCs具有较高活性;转录组测序结果显示,与2D组比较,3D组上调基因富集于骨矿化、软骨发育、细胞外基质的组成、成骨细胞分化、血管生成、细胞增殖的正向调控及基因表达的正向调控等通路,下调基因富集于细胞增殖的负向调控、细胞迁移的负向调控、细胞凋亡等通路。透射电子显微镜观察可见两组外泌体的直径均为100 nm左右,呈现外泌体典型的杯状形貌特征,且均表达外泌体相关标志蛋白CD9、CD63和CD81。乳鼠颅骨成骨细胞染色结果显示,与2D-Exo组比较,3D-Exo组茜素红着色的钙结节数量及碱性磷酸酶染色强度均明显升高;RT-qPCR检测结果显示,与2D-Exo组比较,3D-Exo组成骨分化相关基因BglapRunx2AlpCol1a1Spp1 mRNA相对表达量明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 3D培养的hUC-MSCs来源的外泌体可上调成骨相关基因BglapRunx2AlpCol1a1Spp1的表达,相较于2D培养来源的外泌体具有更强的促成骨细胞分化的能力。

, correspAuthors=唐佩福, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
唐佩福,E-mail:
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陈瑞婧,硕士研究生,主要从事骨质疏松预防与治疗方面的研究

, authorsList=陈瑞婧, 冯韬锦, 程实, 李上, 于海宽, 陈铭, 李毅, 尹鹏滨, 张里程, 唐佩福)}, authors=[Author(id=1203036776760832685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036773975814650, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1203036776886661816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036773975814650, authorId=1203036776760832685, language=EN, stringName=Rui-Jing Chen, firstName=Rui-Jing, middleName=null, lastName=Chen, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
2Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
3National Orthopedics and Sports Rehabilitation Clinical Research Center, Beijing 100048, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1203036776957964991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036773975814650, authorId=1203036776760832685, language=CN, stringName=陈瑞婧, firstName=瑞婧, middleName=null, lastName=陈, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1解放军医学院,北京 100853
2解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100048
3国家骨科与运动康复临床医学研究中心,北京 100048, bio={"content":"

陈瑞婧,硕士研究生,主要从事骨质疏松预防与治疗方面的研究

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陈瑞婧,硕士研究生,主要从事骨质疏松预防与治疗方面的研究

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2Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
3National Orthopedics and Sports Rehabilitation Clinical Research Center, Beijing 100048, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1203036777226400467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036773975814650, authorId=1203036777050239684, language=CN, stringName=冯韬锦, firstName=韬锦, middleName=null, lastName=冯, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1解放军医学院,北京 100853
2解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100048
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journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036773975814650, authorId=1203036777335452384, language=EN, stringName=Shi Cheng, firstName=Shi, middleName=null, lastName=Cheng, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=4, address=4Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1203036777515807472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036773975814650, authorId=1203036777335452384, language=CN, stringName=程实, firstName=实, middleName=null, lastName=程, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=4, address=4哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院骨科,黑龙江哈尔滨 150086, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203036776647586471, 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lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1203036777700356863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036773975814650, authorId=1203036777603887864, language=EN, stringName=Shang Li, firstName=Shang, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
2Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
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2D and 3D culture of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells

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A. 2D(×10)与3D培养细胞的普通光镜图;B. 3D培养活死细胞染色图

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BP. 生物学进程;A. 两种培养方式的细胞间转录组表达的相关性;B. 两种培养方式的细胞间差异表达基因热图;C. GO富集分析中上调的通路;D. GO富集分析中下调的通路

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A. 2D与3D培养细胞来源的外泌体电镜图;B. 2D与3D培养细胞来源的外泌体粒径分析;C. 2D与3D培养细胞来源的外泌体特征蛋白表达

, figureFileSmall=fzUKXL/juWLuzcCSYPhHIg==, figureFileBig=ji4eilEOdEyoi7l9gtUV6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036781311652825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036773975814650, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effects of exosomes derived from 2D- and 3D-cultured human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells on osteoblast differentiation ability (n=3), figureFileSmall=r6LgX/cPn9hgr4cb5gbj2g==, figureFileBig=2/fF/qCsCJRir1y9dN1NJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036781408121820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036773975814650, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2D与3D培养的人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体对成骨细胞分化能力的影响(n=3)

Bglap. 骨钙素;Runx2. Runt相关转录因子2;Alp. 碱性磷酸酶;Col1a1. Ⅰ型胶原α1;Spp1. 骨桥蛋白;A. 成骨诱导第7天各组细胞茜素红染色及碱性磷酸酶染色;B. 成骨诱导第14天各组细胞茜素红染色及碱性磷酸酶染色;C. 成骨诱导培养第14天各组细胞中成骨相关基因表达情况(n=3);*P<0.05,**P<0.001,***P<0.0001

, figureFileSmall=r6LgX/cPn9hgr4cb5gbj2g==, figureFileBig=2/fF/qCsCJRir1y9dN1NJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036781508785119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036773975814650, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Primer sequences of RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'-3')
Bglap正义:TCTGCTCACTCTGCTGAC
反义:GTCTGTTCACTACCTTATTGC
Runx2正义:GACTGTGGTTACCGTCATGGC
反义:ACTTGGTTTTTCATAACAGCGGA
Alp正义:CCAACTCTTTTGTGCCAGAGA
反义:GGCTACATTGGTGTTGAGCTTTT
Col1a1正义:GCTCCTCTTAGGGGCCACT
反义:CCACGTCTCACCATTGGGG
Spp1正义:GCTTGGCTTATGGACTGA
反义:TAGACTCACCGCTCTTCA
GAPDH正义:AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG
反义:TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
), ArticleFig(id=1203036781588476900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036773975814650, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'-3')
Bglap正义:TCTGCTCACTCTGCTGAC
反义:GTCTGTTCACTACCTTATTGC
Runx2正义:GACTGTGGTTACCGTCATGGC
反义:ACTTGGTTTTTCATAACAGCGGA
Alp正义:CCAACTCTTTTGTGCCAGAGA
反义:GGCTACATTGGTGTTGAGCTTTT
Col1a1正义:GCTCCTCTTAGGGGCCACT
反义:CCACGTCTCACCATTGGGG
Spp1正义:GCTTGGCTTATGGACTGA
反义:TAGACTCACCGCTCTTCA
GAPDH正义:AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG
反义:TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
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3D培养人脐带间充质干细胞来源的外泌体对成骨细胞分化的作用
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陈瑞婧 1, 2, 3 , 冯韬锦 1, 2, 3 , 程实 4 , 李上 1, 2, 3 , 于海宽 1, 2, 3 , 陈铭 1, 2, 3 , 李毅 2, 3 , 尹鹏滨 2, 3 , 张里程 2, 3 , 唐佩福 2, 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023,48(4): 411-419
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023, 48(4): 411-419
3D培养人脐带间充质干细胞来源的外泌体对成骨细胞分化的作用
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陈瑞婧1, 2, 3, 冯韬锦1, 2, 3, 程实4, 李上1, 2, 3, 于海宽1, 2, 3, 陈铭1, 2, 3, 李毅2, 3, 尹鹏滨2, 3, 张里程2, 3, 唐佩福2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军医学院,北京 100853
  • 2解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100048
  • 3国家骨科与运动康复临床医学研究中心,北京 100048
  • 4哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院骨科,黑龙江哈尔滨 150086
  • 陈瑞婧,硕士研究生,主要从事骨质疏松预防与治疗方面的研究

通讯作者:

唐佩福,E-mail:
Effects of exosomes derived from 3D-cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on osteoblast differentiation
Rui-Jing Chen1, 2, 3, Tao-Jin Feng1, 2, 3, Shi Cheng4, Shang Li1, 2, 3, Hai-Kuan Yu1, 2, 3, Ming Chen1, 2, 3, Yi Li2, 3, Peng-Bin Yin2, 3, Li-Cheng Zhang2, 3, Pei-Fu Tang2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
  • 3National Orthopedics and Sports Rehabilitation Clinical Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
  • 4Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
出版时间: 2023-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0411
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目的 比较三维立体(3D)培养与传统贴壁培养(2D)人脐带间充质干细胞(hUC-MSCs)来源的外泌体促进成骨细胞分化能力的差异,探索前者在促进骨形成相关治疗中应用的可能性。方法 将hUC-MSCs分为2D组与3D组分别进行培养,在普通光学显微镜下观察细胞的形态特征,同时应用钙黄绿素-AM/PI活死细胞双染法检测3D组细胞的活性;通过转录组测序筛选两组差异表达基因并进行GO富集分析。提取2D组与3D组细胞分泌的外泌体并分为2D外泌体(2D-Exo)组与3D外泌体(3D-Exo)组,通过透射电子显微镜、纳米颗粒跟踪分析及Western blotting对外泌体进行表征。在体外应用2D-Exo及3D-Exo干预乳鼠颅骨成骨细胞并进行成骨诱导分化,通过茜素红染色、碱性磷酸酶染色及RT-qPCR鉴定2D-Exo、3D-Exo对成骨分化能力的影响。结果 与2D组比较,3D组细胞大小均等,聚拢成球形生长;钙黄绿素-AM/PI活死细胞双染可见3D培养的hUC-MSCs具有较高活性;转录组测序结果显示,与2D组比较,3D组上调基因富集于骨矿化、软骨发育、细胞外基质的组成、成骨细胞分化、血管生成、细胞增殖的正向调控及基因表达的正向调控等通路,下调基因富集于细胞增殖的负向调控、细胞迁移的负向调控、细胞凋亡等通路。透射电子显微镜观察可见两组外泌体的直径均为100 nm左右,呈现外泌体典型的杯状形貌特征,且均表达外泌体相关标志蛋白CD9、CD63和CD81。乳鼠颅骨成骨细胞染色结果显示,与2D-Exo组比较,3D-Exo组茜素红着色的钙结节数量及碱性磷酸酶染色强度均明显升高;RT-qPCR检测结果显示,与2D-Exo组比较,3D-Exo组成骨分化相关基因BglapRunx2AlpCol1a1Spp1 mRNA相对表达量明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 3D培养的hUC-MSCs来源的外泌体可上调成骨相关基因BglapRunx2AlpCol1a1Spp1的表达,相较于2D培养来源的外泌体具有更强的促成骨细胞分化的能力。

三维立体培养  /  人脐带间充质干细胞  /  外泌体  /  成骨分化

Objective To compare the differences between exosomes derived from three-dimensional (3D) cultured human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) and conventional (2D) cultured hUC-MSCs in promoting osteoblast differentiation, and to explore the application possibility of exosomes derived from 3D-cultured hUC-MSCs in treatment related to promoting bone formation. Methods hUC-MSCs were divided into 2D group and 3D group, and cultured respectively.The morphological characteristics of the both groups were observed under optical microscope, and the viability of 3D-cultured hUC-MSCs was detected by calcein AM/PI double staining of living and dead cells. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to screen the differentially expressed genes between 2D group and 3D group, and GO enrichment analysis was conducted. Exosomes of 2D group and 3D group were extracted and divided into 2D-Exo group and 3D-Exo group. Characterization of exosomes was conducted by transmission electron microscope, nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blotting. The exosomes excreted by 2D group and 3D group were applied to C57BL/6J mouse calvarial osteoblasts, respectively, and osteogenic differentiation was induced in vitro. The effects of exosomes cultured in 2D and 3D on osteogenic differentiation were identified by alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase staining and RT-qPCR. Results Comparing to 2D group, cells in 3D group were equal in size and grew into spherical shape. 3D-cultured hUC-MSCs showed higher rate of viability verified by calcein AM/PI double staining of living and dead cells.Transcriptome sequencing results showed that the up-regulated genes in 3D group were enriched in bone mineralization, cartilage development, composition of extracellular matrix, osteoblast differentiation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation and gene expression.The down-regulated genes were enriched in negative regulation of cell proliferation, cell migration, and apoptotic process, etc.Transmission electron microscope observation showed that the exosome diameter in both 2D-Exo group and 3D-Exo group were around 100 nm and exhibited typical cup shape features, and expressed exosome related marker proteins CD9, CD63 and CD81.Staining results of osteoblasts in calvaria of newborn rats showed that the number of calcium nodules stained with alizarin red and the intensity of alkaline phosphatase staining increased significantly in 3D-Exo group than in 2D-Exo group. Results of RT-qPCR showed that the relative expression levels of osteogenic differentiation related genes Bglap, Runx2, Alp, Col1a1 and Spp1 mRNA increased significantly in 3D-Exo group than in 2D-Exo group with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusion Exosomes from 3D-cultured hUC-MSCs can up-regulate the expressions of osteogenic genes Bglap, Runx2, Alp, Col1a1 and Spp1,and have stronger capabilities to promote osteogenic differentiation compared with 2D-cultured exosomes.

three-dimensional culture  /  human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell  /  exosome  /  osteogenic differentiation
陈瑞婧, 冯韬锦, 程实, 李上, 于海宽, 陈铭, 李毅, 尹鹏滨, 张里程, 唐佩福. 3D培养人脐带间充质干细胞来源的外泌体对成骨细胞分化的作用. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (4) : 411 -419 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0411
Rui-Jing Chen, Tao-Jin Feng, Shi Cheng, Shang Li, Hai-Kuan Yu, Ming Chen, Yi Li, Peng-Bin Yin, Li-Cheng Zhang, Pei-Fu Tang. Effects of exosomes derived from 3D-cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on osteoblast differentiation[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (4) : 411 -419 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0411
间充质干细胞是一类具有自我更新能力及多向分化潜能的多能干细胞[1-2],其中脐带来源的间充质干细胞具有易于获取、对捐赠者不会造成额外创伤,且自我再生能力强等特性,被广泛应用于组织修复与再生、免疫调控、抗肿瘤治疗等领域[3]。研究发现,脐带来源的间充质干细胞可通过分泌外泌体从而介导旁分泌,参与多种生物学进程[4]。外泌体是细胞在生理或病理状态下分泌的直径40~160 nm的囊泡,可将蛋白、核酸、脂质等物质运输到靶细胞中,介导细胞间信号传导并产生相应的生物学效应[5-6]。既往研究显示,人脐带间充质干细胞(human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells,hUC-MSCs)来源的外泌体可促进成骨细胞增殖及分化,对骨质疏松模型鼠的骨量丢失具有预防及治疗作用[7]。相较于传统贴壁(2D)培养的hUC-MSCs,三维立体(3D)培养的hUC-MSCs分泌的外泌体具有一定优势。已有研究将3D培养的hUC-MSCs分泌的外泌体应用于软骨细胞,发现与2D培养获得的外泌体相比,前者可更好地促进软骨细胞增殖、迁移和基质合成,且可抑制软骨细胞凋亡[8]。然而,3D培养获得的外泌体是否具有更强的促成骨能力仍有待探索。本研究探讨3D培养与2D培养的hUC-MSCs来源的外泌体在促进成骨细胞分化过程中作用的差异,以期为将3D培养来源的外泌体应用于促骨形成相关治疗提供依据。
hUC-MSCs(HUXUC-01001)、hUC-MSCs完全培养基(HUXUC-90011)购自广州赛业生物科技有限公司;钙黄绿素-AM/PI活死细胞双染法试剂盒(Calcein/PI双染法,EGY0033)购自南京恩晶生物科技有限公司;0.25% Trypsin-EDTA酶、磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer saline,PBS)、α-MEM培养基、胎牛血清、青-链霉素双抗购自美国Gibco公司;RNA提取试剂(R401-01)、反转录试剂盒HiScript III All-in-one RT SuperMix Perfect for qPCR(R333-01)、实时荧光定量试剂盒ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix(Q711-02)、RNA建库相关试剂盒VAHTS Universal V8 RNA-seq Library Prep Kit for Illumina(NR605)、Ribo-off Globin &rRNA Depletion Kit(Human/Mouse/Rat,N408)购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;成骨细胞矿化结节染色试剂盒(茜素红S法,C0148S)、BCIP/NBT碱性磷酸酯酶显色试剂盒(C3206)购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;高效RIPA裂解液(组织/细胞,R0010)购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;蛋白定量试剂盒BCA Protein Assay Kit购自美国赛默飞世尔科技;快速封闭液(EveryBlot Blocking Buffer)、ECL化学发光底物(1705060)购自美国Bio-Rad公司;MES SDS Running Buffer Powder、预制胶(M00656)购自南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司;抗体CD9(ab236630)、CD63(ab134045)、CD81(ab109201)购自艾博抗(上海)贸易有限公司。蛋白转印系统(Trans-Blot Turbo)、垂直电泳槽(Mini-PROTEAN Tetra)、通用电泳仪电源(164-5070)、实时荧光定量PCR仪(CFX-96)购自美国Bio-Rad公司;NunclonTM SpheraTM U形底超低吸附96孔板(174925)购自美国赛默飞世尔公司;纳米粒径跟踪分析仪购自英国马尔文仪器有限公司;透射电子显微镜购自日本电子株式会社。
将hUC-MSCs分为2D组与3D组,分别进行2D培养与3D培养(图1)。2D培养:hUC-MSCs复苏后,用hUC-MSCs完全培养基培养于37 ℃、5% CO2、饱和湿度的恒温培养箱中,每2 d更换一次完全培养基,当细胞生长至90%融合时即可传代。3D培养:将hUC-MSCs用胰酶消化收集后,进行细胞计数,调整细胞浓度在5×106个/ml;将细胞以15 000个/孔的密度接种于U形底超低吸附96孔板(孔板内表面包被Nunclon Sphera材料,具有超低的细胞贴壁性能,可支持细胞形成球状体悬浮生长)中,每孔体积为200 μl,置于37 ℃、5% CO2、饱和湿度的恒温培养箱中培养,2 d后在光镜下观察细胞是否成球,成球后每2 d更换一次新鲜的hUC-MSCs完全培养基。
3D培养第3天,按试剂说明书配制Calcein AM/PI检测工作液,使用PBS轻柔清洗细胞球后,加入适量检测工作液,37 ℃孵育15 min。孵育结束后,在荧光显微镜下观察染色效果(Calcein AM为绿色荧光,Ex/Em=494/517 nm;PI为红色荧光,Ex/Em=535/617 nm)。
使用Trizol裂解2D组与3D组细胞,提取总RNA,使用Qubit 4.0对RNA进行定量并评价RNA完整度,完整度>8且浓度符合建库标准的样本用于后续RNA文库构建。使用Ribo-off Globin & rRNA Depletion Kit(Human/Mouse/Rat)去除rRNA后,应用VAHTS Universal V8 RNA-seq Library Prep Kit for Illumina对样本构建链特异性文库,磁珠筛选后进行文库扩增,质检合格后使用Illumina NovaseqTM进行测序。测序数据使用STAR Aligner软件与小鼠参考基因组(mm10)进行比对,以Fold change>1.0,P<0.05为阈值,通过R-package DEseq2计算差异表达基因,并使用R-package Cluster Profiler对基因进行基因本体论(Gene Ontology,GO)功能富集分析,保留显著富集且P<0.05的通路。
将细胞培养基更换为含有去除外泌体血清的培养基,每2 d收集细胞上清,将收集的细胞上清在4 ℃下300×g离心10 min去除细胞;取上清并通过切向流过滤浓缩至原上清体积的1/9;取浓缩后的上清,4 ℃下2000×g离心20 min并通过0.22 μm过滤器过滤;将过滤的上清液进一步离心(4 ℃下100 000×g,时间70 min)以得到外泌体颗粒。外泌体颗粒在不含Ca2+和Mg2+的PBS中重悬,并在4 ℃下100 000×g离心70 min,然后重悬于适当体积的0.9%氯化钠溶液中,使用BCA定量后,于-80 ℃保存。
取20 μl新鲜制备的外泌体溶液至铜网上,室温静置15 min,吸去多余液体;用2%醋酸双氧铀负染2 min,吸去多余液体;干燥后置于电镜样品管内,使用透射电子显微镜观察。
在相同培养基总体积、相同细胞总数的条件下,分别进行2D和3D培养细胞,每2 d收集等体积的细胞上清提取外泌体,使用等体积0.9%氯化钠溶液重悬,取适量外泌体样本稀释后,取2.5 ml注入仪器加样窗中,使用软件自动分析并记录测量数据。
收集2D与3D培养细胞分泌的外泌体,并分为2D外泌体(2D-Exo)组与3D外泌体(3D-Exo)组,加入RIPA裂解液后置于摇床上,冰上裂解30 min。4 ℃下14 000 r/min离心10 min;收集上清,使用BCA对蛋白浓度进行定量后,加入上样缓冲液,95 ℃加热5 min使蛋白变性;蛋白经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离后,转至PVDF膜上,使用快速封闭液室温封闭15 min,加入一抗CD9(1:1000)、CD63(1:1000)、CD8(1:1000)于4 ℃摇床孵育过夜;洗膜后,加入二抗室温孵育60 min,再次洗膜后显色,使用凝胶图像分析成像系统检测并采集条带。
20只C57BL/6J乳鼠(体重3 g、出生3 d内)购自斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司[实验动物许可证号:SCXK(京)2019-0010]。使用断颈法将乳鼠处死后于75%乙醇中消毒5 min,自后颈去除头部皮肤,取颅骨,去除多余软组织后用PBS清洗,分成两部分;使用0.25% Trypsin-EDTA酶37 ℃消化10 min,使用αMEM清洗,加入α-MEM配制的0.2% Ⅱ型胶原酶溶液,37 ℃消化30 min;弃去消化液,使用α-MEM清洗后将颅骨剪碎呈乳糜状,加入新鲜0.2% Ⅱ型胶原酶溶液,37 ℃消化60 min;收集消化液,900 r/min离心5 min得到细胞沉淀,重悬后接种于培养皿中,每2 d更换一次培养液,至细胞生长至90%融合时传代,取第2~3代细胞进行实验。
取乳鼠颅骨成骨细胞,分为对照组、2D-Exo组及3D-Exo组。成骨诱导分化时,将培养基更换为含5 mmol/L β-甘油磷酸钠及50 μg/ml抗坏血酸的成骨诱导培养基。2D-Exo组及3D-Exo组分别使用浓度为1 μg/ml的2D及3D培养来源的外泌体进行干预,对照组加入等体积PBS。
乳鼠颅骨成骨细胞诱导至第7、14天,弃去培养基,用PBS润洗细胞3次;使用4%组织细胞固定液固定15 min后,PBS润洗细胞3次;按照碧云天BCIP/NBT碱性磷酸酯酶染色试剂盒说明书步骤进行碱性磷酸酯酶染色。
乳鼠颅骨成骨细胞诱导至第7、14天,弃去培养基,用PBS润洗细胞3次;按照成骨细胞矿化结节染色试剂盒说明书步骤,加入固定液对细胞进行固定;固定完毕后用PBS润洗细胞3次,加入茜素红染液染色30 min;染色结束后弃去染液,用PBS清洗3~5次。
乳鼠颅骨成骨细胞诱导至第14天,使用Trizol提取RNA,测定浓度后,取1 μg RNA,使用HiScript III All-in-one RT SuperMix Perfect for qPCR反转录试剂盒反转录合成cDNA。按照ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix说明书步骤进行实时荧光定量PCR反应。反应体系:5 ng/μl cDNA、10 μl ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix以及0.8 μl正反引物。反应条件:95 ℃预变性60 s;95 ℃变性5 s,60 ℃延伸10 s,共进行40个循环。所得数据使用Bio-Rad CFX Manager及GraphPad Prism 8进行分析,采用2-ΔΔCt(Livak)法计算目的基因mRNA相对表达量。引物序列如表1所示。
使用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行统计分析。计量数据以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用两独立样本t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用Turkey多重检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
光学显微镜下观察可见3D培养形成的细胞球体直径约为200 μm,细胞间排列紧密,而2D培养的细胞则为梭形及三角形,呈典型的鱼群样分布(图2A)。钙黄绿素-AM/PI活死细胞双染结果显示,3D培养3 d后细胞活性仍保持较高水平,仅细胞球体中心有少量凋亡的细胞(图2B)。
转录组数据分析显示,2D与3D培养的细胞组内相关性较好,组间差异明显(图3A);与2D组比较,3D组有1150个基因表达明显上调,1038个基因表达明显下调(P<0.05,图3B,具体上、下调基因见附加材料1)。GO富集分析结果显示,3D组上调的基因主要与骨矿化、软骨发育、细胞外基质的组成、成骨细胞分化、血管生成、细胞增殖的正向调控,以及基因表达的正向调控有关(图3C),下调的基因主要与细胞增殖的负向调控、细胞迁移的负向调控、细胞凋亡、基因表达的负向调控等通路有关(图3D)。
分别提取2D及3D培养细胞上清中的外泌体后,采用透射电子显微镜观察可见,两种来源的外泌体均呈杯状且具有双层膜结构(图4A)。纳米颗粒跟踪分析显示,两种来源的外泌体直径均为100 nm左右(图4B)。Western blotting检测结果显示,两种来源的外泌体均表达外泌体相关标志蛋白CD9、CD63和CD81(图4C)。
体视镜下观察可见,成骨诱导培养第7天,与对照组比较,2D-Exo组与3D-Exo组乳鼠颅骨成骨细胞茜素红染色及碱性磷酸酶染色均有所加深,且3D-Exo组染色强度高于2D-Exo组及对照组,但无肉眼可见的钙结节生成(图5A)。成骨诱导培养第14天,3D-Exo组出现大量茜素红着色的钙结节;2D-Exo组茜素红染色较第7天有所加深,但仅有少量钙结节形成;碱性磷酸酶染色趋势与第7天时相近,且染色程度进一步加深(图5B)。
RT-qPCR检测结果显示,培养第14天,2D-Exo组BglapAlp mRNA相对表达量与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),Runx2Col1a1Spp1 mRNA相对表达量明显高于对照组(P<0.001或P<0.0001);3D-Exo组Runx2AlpCol1a1Spp1 mRNA相对表达量明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.0001),BglapRunx2AlpCol1a1Spp1 mRNA相对表达量明显高于2D-Exo组(P<0.05)(图5C)。
细胞培养是药物研发、肿瘤干细胞研究、组织修复等领域重要的研究手段。自1900年起,传统贴壁培养细胞的方式因其操作简便、经济实惠等优点得到了广泛应用[9]。然而,2D的培养方式仍存在一定局限性。在体内,几乎所有的细胞都是被其他细胞及细胞基质所包绕,形成三维的生存微环境,通过细胞-细胞、细胞-基质间的交流,介导细胞增殖、分化、基因表达等细胞功能,因此,2D的培养方式并不能完全还原细胞在体内的生存状态,并导致细胞增殖能力下降、分化潜能降低、分泌功能受损等[10]。3D培养技术相较单层细胞培养可减少对细胞生物学特性的影响,因此,在生物标志物探索和治疗策略开发等方面具有相应的优势[11]。目前主要的3D细胞培养方式包括无支架基础的悬滴法、低黏附孔板培养法、磁力悬浮法、旋转生物反应器,以及以水凝胶等材料为支架的培养方法[12]。本研究采用U形底超低吸附96孔板进行3D培养,成功得到直径约200 μm的3D细胞球,该方法具有操作简便、重复性高、经济实惠的优势,且钙黄绿素-AM/PI活死细胞双染染色证实了培养的3D细胞球具有良好的活性。
本研究生物信息学分析发现,3D培养的细胞相较于2D培养的细胞转录表达谱发生了明显改变,其中,上调的基因显著富集于骨矿化、细胞外基质的组成等通路。有研究发现,hUC-MSCs分泌的细胞外基质具有抗炎、促进骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化及促进骨再生的作用[13]。此外,hUC-MSCs分泌的细胞外基质可促进软骨细胞的增殖与分化[14]。本研究结果显示,3D培养的细胞中下调基因显著富集于细胞增殖的负向调控、细胞迁移的负向调控、细胞凋亡、基因表达的负向调控等通路,提示3D培养的细胞可通过调控细胞迁移、凋亡、基因表达等过程调控细胞生物学功能。因此,3D培养的细胞可能具有更强的促进骨形成的作用。
外泌体是细胞间通信的一种基本模式,在不同的环境下介导特定的蛋白质、核酸和脂质传递到受体细胞[15-17]。外泌体在生理条件下可介导细胞间交流,还参与了多种病理进程,如感染、神经退行性疾病、心血管疾病、肿瘤、代谢性疾病等[18-22]。本研究成功提取了3D培养的hUC-MSCs上清中的外泌体,并使用透射电子显微镜、纳米颗粒跟踪分析与Western blotting对外泌体进行了表征。既往研究证实,3D培养与2D培养来源的外泌体在分泌动力学和信号分子含量方面表现出显著差异,且体外3D培养来源的外泌体miRNA的表达谱与在体外泌体具有极高的相似性(约96%)[23]。另有研究发现,3D培养的hUC-MSCs上清中的外泌体相较于2D来源的外泌体可通过激活转化生长因子-1及Smad2/3信号通路,更好地促进软骨细胞分化、迁移及细胞外基质合成[8]。同时有研究表明,骨髓间充质干细胞来源的外泌体可通过促进软骨内成骨而在骨折愈合过程中发挥重要作用[24]。但3D培养来源的外泌体是否具有更强的促进成骨细胞分化的能力仍有待进一步探索。因此,本研究分别使用2D及3D培养来源的外泌体对成骨细胞分化过程进行体外干预,结果显示,相较于2D培养来源的外泌体,3D培养来源的外泌体可使成骨细胞矿化能力增高,更早、更多地形成钙结节沉淀,且碱性磷酸酶活性明显升高。同时,3D培养来源的外泌体处理的成骨细胞成骨相关基因的表达量明显高于2D培养来源外泌体处理的成骨细胞。Runx2被认为是成骨细胞分化的标志,其表达量随分化进程而升高;Alp和Col1a1为成骨细胞分化的早期标志物;Bglap和Spp1被认为是成骨分化晚期的标志物,其功能与骨矿化及基质合成有关[25-29]。本研究发现,在成骨诱导分化第14天,3D培养来源的外泌体处理的成骨细胞成骨相关基因(BglapRunx2AlpCol1a1Spp1)表达量均明显高于2D培养来源的外泌体处理的成骨细胞,提示3D来源的外泌体具有更强的促进成骨细胞分化成熟的效能。
综上所述,本研究结果表明,3D培养hUC-MSCs来源的外泌体促进骨形成的能力强于2D培养来源的外泌体,这为临床治疗骨丢失疾病、骨折愈合及骨缺损修复提供了新的思路。但3D培养来源的外泌体调控成骨细胞分化的具体机制及其在体的具体作用仍有待进一步探索。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81972115)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82002330)
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2023年第48卷第4期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0411
  • 接收时间:2022-08-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-03
  • 录用日期:2022-09-20
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81972115)
国家自然科学基金(81972115)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82002330)
国家自然科学基金(82002330)
作者信息
    1解放军医学院,北京 100853
    2解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100048
    3国家骨科与运动康复临床医学研究中心,北京 100048
    4哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院骨科,黑龙江哈尔滨 150086

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唐佩福,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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