Article(id=1203036773115982314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0367, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1675180800000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1676822400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-02-20, onlineDate=1764755918053, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1682611200000, pubDateStr=2023-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764755918053, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764755918053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764755918053, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203036770628755576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='4', pageStart='367', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764755917460, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764756108290, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203037571086508742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203037571086508743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=367, endPage=373, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203036773891928565, articleId=1203036773115982314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Expert consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in army combat trauma-induced cardiac arrest, columnId=1190310109461971339, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cardiac arrest (CA) induced by army combat trauma is a specific type of traumatic cardiac arrest. Since it is inextricably intertwined with tactical combat casualty care (TCCC), the diagnosis and therapeutic strategy is dependent on various stages, i.e., care under fire/threat, tactical field care, and tactical evacuation care. In addition, active abdominal compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (AACD-CPR) should be considered among patients with lung, pleural and heart injury resulted from chest trauma. Moreover, portable ultrasound to identify reversible etiologies in CA should be highlighted.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Zhou Fei-Hu, E-mail:
Liu Zhong-Min, E-mail:
Wang Li-Xiang, E-mail:
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陆战伤引起的心脏骤停(CA)是创伤性心搏骤停的一种,与战术战伤救治(TCCC)密不可分,故其诊断及后期治疗策略须根据TCCC的不同阶段(即火线救护阶段、战术战区救护阶段及战术后送救护阶段)而因时、因地制宜。对于胸部外伤导致肺、胸膜及心脏损伤的患者,可考虑实施腹部提压心肺复苏术。此外,还应重视便携式超声在CA可逆病因筛查中的作用。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
周飞虎,E-mail:
刘中民,E-mail:
王立祥,E-mail:
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陆战伤心脏骤停心肺复苏专家共识
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中国研究型医院学会心肺复苏学专业委员会 , 中国老年保健协会心肺复苏专业委员会 , 中国健康管理协会健康文化委员会 , 中国医师学会心血管外科医学分会 , 海峡两岸医学交流协会重症医学分会 , 北京医学会灾难医学与心肺复苏学分会 , 全军重症医学专业委员会心肺复苏学组
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2023,48(4): 367-373
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解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2023, 48(4): 367-373
陆战伤心脏骤停心肺复苏专家共识
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中国研究型医院学会心肺复苏学专业委员会, 中国老年保健协会心肺复苏专业委员会, 中国健康管理协会健康文化委员会, 中国医师学会心血管外科医学分会, 海峡两岸医学交流协会重症医学分会, 北京医学会灾难医学与心肺复苏学分会, 全军重症医学专业委员会心肺复苏学组
作者信息

通讯作者:

周飞虎,E-mail:
刘中民,E-mail:
王立祥,E-mail:
Expert consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in army combat trauma-induced cardiac arrest
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Medicine Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Medicine Committee of Chinese Aging Well Association, Heath Care Committee of Chinese Health Association, Chinese Association of Cardiovascular Surgeons, Critical Care Medicine Committee of Health Exchange and Cooperation Across the Taiwan Straits, Disaster Medicine and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Medicine Committee of Beijing Medical Association, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Medicine Group of Chinese PLA Critical Care Medicine Committee
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出版时间: 2023-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0367
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陆战伤引起的心脏骤停(CA)是创伤性心搏骤停的一种,与战术战伤救治(TCCC)密不可分,故其诊断及后期治疗策略须根据TCCC的不同阶段(即火线救护阶段、战术战区救护阶段及战术后送救护阶段)而因时、因地制宜。对于胸部外伤导致肺、胸膜及心脏损伤的患者,可考虑实施腹部提压心肺复苏术。此外,还应重视便携式超声在CA可逆病因筛查中的作用。

陆战伤  /  心脏骤停  /  心肺复苏  /  战术战伤救治

Cardiac arrest (CA) induced by army combat trauma is a specific type of traumatic cardiac arrest. Since it is inextricably intertwined with tactical combat casualty care (TCCC), the diagnosis and therapeutic strategy is dependent on various stages, i.e., care under fire/threat, tactical field care, and tactical evacuation care. In addition, active abdominal compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (AACD-CPR) should be considered among patients with lung, pleural and heart injury resulted from chest trauma. Moreover, portable ultrasound to identify reversible etiologies in CA should be highlighted.

army combat trauma  /  cardiac arrest  /  cardiopulmonary resuscitation  /  tactical combat casualty care
中国研究型医院学会心肺复苏学专业委员会, 中国老年保健协会心肺复苏专业委员会, 中国健康管理协会健康文化委员会, 中国医师学会心血管外科医学分会, 海峡两岸医学交流协会重症医学分会, 北京医学会灾难医学与心肺复苏学分会, 全军重症医学专业委员会心肺复苏学组. 陆战伤心脏骤停心肺复苏专家共识. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (4) : 367 -373 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0367
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Medicine Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Medicine Committee of Chinese Aging Well Association, Heath Care Committee of Chinese Health Association, Chinese Association of Cardiovascular Surgeons, Critical Care Medicine Committee of Health Exchange and Cooperation Across the Taiwan Straits, Disaster Medicine and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Medicine Committee of Beijing Medical Association, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Medicine Group of Chinese PLA Critical Care Medicine Committee. Expert consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in army combat trauma-induced cardiac arrest[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (4) : 367 -373 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0367
心脏骤停(cardiac arrest,CA)是指心脏泵血功能机械活动的突然停止,造成全身血液循环中断、呼吸停止及意识丧失。引发CA常见的心律失常类型包括心室纤颤(ventricular fibrillation,VF)、无脉性室性心动过速(ventricular tachycardia,VT)、心室停顿及无脉性电活动(pulseless electrical activity,PEA),后二者并称为电-机械分离。CA本质上是一种临床综合征,是多种疾病或疾病状态的终末表现,也可以是某些疾病的首发症状,常为心源性猝死的直接及首要因素[1]
陆战伤引起的CA是创伤性心搏骤停(traumatic cardiac arrest,TCA)的一种,但也有其自身的特点。由于外部暴力造成患者严重的机械性损伤与失血,进而导致的CA称为TCA[2]。TCA可分为3个阶段:第1个阶段是伤后1 h,主要由于严重的颅脑损伤,高位脊髓损伤,心脏、主动脉或其他大血管的破裂,以及呼吸道阻塞等引起,病死率高达50%;第2个阶段是伤后1~4 h,脑、胸、腹内血管或实质性脏器破裂,以及严重多发伤、严重骨折等引起的大量失血等都可以导致该阶段患者死亡,病死率仍高达30%;第3个阶段是伤后1~4周,发生原因与严重感染、脓毒性休克、多器官功能障碍综合征及多器官衰竭相关,占TCA死亡患者的20%。TCA患者复苏后生存率较低,且常合并永久性神经系统后遗症[3],因而重在预防。对于陆战伤引起的CA,其预防及治疗策略与战术战伤救治(tactical combat casualty care,TCCC)密不可分。
近年来,我国发布了多个心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)相关共识,包括《2016中国心肺复苏专家共识》[1]《成人体外心肺复苏专家共识》[4]《2019创伤性休克急救复苏创新技术临床应用中国专家共识》[5]等,但目前尚缺乏适用于不同阶段,因时、因地制宜实施CPR以预防及治疗CA的共识。因此,由中国研究型医院学会心肺复苏学专业委员会、中国老年保健协会心肺复苏专业委员会、中国健康管理协会健康文化委员会、中国医师学会心血管外科医学分会、海峡两岸医学交流协会重症医学分会、北京医学会灾难医学与心肺复苏学分会、全军重症医学专业委员会心肺复苏学组等组成的陆战伤心脏骤停心肺复苏专家共识委员会,根据2021版美军TCCC指南[6]及英国国家卫生部门关于大批量伤员救治的指导意见[7],结合目前TCA的相关研究进展,制定了本专家共识。本共识适用人群为部队基层卫生人员及军队各级医疗机构急诊医学、重症医学和其他内科临床医师。由于战伤与平民创伤有一定关联,该共识也适用于院前应急救援及地方各级医院的医护人员。
TCCC的概念于1996年提出,是指在到达医疗救治机构前的战术环境中对伤员施行的一系列救治措施。陆战伤的致伤机制包括弹道穿通伤、爆震伤、挤压伤、刀刺伤、烧伤及化学/生物/辐射/核损伤等。美军对2001-2011年伊拉克战争及阿富汗战争期间4596例战伤死亡数据的研究显示,87.3%的死亡发生于伤员到达军队救护机构(military medical treatment facility,MTF)之前;其中75.7%是无法避免的死亡,仅有24.3%被认为是“可预防性战伤死亡(potential survival,PS)”,后者中约90.9%的伤者死于致命性大出血,约7.9%死于气道梗阻[8]。因此,对陆战伤CA的处理有别于公共卫生事件中的CPR措施,除常规胸外按压外,还需要同时处理致命性大出血并保持气道开放。
此外,TCCC强调分级救治及时效救治,可分为火线救护(under fire/threat)、战术战区救护(tactical field care,TFC)及战术后送救护(tactical evacuation care,TACEVAC)3个阶段[9],在不同阶段应采取最适合战术环境、最能挽救伤员生命的救治策略,并力求用最快的运输方式在最短时间内将伤员送达医疗救治机构,尽力减少院前死亡尤其是PS[9]。因此,不同阶段CPR的原则及策略也不尽相同。
对于非医学专业人员,伤员受到创伤打击后如果意识丧失、突然倒地,对大声呼唤无反应,则提示发生CA。
对于医学专业人员,需要在短时间(<10 s)内通过听、看、触诊等方法来判断伤员呼吸、心跳是否停止。将耳朵贴近伤员口腔及胸部,听是否有呼吸及心跳声音;还可以近距离观察胸腔是否有随呼吸起伏的动作;解开衣物或将手伸入衣物内,感觉伤员的心跳,并触及颈部、手腕、腹股沟的大动脉搏动处,感觉动脉搏动,如果通过“一听二看三感觉”都不能感知,则伤员发生CA。
此阶段是指伤员在交火环境下的紧急现场救治,原则是在有效控制敌方火力并确保自身安全的前提下进行自救及互救,预防由致死性大出血导致的TCA。此阶段由战士或随行卫生兵完成,自救及互救的主要任务为使用士兵背囊内的装备,针对外出血进行快速、简单的处置,并将伤员迅速转移至相对安全的地带。此阶段在创伤救治时效性上被称为“白金十分钟”。(1)如战场环境允许,尽快将伤者拖拽至安全环境,特别是在伤者处于燃烧的运输工具或建筑中时;(2)使用各种类型的止血带控制明显的出血;(3)气道管理最好在TFC完成;(4)对于脉搏消失、没有呼吸及无其他生命体征的TCA患者,不进行CPR[10]
此阶段是在非交火环境下的救护,指伤员在被送往二、三级救治阶梯的医疗救治机构之前,在一级救治阶梯(多在交火区附近掩体内的集伤点,属于无敌火区)接受的紧急救治,重点处理明显的大出血及张力性气胸,并保持气道开放,降低TCA的发生率。此阶段由卫生士官及军医(营、连抢救组人员)完成。
立即没收意识障碍伤员的武器装备及通信设备。
使用各类止血方式控制明显的出血。(1)对于头颈部出血特别是血肿形成的伤员,考虑建立人工气道;(2)对失血性休克进行初步评估[在没有脑损伤,但出现意识模糊和(或)桡动脉搏动微弱甚至没有搏动的情况下],并考虑立即开始休克的复苏治疗。
(1)对于昏迷且不伴有气道阻塞的伤员,安置于救治场所并处署于复苏体位,使用托颌法将伤员下颌抬高或插入鼻咽通气道或喉罩;(2)对于已出现气道梗阻或气道梗阻风险较大,以及使用上述方法不能成功通气的伤员,实施环甲膜切开术;(3)对于使用喉罩的伤员,在后送途中需定时观察气囊压力,特别是空中转运过程中气囊压力可能发生变化;(4)对于口面部创伤或面部烧伤的伤员,环甲膜切开术可作为气道开放的首选方法。
(1)对于脉搏消失、没有呼吸、无其他生命体征的爆炸或穿透性创伤患者,在战场环境中实施CPR的成功率很低,最好不要尝试。(2)如伤员无明显致命外伤,但出现TCA(无脉搏、呼吸,对疼痛刺激无反应,无其他生命迹象),在终止救治前需进行双侧针头减压,以除外张力性气胸导致的TCA。怀疑张力性气胸的初始处理:①如果伤员有胸部密封敷料,需将敷料穿破或去除;②监测血氧饱和度;③将伤员置于仰卧位或复苏体位;④用14号或10号的8.25 cm针头/导管对伤侧胸部进行减压,可以将腋前线第5肋间隙或锁骨中线第2肋间隙作为穿刺点,如果使用锁骨中线穿刺,注意不要将穿刺针插入乳头线,穿刺针/导管应以与胸壁垂直的角度插入,紧贴插入部位的下位肋骨上缘,保持5~10 s以充分减压,拔下针头并将导管留在穿刺点处;⑤如果伤员有严重的躯干创伤或原发性爆震伤、爆炸所致的胸部钝性伤或弹片弹头等所致的胸部穿透伤,出现呼吸窘迫、休克、意识改变时,则高度提示张力性气胸,如出现不能解释的心动过速、呼吸加快、低血压甚至TCA[8],则应充分考虑张力性气胸的可能,在停止施救前需对双侧胸部进行减压,处置方法同上。(3)执行张力性气胸减压时,若空气从胸部溢出,并发出明显的嘶嘶声(如果周围环境嘈杂,可能不好判断)或生命体征丧失的伤员恢复意识和(或)脉搏恢复搏动,应视为张力性气胸减压成功。
(1)循环:①早期识别及处置骨盆骨折和出血,如果怀疑骨盆骨折(伴有骨盆疼痛、任何严重的下肢截肢、体格检查提示骨盆骨折、昏迷、休克),特别是在发生严重钝器伤或爆炸伤的患者中应使用骨盆黏合剂。②评估有无失血性休克,在没有脑损伤的情况下出现意识模糊和(或)桡动脉搏动微弱甚至没有搏动。③静脉通路(intravenous,IV)的建立,如果伤员处于失血性休克或有严重的休克风险(可能需要液体复苏),或需要药物治疗但无法通过口服给药时,快速建立IV或骨髓输液通路(intraosseous,IO),首选18号静脉留置针。如果由于休克状态下周围循环衰竭、末梢静脉塌陷而无法建立输液通道,则采用IO。IO是一种在特殊情况下建立的紧急输液方法,利用长骨骨髓腔中丰富的血管网将药物及液体经骨髓腔输入血液循环,适用于野外、战场、技术受限及出现大量伤员等情况下。④应用氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TXA),如果伤员预期需要大量输血(如出现失血性休克、一个或多个严重离断伤、贯穿躯干的创伤或有严重出血表现)或有明显的TBI征兆或体征,以及与爆炸伤或钝器伤相关的意识状态改变,应尽快通过IV或IO缓慢推入2 g的TXA,注意不要晚于伤后3 h。⑤液体复苏,失血性休克伤员可以选择的复苏液,优先级从先到后依次为:低温全血>预先筛检的新鲜全血>血浆、红细胞及血小板(比例为1∶1∶1)>血浆与红细胞(比例为1∶1)>单用血浆或红细胞。⑥在进行液体复苏时,应采取措施预防体温过低(详细措施见下)。⑦鉴于发生潜在的致命性溶血反应风险增加,未经预检的新鲜全血或特定类型的新鲜血液制品输入应仅在经过培训的专业人员指导下进行。⑧危及生命的大出血后,应尽早输血以挽救伤员的生命。如果无法立即获得Rh阴性的血液制品,应在失血性休克时使用Rh阳性的血液制品。⑨如果TBI导致意识状态改变的伤员出现脉搏细弱或无脉,应进行必要的液体复苏以维持正常的脉搏。如果能够进行血压监测,目标收缩压应保持在100~110 mmHg。⑩经常性评估伤员状态,以检查休克是否再次发生。如果再次出现休克,应重新检查所有出血的控制情况,以确保有效控制出血,并继续上述液体复苏策略。⑪难治性休克,如果休克伤员对液体复苏无反应,应考虑张力性气胸的可能,并在推荐的穿刺部位进行气胸减压(同上)。胸外伤、持续性呼吸窘迫、呼吸音消失以及血氧饱和度<90%可支持这一诊断。
(2)预防低体温:①尽早采取积极救治措施,以防止身体热量进一步散失,并尽可能为创伤或严重烧伤的伤员提供温热环境;②最大限度减少伤员暴露在寒冷环境的时间,尽快在伤员与任何寒冷物体间放置隔绝材料;③用干燥的衣物代替湿衣物;④在伤员的躯干及四肢放置加热毯(不要将任何主动的加热源直接放置在皮肤表面或者包裹在躯干周围,以避免烫伤);⑤用不透气的外封袋包裹伤员;⑥尽快使用罩式睡袋或其他容易获得的保温材料将封闭系统升级为隔热良好的封闭系统;⑦将伤员安置在防风防雨的场所。
(3)如果条件允许,启动电子监测设备进行生命体征监测。
(4)镇痛:对于存在中度至重度疼痛、失血性休克或呼吸窘迫的伤员,氯胺酮20~30 mg(或0.2~0.3 mg/kg)IV或IO缓慢给药,每隔20 min重复上述操作,直至疼痛得到控制或出现眼球震颤(眼球有节奏的来回运动);氯胺酮50~100 mg(或0.5~1 mg/kg)肌内注射(intramuscular,IM)或经鼻吸入(intranasal,IN)给药,每隔20~30 min重复上述操作。
(5)抗生素:对所有开放性创伤伤员均应使用抗生素,对于不能口服给药的伤员(休克、意识障碍),可根据装备选择广谱且半衰期较长的抗生素,尽量减少每日给药次数。
(6)检查并包扎伤口:①检查并包扎已知的伤口;②腹腔内脏脱出:控制出血,进行保护性包扎,即使用干净容器(或可发挥类似作用的器材)保护脱出的内脏,然后将容器固定在腹部(这一点我军与美军TCCC的策略不同)。不要强行还纳脱出的脏器。伤员不应口服药物或食物。
(7)烧伤的处理:①面部烧伤,尤其是在密闭空间内发生的烧伤,可能存在呼吸道吸入性损伤,需要积极监测此类伤员的气道情况与血氧饱和度,并考虑早期对出现呼吸窘迫或进行性氧饱和度下降的伤员行环甲膜穿刺或切开术。②利用烧伤九分法估算烧伤的总体表面积。③用干燥的无菌敷料覆盖烧伤区域。对于面积较大(>20%)的烧伤,考虑将伤员放置于加热或防寒睡袋中,以保护灼伤区域并防止体温过低。④液体复苏:如果烧伤面积>20%,则应在建立IV/IO通路后立即开始液体复苏,推荐使用乳酸林格液、生理盐水等液体。对于体重40~80 kg的成年人,初始IV/IO的输液速率为烧伤面积(%)×10 ml/h。如果体重>80 kg,则每增加10 kg,输液速率提高100 ml/h。如果存在失血性休克,则对失血性休克的复苏级别优先于烧伤导致的休克。⑤可以根据前述的TCCC指南进行烧伤患者的镇静镇痛。⑥院前抗生素应用并非仅适用于烧伤,任何穿透性损伤的伤员均应按规定给予抗生素以预防感染。⑦烧伤患者容易发生体温过低,应格外重视并预防由皮肤屏障损伤引起的体温下降。
(8)对骨折部位用夹板固定并检查肢体远端的动脉搏动。
此阶段是将伤员从战术环境后送至有医疗条件及设备完善的后方医院,通常采用担架、救护车、救生机、救生艇等进行转运。此阶段需要密切监测伤情、迅速识别可能导致TCA的病因(包括心脏压塞、张力性气胸、胸腔出血、腹腔出血、四肢出血及低氧血症)并立刻采取救治措施[10]。在陆战伤救治时效性上,TFC及TACEVAC两个阶段被称为“黄金1小时”[11]
(1)作战人员应建立适当的疏散安全设施,确保待后送伤员的安全;(2)作战人员或前线医务兵应尽可能清晰地向后送人员传达伤员的信息与伤情;(3)后送人员应按照伤员分类原则妥善安排伤员,进行分类后送;(4)后送人员应重新评估伤员伤情以及接受的救治措施。
处理原则与前述一致。
如训练有素,在部分伤员中可考虑使用气管插管替代环甲膜切开术。
(1)在后送期间,对于脉搏或呼吸消失的躯干外伤或多发伤伤员应进行双侧胸部针刺减压,以防止张力性气胸的发生(同上)。如有条件,可采用便携式超声判断有无张力性气胸,并引导穿刺减压:伤员取平卧位进行超声检查,探头置于锁骨中线,自上而下进行探查,超声可清晰显示胸壁及胸膜结构。正常情况下可见胸膜线与肺滑动征,当胸膜线显示不清,而肺滑动征消失,出现“肺点”,肺滑动时深方的细颗粒状“彗星尾”伪像消失时提示气胸,其诊断准确率可达100%。采用智能掌上超声可直接提示是否存在气胸,检伤分类用时在2 min以内。当气胸伤员出现呼吸困难、大汗淋漓症状甚至TCA时,张力性气胸的可能性大,此时应采用战救背囊内的气胸穿刺针,在掌上超声引导下将穿刺针实时经胸壁刺入胸膜腔进行减压,穿刺部位多位于锁骨中线第2肋间,实施此损伤控制耗时在3 min以内。上述操作可在TCCC各阶段实施[11]
(2)对于无明显致命伤,且预期能在短时间内到达设施良好的后方专业医疗场所的伤员,可在后送阶段尝试进行CPR[10]
CPR大致分为两大部分。第一部分为基础生命支持(basic life support,BLS)程序,包括判断伤情、放平患者后进行胸外按压、疏通气道及人工呼吸等,其标准步骤可概括为C-A-B。C为胸外按压(compression),A为开放气道(airway),B为人工呼吸(breathing)。如果能获取除颤仪,应尽早给予心外电除颤。上述抢救措施是必须首先采取的操作步骤,如能快速有效实施,确为成功抢救的关键及基础。CPR的第二部分为高级生命支持(advanced life support,ALS)程序,指伤员接受的更进一步的抢救措施,包括气管插管、呼吸机辅助呼吸、继续胸外按压、电除颤、血管活性药物使用等[1]
如伤员合并肋骨或胸骨骨折、骨软骨交界分离导致肺、胸膜及心脏损伤,可考虑实施腹部提压心肺复苏术(active abdominal compression decompression CPR,AACD-CPR)[12]
开始复苏后约每2 min重新评估患者是否恢复意识及呼吸。触摸患者的手足,若温度有所回升,则进一步触摸颈动脉,发现有搏动即为复苏有效。如停止按压后搏动继续存在,说明患者自主心搏已恢复,可以停止胸外心脏按压。CA患者经过CPR出现自主心律(包括窦性心律、结性心律)、血压≥90/60 mmHg、自主呼吸且维持时间≥30 min者,判断为自主循环恢复。凡正规CPR持续时间达30 min而自主循环仍未恢复者,则终止CPR。
(1)在按压前应尽量将患者放平,按照C-A-B的顺序进行。患者取仰卧位,注意背部应放在平地或硬板上,以免影响按压效果,施救者位于患者一侧,两腿与肩同宽,站立或跪地贴于其肩、胸部旁。在移动患者体位时,要注意保护脊柱,轴位翻身,以免加重损伤。
(2)胸外按压时,一手掌根部紧贴按压部位,另一手重叠其上,指指交叉,双臂伸直并与患者胸部呈垂直方向。胸外按压的部位取胸骨中下1/3处或两乳头连线中点,有节律地向下按压。按压频率为100~120次/min,成人按压深度5~6 cm,按压后胸廓充分回弹,施救者在按压间隙双手应离开患者胸壁。尽量减少胸外按压中断的次数,每次中断时间间隔<10 s。
(1)AACD-CPR原理:在按压腹部时腹腔压力升高,促使膈肌上移,肺脏受压回缩使肺泡内气体排出,CPR患者完成呼气动作。提拉腹部时腹腔压力下降,促使膈肌下移,肺脏膨胀完成吸气动作。AACD-CPR通过引起膈肌的下上移动来促成呼吸动作,发挥了“肺泵”作用,完成肺脏的呼吸功能,并与腹泵机制协同作用,实现了呼吸与循环的同时复苏救治。
(2)AACD-CPR适应证:①开放性胸外伤或心脏贯通伤、胸部挤压伤伴CA且无开胸手术条件;②胸部重度烧伤伴CA;③大面积胸壁不稳定(连枷胸)伴CA;④大量胸腔积液(如血胸)伴CA;⑤张力性及交通性气胸伴CA;⑥严重心包积液及心脏压塞伴CA;⑦食管破裂、气管破裂伴CA;⑧颈椎、胸椎损伤伴CA。
(3)AACD-CPR禁忌证:腹部外伤及腹腔脏器出血。
(4)AACD-CPR临床操作方法:可采用我国自主研发的腹部提压心肺复苏仪(LW-1000)吸附于CA患者中上腹部,以100次/min的频率连续交替对腹部实施向上提拉(拉力10~30 kg)及向下按压(压力40~50 kg)。该仪器适用于体重40~150 kg的成年人。
OCC也是一种有效的复苏方法。在具有完善的医疗设备及专业医务人员配合的前提下,常规胸外按压复苏10~15 min无效即可考虑OCC。开胸按压是用手直接机械挤压心脏,类似于心脏的生理收缩,具有良好的效果。OCC比胸外心脏按压能产生较高的动脉压并增加血流量,使心排血量增加2~3倍,患者的长期存活率更高。具体方法为在左侧第4肋间切口,起于胸骨左缘旁开2~3 cm,止于左腋前线。将切口上方的两条及下方的一条肋软骨切断。开胸后,术者将手掌伸进胸腔并将心脏托于掌心,以拇指以外的四指握住心脏对准大鱼际肌部位进行按压,按压频率60~80次/min。挤压动作宜稍慢,放松时应快,以利于血液充盈。在按压过程中注意无菌操作,术后可用无菌盐水充分冲洗,并静脉给予抗生素。OCC具有一些明显的适应证,如怀疑患者有胸腔内大量出血、心脏压塞、张力性气胸,该类患者无法进行普通的胸外按压;其他患者如合并肋骨骨折连枷胸等,也可考虑OCC。但上述方法操作较复杂,需要由前沿外科手术团队的参与才能完成。
ECPR指应用体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)辅助进行CPR。研究证实,经过长时间CPR患者自主循环及呼吸仍不能恢复时,应用静脉-动脉模式ECMO可以增加机体的平均动脉压及冠脉灌注压,改善血供及氧供,从而提高存活率,改善神经功能预后。这是一种新的复苏模式,其产生得益于ECMO技术的成熟及广泛应用。尤其是对于创伤后肺、心脏严重受损的患者,循环不能在短时间内通过胸外按压恢复,可以通过体外循环建立暂时性循环通路,保证重要器官的血液供应,为后期心肺修复等救治手术争取宝贵时间,最大限度挽救TCA伤员的生命。但由于ECPR需要复杂的仪器设备辅助及专业的医护团队来开展,所以应用范围往往局限于院内抢救,目前在TACEVAC阶段开展比较困难。同时,对于一些存在出血风险的创伤患者来说,要充分评估体外循环抗凝时的出血风险。
超声是可用于战术救治的最便捷有效的影像学设备,掌上超声(handled ultrasound device,HUD)可在近交火区附近的集伤点(TFC阶段)、前沿外科医疗队、TACEVAC中实施全身检伤分类及可视化损伤控制,其在TCCC中的实用价值已在动物实验及演习中得到证实。HUD已成为发达国家军队野战救护队的必需设备[13],可用于早期快速诊断各种可处理的导致TCA的病因,包括腹部实质脏器出血、胸部创伤(血胸、张力性气胸、肋间动脉破裂、心脏破裂)、颅脑创伤、肢体创伤(血管破裂、骨折、骨筋膜室综合征),也可用于各种可视化操作(如静脉穿刺、张力性气胸穿刺减压、心包穿刺等)。
(1)呼吸管理:对脉搏血氧饱和度监测提示氧饱和度降低、创伤引起的低氧血症、意识障碍、合并创伤性颅脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)(此时需维持血氧饱和度>90%)、休克、作战环境位于高海拔地区、怀疑有吸入性气道损伤等的伤员予以积极氧疗。
(2)TBI:①中度/重度TBI伤员应当监测以下项目,如意识水平是否降低、瞳孔扩张、收缩压应>90 mmHg、血氧饱和度>90%、低体温、呼气末二氧化碳分压(如果能进行二氧化碳监测)尽可能维持在35~40 mmHg、是否存在头部穿透性损伤(如有,需使用抗生素)、在没有证据支持的情况下不排除脊髓损伤的可能。②单侧瞳孔扩张并伴有意识水平降低可能预示脑疝的风险,如有出现脑疝的可能,采取以下措施降低颅内压:IV/IO 250 ml 3%或5%的高渗生理盐水;将伤员头部抬高30°;通气设置中呼吸频率设为20次/min,维持呼气末二氧化碳分压30~35 mmHg。除非伤势过重,不推荐常规进行过度通气。一旦决定进行过度通气,推荐使用最高水平的吸入氧浓度(fraction of inspiration O2,FiO2)。
(3)其他预防TCA的相应措施同TFC阶段。
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0367
  • 接收时间:2023-02-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-01
  • 录用日期:2023-02-20
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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