Article(id=1203036771455033466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0451, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1665158400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1671984000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-12-26, onlineDate=1764755917656, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1682611200000, pubDateStr=2023-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764755917656, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764755917656, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764755917656, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203036770628755576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='4', pageStart='367', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764755917460, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764756108290, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203037571086508742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203037571086508743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=451, endPage=455, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203036771723468925, articleId=1203036771455033466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect of gestational weight gain on glucose metabolism and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To observe the effect of gestational weight gain (GWG) on glucose metabolism and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods The clinical data of 1667 single pregnant women with GDM diagnosed in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. According to the degree of GWG, all the GDM pregnant women were divided into three groups: little weight gain group (n=882), moderate weight gain group (n=566)and excessive weight gain group (n=219). The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FIN), Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment β cell function(HOMA-β) and neonatal birth weight were compared among the three groups. Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between GWG and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results The levels of HbA1c, FPG, FIN, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β in excessive weight gain group were significantly higher than those in little weight gain group and moderate weight gain group (P<0.05),and the levels of FIN, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β in little weight gain group were significantly lower than those in moderate weight gain group (P<0.05). The neonatal birth weight in excessive weight gain group was significantly higher than that in little weight gain group and moderate weight gain group (P<0.05), and the neonatal birth weight in little weight gain group was significantly lower than that in moderate weight gain group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that both excessive weight gain and little weight gain were independent factors of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA)(P<0.05). Conclusion Irrational weight gain during pregnancy may increase the incidence of glucose metabolism disorders and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with GDM.

, correspAuthors=Lei Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨孕期增重(GWG)对妊娠糖尿病(GDM)患者糖代谢和妊娠结局的影响。方法 收集2019年1月-2021年12月在解放军总医院第六医学中心妇产科门诊确诊的1667例单胎GDM孕妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析。根据孕期增重程度将GDM孕妇分为GWG过少组(n=882)、GWG适宜组(n=566)、GWG过量组(n=219),比较3组患者孕期糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FIN)、稳态模式胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、新生儿出生体重,并采用logistic回归分析孕期增重程度与不良妊娠结局的相关性。结果 GWG过量组的HbA1c、FPG、FIN、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β水平均明显高于GWG过少组和GWG适宜组(P<0.05),而GWG过少组的FIN、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β水平明显低于GWG适宜组(P<0.05)。GWG过量组的新生儿出生体重明显高于GWG过少组和GWG适宜组(P<0.05),而GWG过少组的新生儿出生体重明显低于GWG适宜组(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,GWG过量及GWG过少均是妊娠期高血压疾病、巨大儿和大于胎龄儿的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 孕期不合理增重可增加GDM患者孕期糖代谢紊乱和不良妊娠结局的发生风险。

, correspAuthors=陈蕾, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈蕾,E-mail:
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沈梦尘,硕士研究生,主要从事妊娠期糖脂代谢方面的研究

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2安徽医科大学第五临床医学院,安徽合肥 230032
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沈梦尘,硕士研究生,主要从事妊娠期糖脂代谢方面的研究

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沈梦尘,硕士研究生,主要从事妊娠期糖脂代谢方面的研究

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Pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus[J]. EMJ Diabet, 2019, 7(1): 97-106., articleTitle=Pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203036776018436416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771455033466, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=50, issue=3, pageStart=513, pageEnd=530, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Ana Y, Prafulla S, Deepa R, journalName=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ana Y, Prafulla S, Deepa R, et al. Emerging and public health challenges existing in gestational diabetes mellitus and diabetes in pregnancy[J]. 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Comparison of general clinical conditions among the three groups of pregnant women with GDM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标GWG过少组(n=882)GWG适宜组(n=566)GWG过量组(n=219)F/χ2P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)33.27±4.232.63±4.1(1)33.27±4.34.4130.012
分娩孕周(周,$\bar{x}±s$)39.00±1.439.23±1.3(1)39.04±1.44.7950.008
孕前BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)22.31±3.322.43±3.423.98±3.4(1)(2)22.415<0.001
BMI分类[例(%)]   463.247<0.001
 消瘦(BMI<18.5 kg/m2)80(9.1)48(8.5)145(66.2)
 正常(18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<24.0 kg/m2)584(66.2)351(62.0)60(27.4)
 超重(24.0 kg/m2≤BMI<28.0 kg/m2)161(18.2)125(22.1)10(4.6)
 肥胖(BMI≥28.0 kg/m2)57(6.5)42(7.4)4(1.8)
教育程度[例(%)]   11.0200.088
 初中及以下16(1.8)8(1.4)6(2.7)
 高中或中专43(4.9)27(4.8)15(6.8)
 大专96(10.9)83(14.7)36(16.4)
 大学及以上727(82.4)448(79.1)162(74.1)
分娩史[例(%)]   0.6540.721
 初孕妇541(61.3)359(63.4)137(62.6)
 经产妇341(38.7)207(36.6)82(37.4)
分娩方式[例(%)]   30.893<0.001
 阴道分娩575(65.2)328(58.0)(1)99(45.2)(1)(2)
 剖宫产307(34.8)238(42.0)(1)120(54.8)(1)(2)
IVF-ET[例(%)]122(13.8)60(10.6)22(10.0)4.4800.107
新生儿体重(g, $\bar{x}±s$)3221.62±430.623406.78±435.08(1)3502.79±477.33(1)(2)52.295<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1203036775208935697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771455033466, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各组GDM患者一般临床资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标GWG过少组(n=882)GWG适宜组(n=566)GWG过量组(n=219)F/χ2P
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)33.27±4.232.63±4.1(1)33.27±4.34.4130.012
分娩孕周(周,$\bar{x}±s$)39.00±1.439.23±1.3(1)39.04±1.44.7950.008
孕前BMI(kg/m2, $\bar{x}±s$)22.31±3.322.43±3.423.98±3.4(1)(2)22.415<0.001
BMI分类[例(%)]   463.247<0.001
 消瘦(BMI<18.5 kg/m2)80(9.1)48(8.5)145(66.2)
 正常(18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<24.0 kg/m2)584(66.2)351(62.0)60(27.4)
 超重(24.0 kg/m2≤BMI<28.0 kg/m2)161(18.2)125(22.1)10(4.6)
 肥胖(BMI≥28.0 kg/m2)57(6.5)42(7.4)4(1.8)
教育程度[例(%)]   11.0200.088
 初中及以下16(1.8)8(1.4)6(2.7)
 高中或中专43(4.9)27(4.8)15(6.8)
 大专96(10.9)83(14.7)36(16.4)
 大学及以上727(82.4)448(79.1)162(74.1)
分娩史[例(%)]   0.6540.721
 初孕妇541(61.3)359(63.4)137(62.6)
 经产妇341(38.7)207(36.6)82(37.4)
分娩方式[例(%)]   30.893<0.001
 阴道分娩575(65.2)328(58.0)(1)99(45.2)(1)(2)
 剖宫产307(34.8)238(42.0)(1)120(54.8)(1)(2)
IVF-ET[例(%)]122(13.8)60(10.6)22(10.0)4.4800.107
新生儿体重(g, $\bar{x}±s$)3221.62±430.623406.78±435.08(1)3502.79±477.33(1)(2)52.295<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1203036775297016088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771455033466, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of blood glucose and insulin levels among the three groups of pregnant women with GDM ($\bar{x}±s$)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标GWG过少组(n=882)GWG适宜组(n=566)GWG过量组(n=219)FP
HbA1c5.14±0.295.16±0.295.32±1.41(1)(2)9.367<0.001
OGTT-FPG(mmol/L)5.04±0.475.09±0.465.24±0.58(1)(2)14.415<0.001
OGTT-1 h(mmol/L)9.91±1.569.62±1.729.75±1.77(1)(2)5.7020.003
OGTT-2 h(mmol/L)8.45±1.487.97±1.43(1)8.09±1.50(1)19.963<0.001
FIN(μU/ml)8.16±4.409.39±4.68(1)11.72±6.32(1)(2)50.892<0.001
HOMA-IR1.87±1.132.16±1.18(1)2.79±1.70(1)(2)49.549<0.001
HOMA-β107.54±50.17122.39±59.79(1)141.67±80.07(1)(2)33.767<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1203036775389290782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771455033466, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3组GDM患者血糖、胰岛素水平比较($\bar{x}±s$)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标GWG过少组(n=882)GWG适宜组(n=566)GWG过量组(n=219)FP
HbA1c5.14±0.295.16±0.295.32±1.41(1)(2)9.367<0.001
OGTT-FPG(mmol/L)5.04±0.475.09±0.465.24±0.58(1)(2)14.415<0.001
OGTT-1 h(mmol/L)9.91±1.569.62±1.729.75±1.77(1)(2)5.7020.003
OGTT-2 h(mmol/L)8.45±1.487.97±1.43(1)8.09±1.50(1)19.963<0.001
FIN(μU/ml)8.16±4.409.39±4.68(1)11.72±6.32(1)(2)50.892<0.001
HOMA-IR1.87±1.132.16±1.18(1)2.79±1.70(1)(2)49.549<0.001
HOMA-β107.54±50.17122.39±59.79(1)141.67±80.07(1)(2)33.767<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1203036775481565473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771455033466, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Relationship between GWG and adverse pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with GDM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量GWG适宜组(n=566)[例(%)](参考)GWG过少组(n=882)GWG过量组(n=219)
[例(%)]OR(95%CI)[例(%)]OR(95%CI)
PPH24(4.2)41(4.6)1.10(0.66~1.84)16(7.3)1.78(0.93~3.42)
HDP31(5.5)27(3.1)0.55(0.32~0.92)(1)21(9.6)1.83(1.03~3.26)(1)
胎盘早剥6(1.1)16(1.8)1.72(0.67~4.43)2(0.9)0.86(0.17~4.30)
早产25(4.4)55(6.2)1.41(0.87~2.30)13(5.9)1.37(0.69~2.72)
PROM135(23.9)205(23.2)0.97(0.75~1.24)44(20.1)0.80(0.55~1.18)
巨大儿43(7.6)24(2.7)0.34(0.20~0.57)(1)28(12.8)1.78(1.08~2.95)(1)
LGA60(10.6)38(4.3)0.38(0.25~0.58)(1)41(18.7)1.94(1.26~2.99)(1)
SGA34(6.0)66(7.5)1.27(0.83~1.94)8(3.7)0.59(0.27~1.30)
), ArticleFig(id=1203036775586423081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771455033466, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

GWG与GDM孕妇不良妊娠结局的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量GWG适宜组(n=566)[例(%)](参考)GWG过少组(n=882)GWG过量组(n=219)
[例(%)]OR(95%CI)[例(%)]OR(95%CI)
PPH24(4.2)41(4.6)1.10(0.66~1.84)16(7.3)1.78(0.93~3.42)
HDP31(5.5)27(3.1)0.55(0.32~0.92)(1)21(9.6)1.83(1.03~3.26)(1)
胎盘早剥6(1.1)16(1.8)1.72(0.67~4.43)2(0.9)0.86(0.17~4.30)
早产25(4.4)55(6.2)1.41(0.87~2.30)13(5.9)1.37(0.69~2.72)
PROM135(23.9)205(23.2)0.97(0.75~1.24)44(20.1)0.80(0.55~1.18)
巨大儿43(7.6)24(2.7)0.34(0.20~0.57)(1)28(12.8)1.78(1.08~2.95)(1)
LGA60(10.6)38(4.3)0.38(0.25~0.58)(1)41(18.7)1.94(1.26~2.99)(1)
SGA34(6.0)66(7.5)1.27(0.83~1.94)8(3.7)0.59(0.27~1.30)
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孕期增重对妊娠糖尿病患者糖代谢及妊娠结局的影响
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沈梦尘 1, 2, 3 , 钟建容 3, 4 , 王曦 3, 4 , 陈蕾 1, 2, 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023,48(4): 451-455
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023, 48(4): 451-455
孕期增重对妊娠糖尿病患者糖代谢及妊娠结局的影响
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沈梦尘1, 2, 3, 钟建容3, 4, 王曦3, 4, 陈蕾1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1安徽医科大学海军临床医学院,北京 100048
  • 2安徽医科大学第五临床医学院,安徽合肥 230032
  • 3解放军总医院第六医学中心妇产科,北京 100048
  • 4华南理工大学医学院,广东广州 510006
  • 沈梦尘,硕士研究生,主要从事妊娠期糖脂代谢方面的研究

通讯作者:

陈蕾,E-mail:
Effect of gestational weight gain on glucose metabolism and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus
Meng-Chen Shen1, 2, 3, Jian-Rong Zhong3, 4, Xi Wang3, 4, Lei Chen1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Navy Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Beijing 100048, China
  • 2The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
  • 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
  • 4School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
出版时间: 2023-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0451
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目的 探讨孕期增重(GWG)对妊娠糖尿病(GDM)患者糖代谢和妊娠结局的影响。方法 收集2019年1月-2021年12月在解放军总医院第六医学中心妇产科门诊确诊的1667例单胎GDM孕妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析。根据孕期增重程度将GDM孕妇分为GWG过少组(n=882)、GWG适宜组(n=566)、GWG过量组(n=219),比较3组患者孕期糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FIN)、稳态模式胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、新生儿出生体重,并采用logistic回归分析孕期增重程度与不良妊娠结局的相关性。结果 GWG过量组的HbA1c、FPG、FIN、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β水平均明显高于GWG过少组和GWG适宜组(P<0.05),而GWG过少组的FIN、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β水平明显低于GWG适宜组(P<0.05)。GWG过量组的新生儿出生体重明显高于GWG过少组和GWG适宜组(P<0.05),而GWG过少组的新生儿出生体重明显低于GWG适宜组(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,GWG过量及GWG过少均是妊娠期高血压疾病、巨大儿和大于胎龄儿的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 孕期不合理增重可增加GDM患者孕期糖代谢紊乱和不良妊娠结局的发生风险。

妊娠糖尿病  /  孕期增重  /  糖代谢  /  妊娠结局

Objective To observe the effect of gestational weight gain (GWG) on glucose metabolism and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods The clinical data of 1667 single pregnant women with GDM diagnosed in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. According to the degree of GWG, all the GDM pregnant women were divided into three groups: little weight gain group (n=882), moderate weight gain group (n=566)and excessive weight gain group (n=219). The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FIN), Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment β cell function(HOMA-β) and neonatal birth weight were compared among the three groups. Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between GWG and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results The levels of HbA1c, FPG, FIN, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β in excessive weight gain group were significantly higher than those in little weight gain group and moderate weight gain group (P<0.05),and the levels of FIN, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β in little weight gain group were significantly lower than those in moderate weight gain group (P<0.05). The neonatal birth weight in excessive weight gain group was significantly higher than that in little weight gain group and moderate weight gain group (P<0.05), and the neonatal birth weight in little weight gain group was significantly lower than that in moderate weight gain group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that both excessive weight gain and little weight gain were independent factors of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA)(P<0.05). Conclusion Irrational weight gain during pregnancy may increase the incidence of glucose metabolism disorders and adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with GDM.

gestational diabetes mellitus  /  gestational weight gain  /  glucose metabolism  /  pregnancy outcomes
沈梦尘, 钟建容, 王曦, 陈蕾. 孕期增重对妊娠糖尿病患者糖代谢及妊娠结局的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (4) : 451 -455 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0451
Meng-Chen Shen, Jian-Rong Zhong, Xi Wang, Lei Chen. Effect of gestational weight gain on glucose metabolism and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (4) : 451 -455 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0451
妊娠糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是指在妊娠期间首次出现或发现的不同程度的糖耐量异常现象[1],其发病率逐年增高,已成为常见的妊娠期疾病之一[2]。研究显示,GDM除可造成母婴不良妊娠结局外,还可增加产妇心血管疾病、糖耐量受损和产后5~10年2型糖尿病的发生风险[3]。孕期增重(gestational weight gain,GWG)是孕妇正常的生理现象,也是保证胎儿正常发育的重要条件之一。研究表明,GWG与GDM具有一定相关性,但GWG过量或不足在GDM发生发展中的作用尚不完全清楚[4-5]。既往研究多集中于母亲孕前体重指数(body mass index,BMI)的增加与后代不良妊娠结局的关系方面[6-7],而孕期不合理体重增长作为多种妊娠期代谢紊乱性疾病和母婴不良妊娠结局的重要危险因素,其相关研究较少。本研究回顾性分析1667例GDM患者的孕期糖代谢相关指标及妊娠结局,以探讨GWG对GDM患者孕期糖代谢和不良妊娠结局的影响。
收集2019年1月-2021年12月在解放军总医院第六医学中心妇产科门诊确诊的1667例单胎GDM孕妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析。所有入组患者均在妊娠24~28周行75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),GDM的诊断采用国际糖尿病与妊娠协会研究小组(IADPSG)标准[8]。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥20岁;(2)无妊娠前糖尿病;(3)单胎妊娠。排除标准:(1)缺失孕期体重数据;(2)双胎或多胎妊娠;(3)合并严重肝、肾、心脑血管疾病及各种形式的感染和应激状态等。孕期增重由分娩时孕妇体重-孕前体重所得,结合每位孕妇的孕前BMI值,并根据2009年美国医学研究所(Institute of Medicine,IOM)推荐的不同孕前BMI孕妇孕期增重值[9][12.5~18.0 kg(BMI<18.5 kg/m2);11.5~16.0 kg(18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<25.0 kg/m2);7.0~11.5 kg(25.0 kg/m2≤BMI<30.0 kg/m2);5.0~9.0 kg(BMI≥30.0 kg/m2)],将GWG值低于IOM推荐范围作为GWG过少组(n=882),GWG值在IOM推荐范围内作为GWG适宜组(n=566),GWG值超出IOM推荐范围作为GWG过量组(n=219)。本研究经解放军总医院第六医学中心伦理委员会批准(HZKY-PJ-2020-42)。
通过电子病案系统采集孕妇的一般临床资料,主要包括年龄、孕前体重/早孕体重、身高、分娩时体重、分娩孕周、母亲教育程度、体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)史、分娩史、分娩方式及新生儿体重。孕前体检时测量孕前体重,如无孕前体重数据,则选取第一次产检(孕早期)时测量的数据。同时,记录各组的不良妊娠结局。小于胎龄儿(SGA):出生体重<同胎龄第10个百分位数;大于胎龄儿(LGA):出生体重>同胎龄第90百分位数;早产:孕28~37周之间的分娩;妊娠期高血压疾病(HDP):主要包括妊娠期高血压、子痫前期和子痫;胎膜早破(PROM):临产前发生的自发性胎膜破裂;产后出血(PPH):胎儿娩出后24 h内,阴道分娩出血量>500 ml或剖宫产出血量>1000 ml。
孕6~12周糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c);孕24~28周OGTT空腹血糖(OGTT-FPG)、餐后1 h血糖(OGTT-1 h)、餐后2 h血糖(OGTT-2 h)、空腹胰岛素(FIN)、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、稳态模型胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、孕前BMI。HOMA-IR=FIN(μU/ml)×OGTT-FPG(mmol/L)/22.5;HOMA-β=2.0×FIN(μU/ml)/[OGTT-FPG(mmol/L)-3.5];孕前BMI=孕前体重/身高2(kg/m2)。其中,实验室检测由解放军总医院第六医学中心检验科使用全自动生化分析仪完成。
明确诊断后,所有GDM患者均纳入营养科糖尿病自我管理中,予以GDM饮食、锻炼指导,同时教授孕妇规律进行家庭血糖监测。当给予饮食、运动干预1~2周,若空腹或餐前血糖>5.3 mmol/L,或餐后2 h血糖>6.7 mmol/L,则按解放军总医院第六医学中心产科门诊GDM诊治方案进行胰岛素治疗。
对比分析3组GDM患者年龄、分娩孕周、孕前BMI、教育程度、分娩史、分娩方式、IVF-ET、新生儿体重,以及HbA1c、OGTT-FPG、OGTT-1 h、OGTT-2 h、FIN、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β水平的差异,筛选出可能的影响因素均纳入logistic回归分析,评估孕期增重程度与不良妊娠结局(PPH、HDP、胎盘早剥、早产、PROM、巨大儿、LGA和SGA)的相关性。
采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,3组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两组间比较采用LSD-t检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;采用logistic回归控制混杂因素(年龄、分娩孕周、孕前BMI、OGTT-FPG、OGTT-1 h、OGTT-2 h及FIN)后,分析孕期增重程度与不良妊娠结局的相关性,其中变量筛选采用基于最大似然估计的向前逐步回归法。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
GWG适宜组的年龄低于GWG过少组,而分娩孕周稍大于GWG过少组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而GWG过量组在年龄和分娩孕周方面与GWG过少组及GWG适宜组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。GWG过量组的孕前BMI和新生儿体重均明显高于GWG适宜组及GWG过少组,且差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。此外,与GWG过少组和GWG适宜组比较,GWG过量组分娩方式为剖宫产的比例更高,而阴道分娩的比例更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组的母亲教育程度、分娩史及IVF-ET比例差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1)。
3组GDM患者孕6~12周HbA1c及孕24~28周OGTT-FPG、OGTT-1 h、OGTT-2 h、FIN比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。GWG过量组的HbA1c、OGTT-FPG、FIN水平明显高于GWG过少组和GWG适宜组(P<0.05),且HOMA-IR和HOMA-β水平随着孕期增重程度的升高而明显升高(P<0.05)(表2)。
随着孕期增重程度的增加,HDP、巨大儿和LGA的发生率均呈逐渐上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随着孕期增重程度增加,胎盘早剥和SGA的发生率呈逐渐下降趋势,但差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。此外,为了较全面地评估GWG与不良妊娠结局的相关性,将可能的影响因素(包括年龄、分娩孕周、孕前BMI、OGTT-FPG、OGTT-1 h、OGTT-2 h及FIN)均纳入logistic回归分析,结果发现,HDP、巨大儿和LGA的发生率与GWG呈独立正相关(P<0.05),而PPH、胎盘早剥、早产、PROM和SGA的发生率与GWG无明显相关性(P>0.05)(表3)。
近年来,随着生活方式的改变,孕期营养不合理现象日益突出。孕妇在孕期摄入过多能量会导致营养过剩,进而使体重迅速增加,最终引起代谢紊乱,如高胆固醇、高血糖等,从而增加了产后相关并发症的发生风险,严重威胁孕妇和新生儿的健康[10]。基于此,本研究探讨了GWG对GDM患者孕期糖代谢及妊娠结局的影响。
在本研究中,3组患者孕6~12周HbA1c及孕24~28周OGTT-FPG、OGTT-1 h、OGTT-2 h水平差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且HbA1c及OGTT-FPG水平随着孕期增重程度增加而逐渐升高,但OGTT-1 h、OGTT-2 h水平与孕期增重程度无明显相关性,考虑可能的原因是孕期增重过多会加重胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌延迟,使餐后血糖波动幅度增大。此外,本研究还发现,随着孕期增重程度的逐渐增加,3组患者的FIN、HOMA-IR和HOMA-β水平呈逐渐升高趋势,组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Walsh等[11]发现,妊娠28周时,孕期增重超过IOM指导范围者的HOMA-IR明显高于孕期合理增重者,与本研究结果一致,提示GWG过量可使妊娠期胰岛素敏感性明显下降,可能的机制是妊娠期体重过快增加使脂肪组织过度积累,刺激胰岛β细胞分泌,引起高胰岛素血症,从而发生胰岛素抵抗,最终导致血糖升高。因此,控制孕期合理增重是GDM综合管理的重要措施。
孕妇孕期适当增重可为胎儿生长发育提供足够的能量和营养,但GWG过多或过少均可导致一系列不良母婴结局。目前国内尚无GDM患者孕期增重的标准,许多国家遵循IOM指南对妊娠期孕妇体重进行分层管理和指导,并已显示出该标准有较好的适用性。本研究仅566例(34.0%)GDM患者GWG控制在IOM指南推荐的范围内,而219例(13.1%)GDM患者GWG超出IOM推荐范围,882例(52.9%)GDM患者GWG低于IOM推荐范围,提示目前大多数孕妇孕期体重的控制并不理想,需要进一步加强孕期教育。Gou等[12]对1523例北京地区GDM患者进行回顾性分析发现,孕期增重过少者占29.6%,低于本研究结果,可能的原因为本研究中的GDM患者在确诊后均进行了严格的生活方式改善,包括营养治疗和体力运动指导,从而使本研究中的人群偏瘦。此外,本研究还发现,与GWG适宜组比较,GWG过量组的新生儿出生体重更高,而GWG过少组的新生儿出生体重更低,提示孕期出现不合理增重会导致新生儿出生体重异常,进而影响后代的长期健康。
本研究发现,与GWG适宜组比较,GWG过量组的巨大儿(OR=1.78,95%CI 1.08~2.95)和LGA(OR=1.94,95%CI 1.26~2.99)发生率增高,而GWG过少可降低巨大儿(OR=0.34,95%CI 0.20~0.57)和LGA(OR=0.38,95%CI 0.25~0.58)的发生风险。此外,Bouvier等[13]同样发现,孕期增重高于IOM指南的女性出现HDP、剖宫产、巨大儿、LGA和低血糖的概率明显增高。而Shi等[14]认为,GWG高于IOM指南的孕妇早产风险较低,GWG低于IOM指南者早产风险较高,提示合理的GWG可能会降低GDM患者早产的发生率[15-16]。但在本研究中,3组孕妇早产的发生风险差异并无统计学意义,可能是由于研究人群的不同以及未能调整孕早期体重等混杂变量造成的,需扩大样本量进一步分析。本研究还发现,孕期增重过量会增加GDM患者HDP(OR=1.83,95%CI 1.03~3.26)的发生风险,可能的机制是超重孕妇盆腹腔囤积了过多脂肪,脂肪增多可引起体内活性雌激素水平升高,促进醛固酮分泌,经肾素-血管紧张素系统或通过直接增加肾小管的重吸收引起钠潴留,最终导致HDP的发生。此外,本研究发现,孕期增重并不会影响GDM患者PPH、胎盘早剥、早产、PROM和SGA的发生率。
综上所述,本研究结果表明,孕期不合理增重不仅可导致GDM患者发生糖代谢紊乱,还可增加其母婴不良妊娠结局的发生风险。因此,在临床实践中,医师应及时指导孕妇管理并控制孕期体重增加,以减少不良妊娠结局的风险。然而,本研究纳入的人群仅为单中心GDM患者,人群代表性不足,且样本量较小,今后尚需进一步扩大样本量来证实。
  • 首都卫生发展科研专项(首发2020-1-5112)
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2023年第48卷第4期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0451
  • 接收时间:2022-10-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-08
  • 录用日期:2022-12-26
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Special Scientific Research Project for Health Development in the Capital(Capital Development 2020-1-5112)
首都卫生发展科研专项(首发2020-1-5112)
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    1安徽医科大学海军临床医学院,北京 100048
    2安徽医科大学第五临床医学院,安徽合肥 230032
    3解放军总医院第六医学中心妇产科,北京 100048
    4华南理工大学医学院,广东广州 510006

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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