Article(id=1203036771174015096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0383, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1661875200000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1669564800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-11-28, onlineDate=1764755917590, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1682611200000, pubDateStr=2023-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764755917590, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764755917590, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764755917590, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203036770628755576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='4', pageStart='367', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764755917460, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764756108290, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203037571086508742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203037571086508743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203036770628755576, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=383, endPage=393, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203036771455033467, articleId=1203036771174015096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effects of mesenchymal stem cells on the progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic mice and its mechanism, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effect of early injection of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs)on the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice and its mechanism. Methods Twenty 5-week-old male db/db mice were used to establish T2DM model and randomly divided into stem cell treatment group(MSCs group, n=10) and T2DM group (DM group, n=10); In addition, age-matched db/m mice were set as normal control group(NC group, n=10). Human UC-MSCs (1×106/0.2 ml saline) were infused into the tail vein of mice in MSCs group for 6 weeks,while the same volume of saline was infused into the tail vein of mice in NC and T2DM groups once a week for 6 consecutive times. Blood glucose and body weight of mice in each group were monitored weekly. At the end of the sixth treatment, the mice in each group were killed by heart perfusion, and the blood and kidney tissues were collected for biochemical and histopathological examination. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) and Claudin-1,and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of SIRT1, Claudin-1, type 1 collagen (Col Ⅰ) and Col Ⅳ. The morphology of glomeruli was observed by electron microscope. HK-2 cells in logarithmic growth phase were divided into control group, high glucose induced model group (HG group), high glucose induced siRNA group (HG+siRNA group), MSC groups(HG+MSC group) and SIRT-1 siRNA group (HG+MSC+siRNA group). The expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blotting. Results After the sixth treatment, compared with NC group [(7.66±0.37) mmol/L], the levels of blood glucose increased significantly (P<0.01) in T2DM group and MSCS group [(32.54±0.36) mmol/L, (29.74±1.04)respectively]; Compared with T2DM group, the level of blood glucose in MSCs group decreased significantly (P<0.05).Pathological results showed that compared with NC group, glomerular sclerosis, diffuse thickening of basement membrane and renal interstitial fibrosis were significantly increased in T2DM group; compared with T2DM group, glomerular sclerosis, deposition of mesangial extracellular matrix and renal interstitial fibrosis were alleviated in MSCs group. The results of Western blotting and immunohistochemistry showed that compared with T2DM group, the expression level of SIRT1 protein in MSCs group increased significantly (P<0.01), the expression of Claudin-1 protein decreased significantly (P<0.01), and of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)protein decreased significantly in MSCs group (P<0.05). In addition, the immunohistochemical results showed that the percentage of Col Ⅰ and Col Ⅳ positive area in MSCs group was significantly lower than that in T2DM group (P<0.01). Compared with NC group, T2DM group showed marked destruction of glomerular filtration barrier, diffuse thickening of basement membrane, and extensive fusion and disappearance of foot processes. Compared with T2DM group, the structure of glomerular foot process in MSCs group was regular and complete. Western blotting results showed that SIRT-1 protein content was significantly lower in HG group than that in control group (P<0.01), while apoptosis-related Cytochrome-C protein contents were significantly higher in HG group than that in control group (P<0.01). Compared with HG group, the protein content of SIRT-1 in HG+MSC group was significantly higher (P<0.01), and the content of apoptosis-related Bax and Cytochrome-C protein decreased significantly (P<0.01).Compared with HG+MSC group, the protein content of SIRT-1 in HG+MSC+siRNA group was significantly decreased (P<0.01),while the protein content of apoptosis-related Bax and Cytochrome-C increased significantly (P<0.01). Conclusion UC-MSCs treatment may play a protective role for kidney of T2DM mice and delay the development of DN by up-regulating the expression of SIRT1 and down-regulating the expression of Claudin-1.

, correspAuthors=Wei-Jun Gu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨脐带间充质干细胞(UC-MSCs)早期注射对2型糖尿病(T2DM)小鼠糖尿病肾病进展的影响及其可能机制。方法 选取20只5周龄雄性db/db小鼠构建T2DM小鼠模型,随机分为干细胞治疗组(MSCs组,n=10)和T2DM组(n=10);另设置鼠龄匹配的db/m小鼠为正常对照组(NC组,n=10)。MSCs组小鼠行连续6周的人UC-MSCs(1×106/0.2 ml生理盐水)尾静脉输注治疗,NC组及T2DM组尾静脉输注等体积生理盐水,每周1次,连续输注6次。每周监测各组小鼠的血糖和体重。第6次治疗结束后,心脏灌流处死各组小鼠并采集血液、留取肾脏组织,行生化和组织病理学检查。采用Western blotting检测各组肾脏沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)蛋白以及紧密连接蛋白1(Claudin-1)的表达情况,并采用免疫组化检测SIRT1、Claudin-1、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(Col Ⅰ)、Col Ⅳ的表达情况。电镜观察各组小鼠肾小球的形态。取对数生长期HK-2细胞,将细胞分为对照组、高糖诱导模型组(HG组)、高糖诱导siRNA组(HG+siRNA组)、MSCs组(HG+MSC组)、SIRT-1 siRNA组(HG+MSC+siRNA组),采用Western blotting检测各组凋亡相关蛋白的表达水平。结果 第6次治疗后,与NC组[(7.66±0.37)mmol/L]比较,T2DM组、MSCs组血糖水平[分别为(32.54±0.36)、(29.74±1.04)mmol/L]均明显升高(P<0.01);而与T2DM组比较,MSCs组血糖水平明显降低(P<0.05)。病理检查结果显示,与NC组比较,T2DM组出现明显的肾小球硬化,基底膜弥漫性增厚,肾脏间质纤维化程度明显增加;与T2DM组比较,MSCs组肾小球硬化程度减轻,系膜外基质沉积延缓,肾脏间质纤维化程度改善。Western blotting及免疫组化结果显示,与T2DM组比较,MSCs组SIRT1蛋白表达水平明显增高(P<0.01),Claudin-1蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.01),α-SMA蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。此外,免疫组化结果显示,MSCs组Col Ⅰ、Col Ⅳ阳性面积百分比较T2DM组明显降低(P<0.01)。电镜结果显示,与NC组比较,T2DM组出现明显的肾小球滤过屏障破坏,基底膜弥漫性增厚,足突广泛融合和消失;与T2DM组比较,MSCs组肾小球足突结构规则、完整。Western blotting结果显示,与对照组比较,HG组SIRT-1蛋白含量明显降低(P<0.01),凋亡相关的细胞色素C蛋白含量明显增高(P<0.01);与HG组比较,HG+MSC组SIRT-1蛋白含量明显增高(P<0.01),凋亡相关的Bax和细胞色素C蛋白含量明显降低(P<0.01);与HG+MSC组比较,HG+MSC+siRNA组SIRT-1蛋白含量降低(P<0.01),凋亡相关的Bax和细胞色素C蛋白含量明显增高(P<0.01)。结论 UC-MSCs治疗可能通过上调SIRT1的表达、下调Claudin-1的表达,对T2DM小鼠发挥肾脏保护功能并且延缓糖尿病肾病的发生发展。

, correspAuthors=谷伟军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
谷伟军,E-mail:
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胡佳,硕士研究生,主要从事间充质干细胞治疗糖尿病及其并发症方面的研究

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胡佳,硕士研究生,主要从事间充质干细胞治疗糖尿病及其并发症方面的研究

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胡佳,硕士研究生,主要从事间充质干细胞治疗糖尿病及其并发症方面的研究

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UC-MSCs. 脐带间充质干细胞;A. 细胞学表型流式分析结果;B. 光镜下的形态学特征(×400);C. 成脂诱导后的油红O染色(×400);D. 成骨诱导后的茜素红染色(×400)

, figureFileSmall=O5etsD0a8yUtWqcTAmN2dg==, figureFileBig=9z04XHiID2YDPDQRy9Jm/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036776672747891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Effects of UC-MSCs on the body weight and blood glucose of type 2 diabetic mice (n=8), figureFileSmall=kvnQDAAhQeOrtwz0hCFe0g==, figureFileBig=XNGyGWDkMJy8H8KMmChBQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036776790188409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=CN, label=图2, caption=UC-MSCs输注对T2DM小鼠血糖和体重的影响(n=8)

UC-MSCs. 脐带间充质干细胞;与NC组比较,(1)P<0.01;与MSCs组比较,(2)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=kvnQDAAhQeOrtwz0hCFe0g==, figureFileBig=XNGyGWDkMJy8H8KMmChBQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036776907628932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effects of UC-MSCs on the BUN and CREAT of type 2 diabetic mice (n=8), figureFileSmall=+tQcPJAiZh1x3NATYPXB+g==, figureFileBig=Vuc2okxEo4bpBdzlLBo+Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777020875146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=CN, label=图3, caption=UC-MSCs输注对T2DM小鼠BUN和Cr的影响(n=8)

UC-MSCs. 脐带间充质干细胞;BUN. 血尿素氮;Cr. 肌酐;*P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=+tQcPJAiZh1x3NATYPXB+g==, figureFileBig=Vuc2okxEo4bpBdzlLBo+Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777142509967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Histopathological features of renal tissues of type 2 diabetic mice in each group (×400, n=8), figureFileSmall=fO8uw2y3YapWqscSPguIKQ==, figureFileBig=pN19YFqoTwZgBLGHhRBGtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777218007444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各组T2DM小鼠肾脏组织病理学观察(×400,n=8)

A. 肾脏组织HE、Masson、PAS、天狼猩红染色;B. 肾脏病理损伤评分;C. 肾小球硬化率;D. 天狼猩红染色阳性区域面积占比;*P<0.05,**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=fO8uw2y3YapWqscSPguIKQ==, figureFileBig=pN19YFqoTwZgBLGHhRBGtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777327059354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effects of UC-MSCs on renal fibrosis of type 2 diabetic mice (n=8), figureFileSmall=ED1id4Glr6qyPZlcC/z+1g==, figureFileBig=Sn666O6MwU7A0zuOqSpgeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777423528350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=CN, label=图5, caption=UC-MSCs输注对T2DM小鼠肾脏纤维化的影响(n=8)

α-SMA. α平滑肌肌动蛋白;Col Ⅰ. Ⅰ型胶原;Col Ⅳ. Ⅳ型胶原;A. Western blotting检测肾脏组织α-SMA蛋白相对表达水平;B. 免疫组化检测肾脏组织Col Ⅰ、Col Ⅳ的表达(×200);*P<0.05,**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=ED1id4Glr6qyPZlcC/z+1g==, figureFileBig=Sn666O6MwU7A0zuOqSpgeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777507414438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Effects of UC-MSCs on the expression of SIRT-1 and Claudin-1 in kidney tissues of type 2 diabetic mice (n=8), figureFileSmall=4LoO+UhUgYx83FIbI4ijqg==, figureFileBig=2ijWKJHPOKeHA7XEHZrLeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777599689130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=CN, label=图6, caption=UC-MSCs输注对T2DM小鼠肾组织SIRT-1、Claudin-1蛋白表达水平的影响(n=8)

SIRT-1. 沉默信息调节因子1;Claudin-1. 紧密连接蛋白1;A. Western blotting检测肾组织SIRT-1、Claudin-1蛋白相对表达水平;B. 免疫组化检测肾组织SIRT-1、Claudin-1蛋白的表达(×200);**P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=4LoO+UhUgYx83FIbI4ijqg==, figureFileBig=2ijWKJHPOKeHA7XEHZrLeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777691963825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Effects of UC-MSCs on glomeruli of type 2 diabetic mice (n=5), figureFileSmall=/chlC6ehp/lSZS+8s0iqdg==, figureFileBig=1OoZj+elxi7mNbTqlalllw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777788432822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=CN, label=图7, caption=UC-MSCs输注对T2DM小鼠肾小球损伤的影响(n=5)

箭头代表基底膜增厚;五角星代表足突融合、消失

, figureFileSmall=/chlC6ehp/lSZS+8s0iqdg==, figureFileBig=1OoZj+elxi7mNbTqlalllw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777884901818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Effects of UC-MSCs on SIRT-1, Bax and Cytochrome-C protein expression in HK-2 cells (Western blotting, n=3), figureFileSmall=oioJLNXbG75q3mQNGwjOVg==, figureFileBig=hEC6ZMO7kwlGERPSiemtCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203036777989759422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203036771174015096, language=CN, label=图8, caption=UC-MSCs对HK-2细胞SIRT-1、Bax、细胞色素C蛋白表达的影响(Western blotting, n=3)

SIRT-1. 沉默信息调节因子1;*P<0.05,**P<0.01

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间充质干细胞对2型糖尿病小鼠糖尿病肾病进展的影响及其机制
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胡佳 1, 2 , 张海霞 2 , 苏婉露 2 , 程愈 2 , 母义明 2 , 谷伟军 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023,48(4): 383-393
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023, 48(4): 383-393
间充质干细胞对2型糖尿病小鼠糖尿病肾病进展的影响及其机制
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胡佳1, 2, 张海霞2, 苏婉露2, 程愈2, 母义明2, 谷伟军2, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军医学院,北京 100853
  • 2解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科,北京 100853
  • 胡佳,硕士研究生,主要从事间充质干细胞治疗糖尿病及其并发症方面的研究

通讯作者:

谷伟军,E-mail:
Effects of mesenchymal stem cells on the progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic mice and its mechanism
Jia Hu1, 2, Hai-Xia Zhang2, Wan-Lu Su2, Yu Cheng2, Yi-Ming Mu2, Wei-Jun Gu2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Department of Endocrinology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2023-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0383
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目的 探讨脐带间充质干细胞(UC-MSCs)早期注射对2型糖尿病(T2DM)小鼠糖尿病肾病进展的影响及其可能机制。方法 选取20只5周龄雄性db/db小鼠构建T2DM小鼠模型,随机分为干细胞治疗组(MSCs组,n=10)和T2DM组(n=10);另设置鼠龄匹配的db/m小鼠为正常对照组(NC组,n=10)。MSCs组小鼠行连续6周的人UC-MSCs(1×106/0.2 ml生理盐水)尾静脉输注治疗,NC组及T2DM组尾静脉输注等体积生理盐水,每周1次,连续输注6次。每周监测各组小鼠的血糖和体重。第6次治疗结束后,心脏灌流处死各组小鼠并采集血液、留取肾脏组织,行生化和组织病理学检查。采用Western blotting检测各组肾脏沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)蛋白以及紧密连接蛋白1(Claudin-1)的表达情况,并采用免疫组化检测SIRT1、Claudin-1、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(Col Ⅰ)、Col Ⅳ的表达情况。电镜观察各组小鼠肾小球的形态。取对数生长期HK-2细胞,将细胞分为对照组、高糖诱导模型组(HG组)、高糖诱导siRNA组(HG+siRNA组)、MSCs组(HG+MSC组)、SIRT-1 siRNA组(HG+MSC+siRNA组),采用Western blotting检测各组凋亡相关蛋白的表达水平。结果 第6次治疗后,与NC组[(7.66±0.37)mmol/L]比较,T2DM组、MSCs组血糖水平[分别为(32.54±0.36)、(29.74±1.04)mmol/L]均明显升高(P<0.01);而与T2DM组比较,MSCs组血糖水平明显降低(P<0.05)。病理检查结果显示,与NC组比较,T2DM组出现明显的肾小球硬化,基底膜弥漫性增厚,肾脏间质纤维化程度明显增加;与T2DM组比较,MSCs组肾小球硬化程度减轻,系膜外基质沉积延缓,肾脏间质纤维化程度改善。Western blotting及免疫组化结果显示,与T2DM组比较,MSCs组SIRT1蛋白表达水平明显增高(P<0.01),Claudin-1蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.01),α-SMA蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。此外,免疫组化结果显示,MSCs组Col Ⅰ、Col Ⅳ阳性面积百分比较T2DM组明显降低(P<0.01)。电镜结果显示,与NC组比较,T2DM组出现明显的肾小球滤过屏障破坏,基底膜弥漫性增厚,足突广泛融合和消失;与T2DM组比较,MSCs组肾小球足突结构规则、完整。Western blotting结果显示,与对照组比较,HG组SIRT-1蛋白含量明显降低(P<0.01),凋亡相关的细胞色素C蛋白含量明显增高(P<0.01);与HG组比较,HG+MSC组SIRT-1蛋白含量明显增高(P<0.01),凋亡相关的Bax和细胞色素C蛋白含量明显降低(P<0.01);与HG+MSC组比较,HG+MSC+siRNA组SIRT-1蛋白含量降低(P<0.01),凋亡相关的Bax和细胞色素C蛋白含量明显增高(P<0.01)。结论 UC-MSCs治疗可能通过上调SIRT1的表达、下调Claudin-1的表达,对T2DM小鼠发挥肾脏保护功能并且延缓糖尿病肾病的发生发展。

糖尿病肾病  /  沉默信息调节因子1  /  脐带间充质干细胞

Objective To investigate the effect of early injection of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs)on the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice and its mechanism. Methods Twenty 5-week-old male db/db mice were used to establish T2DM model and randomly divided into stem cell treatment group(MSCs group, n=10) and T2DM group (DM group, n=10); In addition, age-matched db/m mice were set as normal control group(NC group, n=10). Human UC-MSCs (1×106/0.2 ml saline) were infused into the tail vein of mice in MSCs group for 6 weeks,while the same volume of saline was infused into the tail vein of mice in NC and T2DM groups once a week for 6 consecutive times. Blood glucose and body weight of mice in each group were monitored weekly. At the end of the sixth treatment, the mice in each group were killed by heart perfusion, and the blood and kidney tissues were collected for biochemical and histopathological examination. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) and Claudin-1,and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of SIRT1, Claudin-1, type 1 collagen (Col Ⅰ) and Col Ⅳ. The morphology of glomeruli was observed by electron microscope. HK-2 cells in logarithmic growth phase were divided into control group, high glucose induced model group (HG group), high glucose induced siRNA group (HG+siRNA group), MSC groups(HG+MSC group) and SIRT-1 siRNA group (HG+MSC+siRNA group). The expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blotting. Results After the sixth treatment, compared with NC group [(7.66±0.37) mmol/L], the levels of blood glucose increased significantly (P<0.01) in T2DM group and MSCS group [(32.54±0.36) mmol/L, (29.74±1.04)respectively]; Compared with T2DM group, the level of blood glucose in MSCs group decreased significantly (P<0.05).Pathological results showed that compared with NC group, glomerular sclerosis, diffuse thickening of basement membrane and renal interstitial fibrosis were significantly increased in T2DM group; compared with T2DM group, glomerular sclerosis, deposition of mesangial extracellular matrix and renal interstitial fibrosis were alleviated in MSCs group. The results of Western blotting and immunohistochemistry showed that compared with T2DM group, the expression level of SIRT1 protein in MSCs group increased significantly (P<0.01), the expression of Claudin-1 protein decreased significantly (P<0.01), and of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)protein decreased significantly in MSCs group (P<0.05). In addition, the immunohistochemical results showed that the percentage of Col Ⅰ and Col Ⅳ positive area in MSCs group was significantly lower than that in T2DM group (P<0.01). Compared with NC group, T2DM group showed marked destruction of glomerular filtration barrier, diffuse thickening of basement membrane, and extensive fusion and disappearance of foot processes. Compared with T2DM group, the structure of glomerular foot process in MSCs group was regular and complete. Western blotting results showed that SIRT-1 protein content was significantly lower in HG group than that in control group (P<0.01), while apoptosis-related Cytochrome-C protein contents were significantly higher in HG group than that in control group (P<0.01). Compared with HG group, the protein content of SIRT-1 in HG+MSC group was significantly higher (P<0.01), and the content of apoptosis-related Bax and Cytochrome-C protein decreased significantly (P<0.01).Compared with HG+MSC group, the protein content of SIRT-1 in HG+MSC+siRNA group was significantly decreased (P<0.01),while the protein content of apoptosis-related Bax and Cytochrome-C increased significantly (P<0.01). Conclusion UC-MSCs treatment may play a protective role for kidney of T2DM mice and delay the development of DN by up-regulating the expression of SIRT1 and down-regulating the expression of Claudin-1.

diabetic nephropathy  /  silence information regulator 1  /  umbilical mesenchymal stem cell
胡佳, 张海霞, 苏婉露, 程愈, 母义明, 谷伟军. 间充质干细胞对2型糖尿病小鼠糖尿病肾病进展的影响及其机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (4) : 383 -393 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0383
Jia Hu, Hai-Xia Zhang, Wan-Lu Su, Yu Cheng, Yi-Ming Mu, Wei-Jun Gu. Effects of mesenchymal stem cells on the progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic mice and its mechanism[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (4) : 383 -393 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0383
糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)既是糖尿病最常见的微血管并发症之一,也是造成终末期肾病(end stage renal diseases,ESRD)的首要原因[1-2]。近年来,随着我国糖尿病患病率的逐渐增高,DN的发病率也有所上升[3]。《中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)》指出,约40%的2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者可发展为慢性肾脏疾病[4],即使进行规范化的综合治疗,仍有部分患者可出现进行性肾损害,因此,寻找早期治疗DN,延缓疾病进展的方法和靶点尤为重要[5]。沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 2 homolog 1,即sirtuin-1,SIRT1)是一种依赖于烟酰胺腺苷二核苷酸的去乙酰化酶[6],近年来研究发现,高血糖可降低SIRT1的表达,从而导致DN[7]。此外,最新研究发现,SIRT1基因多态性与DN明显相关[8]。间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)是一种可从成熟的骨髓、脂肪组织、胎盘、头皮和多种胎儿组织中获取,并具有强大自我更新能力和多向分化潜能的成体干细胞[9]。目前,MSCs已被证实为糖尿病的有效治疗途径之一[10]。本研究探讨了脐带间充质干细胞(umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell,UC-MSCs)对早期DN的作用及其可能机制,旨在为治疗DN提供新的思路。
25只4周龄雄性db/db小鼠及10只db/m小鼠(SPF级,体重19~22 g)购自江苏集萃药康生物科技有限公司。小鼠饲养于解放军总医院医学实验动物中心(室内温度22~25 ℃,湿度约60%,光照/黑暗时间为12 h/12 h)。实验过程符合国家及单位有关动物管理和使用的规定。本研究动物实验经解放军总医院实验动物伦理委员会批准(2021-X17-47)。Western blotting相关抗体,SIRT1抗体、紧密连接蛋白1(Claudin-1)抗体、Bax抗体、Cytochrome-C抗体购自美国Abcam公司;羊抗兔二抗、兔抗鼠二抗购自中杉金桥生物技术有限公司。免疫组化相关抗体,SIRT1抗体、Claudin-1抗体、Ⅰ型胶原(Col Ⅰ)抗体、Col Ⅳ抗体购自美国Abcam公司;乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)购自美国Thermo Scientific公司;Transwell小室购自美国Millipore公司;尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)试剂盒购自中国长春汇力公司;蛋白酶抑制剂、RIPA蛋白裂解液、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒购自中国碧云天生物科技有限公司;GP-transfect-Mate购自苏州吉玛公司。针对SIRT-1的小干扰RNA(siRNA)及无关序列由苏州吉玛公司合成。血糖仪、血糖试纸购自美国强生公司;酶标仪、电泳槽、湿转转膜槽购自美国Bio-Rad公司;光学显微镜、透射电镜购自日本Olympus公司。
选用25只5周龄db/db小鼠构建T2DM小鼠模型,连续3 d随机血糖≥16.7 mmol/L认为T2DM模型制备成功。将成功建模的小鼠随机分为干细胞治疗组(MSCs组,尾静脉输注UC-MSCs 1×106/0.2 ml生理盐水,n=10)与T2DM组(尾静脉注射0.2 ml生理盐水,n=10),均为每周输注1次,连续输注6次。同时设置鼠龄匹配的db/m小鼠为正常对照组(NC组,n=10),尾静脉输注0.2 ml生理盐水,每周1次,连续6次。第6次治疗结束后,心脏灌流处死各组小鼠,采集血液进行生化(血Cr、血BUN)检测,并留取肾脏组织标本进行组织病理学检查。MSCs治疗期间每周监测小鼠血糖和体重。
新鲜脐带取自解放军总医院行剖宫产的健康产妇,标本获取前签署知情同意书。手术间无菌条件下取长度约10 cm的新鲜脐带,生理盐水浸泡洗涤,充分去除残留血液后用止血钳夹闭脐带两端,75%乙醇浸泡消毒。再次用生理盐水浸泡洗涤后,借助止血钳将脐带血管中的血液排净。去除脐带外膜,剥离脐动脉、脐静脉,剩余部分即为Wharton胶。将Wharton胶剪碎后铺于培养皿底面,加入10 ml培养基后置于37 ℃、5%CO2孵箱中培养。1周后弃去未贴壁的组织和细胞,生理盐水洗2次,加入10 ml新鲜培养基继续培养,细胞融合达90%时进行传代。至第4代时,光镜下观察细胞形态,进行成骨和成脂诱导实验,并进行细胞表型鉴定。细胞消化后计数,每1×106细胞加入500 μl PBS重悬后行流式细胞术检测。
取小鼠新鲜肾脏组织,去除包膜,经4%多聚甲醛溶液固定过夜,石蜡包埋切片。常规行HE、PAS、Masson及天狼猩红染色。采用HE染色观察肾脏形态:经脱水透明后,行苏木精-伊红染色,中性树胶封片,于显微镜下观察并拍照。采用PAS染色观察肾小球系膜基质及细胞外基质增生情况:脱水透明后,1%过碘酸处理15 min,流水冲洗干净,雪夫试剂37 ℃染色10 min,苏木精试剂染核5 min,1%盐酸乙醇分化10 s,弱氨水返蓝15 s,流水冲洗,于显微镜下观察并拍照。采用Masson及天狼猩红染色观察病变组织中纤维结缔组织的增生和分布情况,以评估肾小球及肾小管间质纤维化水平:脱水至透明,苏木精染色3 min,酸性乙醇分化,酸性品红染色5 min,磷钼酸孵育10 min,苯胺蓝染色10 min,脱水、透明,中性树胶封片。每张切片随机选取5个不重复视野,蓝色深染部分即为胶原纤维,最后置于光学显微镜下观察。天狼猩红染色:将石蜡切片脱蜡至透明,切片置于天青石蓝B液8 min,用蒸馏水洗3次,天狼猩红染液染色20 min,可用苏木精染液染核,无水乙醇脱水,切片再放入干净的二甲苯透明5 min,中性树胶封片。胶原纤维为红色,背景为黄色。将切片置于光学显微镜下观察,并行图像采集分析。
肾脏组织病理学评分:肾损伤的严重程度包括多形核细胞滤过、充血、水肿、微绒毛丢失和肾小管细胞肿胀。肾损伤分级标准:0(正常)、1(轻度)、2(中度)、3(重度)。肾小管改变[包括水肿变性(肿胀/空泡化)、脱屑、刷状边界丧失和肾小管周围浸润]的分级如下,最高评分为12分:0分(正常)、1分(轻度)、2分(中度)、3分(重度)。PAS染色显示肾小球硬化损伤的分级标准:0级(正常);1级(≤肾小球面积的25%,为轻度硬化);2级(肾小球面积的25%~50%,为中度硬化);3级(≥75%的肾小球面积,为严重硬化)[11]
肾小球硬化程度分级:用Raij的半定量法计算肾小球硬化指数,分别计算每个标本切片的评分,计数10个切片,取平均值作为标本的肾小球硬化指数。方法为使用半定量评分评估肾小球的损伤程度,每个样本检查至少20个肾小球,并根据肾小球受累的百分比将病变的严重程度分为:0级(无肾小球病变或病变面积<25%)、1级(病变面积为25%~50%)、2级(病变面积为51%~75%)、3级(病变面积>76%)。肾小球指数(glomerulosclerosis index,GSI)通过将n1设定为1级评分的肾小球数量,将n2设定为2级评分的肾小球数量,将n3设定为3级评分的肾小球数量来计算:GSI=[(1×n1+2×n2+3×n3)/每片肾小球总数]×100%[12]
提取肾脏组织蛋白,采用BCA法进行定量分析。通过计算,加入相应量的上样缓冲液使每个样品终浓度一致,95 ℃变性5 min,冷却后混匀分装,-80 ℃保存。分装好的蛋白样品用10% SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离并转移至PVDF膜,将PVDF膜置于5%脱脂奶粉溶液室温封闭1 h。将PVDF膜置于SIRT-1(1:1000)、Claudin-1(1:1000)、β-actin(1:2000)一抗溶液中,恒温摇床4 ℃过夜。隔日,室温复温30 min,PBST洗膜后将膜置于辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG(1:2000)和山羊抗兔IgG(1:3000)二抗溶液中,摇床上室温孵育1 h。洗膜后取等量化学发光底物A液和B液混合,滴于PVDF膜上,用自动凝胶成像系统(Fujifilm LAS3000)获取蛋白条带图像,依据条带亮度调整曝光时间,捕获图像后用ImageJ软件进行信号分析,以β-actin蛋白的灰度值进行校正。
采用二甲苯、无水乙醇及不同浓度乙醇对组织石蜡切片脱蜡至水,放入修复盒进行抗原修复,滴加3% H2O2灭活内源性过氧化物酶,PBS洗3次,使用抗体稀释液进行稀释[SIRT-1(1:300)、Claudin-1(1:500)、Col Ⅰ(1:300)、Col Ⅳ(1:100)],一抗孵育并于4 ℃湿盒中过夜,第2天再用山羊抗兔IgG(1:500)二抗进行孵育。孵育结束后,PBS洗净,滴加DAB显色液显色,再以自来水冲洗终止显色,使用Harris苏木精复染,再用自来水冲洗返蓝,最后脱水、固定、封片,晾干后在显微镜下观察并采集图像。
各组随机取5只小鼠新鲜肾脏组织标本,用手术刀片切割至1 mm3大小,再将切割好的组织块转移至含电镜固定液的EP管内固定。依次经过后固定、漂洗、脱水、包埋,过夜后制成树脂块备用。树脂块置于超薄切片机中行60 nm超薄切片,150目方华膜铜网捞片,将切片放入铜网盒内室温干燥过夜,最后置于透射电子显微镜下观察肾脏超微结构,如肾小球毛细血管基底膜厚度、足突等,每张切片拍摄2~3张照片。
肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2细胞)购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司,用含10%胎牛血清、1%双抗的MEM培养基在37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养。待细胞生长至80%融合时,用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,按照1:2比例传代,采用第3代细胞进行实验。实验均重复3次。
待培养皿中HK-2细胞生长融合至80%时,将细胞分为对照组(使用含10%胎牛血清及1%双抗的MEM培养基培养)、高糖诱导模型组(HG组,使用含10%胎牛血清及1%双抗的高糖培养基培养)、高糖诱导siRNA组(HG+siRNA组,使用含10%胎牛血清及1%双抗的高糖培养基培养,并用SIRT-1 siRNA诱导7 h)、MSCs组(HG+MSCs组,使用含10%胎牛血清及1%双抗的高糖培养基将HK-2细胞与4×104个UC-MSCs在Transwell系统中培养)、SIRT-1 siRNA组(HG+MSCs+siRNA组,使用含10%胎牛血清及1%双抗的高糖培养基培养,并用SIRT-1 siRNA诱导7 h,然后将HK-2细胞与4×104个UC-MSCs在Transwell系统中培养),以验证SIRT-1在间充质干细胞肾脏保护中的作用。
取各组HK-2细胞,吸弃培养基,PBS洗3次,吸干后加入细胞裂解液400 μl(含RIPA裂解液980 μl/ml,PMSF 10 μl/ml,磷酸酶抑制剂10 μl/ml),充分裂解后用细胞刮刀刮下细胞,将蛋白上清转至另一无菌1 ml EP管。采用BCA法行蛋白样品定量,根据测得的蛋白浓度,加入5×SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液使各样品浓度保持一致,充分混匀,沸水煮开10 min,进行蛋白样品变性。然后依次制胶、电泳、转膜、封闭、洗膜,分别加入一抗Bax(1:1000)、细胞色素C(1:1000),4 ℃摇床孵育过夜,洗膜,再加入山羊抗兔IgG(1:3000)二抗孵育,洗膜,ECL液浸泡显色。最后采用Bio-Rad凝胶成像系统自动扫描胶片,ImageJ软件分析PVDF膜上的目的蛋白条带强度。
采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。计数资料以例(%)表示,多组间比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
提取的UC-MSCs培养至第4代,流式细胞术检测显示其CD105、CD90及CD73呈高表达,而CD34、CD45、HLA-DR呈低表达(图1A)。光学显微镜下观察显示,第4代细胞呈成纤维细胞样,排列有序,贴壁生长(图1B)。成骨成脂实验结果证实,提取的UC-MSCs具有多向分化潜力。其中,经成脂培养基诱导后,光镜下可见细胞质内出现透亮脂滴,油红O染色呈红色(图1C);经成骨培养基诱导后,光镜下可见类钙结节样物质,茜素红染色呈红色(图1D)。
第6次治疗后,与NC组比较,T2DM组小鼠的血糖水平明显升高[(32.54±0.36)mmol/L vs.(7.66±0.37)mmol/L,P<0.01];与T2DM比较,MSCs组血糖水平明显降低[(29.74±1.04)mmol/L vs.(32.54±0.36)mmol/L,P<0.05]。此外,T2DM组及MSCs组小鼠体重[分别为(52.04±1.07)g、(46.42±0.35)g]均较NC组[(26.56±0.15)g]明显增高(P<0.01),而与T2DM组比较,MSCs组小鼠体重明显降低(P<0.05),肥胖状态有所改善(图2)。
第6次治疗后,与NC组比较,T2DM组血BUN及血Cr明显升高[分别为(43.69±0.78)mg/dl vs.(20.63±4.52)mg/dl,(32.16±3.95)μmol/L vs.(22.91±1.74)μmol/L,P<0.05],差异均有统计学意义;与T2DM组比较,MSCs组血BUN及血Cr水平明显降低[分别为(18.68±1.73)mg/dl vs.(43.69±0.78)mg/dl,(20.31±1.39)μmol/L vs.(32.16±3.95)μmol/L,P<0.05](图3)。
HE、Masson、PAS染色结果显示,NC组小鼠肾小球、肾小管形态结构正常;T2DM组小鼠出现肾小球肥大、硬化和系膜外基质沉积及肾小管间质纤维化;与T2DM组比较,MSCs组小鼠肾脏损伤情况明显改善(图4A)。与NC组比较,T2DM组小鼠肾脏病理损伤评分及肾小球硬化率明显升高(P<0.05),而与T2DM组比较,MSCs组肾脏病理损伤评分及肾小球硬化率均有所下降(P<0.01)(图4B、C)。天狼猩红染色结果显示,与NC组比较,T2DM组肾小球及肾小管胶原沉积较明显,天狼猩红染色阳性区域面积明显升高(P<0.05),而与T2DM组比较,MSCs组肾小球及肾小管胶原沉积较少,且天狼猩红染色阳性区域面积占比明显下降(P<0.01)(图4A、D)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与NC组比较,T2DM组α-SMA蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05);与T2DM组比较,MSCs组α-SMA蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.01)(图5A)。免疫组化结果显示,与NC组比较,T2DM组Col Ⅰ、Col Ⅳ阳性面积百分比均明显上升(P<0.05),与T2DM组比较,MSCs组Col Ⅰ、Col Ⅳ阳性面积百分比明显下降(P<0.01)(图5B)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与NC组比较,T2DM组SIRT1蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.01),Claudin-1蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01);与T2DM组比较,MSCs组SIRT1蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01),Claudin-1蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.01)(图6A)。免疫组化结果显示,与NC组比较,T2DM组SIRT1蛋白的阳性面积百分比明显降低(P<0.01),Claudin-1蛋白的阳性面积百分比明显增高(P<0.01);与T2DM组比较,MSCs组SIRT1蛋白的阳性面积百分比明显增高(P<0.01),Claudin-1蛋白的阳性面积百分比明显降低(P<0.01)(图6B)。
电镜观察结果显示,NC组具有规则的肾小球基底膜和足细胞足突;T2DM组小鼠肾小球基底膜呈明显弥漫性增厚,并出现足突的广泛融合和消失;与T2DM组比较,MSCs组小鼠肾小球基底膜增厚情况明显改善,足突结构较为规则、完整(图7)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,HG组肾小管上皮细胞的SIRT-1蛋白含量明显降低(P<0.01),与凋亡相关的细胞色素C蛋白含量明显增高(P<0.01);HG+siRNA组肾小管上皮细胞的SIRT-1蛋白含量明显降低(P<0.01),与凋亡相关的Bax和细胞色素C蛋白含量明显增高(P<0.01);HG+MSC组SIRT-1蛋白含量明显增高(P<0.01);HG+MSC+siRNA组SIRT-1蛋白含量明显降低(P<0.01),细胞色素C蛋白含量明显增高(P<0.05)。与HG组比较,HG+MSC组SIRT-1蛋白含量明显增高(P<0.01),Bax和细胞色素C蛋白含量明显降低(P<0.01);HG+siRNA组SIRT-1蛋白含量明显降低(P<0.01),Bax蛋白含量明显增高(P<0.01)。与HG+MSC组比较,HG+MSC+siRNA组SIRT-1蛋白含量明显降低(P<0.01),Bax和细胞色素C蛋白含量明显增高(P<0.01)(图8)。
目前,DN是ESRD的首要原因,且DN引起的ESRD是糖尿病患者死亡的主要原因之一,其危害仅次于心脑血管疾病[13]。随着糖尿病患病率逐年增高,DN的发病率也越来越高[14]。有研究发现,MSCs在人类多种代谢性疾病中具有积极作用[15-16]。迄今为止,接受骨髓MSCs治疗的1000多例患者无任何不良反应或肿瘤形成的迹象[17]。近年来大量研究证实,MSCs多次输注可有效阻止DN进展,在治疗DN方面具有巨大潜力[18-22]。但尚不清楚在T2DM小鼠模型中MSCs早期干预能否阻止或逆转DN进展。此外,目前关于MSCs治疗T2DM小鼠DN的机制研究仍不够深入[23-24],为此,本课题组基于前期研究结果,探讨了UC-MSCs对T2DM小鼠早期DN的治疗效果[25]
SIRT1是Ⅲ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶中的一种,具有烟酰胺腺苷二核苷酸(NAD+)依赖性[7],与细胞存活及衰老、基因组稳定性维持、细胞自噬调节、氧化应激等多种细胞过程相关[26]。在DN中,SIRT1表达下调是重要的发病机制之一。体外实验证实,在高糖条件下肾脏细胞及其细胞系均会出现SIRT1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平的明显降低。体内实验证实,在STZ诱导或db/db小鼠出现蛋白尿之前,近曲小管细胞(proximal tubule cells,PTCs)中SIRT1的表达已明显下调[27]。PTCs特异性敲除SIRT1会导致非糖尿病小鼠出现蛋白尿,且可加重糖尿病小鼠的蛋白尿。此外,PTCs特异性SIRT1转基因小鼠可预防DN的发生。有研究发现,Claudin-1作为SIRT1的下游分子,可参与DN的发生与进展[28]。在糖尿病小鼠中,SIRT1表达水平下降,可促进尼克酰胺释放,导致足细胞中Claudin-1表达增高,加重糖尿病小鼠的蛋白尿[29]
本研究探索了UC-MSCs尾静脉输注对T2DM小鼠肾脏功能的保护作用以及对肾脏组织SIRT1的调节作用,结果发现,UC-MSCs可降低T2DM小鼠的体重及血糖水平,并可恢复肾脏的生化功能及病理结构;肾脏组织病理检查显示,UC-MSCs组系膜外基质沉淀、肾小球硬化及肾间质纤维化程度均有明显改善;UC-MSCs输注治疗可增强肾脏组织中SIRT1的表达,并抑制Claudin-1的表达。此外,本研究还发现,敲除HK-2细胞中的SIRT1可消除MSCs的有益作用,提示UC-MSCs在T2DM模型小鼠DN的治疗中发挥了重要作用。
综上所述,本研究结果提示,UC-MSCs输注治疗可能通过上调肾脏组织中的SIRT1、改善肾小球硬化及肾脏纤维化程度而发挥对肾脏的保护作用。然而,已有研究发现,SIRT1在肾脏组织足细胞、内皮细胞、系膜细胞中均有表达,且肾脏组织中各种类型细胞SIRT1的表达均与DN的发生发展密切相关[30]。此外,SIRT1与AMPK、HIF-1、FOXO、Nrf2等多种信号通路均相关,可调节自噬、氧化应激、细胞凋亡、细胞炎症反应等[31]。因此,UC-MSCs输注治疗后具体哪些肾脏细胞的SIRT1表达受到调节,以及其机制和信号通路仍需进一步研究。本实验室前期研究发现,UC-MSCs输注后归巢到肾脏的细胞数量极其有限,而输注UC-MSCs外泌体后归巢至肾脏组织则较多见[32]。由此猜测,UC-MSCs可能是通过分泌效应来影响某种microRNA,进而影响SIRT1的表达[33-34],但其具体机制仍有待进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81870578)
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2023年第48卷第4期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.04.0383
  • 接收时间:2022-08-31
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-31
  • 录用日期:2022-11-28
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(81870578)
国家自然科学基金(81870578)
作者信息
    1解放军医学院,北京 100853
    2解放军总医院第一医学中心内分泌科,北京 100853

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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