Article(id=1203033501286228631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0596, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1680192000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1682352000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-04-25, onlineDate=1764755137988, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1685203200000, pubDateStr=2023-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764755137988, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764755137988, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764755137988, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203033494428541350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='489', pageEnd='626', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764755136353, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764756085669, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203037476202967229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203037476202967230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=596, endPage=601, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203033501592412848, articleId=1203033501286228631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Prognostic analysis of blood purification treatment for infectious complications in elderly patients with polyester sheathed tunnel catheters, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objectives To understand the natural course of infection complications in elderly patients with tunnel-cuffed catheter (TCC) blood purification; and analyze the prognostic significance of blood routine test parameters detected before catheterization. Methods Collect 2430 patients who underwent blood purification treatment at the First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2008 to January 2023, and follow up the patients who used TCC and had blood routine tests 24 hours before catheterization. Analyze the natural course of infection complications after TCC; Using all-cause death as the endpoint, Kendall correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between clinical data of first infection after TCC and prognosis. The nested case-control study was used to match the case group with the control group according to the ratio of hypertension and diabetes 1:1. The first infection within 6 months of TCC was taken as case group (n=34), and the first infection after 6 months of TCC was taken as control group (n=34). The risk factors related to the first infection within 6 months of TCC were analyzed by logistic regression. Validate the results of nested case-control studies across the entire group of patients and analyze the value of mean platelet volume (MPV) before catheterization in predicting the prognosis of first-time infections. Results A total of 77 patients were followed up, aged (78.4±7.3) years, with a median follow-up time of 28.0(13.8-70.5) months. After the first infection, 32 died and 45 survived. Compared with first-time infected survivors, deceased patients had a higher age and lower catheter age (P<0.05). The first infection within 6 months of TCC is positively correlated with death (r=0.336, P=0.003), and the cumulative survival rate is significantly lower than that in infected patients after 6 months of TCC (P<0.001). The results of a nested case-control study showed that the MPV of infected group within 6 months of TCC was significantly higher than that in control group [(10.64±1.05) fl vs. (9.89±0.80) fl, P=0.001]. Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of infection was 3.222 times higher in high MPV group compared with control group. In the entire group of 77 cases, it was confirmed that high MPV values were associated with the occurrence of first infection within 6 months of TCC (P=0.037). Conclusions First infection within 6 months after TCC catheterization is associated with death; Patients with high MPV values before catheterization have a significantly increased risk of first infection within 6 months after TCC. The MPV level before catheterization may indicate a poor prognosis for infected individuals after TCC, and this indicator may be a personalized decision-making reference for TCC.

, correspAuthors=Mei-Hua Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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目的 了解老年带涤纶套带隧道导管(TCC)血液净化治疗感染合并症的自然病程,分析置管前血常规指标对预后的预测作用。方法 收集2008年1月-2023年1月在解放军总医院第一医学中心进行血液净化治疗的2430例患者,对使用TCC且具有置管前24 h血常规化验的患者进行随访。分析TCC后感染合并症的自然病程;以全因死亡作为终点,采用Kendall法分析TCC后首次感染与预后的关系。采用巢式病例对照研究,按高血压、糖尿病1:1匹配病例组与对照组,以TCC 6个月内首次感染为病例组(n=34),以TCC 6个月后首次感染作为对照组(n=34),采用logistic回归分析TCC 6个月内发生首次感染的危险因素。在全组患者中验证巢式病例对照研究的结果,分析置管前血小板平均体积(MPV)与首次感染的关系。结果 共随访77例患者,年龄(78.4±7.3)岁,中位随访时间28.0(13.8~70.5)个月,首次感染后死亡32例,存活45例。与首次感染存活患者比较,死亡患者年龄较高、导管龄较低(P<0.05)。TCC 6个月内发生首次感染与死亡呈正相关(r=0.336,P=0.003),且TCC 6个月内发生感染患者的累积生存率较TCC 6个月后感染患者明显降低(P<0.001)。巢式病例对照研究结果显示,TCC 6个月内感染组MPV明显高于对照组[(10.64±1.05)fl vs.(9.89±0.80)fl,P=0.001]。Logistic回归分析显示,MPV较高时发生感染的风险是对照组的3.222倍。在全组77例病例中验证发现,MPV高值与TCC 6个月内发生首次感染相关(P=0.037)。结论 TCC置管后6个月内发生首次感染与死亡相关;置管前MPV高值患者TCC 6个月内发生首次感染的风险明显增高。置管前MPV增高可能提示TCC后感染者的预后较差,该指标可能是TCC的个体化决策参考指标。

, correspAuthors=李美花, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李美花,E-mail:
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张瑜,硕士研究生,主要从事老年终末期肾病血液净化方面的研究

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张瑜,硕士研究生,主要从事老年终末期肾病血液净化方面的研究

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TCC. 带涤纶套带隧道导管;A. TCC后感染患者总体生存曲线;B. TCC 6个月内与6个月后发生首次感染患者的生存曲线

, figureFileSmall=/y7f04xNpfqRIgd4K963jw==, figureFileBig=asNeNcHGDAWXvrzjy/P0uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203033505639916380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033501286228631, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Clinical baseline data of patients with first infection after TCC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标总体(n=77)死亡(n=21)存活(n=56)t/Z/χ2P
男性[例(%)]47.0(61.0)13.0(61.9)34.0(60.7)0.0090.924
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)78.4±7.381.5±5.477.2±7.62.8040.007
透析龄[月,M(Q1,Q3)]14.0(3.0,27.0)3.0(1.8,5.0)24.0(15.0,36.0)–1.9290.054
TCC导管龄[月,M(Q1,Q3)]8.0(2.0,20.5)2.0(1.0,3.0)19.0(12.0,31.0)–2.0970.036
导管功能不良史[例(%)]21.0(27.3)4.0(19.0)17.0(30.4)0.9850.321
TCC 6个月内首次感染[例(%)]34.0(44.2)15.0(71.4)19.0(33.9)8.7100.003
消化道出血[例(%)]17.0(22.1)5.0(23.8)12.0(21.4)0.0001.000
心律失常[例(%)]15.0(19.5)5.0(23.8)10.0(17.9)0.0700.792
浆膜腔积液[例(%)]52.0(67.5)17.0(81.0)35.0(62.5)2.3720.124
), ArticleFig(id=1203033505769939807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033501286228631, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TCC后首次感染患者的基线临床资料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标总体(n=77)死亡(n=21)存活(n=56)t/Z/χ2P
男性[例(%)]47.0(61.0)13.0(61.9)34.0(60.7)0.0090.924
年龄(岁,$\bar{x}±s$)78.4±7.381.5±5.477.2±7.62.8040.007
透析龄[月,M(Q1,Q3)]14.0(3.0,27.0)3.0(1.8,5.0)24.0(15.0,36.0)–1.9290.054
TCC导管龄[月,M(Q1,Q3)]8.0(2.0,20.5)2.0(1.0,3.0)19.0(12.0,31.0)–2.0970.036
导管功能不良史[例(%)]21.0(27.3)4.0(19.0)17.0(30.4)0.9850.321
TCC 6个月内首次感染[例(%)]34.0(44.2)15.0(71.4)19.0(33.9)8.7100.003
消化道出血[例(%)]17.0(22.1)5.0(23.8)12.0(21.4)0.0001.000
心律失常[例(%)]15.0(19.5)5.0(23.8)10.0(17.9)0.0700.792
浆膜腔积液[例(%)]52.0(67.5)17.0(81.0)35.0(62.5)2.3720.124
), ArticleFig(id=1203033505883186021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033501286228631, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of baseline data of blood routine indicators before catheterization between case group and control group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标对照组(n=34)病例组(n=34)t/ZP
HB(g/L, $\bar{x}±s$)96.15±17.41101.35±20.321.1340.261
WBC[109/L,M(Q1,Q3)]5.84(4.58,7.55)5.62(4.48,6.84)–0.5890.556
PLT(109/L, $\bar{x}±s$)174.94±54.24161.91±75.59–0.8170.417
MPV(fl, $\bar{x}±s$)9.89±0.8010.64±1.053.3440.001
NEUT[M(Q1,Q3)]0.68(0.65,0.74)0.70(0.61,0.77)–0.0430.966
LYM[M(Q1,Q3)]0.21(0.15,0.23)0.19(0.13,0.25)–0.0800.936
NLR[M(Q1,Q3)]3.31(2.77,4.82)3.71(2.52,5.92)–0.1350.893
PLR[M(Q1,Q3)]859.66(704.37,1374.88)867.88(557.84,1218.40)–0.8590.391
), ArticleFig(id=1203033505992237930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033501286228631, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

病例组与对照组置管前血常规指标比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标对照组(n=34)病例组(n=34)t/ZP
HB(g/L, $\bar{x}±s$)96.15±17.41101.35±20.321.1340.261
WBC[109/L,M(Q1,Q3)]5.84(4.58,7.55)5.62(4.48,6.84)–0.5890.556
PLT(109/L, $\bar{x}±s$)174.94±54.24161.91±75.59–0.8170.417
MPV(fl, $\bar{x}±s$)9.89±0.8010.64±1.053.3440.001
NEUT[M(Q1,Q3)]0.68(0.65,0.74)0.70(0.61,0.77)–0.0430.966
LYM[M(Q1,Q3)]0.21(0.15,0.23)0.19(0.13,0.25)–0.0800.936
NLR[M(Q1,Q3)]3.31(2.77,4.82)3.71(2.52,5.92)–0.1350.893
PLR[M(Q1,Q3)]859.66(704.37,1374.88)867.88(557.84,1218.40)–0.8590.391
), ArticleFig(id=1203033506097095536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033501286228631, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of the first-time infection related to TCC within 6 months

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单因素分析多因素分析
βSEWald χ2OR(95%CI)PβSEWald χ2OR(95%CI)P
HB0.0150.0131.2791.015(0.989~1.042)0.2580.0140.0150.7901.014(0.984~1.044)0.374
WBC–0.0070.1050.0050.993(0.808~1.220)0.9460.0540.1680.1051.056(0.760~1.4760.746
PLT–0.0030.0040.6710.997(0.989~1.004)0.4130.0020.0070.1311.002(0.990~1.015)0.717
MPV0.9310.3258.2062.537(1.342~4.797)0.0041.1700.3968.7153.222(1.482~7.006)0.003
NLR–0.0510.0640.6330.950(0.838~1.007)0.426–0.0900.0811.2310.914(0.779~1.072)0.267
), ArticleFig(id=1203033506197758837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033501286228631, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

TCC 6个月内首次感染的单因素及多因素logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量单因素分析多因素分析
βSEWald χ2OR(95%CI)PβSEWald χ2OR(95%CI)P
HB0.0150.0131.2791.015(0.989~1.042)0.2580.0140.0150.7901.014(0.984~1.044)0.374
WBC–0.0070.1050.0050.993(0.808~1.220)0.9460.0540.1680.1051.056(0.760~1.4760.746
PLT–0.0030.0040.6710.997(0.989~1.004)0.4130.0020.0070.1311.002(0.990~1.015)0.717
MPV0.9310.3258.2062.537(1.342~4.797)0.0041.1700.3968.7153.222(1.482~7.006)0.003
NLR–0.0510.0640.6330.950(0.838~1.007)0.426–0.0900.0811.2310.914(0.779~1.072)0.267
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老年带涤纶套带隧道导管血液净化治疗感染合并症的预后分析
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张瑜 , 李美花 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023,48(5): 596-601
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023, 48(5): 596-601
老年带涤纶套带隧道导管血液净化治疗感染合并症的预后分析
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张瑜, 李美花*
作者信息
  • 解放军总医院第二医学中心肾内科,北京 100853
  • 张瑜,硕士研究生,主要从事老年终末期肾病血液净化方面的研究

通讯作者:

李美花,E-mail:
Prognostic analysis of blood purification treatment for infectious complications in elderly patients with polyester sheathed tunnel catheters
Yu Zhang, Mei-Hua Li*
Affiliations
  • Department of Nephrology, the Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2023-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0596
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目的 了解老年带涤纶套带隧道导管(TCC)血液净化治疗感染合并症的自然病程,分析置管前血常规指标对预后的预测作用。方法 收集2008年1月-2023年1月在解放军总医院第一医学中心进行血液净化治疗的2430例患者,对使用TCC且具有置管前24 h血常规化验的患者进行随访。分析TCC后感染合并症的自然病程;以全因死亡作为终点,采用Kendall法分析TCC后首次感染与预后的关系。采用巢式病例对照研究,按高血压、糖尿病1:1匹配病例组与对照组,以TCC 6个月内首次感染为病例组(n=34),以TCC 6个月后首次感染作为对照组(n=34),采用logistic回归分析TCC 6个月内发生首次感染的危险因素。在全组患者中验证巢式病例对照研究的结果,分析置管前血小板平均体积(MPV)与首次感染的关系。结果 共随访77例患者,年龄(78.4±7.3)岁,中位随访时间28.0(13.8~70.5)个月,首次感染后死亡32例,存活45例。与首次感染存活患者比较,死亡患者年龄较高、导管龄较低(P<0.05)。TCC 6个月内发生首次感染与死亡呈正相关(r=0.336,P=0.003),且TCC 6个月内发生感染患者的累积生存率较TCC 6个月后感染患者明显降低(P<0.001)。巢式病例对照研究结果显示,TCC 6个月内感染组MPV明显高于对照组[(10.64±1.05)fl vs.(9.89±0.80)fl,P=0.001]。Logistic回归分析显示,MPV较高时发生感染的风险是对照组的3.222倍。在全组77例病例中验证发现,MPV高值与TCC 6个月内发生首次感染相关(P=0.037)。结论 TCC置管后6个月内发生首次感染与死亡相关;置管前MPV高值患者TCC 6个月内发生首次感染的风险明显增高。置管前MPV增高可能提示TCC后感染者的预后较差,该指标可能是TCC的个体化决策参考指标。

老年人  /  带涤纶套带隧道导管  /  维持性血液透析  /  感染  /  预后

Objectives To understand the natural course of infection complications in elderly patients with tunnel-cuffed catheter (TCC) blood purification; and analyze the prognostic significance of blood routine test parameters detected before catheterization. Methods Collect 2430 patients who underwent blood purification treatment at the First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2008 to January 2023, and follow up the patients who used TCC and had blood routine tests 24 hours before catheterization. Analyze the natural course of infection complications after TCC; Using all-cause death as the endpoint, Kendall correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between clinical data of first infection after TCC and prognosis. The nested case-control study was used to match the case group with the control group according to the ratio of hypertension and diabetes 1:1. The first infection within 6 months of TCC was taken as case group (n=34), and the first infection after 6 months of TCC was taken as control group (n=34). The risk factors related to the first infection within 6 months of TCC were analyzed by logistic regression. Validate the results of nested case-control studies across the entire group of patients and analyze the value of mean platelet volume (MPV) before catheterization in predicting the prognosis of first-time infections. Results A total of 77 patients were followed up, aged (78.4±7.3) years, with a median follow-up time of 28.0(13.8-70.5) months. After the first infection, 32 died and 45 survived. Compared with first-time infected survivors, deceased patients had a higher age and lower catheter age (P<0.05). The first infection within 6 months of TCC is positively correlated with death (r=0.336, P=0.003), and the cumulative survival rate is significantly lower than that in infected patients after 6 months of TCC (P<0.001). The results of a nested case-control study showed that the MPV of infected group within 6 months of TCC was significantly higher than that in control group [(10.64±1.05) fl vs. (9.89±0.80) fl, P=0.001]. Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of infection was 3.222 times higher in high MPV group compared with control group. In the entire group of 77 cases, it was confirmed that high MPV values were associated with the occurrence of first infection within 6 months of TCC (P=0.037). Conclusions First infection within 6 months after TCC catheterization is associated with death; Patients with high MPV values before catheterization have a significantly increased risk of first infection within 6 months after TCC. The MPV level before catheterization may indicate a poor prognosis for infected individuals after TCC, and this indicator may be a personalized decision-making reference for TCC.

elderly  /  tunnel-cuffed catheter  /  maintenance hemodialysis  /  infection  /  prognosis
张瑜, 李美花. 老年带涤纶套带隧道导管血液净化治疗感染合并症的预后分析. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (5) : 596 -601 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0596
Yu Zhang, Mei-Hua Li. Prognostic analysis of blood purification treatment for infectious complications in elderly patients with polyester sheathed tunnel catheters[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (5) : 596 -601 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0596
终末期肾病(end stage renal disease,ESRD)的全球发病率逐年增高,且老年患者数量增长快、生存质量差、死亡率高[1]。随着人口老龄化的到来,全球糖尿病、高血压及其他代谢性疾病的发病率逐年增高,老年人群ESRD及相应的卫生经济支出已成为日益突出的问题[2]。血液透析是ESRD患者最重要的肾脏替代治疗模式,全世界约89%的ESRD患者接受了血液透析治疗[3],其中血管通路是维持性血液透析治疗患者的生命线。在我国,老年患者的血管通路主要有自体动静脉内瘘、中心静脉导管[包括带涤纶套带隧道导管(tunnel-cuffed catheter,TCC)、无隧道无涤纶套导管]等[4]。尽管国内外血管通路指南均推荐优先使用自体动静脉内瘘,但中心静脉导管仍广泛应用于血管条件差、心功能差的老年患者,其中TCC的优势为感染发生率低,是老年患者的主要血管通路[5-6]。而老年、ESRD均为感染的高危因素,对此类人群留置TCC后,感染风险可叠加,但目前尚少见留置TCC后感染的临床过程及其预警指标的相关研究。国际血液学标准化委员会(International Committee for Standard-ization in Hematology,ICSH)推荐将平均血小板体积(mean platelet volume,MPV)作为炎症性疾病的预后指标[7]。近年来研究也显示,MPV可作为预测一般人群感染严重程度和预后的指标[8-9],与重症感染、慢性炎症等密切相关。针对血液透析人群的研究显示,MPV水平越高患者的全因死亡风险越高[10]。本研究分析了老年TCC血液净化治疗患者感染合并症的自然病程,以及置管前MPV水平与其不良预后的关系,旨在探索老年TCC血液净化治疗患者感染合并症不良预后的相关危险因素及预测指标。
收集2008年1月-2023年1月于解放军总医院第一医学中心行维持性血液净化治疗的2430例ESRD患者,对使用TCC且具有置管前24 h血常规化验的患者进行随访,并对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。ESRD诊断标准参照中华肾脏病杂志《慢性肾脏病早期筛查、诊断及防治指南(2022年版)》[11]。纳入标准:(1)入院年龄≥65岁;(2)因ESRD规律行维持性血液净化治疗;(3)接受TCC置管术行血液净化治疗;(4)TCC后发生感染性疾病。排除标准:(1)无置管前血常规检查者;(2)TCC置管后拔管;(3)非细菌性感染;(4)随访资料不全或失访者。本研究获解放军总医院第一医学中心伦理委员会审批(编号:S2022-342-01)。
(1)一般临床资料:年龄、性别、透析龄、TCC留置时间、导管功能不良史、合并疾病及感染情况。合并疾病包括糖尿病、高血压、高脂血症、心脑血管疾病(cardiocerebrovascular diseases,CVD)。(2)实验室指标:置管前24 h的血常规检查结果,包括血红蛋白(HB)、白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、血小板计数(PLT)、MPV、血小板/淋巴细胞比值(PLR)。(3)随访资料:留置TCC后感染发生次数、发生首次感染时TCC留置时间及转归情况(存活或死亡)。
感染性疾病包括肺部感染、泌尿系感染、导管相关血流感染。其中,肺部感染的诊断标准参照美国胸科学会和美国传染病学会《Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia》[12];泌尿系感染的诊断标准参照亚洲泌尿外科协会《Summary of the UAA-AAUS Guidelines for Urinary Tract Infections》[13];导管相关血流感染的诊断标准参照《血管导管相关感染预防与控制指南(2021版)》[14];CVD定义为心脏疾病(如心绞痛、心肌梗死、心律失常、心力衰竭等)、脑血管疾病(如脑出血、脑梗死等)及周围血管疾病等。以上所有疾病均经过专科医师诊断。
随访截止时间为:(1)达到全因死亡的研究终点;(2)达到研究结束时间(2023-01-31)。
(1)以全因死亡作为终点,分析全组病例资料;分析TCC后6个月内感染与预后的相关关系,并分析TCC后6个月内感染与6个月后感染生存分布的差异;(2)采用巢式病例对照研究设计,按高血压、糖尿病1:1匹配病例组与对照组,将首次感染发生于TCC 6个月内的患者作为病例组(n=34)、首次感染发生于TCC 6个月后的患者作为对照组(n=34)[15],分析其置管前血常规指标与TCC后6个月内首次感染的关系,并分析TCC后6个月内发生首次感染的危险因素;(3)在全组77例患者中验证巢式病例对照研究结果与置管后短期感染的关系。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料符合正态分布者以$\bar{x}±s$>表示,组间比较采用t检验,非正态分布者以M(Q1Q3)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验;TCC后6个月内感染与预后的相关性分析采用Kendall法;采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,并使用Log-Rank检验分析各组生存分布的差异。危险因素分析采用logistic单因素及多因素回归,并以比值比(OR)和95%置信区间(95%CI)描述。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
共随访77例患者,年龄(78.4±7.3)岁,中位随访时间28.0(13.8~70.5)个月。32例发生死亡,占41.6%,死亡原因主要为感染(共15例,占死亡患者的46.9%,其中肺部感染11例、感染性休克3例、败血症1例),其他死亡原因依次为心源性死亡(5例)、尿毒症相关死亡(4例)、其他器官功能衰竭(4例)、恶性肿瘤(2例)、出血(2例)。置管后第1、2、3、4年及以上死亡发生率分别为16.9%、15.6%、9.2%、8.2%。累积发生感染126次,置管后第1、2、3、4年及以上感染发生率分别为58.4%、39.1%、29.6%、34.7%。TCC后首次感染引起的死亡21例,发生首次感染时TCC的中位导管龄为8.0(2.0~20.5)个月;34例感染发生在TCC 6个月内(占44.2%),11例在7~12个月(占14.3%),17例在13~24个月(占22.1%),9例在25~36个月(占11.7%),6例在36个月以后发生感染(占7.8%)。
与存活患者比较,全组因首次感染死亡患者的年龄较高(P=0.007),TCC导管龄较低(P=0.036),TCC 6个月内首次感染发生率较高(P=0.003),差异有统计学意义(表1)。
Kendall相关性分析显示,TCC 6个月内首次感染与死亡呈正相关(r=0.336,P=0.003)。
Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,置管后1、2、3年累积生存率分别为82.7%、68.1%、59.3%。首次感染发生在TCC 6个月内的患者生存率明显降低,与首次感染发生在TCC 6个月后的患者相比,分布差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.612,P<0.001)(图1)。
病例组置管前的血常规指标(HB、WBC、PLT)及N、L、N/L、P/L与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),而MPV明显高于对照组(P=0.001)(表2)。
单因素logistic回归分析显示,置管前MPV(OR=2.537,95%CI 1.342~4.797,P=0.004)是TCC 6个月内首次感染的独立危险因素;进一步行多因素logistic分析,矫正其他因素后MPV仍是TCC 6个月内首次感染的高危因素(OR=3.222,95%CI 1.482~7.006,P=0.003)(表3)。
在全组77例患者中验证置管前MPV与TCC 6个月内首次感染的关系,结果显示,TCC 6个月内首次感染患者的MPV明显高于TCC 6个月后首次感染的患者,差异有统计学意义[(10.64±1.05) fl vs. (10.16±0.91) fl,t=2.119,P=0.037]。
对于长期留置TCC的老年ESRD患者,感染合并症难以避免,探寻有效的感染预测指标对该高危人群具有重要的临床意义。近年来研究发现,血小板是炎症早期的关键因素,可直接参与炎症反应和宿主防御反应[16],作为凝血和炎症的效应细胞,在炎症性疾病的发生发展中起关键作用。MPV是血小板形态学指标,可用于评价血小板的活化程度[8]。有研究发现,MPV是比血小板数目更为灵敏的早期炎症指标[17]。血小板在活化过程中,其形态及功能会发生较大变化[18],新生的血小板体积较大,含有更多的分泌颗粒和代谢酶,释放后可诱发或加剧炎症反应[19];新生的血小板细胞膜面积增大,膜表面GPⅠb、GPⅡb-Ⅲa表达增多,黏着、凝聚能力更强[20]。基于以上病理生理学机制,推测MPV偏高患者的血小板处于活化状态,机体整体炎症水平较高,此时行TCC置管可能作为外源性因素而加重全身炎症反应,消耗机体的免疫能力,因此,TCC后短期感染的风险增高。
尽管C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6等炎症指标的研究均较为成熟,但对于维持性血液净化的患者来说,血液中的大中分子可被清除,因而透析前后波动较大,而透析前后的MPV则无明显差异[10],因此,MPV可能为血液透析患者的重要预后预测参数。关于MPV预测感染的具体参考范围,目前尚缺乏相应的研究及共识。针对MPV与心脑血管疾病关系的研究发现,MPV>10.4 fl可预测动脉粥样硬化的严重程度[21];一项针对接受经皮心脏介入治疗的急性心肌梗死患者的研究发现,MPV≥10.3 fl的患者术后6个月内病死率明显增高[22]。本研究分析了老年ESRD患者留置TCC后发生感染的自然病程,结果显示,TCC后6个月内出现首次感染的患者预后较差,死亡风险增加;进一步分析发现,置管前MPV较高的患者置管后6个月内发生首次感染的风险增加,而MPV较低的患者则表现为TCC后较长时间无感染(TCC后10年以上无感染,资料未显示),提示留置TCC时MPV较低的患者置管后感染风险低,临床获益较大。以上结果提示,置管前较高的MPV与置管后的不良预后相关。尽管置管前MPV高值仍在正常值范围内,但本研究从真实世界老年ESRD患者TCC后感染合并症相关情况出发,对于临床表现不明显,实验室检查未提示感染的高危老年患者,留置TCC前除评估患者一般情况、慢性肾脏病及其合并症的严重程度外,还应结合MPV水平个体化评估置管时机,这对于老年ESRD患者具有重要的临床意义。
我国一项针对维持性血液透析患者的流行病学调查显示,维持性血液透析患者的1、2、3年生存率分别为84.0%、82.6%、70.6%[23],日本的一项研究提示,维持性血液透析患者的1、2、3年生存率分别为87.5%、79.7%和73.1%[24],而本研究结果显示,维持性血液透析患者出现感染合并症后的1、2、3年累积生存率分别是82.7%、68.1%、59.3%,与以上两项研究相比明显降低,提示感染是影响老年ESRD应用TCC维持性血液净化患者预后的重要因素。老年ESRD患者由于营养状态差、免疫功能低下、全身持续微炎症状态及经常暴露于医院环境等原因[25],已是感染的高危人群,在此条件下留置TCC则感染风险进一步叠加,成为临床治疗的重大难题。研究发现,新进入血液透析的患者死亡风险高于长期维持性血液透析的患者[26]。本研究也提示,老年应用TCC行血液净化治疗的患者,置管后6个月内发生首次感染的死亡风险明显增加,因此,避免早期发生感染是改善患者预后的关键之一。
综上所述,本研究发现,对于应用TCC行血液净化治疗的老年患者,置管后短期内发生感染与死亡明显相关;置管前MPV高值是置管后短期内发生感染的高危因素。但本研究为一项单中心回顾性研究,入组患者年龄偏高,多病共患,且经过留置TCC治疗,不可避免地存在信息偏倚和选择偏倚等局限性,因此,尚需在更大样本量的人群中进一步验证。对于以TCC为血管通路的老年ESRD患者,应预防TCC后短期内发生感染,而血常规作为常规检查,具有简单、易测等优点,适用于早期监测,其中,置管前MPV有望成为TCC后短期感染的预警指标,在特定高危病人群中推广。
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2023年第48卷第5期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0596
  • 接收时间:2023-03-31
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-31
  • 录用日期:2023-04-25
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    解放军总医院第二医学中心肾内科,北京 100853

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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