Article(id=1203033497754628544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0560, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659456000000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1661616000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-08-28, onlineDate=1764755137146, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1685203200000, pubDateStr=2023-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764755137146, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764755137146, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764755137146, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203033494428541350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='489', pageEnd='626', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764755136353, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764756085669, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203037476202967229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203037476202967230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=560, endPage=569, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203033499138748875, articleId=1203033497754628544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Analysis on the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy in Opg gene knockout mice based on metabolomics, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy in mice caused by Opg gene knockout based on metabolomics. Methods Five 3-month-old wild-type C57BL/6 male mice and five 3-month-old male Opg gene knockout mice were set as wild-type group and gene knockout group, respectively. Left femur and gastrocnemius muscle of mice were taken for evaluating the bone microstructure with micro-CT scanning and observing the morphological changes of gastrocnemius muscle by HE staining; The spermidine content in gastrocnemius muscle was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Ten 3-month-old male wild-type C57BL/6 mice, ten 3-month-old male Opg knockout mice and ten 18-month-old male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were set as young wild-type (WT-Y) group, young knockout (OPG-Y) group and old wild-type (WT-O) group, which were used for gastrocnemius metabolomics analysis. Results Compared with wild-type mice, Opg knockout mice showed fewer bone trabeculae, decreased bone density, cortical bone structure was destroyed, the weight of gastrocnemius muscle and the cross sectional area of gastrocnemius fiber were decreased (P<0.05). Metabolomics analysis showed that, compared with WT-Y mice, metabolites involved in glucose, phospholipid and amino acid metabolism, such as glucose-1-phosphate, D-glucose-1, 6-bisphosphate, multiple amino acids, choline, carnitine etc. were significantly up-regulated in WT-O mice, while γ-aminobutyric acid, spermidine, pantothenate etc. were significantly down-regulated. Compared with WT-Y mice, metabolites such as choline, β-glycerophosphate, azelaic acid etc. were up-regulated in OPG-Y mice, while other metabolites such as spermidine, pantothenate, N6, N6, N6-trimethyl-lysine etc. were significantly down-regulated, which were mainly involved in amino acid metabolism. The validation results of metabolomics analysis suggested that the content of spermidine in gastrocnemius of Opg knockout mice was significantly lower than that of WT-Y mice (P<0.01). Conclusion Opg knockout may regulate the levels of metabolites such as spermidine and regulate the level of metabolites such as spermidine and pantothenic acid through amino acid metabolism and other pathways, which cause skeletal muscle atrophy.

, correspAuthors=Pei-Fu Tang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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目的 基于代谢组学分析Opg基因敲除导致小鼠骨骼肌萎缩的初步机制。方法 3月龄雄性野生型C57BL/6小鼠和Opg基因敲除小鼠各5只,分别设为野生型组与基因敲除组,取左侧股骨和腓肠肌,采用显微CT扫描评价骨微结构,HE染色观察腓肠肌形态学变化,免疫荧光染色检测腓肠肌中亚精胺含量。另取3月龄雄性野生型小鼠、18月龄雄性野生型小鼠和3月龄雄性Opg敲除小鼠各10只,分别设为年轻野生型(WT-Y)组、老年野生型(WT-O)组和年轻基因敲除(OPG-Y)组,取腓肠肌进行代谢组学分析。结果 与野生型组比较,基因敲除组小鼠骨小梁数目减少,骨密度降低,皮质骨结构破坏,腓肠肌重量降低,腓肠肌纤维横截面积减小(P<0.05)。代谢组学分析发现,与WT-Y组比较,WT-O组小鼠中参与葡萄糖代谢、磷脂代谢和氨基酸代谢等通路的葡萄糖-1-磷酸、D-葡萄糖-1,6-二磷酸、多种氨基酸、胆碱、肉碱等代谢物含量明显上调,而γ-氨基丁酸、亚精胺、泛酸等代谢物含量明显下调。与WT-Y组比较,OPG-Y组小鼠中胆碱、β-甘油磷酸、壬二酸等代谢物含量明显上调,而亚精胺、泛酸、N6,N6,N6-三甲基-亮氨酸等代谢物含量明显下调,主要参与氨基酸代谢等通路。代谢组学分析验证结果表明,基因敲除组小鼠腓肠肌中亚精胺含量明显低于野生型组(P<0.01)。结论 Opg基因敲除可能是通过影响氨基酸代谢等通路调节亚精胺、泛酸等代谢物的水平,从而导致骨骼肌萎缩。

, correspAuthors=唐佩福, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
唐佩福,E-mail:
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张明铭,硕士研究生,主要从事骨骼肌衰老与再生方面的研究

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2Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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2解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100853
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张明铭,硕士研究生,主要从事骨骼肌衰老与再生方面的研究

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张明铭,硕士研究生,主要从事骨骼肌衰老与再生方面的研究

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2解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100853
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A. 股骨横截面骨皮质及骨松质;B. 股骨纵截面

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A. 腓肠肌重量比较;B. 腓肠肌HE染色;与野生型组比较,(1)P<0.05

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PCA scatter plot of various groups

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A. WT-Y组与WT-O组;B. WT-Y组与OPG-Y组

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VIP. 变量重要性投影

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VIP. 变量重要性投影

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与WT-Y组比较,(1)P<0.01

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A. 亚精胺免疫荧光染色图;B. 亚精胺染色荧光强度;与野生型组比较,(1)P<0.01

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Screening results of differential metabolites in gastrocnemius between WT-Y group and WT-O group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代谢物VIPPFC
葡萄糖-1-磷酸(glucose-1-phosphate)1.090.00023240 736.903
D-葡萄糖-1,6-二磷酸(D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate)1.020.000853 929 829.747
肉碱(carnitine)1.080.000394 800 091.347
乙酰肉碱(acetylcarnitine)1.200.000042209.920
己酰肉碱(hexanoylcarnitine)1.17<0.000104.517
胆碱(choline)1.170.000056.341
甘油磷酸胆碱(glycerophosphocholine)1.24<0.000104.904
溶血磷脂酰胆碱(lysophosphatidylcholine)1.220.000023211.936
S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl-methionine)1.060.0004715.067
谷氨酰胺(glutamine)1.25<0.000103.176
组氨酸(histidine)1.28<0.000107.503
赖氨酸(lysine)1.090.0003414.253
甲硫氨酸(methionine)1.18<0.000102.500
鸟氨酸(ornithine)1.140.0000627.996
色氨酸(tryptophan)1.31<0.000108.304
酪氨酸(tyrosine)1.22<0.000103.670
精氨酸(arginine)1.130.0001912.766
异亮氨酸(isoleucine)1.000.000663.656
γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid)1.220.000060.021
亚精胺(spermidine)1.030.001140.423
泛酸(pantothenate)1.020.002690.000
), ArticleFig(id=1203033510484340808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033497754628544, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

WT-Y组与WT-O组腓肠肌差异代谢物筛选结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代谢物VIPPFC
葡萄糖-1-磷酸(glucose-1-phosphate)1.090.00023240 736.903
D-葡萄糖-1,6-二磷酸(D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate)1.020.000853 929 829.747
肉碱(carnitine)1.080.000394 800 091.347
乙酰肉碱(acetylcarnitine)1.200.000042209.920
己酰肉碱(hexanoylcarnitine)1.17<0.000104.517
胆碱(choline)1.170.000056.341
甘油磷酸胆碱(glycerophosphocholine)1.24<0.000104.904
溶血磷脂酰胆碱(lysophosphatidylcholine)1.220.000023211.936
S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl-methionine)1.060.0004715.067
谷氨酰胺(glutamine)1.25<0.000103.176
组氨酸(histidine)1.28<0.000107.503
赖氨酸(lysine)1.090.0003414.253
甲硫氨酸(methionine)1.18<0.000102.500
鸟氨酸(ornithine)1.140.0000627.996
色氨酸(tryptophan)1.31<0.000108.304
酪氨酸(tyrosine)1.22<0.000103.670
精氨酸(arginine)1.130.0001912.766
异亮氨酸(isoleucine)1.000.000663.656
γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid)1.220.000060.021
亚精胺(spermidine)1.030.001140.423
泛酸(pantothenate)1.020.002690.000
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基于代谢组学分析Opg基因敲除小鼠骨骼肌萎缩的初步机制
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张明铭 1, 2, 3 , 林源 4 , 王中奇 1, 2, 3 , 李上 1, 2, 3 , 李然 1, 2, 3 , 陈铭 1, 2, 3 , 李毅 2, 3 , 尹鹏滨 2, 3 , 张里程 2, 3 , 唐佩福 2, 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023,48(5): 560-569
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023, 48(5): 560-569
基于代谢组学分析Opg基因敲除小鼠骨骼肌萎缩的初步机制
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张明铭1, 2, 3, 林源4, 王中奇1, 2, 3, 李上1, 2, 3, 李然1, 2, 3, 陈铭1, 2, 3, 李毅2, 3, 尹鹏滨2, 3, 张里程2, 3, 唐佩福2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军医学院,北京 100853
  • 2解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100853
  • 3国家骨科与运动康复临床医学研究中心,北京 100853
  • 4哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院骨科,黑龙江哈尔滨 150086
  • 张明铭,硕士研究生,主要从事骨骼肌衰老与再生方面的研究

通讯作者:

唐佩福,E-mail:
Analysis on the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy in Opg gene knockout mice based on metabolomics
Ming-Ming Zhang1, 2, 3, Yuan Lin4, Zhong-Qi Wang1, 2, 3, Shang Li1, 2, 3, Ran Li1, 2, 3, Ming Chen1, 2, 3, Yi Li2, 3, Peng-Bin Yin2, 3, Li-Cheng Zhang2, 3, Pei-Fu Tang2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
  • 3National Orthopedics and Sports Rehabilitation Clinical Research Center, Beijing 100853, China
  • 4Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
出版时间: 2023-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0560
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目的 基于代谢组学分析Opg基因敲除导致小鼠骨骼肌萎缩的初步机制。方法 3月龄雄性野生型C57BL/6小鼠和Opg基因敲除小鼠各5只,分别设为野生型组与基因敲除组,取左侧股骨和腓肠肌,采用显微CT扫描评价骨微结构,HE染色观察腓肠肌形态学变化,免疫荧光染色检测腓肠肌中亚精胺含量。另取3月龄雄性野生型小鼠、18月龄雄性野生型小鼠和3月龄雄性Opg敲除小鼠各10只,分别设为年轻野生型(WT-Y)组、老年野生型(WT-O)组和年轻基因敲除(OPG-Y)组,取腓肠肌进行代谢组学分析。结果 与野生型组比较,基因敲除组小鼠骨小梁数目减少,骨密度降低,皮质骨结构破坏,腓肠肌重量降低,腓肠肌纤维横截面积减小(P<0.05)。代谢组学分析发现,与WT-Y组比较,WT-O组小鼠中参与葡萄糖代谢、磷脂代谢和氨基酸代谢等通路的葡萄糖-1-磷酸、D-葡萄糖-1,6-二磷酸、多种氨基酸、胆碱、肉碱等代谢物含量明显上调,而γ-氨基丁酸、亚精胺、泛酸等代谢物含量明显下调。与WT-Y组比较,OPG-Y组小鼠中胆碱、β-甘油磷酸、壬二酸等代谢物含量明显上调,而亚精胺、泛酸、N6,N6,N6-三甲基-亮氨酸等代谢物含量明显下调,主要参与氨基酸代谢等通路。代谢组学分析验证结果表明,基因敲除组小鼠腓肠肌中亚精胺含量明显低于野生型组(P<0.01)。结论 Opg基因敲除可能是通过影响氨基酸代谢等通路调节亚精胺、泛酸等代谢物的水平,从而导致骨骼肌萎缩。

骨保护素  /  肌肉萎缩  /  骨质疏松  /  代谢组学  /  亚精胺

Objective To analyze the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy in mice caused by Opg gene knockout based on metabolomics. Methods Five 3-month-old wild-type C57BL/6 male mice and five 3-month-old male Opg gene knockout mice were set as wild-type group and gene knockout group, respectively. Left femur and gastrocnemius muscle of mice were taken for evaluating the bone microstructure with micro-CT scanning and observing the morphological changes of gastrocnemius muscle by HE staining; The spermidine content in gastrocnemius muscle was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Ten 3-month-old male wild-type C57BL/6 mice, ten 3-month-old male Opg knockout mice and ten 18-month-old male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were set as young wild-type (WT-Y) group, young knockout (OPG-Y) group and old wild-type (WT-O) group, which were used for gastrocnemius metabolomics analysis. Results Compared with wild-type mice, Opg knockout mice showed fewer bone trabeculae, decreased bone density, cortical bone structure was destroyed, the weight of gastrocnemius muscle and the cross sectional area of gastrocnemius fiber were decreased (P<0.05). Metabolomics analysis showed that, compared with WT-Y mice, metabolites involved in glucose, phospholipid and amino acid metabolism, such as glucose-1-phosphate, D-glucose-1, 6-bisphosphate, multiple amino acids, choline, carnitine etc. were significantly up-regulated in WT-O mice, while γ-aminobutyric acid, spermidine, pantothenate etc. were significantly down-regulated. Compared with WT-Y mice, metabolites such as choline, β-glycerophosphate, azelaic acid etc. were up-regulated in OPG-Y mice, while other metabolites such as spermidine, pantothenate, N6, N6, N6-trimethyl-lysine etc. were significantly down-regulated, which were mainly involved in amino acid metabolism. The validation results of metabolomics analysis suggested that the content of spermidine in gastrocnemius of Opg knockout mice was significantly lower than that of WT-Y mice (P<0.01). Conclusion Opg knockout may regulate the levels of metabolites such as spermidine and regulate the level of metabolites such as spermidine and pantothenic acid through amino acid metabolism and other pathways, which cause skeletal muscle atrophy.

osteoprotegerin  /  muscle atrophy  /  osteoporosis  /  metabolomics  /  spermidine
张明铭, 林源, 王中奇, 李上, 李然, 陈铭, 李毅, 尹鹏滨, 张里程, 唐佩福. 基于代谢组学分析Opg基因敲除小鼠骨骼肌萎缩的初步机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (5) : 560 -569 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0560
Ming-Ming Zhang, Yuan Lin, Zhong-Qi Wang, Shang Li, Ran Li, Ming Chen, Yi Li, Peng-Bin Yin, Li-Cheng Zhang, Pei-Fu Tang. Analysis on the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy in Opg gene knockout mice based on metabolomics[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (5) : 560 -569 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0560
骨与肌肉是重要的运动器官,相同的中胚层发育来源、毗邻的解剖关系及相互的机械联系使得二者在生理功能上相辅相成,在疾病病因上不可分割[1-2]。近年来,肌、骨源性因子对骨和肌肉的分子交互作用引起了人们的广泛关注。研究发现,肌肉来源的卵泡抑素(follistatin)、鸢尾素(irisin)和肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin)等参与了骨吸收与骨形成过程,同时骨来源的骨钙素(osteocalcin,OCN)、NF-κB受体活化因子配体(ligand of receptor activator of NF-κB,RANKL)和骨硬化蛋白(sclerostin)等参与了肌肉肥大、萎缩及纤维化等病理过程。另外,细胞因子如转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)、骨保护素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)等能够作用于内皮细胞、免疫细胞等,进而影响骨和肌肉的功能[1,3]。在多种疾病条件下,失用、营养不良、恶病质、长期卧床等可导致骨量减少和肌肉萎缩,尤其是衰老可导致骨质疏松和肌少症[4],严重影响中老年人的生活质量,因此,研究骨质疏松和肌少症的发病机制及其干预措施具有重要意义[5]。OPG/RANKL/RANK通路是重要的骨代谢信号通路。OPG作为一种分泌型受体,通过竞争性抑制RANKL与RANK的结合,参与维持骨代谢平衡[6]。有研究发现,Opg基因敲除小鼠会发生严重的骨质疏松,同时伴有骨骼肌萎缩,抗RANKL的药物干预能够同时改善小鼠的骨生物力学特性和肌肉力量[7-11]。另有研究发现,靶向RANKL的抗骨质疏松药物狄诺塞麦(Denosumab)能够同时改善骨质疏松患者的骨密度和肌肉功能[12]。因此,OPG/RANKL/RANK通路在肌肉发育、代谢、损伤再生以及衰老中的作用值得深入探究。目前Opg基因敲除导致骨骼肌萎缩的机制尚不清楚。骨骼肌是重要的代谢器官,肌纤维的正常生理功能等需要糖类、脂质、氨基酸等代谢通路的参与,因此从代谢的角度研究骨骼肌的表型差异可为探寻病因、筛选疾病标志物等提供新的思路[13-15]。代谢组学是一门新兴的学科,可通过定性和定量分析机体代谢物的差异而推测机体生理和病理状态下代谢物与疾病之间的因果关系[16]。因此,本研究基于代谢组学探究了Opg基因敲除导致小鼠骨骼肌萎缩的机制,以期为临床治疗骨骼肌萎缩提供理论依据。
4%多聚甲醛溶液、苏木精-伊红(HE)染色试剂盒、Tris-EDTA抗原修复液(北京索莱宝科技有限公司);甲醇、氯仿(色谱纯,天津富宇精细化工有限公司);乙腈、异丙醇(色谱纯,北京国药慧鑫清源科技发展有限公司);抗亚精胺抗体、山羊抗兔IgG荧光二抗(英国Abcam公司)。Inveon MM Micro-CT(德国Siemens公司);数字切片扫描系统Precice500(苏州优纳医疗器械有限公司);冻干机(德国Christ公司);高速冷冻离心机(德国Sigma公司);生物样本均质器(美国Omni公司);Mill-Q超纯水仪(美国Merck公司);Q Exactive Plus超高效液相质谱联用仪(美国Thermo Scientific公司);Dionex UltiMate 3000超高效液相色谱仪(美国Thermo Scientific公司);激光共聚焦显微镜(德国Leica公司)。
Opg基因敲除小鼠(Tnfrsf11btm1Smoc)纯合子2只、野生型C57BL/6小鼠15只购自上海南方模式生物科技股份有限公司[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(沪)2017-0010;实验动物许可证号:SYXK(军)2017-0022],饲养及繁育于解放军军事医学科学院实验动物中心,环境温度20~25 ℃,湿度50%~55%,光照昼夜交替,饲养期间自由摄食饮水。杂合子小鼠交配产生子代小鼠,实验前提取鼠尾DNA做基因型鉴定,取雄性纯合子小鼠和野生型小鼠用于实验。本研究经解放军总医院医学伦理委员会批准(2021-X17-69),实验过程符合国家和单位有关实验动物的管理和使用规定。
3月龄雄性野生型小鼠和Opg敲除小鼠各5只,分别设为野生型组与基因敲除组。各组小鼠处死后,取左侧股骨和腓肠肌。股骨置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定,用于显微CT检测;腓肠肌称重后置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定,用于病理染色。
3月龄雄性野生型小鼠、18月龄雄性野生型小鼠和3月龄雄性Opg敲除小鼠各10只,分别设为年轻野生型(WT-Y)组、老年野生型(WT-O)组和年轻基因敲除(OPG-Y)组。各组小鼠处死后,取左侧腓肠肌,立即置于液氮中速冻,用于代谢组学检测。
取左侧股骨进行显微CT扫描[17],扫描参数如下:扫描精度8.89 μm,扫描电压60 kV,扫描电流220 μA,曝光时间1500 ms,每个样本包括图像1536张。选取股骨远端生长板下0.5 mm位置为感兴趣区域,使用Inveon工作站进行分析和三维图像构建。
腓肠肌固定24 h后,经70%~100%乙醇梯度脱水,二甲苯透明2次,浸蜡包埋,切片(厚度5 μm)。按照HE染色试剂盒说明书操作步骤进行封片、扫片,观察骨骼肌形态学变化,并使用ImageJ软件定量分析肌纤维横截面面积。
腓肠肌石蜡切片(5 μm)依次经二甲苯、梯度乙醇脱蜡后,用pH 9.0 Tris-EDTA抗原修复液进行抗原修复,0.3% Triton X-100通透处理10 min,封闭液室温封闭30 min,加入抗亚精胺一抗(1:50) 4 ℃孵育过夜,PBST洗涤3次;加入山羊抗兔IgG荧光二抗(1:500)室温孵育1 h,PBST洗涤3次,用含DAPI的抗荧光淬灭剂封片,于激光共聚焦显微镜下采集图像,并使用ImageJ软件定量分析荧光强度。
称量50 mg腓肠肌样本,加入500 μl 70%甲醇,均质器匀浆20 s;加入500 μl 70%甲醇和400 μl氯仿,混匀;室温静置10 min,13 000 r/min离心10 min,取下层液体,过夜冻干;加入250 μl异丙醇-乙腈-水(V:V:V=2:1:1)溶解冻干粉,过滤后进行LC-MS代谢组学分析(由于样本制备问题,WT-Y组小鼠样本数量为9个)。使用Acquity UPLC BEH-C18色谱柱,柱温35 ℃,流速0.3 ml/min,进样量4 μl,流动相包括A:乙腈,B:0.1%甲酸。质谱扫描范围为m/z 80~1500,spray voltage为4.0 kV,sheath gas为30 units,auxiliary gas为10 units,离子源温度为300 ℃[18]。质谱原始数据后续分析由武汉迈特维尔生物科技有限公司完成。数据经转换、峰提取、校正、过滤后进行搜库得到代谢物信息并进行下游分析。
采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用Student's t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用Turkey法。对代谢物通过R程序进行统计学分析,主要包括t检验、差异倍数值(fold change,FC)、主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis,OPLS-DA)、KEGG(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)通路富集分析等。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
显微CT扫描结果显示,野生型组小鼠骨皮质结构完整,骨松质骨小梁数目较多;与野生型组比较,基因敲除组小鼠出现骨质疏松表型,即骨松质骨小梁数目明显减少,骨密度降低,皮质骨结构破坏(图1)。与野生型组比较,基因敲除组小鼠腓肠肌重量降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图2A)。HE染色结果显示,基因敲除组小鼠肌纤维横截面积小于野生型组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图2B)。以上结果表明,3月龄Opg敲除小鼠同时表现出骨质疏松和肌肉萎缩表型。
对WT-Y组、OPG-Y组和WT-O组小鼠腓肠肌进行代谢组学分析,比较组间代谢物的差异。将捕捉到的代谢物进行数据库检索后得到代谢物信息,进一步进行统计分析,结果显示,肌肉中代谢物主要包括糖类及其衍生物、氨基酸类及其代谢物、脂质和脂质样分子、有机酸类及其衍生物、核苷酸类及其代谢物、胺类及其衍生物、生物碱及其衍生物、苯类化合物等。以下分析均以正离子模式为例。
PCA分析结果显示,将数据降维后,WT-Y组、OPG-Y组与WT-O组的代谢物差异均较大,但WT-Y组与OPG-Y组的代谢物之间差异较小,表明衰老对小鼠肌肉代谢物的变化影响较大,而Opg敲除造成的影响较小。同时,由于老年小鼠在长期饲养过程中累积的异质性,WT-O组组内样本代谢物差异也较显著(图3)。
为增强分析的解释能力和最大化区分组间差异,进一步采用OPLS-DA分析模型。评价OPLS-DA分析模型的预测参数R2X和R2Y表示对X和Y的解释率,数值越接近1表示分析模型越稳定可靠;Q2表示预测能力,Q2>0.5认为模型有效。如图4A所示,R2X、R2Y、Q2分别为0.640、0.997、0.978,表明该分析模型稳定可靠,能很好地解释分组之间的差异,同时表明WT-Y组与WT-O组组间差异显著,WT-O组组内差异也较明显。如图4B所示,R2X、R2Y、Q2分别为0.183、0.988、0.563,表明WT-Y组与OPG-Y组组间差异较小。
根据OPLS-DA的结果筛选组间差异代谢物,通过变量重要性投影(variable importance in projection,VIP)、t检验的P值及FC相结合来进行筛选,筛选标准为VIP≥1、P<0.05、FC≥2和FC≤0.5。
比较WT-Y组与WT-O组,共筛选到737个差异代谢物,其中上调694个,下调43个(图5A),表明衰老对于肌肉代谢物的变化影响较大。将检测到的所有差异代谢物进行KEGG通路富集分析,结果显示,富集到的KEGG通路主要包括蛋白质降解和氨基酸代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、维生素代谢、中心碳代谢等;部分代谢物如葡萄糖-1-磷酸、D-葡萄糖-1,6-二磷酸、多种氨基酸、胆碱、肉碱等含量明显上调,而γ-氨基丁酸、亚精胺、泛酸等含量明显下调(图5B表1)。
比较WT-Y组与OPG-Y组,共筛选到55个差异代谢物,其中上调38个,下调17个(图6A),表明Opg敲除对于肌肉代谢物的变化影响较小。差异代谢物主要包括上调的胆碱、β-甘油磷酸、壬二酸等,下调的亚精胺、泛酸、N6,N6,N6-三甲基-亮氨酸等。对所有差异代谢物进行KEGG通路富集分析,结果显示,富集到的KEGG通路主要包括蛋白质降解和氨基酸代谢、维生素代谢、嘌呤代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、胆碱代谢等,这些代谢通路与衰老后富集到的代谢通路相似(图6B)。进一步比较分析WT-Y组与OPG-Y组和WT-Y组与WT-O组的差异代谢物,发现共16个代谢物的变化趋势相同,其中10个上调,6个下调,如OPG-Y组和WT-O组亚精胺和泛酸水平明显低于WT-Y组(P<0.01,图7)。对代谢物的功能进一步分析发现,Opg敲除可能通过影响氨基酸代谢等通路调节亚精胺、泛酸等代谢物的水平,从而导致骨骼肌萎缩。进一步验证亚精胺在野生型组和基因敲除组小鼠骨骼肌中的含量,结果显示,基因敲除组小鼠骨骼肌中亚精胺含量明显低于野生型组(P<0.01,图8),与代谢组学分析结果一致。
OPG/RANKL/RANK通路是重要的骨代谢信号通路,参与了调控免疫、产热、器官发育等过程,在血管钙化、糖尿病、肿瘤等疾病中扮演着重要角色[6,19]。OPG由成骨细胞、肌纤维、激活的淋巴细胞、内皮细胞等分泌,是RANKL的可溶性受体,参与调节骨代谢[6]Opg基因敲除能够诱导小鼠骨质疏松的发生,同时基因敲除小鼠伴有骨骼肌萎缩[8],然而Opg敲除导致骨骼肌萎缩的具体机制仍不清楚。
既往研究发现,OPG、RANKL和RANK在骨骼肌组织中也有表达,能够影响骨骼肌的功能和质量[20]。多种疾病模型小鼠(如吸烟诱导的慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型小鼠和肌营养不良模型小鼠等)的RANKL表达水平明显升高,同时伴有骨骼肌萎缩及肌肉乏力,而抗RANKL处理能够缓解其症状[20-21]。RANKL可结合肌肉组织上的RANK,激活肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子-6而诱导NF-κB通路的激活,进而导致骨骼肌萎缩[22-23]。体外研究发现,经RANKL处理的小鼠成肌细胞分化能力降低,肌肉萎缩相关基因表达升高[10]。OPG能够竞争性抑制RANKL与RANK的结合,缓解肌肉营养不良症状,同时促进细胞增殖、迁移等[24-25]。因此,OPG/RANKL/RANK通路能够直接作用于肌纤维及肌肉干细胞,诱导骨骼肌发生功能改变。另外,OPG/RANKL/RANK通路能够参与免疫调控及免疫细胞成熟、器官发育等过程,OPG可由淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞等分泌,影响免疫细胞的激活与应答,参与肌肉微环境的动态改变,从而影响炎症调节与肌肉重塑[6,20]。因此Opg敲除可能通过调控免疫细胞来间接影响肌肉表型。
骨骼肌是重要的运动和代谢器官,可通过糖代谢和脂肪酸氧化等通路供能来执行功能,同时骨骼肌质量和功能的降低与蛋白质稳态失调、线粒体能量代谢障碍等有关,因此骨骼肌中代谢物的变化可反映机体的生理和病理状态,为发病机制研究提供参考[26-28]。代谢组学是一门新兴的学科,能够捕捉到样本中代谢物的信息,从而反映组织代谢过程的变化[29-30],为从代谢角度研究Opg敲除导致骨骼肌萎缩的机制提供了强有力的工具。
本研究发现,与WT-Y组比较,WT-O组中糖代谢中间产物(如D-葡萄糖-1,6-二磷酸)、氨基酸代谢产物(如各种游离氨基酸)、脂质代谢产物(如胆碱、肉碱)等含量上调,而亚精胺、泛酸等代谢产物含量下调,与Garvey等[31]、Uchitomi等[32]的研究结果一致。Garvey等[31]发现,衰老引起的肌肉增龄性改变伴随着糖酵解代谢、糖原合成、脂肪酸β氧化、氨基酸合成等的降低,以及蛋白质降解的加速等,具体表现为糖代谢中间产物、游离氨基酸、游离脂肪酸、胆碱、酯酰肉碱等产物的累积。Uchitomi等[32]也发现,多胺代谢产物如精胺、亚精胺在衰老骨骼肌中含量明显降低。
与WT-Y组相比,Opg敲除影响的代谢物主要包括上调的胆碱、β-甘油磷酸等,下调的亚精胺、泛酸等,参与蛋白质降解、氨基酸代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、胆碱代谢等通路。本研究发现,Opg敲除引起的代谢物变化与衰老引起的部分代谢物变化相似;进一步筛选发现,亚精胺、泛酸等代谢物可能是导致骨骼肌萎缩的关键代谢物。泛酸是一种可溶性的维生素,能够合成辅酶A,作为代谢反应中乙酰化酶的辅酶,是脂肪酸代谢、糖代谢、氨基酸代谢等多种代谢通路的重要辅酶,可影响机体的能量供应及生理功能的执行[33]。既往研究发现,泛酸缺乏的小鼠肌肉耐力下降[34],通过补充泛酸等能够使大鼠的肌肉功能明显增强[35]。亚精胺是多胺代谢的产物,由精氨酸及鸟氨酸在精氨酸酶-1、鸟氨酸脱羧酶、亚精胺合酶等作用下转变而来。由于亚精胺能够促进自噬、抗氧化应激、抑制炎症、促进蛋白质合成、改善线粒体功能、促进NO合成等,表现出促进健康和延长寿命的效应,具体表现为调节免疫、减轻骨骼肌萎缩、促进肌肉再生、减轻心脏衰老、预防骨质疏松、保护神经、抑制肿瘤、抑制干细胞衰老等[36-42],因此其可能通过多种机制影响肌纤维、免疫细胞、肌肉干细胞等,从而影响骨骼肌表型。同时,有研究发现,Opg敲除小鼠骨骼肌中泛素-蛋白酶体途径激活,表现为肌肉特异性E3泛素连接酶肌萎缩蛋白F-box(muscle atrophy F-box,Atrogin-1)和肌肉环指蛋白1(muscle ring finger-1,MuRF-1)表达增高,促使蛋白质降解和肌肉萎缩[10]
综上所述,本研究结果表明,Opg敲除可通过影响氨基酸代谢等通路调节亚精胺、泛酸等代谢物的水平,从而导致骨骼肌萎缩。关键代谢物的筛选识别可为肌肉萎缩的干预提供参考,尤其是对于合并骨质疏松和肌肉萎缩的老年人群可能具有重要意义。本研究仍存在不足之处。首先,未纳入表型更加明显的5月龄Opg基因敲除小鼠及雌性小鼠,一定程度上削弱了研究结果的准确性;其次,未进一步在蛋白和基因水平对OPG/RANKL/RANK通路调控代谢物合成及分解的关键靶点进行阐明;最后,筛选到的代谢物在骨骼肌发育与退行性改变中发挥的作用有待进一步深入探究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81972102)
  • 军事科技领域青年人才托举工程项目(2020-JCJQ-033)
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2023年第48卷第5期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0560
  • 接收时间:2022-08-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-03
  • 录用日期:2022-08-28
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81972102)
国家自然科学基金(81972102)
Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by the China Association for Science and Technology(2020-JCJQ-033)
军事科技领域青年人才托举工程项目(2020-JCJQ-033)
作者信息
    1解放军医学院,北京 100853
    2解放军总医院第四医学中心骨科医学部,北京 100853
    3国家骨科与运动康复临床医学研究中心,北京 100853
    4哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院骨科,黑龙江哈尔滨 150086

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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