Article(id=1203033496672498096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0489, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1676304000000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1677427200000, acceptedDateStr=2023-02-27, onlineDate=1764755136886, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1685203200000, pubDateStr=2023-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764755136886, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764755136886, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764755136886, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203033494428541350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='489', pageEnd='626', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764755136353, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764756085669, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203037476202967229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203037476202967230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=489, endPage=500, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203033496999653811, articleId=1203033496672498096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of perioperative brain injury by integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in cardiac intensive disease, columnId=1190310109461971339, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The perioperative brain injury is an important factor leading to poor clinical treatment effect and poor prognosis of critically ill patients undergoing cardiac surgery. In order to reduce the incidence of brain injury complications during perioperative period of cardiac disease, decrease the adverse consequence of brain injury, improve the neurological rehabilitation of patients after cardiac surgery, and enhance the quality of life and obtain the best prognosis of patients. Cardiac Intensive Care Professional Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Critical Care Medicine Professional Committee of Chinese Medical Education Association, Cerebral Protection in Cardiac Intensive Care Group of Neural Regeneration and Repair Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association, and Liaoning Province Internet Intelligent Combination of Medical Care Professional Committee write the consensus. It aims to help clinicians improve the level of diagnosis and treatment of brain injury during perioperative period of cardiac critical care patients. The consensus include the characteristics and mechanisms of Chinese and Western medicine, monitoring methods, Chinese and Western medicine intervention and treatment of perioperative brain injury in adult cardiac surgery, thus providing apply reference for clinical work.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Qu Hong, E-mail:
Han Hong-Guang, E-mail:
Liu Yun-En, E-mail:
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心脏重症围手术期脑损伤是导致行心脏手术的重症患者临床治疗效果不佳、预后不良的重要因素。为了降低心脏重症围手术期脑损伤并发症的发生率,减少脑损伤导致的不良后果,促进心脏外科术后患者的神经系统康复,提高患者生活质量并获得最佳预后,中国医师协会心脏重症专业委员会、中国医药教育协会重症医学专业委员会、中国研究型医院学会神经再生与修复专业委员会心脏重症脑保护学组等组织制定此专家共识,旨在帮助临床医师提高心脏重症围手术期脑损伤诊治水平。本共识包括成人心脏外科围手术期脑损伤的中西医表征及发生机制、监测手段,以及中西医治疗与干预等方面,供临床工作参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
曲虹,E-mail:
韩宏光,E-mail:
柳云恩,E-mail:
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Etiology and mechanism of brain injury during severe cardiac surgery

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病因机制产生的影响
栓塞动脉硬化斑块、气体、脂肪、血小板聚集所致脑低灌注及缺血、缺氧
体外循环程序性泵流速改变导致心输出量下降影响脑血流
手术相关的炎症及神经体液紊乱血脑屏障受损
年龄高龄增加栓塞风险,脑血流自身调节受损脑低灌注及缺血、缺氧
), ArticleFig(id=1203033502049596030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033496672498096, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

心脏重症围手术期脑损伤发生的病因及机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病因机制产生的影响
栓塞动脉硬化斑块、气体、脂肪、血小板聚集所致脑低灌注及缺血、缺氧
体外循环程序性泵流速改变导致心输出量下降影响脑血流
手术相关的炎症及神经体液紊乱血脑屏障受损
年龄高龄增加栓塞风险,脑血流自身调节受损脑低灌注及缺血、缺氧
), ArticleFig(id=1203033502141870727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033496672498096, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Manifestations of brain injury during severe cardiac surgery

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数缺血性脑卒中出血性脑卒中认知功能障碍
发病部位脑实质脑实质、蛛网膜下腔
神经功能受损局灶性或多灶性局灶性或弥漫性
临床表现局部偏瘫、偏盲、构音障碍或全身表现(昏迷)局部偏瘫、偏盲、构音障碍或头痛、昏迷智力、记忆力下降,谵妄
发病原因栓塞、房颤血栓脱落凝血异常、高灌注、高血压脑组织低灌注或缺氧
西医发病机制脑动脉栓塞引起脑血流减少脑血管破裂导致脑出血脑缺血缺氧
中医病机“中风”阴阳失调、气血逆乱“中风”阴阳失调、气血逆乱血瘀痰阻、脾肾亏虚
影像诊断DWMRI、DSACTDWMRI
), ArticleFig(id=1203033503312081557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033496672498096, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

心脏重症围手术期脑损伤的表现形式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数缺血性脑卒中出血性脑卒中认知功能障碍
发病部位脑实质脑实质、蛛网膜下腔
神经功能受损局灶性或多灶性局灶性或弥漫性
临床表现局部偏瘫、偏盲、构音障碍或全身表现(昏迷)局部偏瘫、偏盲、构音障碍或头痛、昏迷智力、记忆力下降,谵妄
发病原因栓塞、房颤血栓脱落凝血异常、高灌注、高血压脑组织低灌注或缺氧
西医发病机制脑动脉栓塞引起脑血流减少脑血管破裂导致脑出血脑缺血缺氧
中医病机“中风”阴阳失调、气血逆乱“中风”阴阳失调、气血逆乱血瘀痰阻、脾肾亏虚
影像诊断DWMRI、DSACTDWMRI
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心脏重症围手术期脑损伤中西医结合诊治专家共识
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中国医师协会心脏重症专业委员会 , 中国医药教育协会重症医学专业委员会 , 中国研究型医院学会神经再生与修复专业委员会心脏重症脑保护学组 , 辽宁省护理学会 , 辽宁省互联网协会智慧医养结合工作委员会 , 辽宁省老年服务业联合会
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2023,48(5): 489-500
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解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2023, 48(5): 489-500
心脏重症围手术期脑损伤中西医结合诊治专家共识
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中国医师协会心脏重症专业委员会, 中国医药教育协会重症医学专业委员会, 中国研究型医院学会神经再生与修复专业委员会心脏重症脑保护学组, 辽宁省护理学会, 辽宁省互联网协会智慧医养结合工作委员会, 辽宁省老年服务业联合会
作者信息

通讯作者:

曲虹,E-mail:
韩宏光,E-mail:
柳云恩,E-mail:
Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of perioperative brain injury by integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in cardiac intensive disease
Cardiac Intensive Care Professional Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Critical Care Medicine Professional Committee of Chinese Medical Education Association, Cerebral Protection in Cardiac Intensive Care Group, Neural Regeneration and Repair Committee, Chinese Research Hospital Association, Liaoning Nursing Association, Liaoning Province Internet Intelligent Combination of Medical Care Professional Committee, Liaoning Elderly Service Association
Affiliations
出版时间: 2023-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0489
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心脏重症围手术期脑损伤是导致行心脏手术的重症患者临床治疗效果不佳、预后不良的重要因素。为了降低心脏重症围手术期脑损伤并发症的发生率,减少脑损伤导致的不良后果,促进心脏外科术后患者的神经系统康复,提高患者生活质量并获得最佳预后,中国医师协会心脏重症专业委员会、中国医药教育协会重症医学专业委员会、中国研究型医院学会神经再生与修复专业委员会心脏重症脑保护学组等组织制定此专家共识,旨在帮助临床医师提高心脏重症围手术期脑损伤诊治水平。本共识包括成人心脏外科围手术期脑损伤的中西医表征及发生机制、监测手段,以及中西医治疗与干预等方面,供临床工作参考。

心脏重症  /  围手术期  /  体外循环  /  脑卒中  /  认知功能障碍  /  中西医结合治疗  /  共识

The perioperative brain injury is an important factor leading to poor clinical treatment effect and poor prognosis of critically ill patients undergoing cardiac surgery. In order to reduce the incidence of brain injury complications during perioperative period of cardiac disease, decrease the adverse consequence of brain injury, improve the neurological rehabilitation of patients after cardiac surgery, and enhance the quality of life and obtain the best prognosis of patients. Cardiac Intensive Care Professional Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Critical Care Medicine Professional Committee of Chinese Medical Education Association, Cerebral Protection in Cardiac Intensive Care Group of Neural Regeneration and Repair Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association, and Liaoning Province Internet Intelligent Combination of Medical Care Professional Committee write the consensus. It aims to help clinicians improve the level of diagnosis and treatment of brain injury during perioperative period of cardiac critical care patients. The consensus include the characteristics and mechanisms of Chinese and Western medicine, monitoring methods, Chinese and Western medicine intervention and treatment of perioperative brain injury in adult cardiac surgery, thus providing apply reference for clinical work.

critical cardiac illness  /  perioperative period  /  cardiopulmonary bypass  /  stroke  /  cognitive dysfunction  /  integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment  /  consensus
中国医师协会心脏重症专业委员会, 中国医药教育协会重症医学专业委员会, 中国研究型医院学会神经再生与修复专业委员会心脏重症脑保护学组, 辽宁省护理学会, 辽宁省互联网协会智慧医养结合工作委员会, 辽宁省老年服务业联合会. 心脏重症围手术期脑损伤中西医结合诊治专家共识. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (5) : 489 -500 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0489
Cardiac Intensive Care Professional Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Critical Care Medicine Professional Committee of Chinese Medical Education Association, Cerebral Protection in Cardiac Intensive Care Group, Neural Regeneration and Repair Committee, Chinese Research Hospital Association, Liaoning Nursing Association, Liaoning Province Internet Intelligent Combination of Medical Care Professional Committee, Liaoning Elderly Service Association. Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of perioperative brain injury by integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in cardiac intensive disease[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (5) : 489 -500 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0489
随着人口老龄化的进展,心血管疾病的发病率越来越高。心脏重症围手术期患者常合并其他器官损伤。其中,脑损伤作为一种发生率较高的围手术期并发症,是导致心脏外科手术后患者病情危重及预后不良的重要因素之一。脑损伤的主要临床表现为脑卒中及认知功能障碍[1-2]。在过去的几十年,随着心脏外科手术操作流程、体外循环管理、温度控制及心肌保护技术的不断改进,心脏外科手术的死亡率明显下降,可达5%以下[3-4]。但心脏重症患者脑损伤的发生率明显增高,已成为威胁心脏手术患者预后的主要灾难性因素[1]。多中心临床研究显示,成人心脏手术患者脑卒中发生率为2%~3%[5],单纯冠脉旁路移植术后脑卒中发生率约为2.2%[6];冠脉旁路移植合并左侧心内手术(二尖瓣、主动脉瓣成形或置换,主动脉根部替换,室壁瘤处理及房缺、室缺修补等)后脑卒中发生率可达16%,住院病死率增高4倍[7],术后认知功能障碍发生率高达14%~48%[8-10]。心脏外科手术患者围手术期脑损伤是预后不良及心脏重症患者术后病死率增高的重要因素,已成为心脏重症领域亟待解决的难题。
脑卒中分为缺血性脑卒中及出血性脑卒中,在中医学领域,属“中风”。中风的形成以气血内虚为基础,其病位在脑,与肝、肾关系密切,基本病机为阴阳失调、气血逆乱。中医观点认为“脾肾亏虚、血瘀痰阻”是认知功能障碍的病机。因此,探索针对中风及认知功能障碍的中医病机治疗,对心脏重症围手术期脑损伤患者的整体功能恢复具有积极意义。
为了降低成人心脏重症围手术期脑卒中及认知功能障碍的发生率,减轻脑损伤导致的不良后果,围手术期应充分评估及监测神经系统功能,以及时明确诊断脑损伤,尽早采取中西医结合措施进行干预,并为心脏手术围手术期脑损伤的预防及治疗提供依据,最终达到改善患者生活质量及获得最佳预后的目标。
脑损伤是由于各种原因引起的脑功能异常,导致严重的感觉、运动及自主神经系统功能紊乱[11-13]。目前认为脑损伤可分为两种类型:Ⅰ型脑损伤主要表现为器质性的局灶性损伤或昏迷,Ⅱ型脑损伤主要表现为功能性的智力、记忆障碍或癫痫发作[14]。正常情况下,脑实质内有丰富的血管网,可在急性状态下最大程度稳定脑组织的血流供应[15]。血脑屏障受损是脑损伤发生的重要机制。血脑屏障由内皮细胞构成,是脑实质与血管网之间敏锐的调节屏障,受损后可引起蛋白及电解质渗漏,外周细胞可直接进入脑实质引起神经炎症,最终导致颅内压增高、脑细胞水肿、脑血流自身调节紊乱及脑细胞代谢紊乱等并发症[16-17]。心脏重症患者围手术期脑损伤的发病机制主要有:(1)动脉硬化斑块、气体、脂肪及血小板聚集导致的栓塞,以及血流动力学紊乱导致的脑低灌注、缺氧及炎症,均可导致脑细胞水肿及脑代谢紊乱;(2)体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)期间,程序性的改变泵流速,可能导致非计划心输出量的改变,进而影响脑血流的变化,即使有足够的氧供,亦可严重影响脑代谢;(3)手术相关的炎症及神经体液紊乱可进一步加重组织损伤和脑损伤[14,18-19];(4)除了心脏重症相关危险因素,年龄与脑损伤的发生也具有明显相关性,70岁以上老龄是心脏重症患者发生Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型脑损伤的重要影响因素,其机制主要为:①随着高龄进展,动脉硬化程度加重,增高了栓塞的发生风险;②随着年龄增加,脑血管的改变导致脑血流的自身调节功能受损,进而增加了围手术期卒中、认知功能紊乱及谵妄的发生[20-22]。心脏手术围手术期脑损伤的主要表现为缺血性脑卒中、出血性脑卒中及认知功能障碍(表1)。
缺血性脑卒中临床上定义为缺血原因导致的局部性神经系统症候[23-24]。在成年人群中,70%~85%的脑血管疾病为缺血性脑卒中,其发病原因主要包括颅内血栓形成及颅外栓塞,依据梗死范围、缺血发作及持续时间、有效灌注时间的不同而呈多样的临床表现[25],可以发生在任何年龄段,尽管大多数缺血性卒中发生于老年人,但在年轻人群(16~49岁)中并不少见。心脏外科围手术期缺血性脑卒中按病程进展主要分为急性期、亚急性及晚期,急性期(<24 h)可能源于组织碎屑的栓塞、长时间的CPB、术中缺血再灌注损伤及动脉硬化等因素,亚急性期(1~30 d)可能源于新发房颤,晚期(30 d~1年)可能源于永久性房颤、经导管主动脉瓣置换术及全身或周围动脉粥样硬化[26-27]。经颅多普勒超声显示,心脏外科围手术期缺血性卒中的发病机制主要源于外科手术操作相关的局灶性或弥漫性栓塞:(1)Ⅰ型脑损伤与大栓塞(>200 μm)相关,主要原因为主动脉插管、钳夹阻断及主动脉近端静脉移植,可能导致动脉硬化破裂,从而产生局灶性脑缺血;(2)Ⅱ型脑损伤与微栓塞(<40 μm)相关,可能原因为白细胞、血小板聚集,脂肪及气体栓塞,是轻微弥漫性脑功能障碍性缺血性卒中的重要因素[7]
脑卒中分为缺血性脑卒中及出血性脑卒中,在中医学领域,属“中风”。中风其病位在脑,与肝、肾关系密切,中风的形成以气血内虚为基础,根本在于肾阴不足,内伤积损[28],其病机为外风侵袭,正气不足,从而引动“风、火、痰、瘀、虚”等病理产物瘀阻脉络[29]
“风”有内外之别,指机体正气亏虚,复感风邪;“火”主要指内生之火,肝气郁结,郁久化火,发为中风;“痰”素体形盛气虚,脾虚湿困、脾失健运,发为本病;“瘀”血内阻、脑脉失养是中风的主要病机,导致血液不能上荣于清窍,清窍失养而发为中风[30];“虚”为肝肾阴虚,以致肝阳上亢、化火生风,从而使气机不利、痰湿内阻;气机不利则肝失疏泄,从而导致脾失升清,肺失宣降,三焦气化不利,水湿内蕴,从而聚湿成痰[31]
心脏手术围手术期出血性脑卒中占所有卒中的10%~15%,发病率明显低于缺血性脑卒中,但其临床结局比缺血性脑卒中差,1年生存率约为46%,5年生存率为29%,且发病率随年龄增长而增高[32-33]。脑出血定义为非外伤引起的自发性脑实质出血,病因主要为未控制的脑出血及先前梗死区域的再灌注[34],其临床表现与缺血性脑卒中有相似性[35]。脑内微出血的原因可能为大脑淀粉样血管病、慢性高血压、弥漫性外伤性轴索损伤等,体外循环时间延长及抗凝过度可能是其重要的危险因素[36]。临床研究显示,潜在的颅内出血原因及机制来自水肿、炎症及氧化应激等复杂因素的相互作用[37]
中医学认为,出血性中风可引起机体气血变逆乱于上,脑气不能束邪,内风统领热邪火毒,串扰脑络,血溢脉外,毒害脑髓所致[38]。出血性脑卒中的3个分期的病机各不相同,急性期病机多为“血随气升,上逆于脑”,缓解期病机为“风痰阻络,瘀血内停”,恢复期则是“经脉空虚,贼邪不泄”[39-42]
超过3%的心脏手术患者术后早期出现局灶性神经功能缺损(focal neurologic deficits,FNDs),绝大多数FNDs患者表现为认知功能障碍,部分行影像学检查并无器质性病变。研究表明,体外循环心脏手术后认知功能障碍的发生率为14%~48%,术后经颅超声多普勒监测显示,这部分患者脑血流中可见持续的气栓,提示体外循环术后排气不充分可能是导致认知功能障碍的主要原因;其次,心脏手术中颅内低灌注及围手术期药物不良反应也是重要的影响因素[43]。认知功能障碍主要表现为记忆紊乱,是心脏手术围手术期发生脑损伤最常见的临床证据。
中医认为,脾肾亏虚是认知功能障碍的发病基础,脾脏为“五脏之母”,脾胃虚弱,运化无力,可直接影响其他脏腑器官的功能,最终引起肾阴亏虚、脑髓空虚,进而出现认知功能障碍[44]。中医强调,血瘀痰阻是认知障碍发生的病理基础[45]。脾肾功能影响机体血液生成、运行,以及津液生成、输布、排泄,脾虚可致气血津液化生无源,从而引起认知障碍。心脏重症围手术期脑损伤的表现形式见表2
脑卒中患者的意识障碍发生率高达36.9%,可明显增高患者的病死率,因此针对围手术期怀疑或确定存在神经系统症状的患者,在保证生命体征基本稳定的前提下,应尽早对其意识状态进行评估[46]。早期记录量化指标可以了解脑损伤的严重程度及进展情况,指导临床迅速制定诊疗方案,从而降低病死率及致残率。评估方式主要采用量化指标,常用的量化方法有格拉斯哥昏迷量表(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)评分、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、Glasgow Pittsburgh昏迷量表及脑出血Hamphill评分量表等[47]
完成病情评估后,需尽快明确神经系统方面的诊断及发病部位。临床上通常采用计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)及全脑数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)等影像学检查达到该目的。
CT检查速度快,准确度高,简单方便,受外在干预影响小,对鉴别缺血性卒中及出血性卒中有不可替代的优势,是首选的筛查方式。出血性卒中患者发病后行CT平扫即刻可见高密度区,缺血性卒中患者一般24~48 h才会出现明显的低密度区[48]
MRI主要针对CT检查结果阴性的患者,对诊断早期脑梗死有明显优势[49]。缺血的脑组织在发病数分钟至数小时内,由于细胞坏死,出现表面扩散系数下降,从而在弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted MRI,DWMRI)上表现出高信号。在脑卒中超急性期(发病<6 h)及急性期,MRI的敏感度及特异度分别为91%及95%,且DWMRI的敏感度高于液体衰减反转恢复序列;DWMRI可发现32%~61%的急性缺血改变,以及大约13%的新发慢性缺血性改变[50]。但MRI的检查时间较长,对生命体征不稳定的患者行MRI检查需仔细评估风险,应用呼吸机等精密电子设备维持生命体征的患者行MRI检查的风险极大。
DSA能够直观判断颅脑内问题血管及周围组织侧支循环情况,以此指导进一步治疗,包括血管内治疗及药物治疗方案,是脑梗死诊断的“金标准”[47]。但DSA为有创检查,且检查过程中存在一定的风险。
颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP)增高可导致意识障碍、脑卒中甚至脑疝,是围手术期脑损伤患者尤其是出血量>30 ml脑出血患者死亡的危险因素。目前的ICP监测分为无创ICP监测及有创ICP监测,有创ICP监测的常用监测部位为脑室、硬膜外、硬膜下及脑实质内,与无创ICP监测相比,有创ICP监测的结果更稳定,更易被临床广泛认同。脑室内ICP监测是目前诊断颅内高压的金标准,其优势在于任何时候均可进行再归零,亦可用于脑脊液引流降低高颅压的患者,但此方法具有潜在的出血及感染的风险,临床应用时应加强监护[51-53]。当颅内出血较多,脑室受压变窄、移位甚至消失时,脑实质内放置探针是测量颅内压的有效替代方法,其优势在于出血及感染风险相对较低,但不可任意归零是其不足之处。目前不推荐高颅压患者应用腰椎穿刺测量颅内压,因其有导致脑疝的风险[54]。颅脑损伤基金会指南建议,重症颅脑损伤的治疗目标是维持ICP<20 mmHg[55]
脑灌注压(cerebral perfusion pressure,CPP)指平均动脉压与颅内压之差(CPP=MAP-ICP),是脑血流通过微血管毛细血管床的驱动压力。CPB转机期间,CPP降低可能导致脑灌注不足、脑组织缺血及颅内压升高,如果未能早期发现并及早处理,可导致神经系统症状快速进展并恶化。相反,CPP过高可使脑血管无法耐受高压及高灌注而破裂出血[56]。若患者同时存在高血压及高颅内压,在未发现高颅压时降血压,极易出现CPP过低,导致脑组织缺血。研究表明,CPP低于50 mmHg会并发脑缺血,而保持CPP超过60 mmHg可避免脑缺血的发生[57]。因此,适时监测并维持合适的CPP对于预防心脏外科围手术期脑缺血及高灌注导致的脑损伤至关重要[58]
脑电图(electroencephalogram,EEG)是通过脑表面或皮质内电极监测亚临床癫痫发作或脑缺血的常用方法,术中脑保护基于EEG监测的大脑皮质电活动,可达到抑制脑电活动的目的,从而降低脑氧代谢率[59]。无论何种原因导致的氧传递下降,均会导致脑电活动放慢,表现为高频α振幅(8~12 Hz)下降及β振幅(12~20 Hz)下降,同时低频θ振幅(4~8 Hz)或σ波振幅(1~4 Hz)增加[60]。脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)通过放置在前额的表面电极进一步简化了EEG的医生界面,已在临床普及应用,可将潜在的大脑部分电刺激运动诱发电位转化为0~100的数值,0代表无电活动,100代表清醒状态,从而能动态评价患者的临床神经功能恢复情况,指导判断患者的病情及预后,但BIS监测并不推荐作为脑缺血的敏感监测指标。
对早期脑损伤患者直接监测脑组织氧水平,可及时发现脑代谢异常,指导临床尽早干预治疗,明显降低病死率[61]。目前临床进行脑组织氧监测主要采用脑组织氧分压(brain tissue oxygen pressure,PbtO2)及颈静脉血氧饱和度(jugular venous O2 saturation,SjvO2)两种有创床旁监测技术,以及无创的脑氧饱和度(cerebral regional oxygen saturation,rScO2)监测。
PbtO2是将微电极放置于脑实质内,其置入方法类似于脑实质的纤维ICP探针,能够直接监测局部脑组织摄氧情况及脑氧供需平衡关系。健康人的PbtO2为23~35 mmHg,但目前临床上对PbtO2的干预范围及具体干预措施尚无统一标准。有研究表明,PbtO2<15 mmHg与脑损伤预后不良结果明显相关[62]。PbtO2与ICP联合监测比单独监测ICP的效果更好[63]
SjvO2是在颈内静脉放置一个小的光纤导管,并通过尖端插入颈内静脉球,用于监测脑氧供需关系,能够在早期识别脑缺血状态,正常范围为55%~75%。SjvO2<55%提示脑组织缺血、缺氧,而>75%提示脑血流增加,且超过组织代谢需求,同样可导致不良预后。导管中存在凝块及定位、采样技术不完善均会影响SjvO2的准确性及可靠性[64],当患者存在ICP监测禁忌时,SjvO2是理想的监测方法。
rScO2是一种监测患者脑氧饱和度的新型无创技术,与指尖氧饱和度监测相似,主要运用近红外光谱技术,应用两种接近红外光的波长监测氧合血红蛋白与总血红蛋白的比值,结果反映了脑动脉及脑静脉的混合血氧饱和度,可持续评价脑血流[65]。有研究表明,rScO2<55%与术后神经系统并发症明显相关,围手术期监测rScO2可迅速识别脑氧饱和度下降,亦可应用于体外膜肺氧合及左心辅助的患者,可有效监测脑灌注,从而及时干预并预防缺血事件的发生[66]。rScO2的局限性在于其仅能监测到脑部表浅的局灶区域,而易受损伤的顶叶及深部结构可能超出监测范围。
通过rScO2联合经颅多普勒(transcranial Doppler,TCD)监测大脑中动脉及前动脉血流,可能监测到大脑半球70%以上的血流,因此,在心外科体外循环辅助及深低温停循环情况下,运用多模态神经生理监测识别并及时处理脑易损区域的缺血缺氧,对预防术中及术后脑损伤具有重要的临床指导意义[67-69]
参考《成人心脏外科术后脑损伤诊治的中国专家共识》[70]
预防气体及固体栓塞。
非糖尿病患者围手术期目标血糖控制在4.4~6.1 mmol/L;对于糖尿病患者,可静脉给予胰岛素,将血糖维持在7.8~10.0 mmol/L,不建议将目标血糖定为<6.1 mmol/L,以避免发生低血糖。
体外循环期间,平均动脉压通常维持在65~85 mmHg,最佳平均动脉压为78 mmHg。平均动脉压目标保持在与患者年龄相同的数值内(例如:70岁以上患者>70 mmHg,80岁以上患者>80 mmHg)。
对于高危患者,建议术前行颈动脉双向筛查及多学科评估并进行干预;对于无症状的颈动脉狭窄患者,若为双侧重度狭窄(>75%)或单侧狭窄伴随对侧闭塞(有或无脑卒中病史),建议通过各种干预方式同时或分期进行颈动脉血运重建。
若患者体外循环期间血红蛋白<60 g/L或术后血红蛋白<70 g/L,建议输注红细胞;当存在末端器官缺血的风险时,建议体外循环期间将血红蛋白提高10~70 g/L。
建议体外循环复温期间动脉管路出口温度控制在37 ℃以下,复温温度超过30 ℃时,复温速率应<0.5 ℃/min。
建议高危患者适当应用ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸。给予β受体阻滞剂、胺碘酮、心房起搏及左心耳结扎均可降低围手术期房颤的发生率。
缺血性脑卒中的抗凝抗栓治疗及出血性脑卒中的止血治疗不在本共识讨论范围内。
在大脑的发育过程及损伤后的恢复过程中,内源性神经生长因子(包括神经营养因子、脑源性神经营养因子及神经生长因子)由于具有营养神经及参与神经再生的作用,受到了广泛研究。其机制为诱导神经干细胞结合原肌球蛋白受体激酶受体,随后引起神经干细胞的分化及增殖,进而上调神经生长因子,抑制凋亡及减少促炎因子的释放,预防血脑屏障功能紊乱,并发挥抗氧化作用,但仍需充足的临床证据支持[71-74]
在脑卒中的发病机制中,磷脂酶A2(phospholipase A2,PLA2)可将膜磷脂降解产生自由脂肪酸,继而促进自由基的形成;神经节苷脂主要通过抑制PLA2的激活而减少膜磷脂降解及花生四烯酸释放,从而稳定及修复细胞膜,发挥抗氧化应激的防御作用[75],可保护血脑屏障,促进脑细胞水肿的再吸收。临床常见药物为神经节苷脂、胞二磷胆碱等[76]
γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)是中枢神经系统重要的神经递质,主要作用为抑制神经元;代谢性γ-氨基丁酸G蛋白偶联受体(GABAB)在突触前及突触后均发挥抑制神经递质释放的作用[77]。巴氯氛是主要的代表药物,主要激动γ-氨基丁酸受体,可抑制其他兴奋性神经递质的释放,如可抑制谷氨酸盐的毒性作用;还可抑制腺苷酸环化酶,预防囊泡融合,抑制神经递质释放,从而保护神经元[78-79]
离子通道是跨膜蛋白,可调控脑卒中发病过程中的离子平衡。钠离子内流引起神经细胞内钠过负荷,可导致神经细胞水肿及神经毒性;钙离子内流引起神经细胞内的钙离子过负荷,可导致神经细胞凋亡甚至坏死。钙通道阻滞剂主要适用于脑损伤合并蛛网膜下腔出血的患者,代表药物有尼莫地平、尼卡地平。法舒地尔可抑制Rho激酶,导致血管舒张,并影响细胞内钙离子浓度,已在2013年被国家药品监督管理局批准用于治疗缺血性脑卒中[80]
羟色胺再吸收抑制剂可促进大脑运动皮质中间神经元的活性,有效改善运动神经元功能,以及提高运动神经元兴奋性。有证据显示,早期给予氟西汀治疗可改善缺血性脑卒中患者3个月的预后,但长期疗效有待进一步研究[81]
代表药物为左旋多巴,可有效改善健康人群的大脑语言区功能。在亚急性脑梗死患者中,与单纯物理治疗相比,物理治疗联合左旋多巴可明显改善运动记忆;与安非他命相比,左旋多巴无严重的心血管不良事件,可与物理治疗联合改善缺血性脑卒中的预后[82]
自由基可造成DNA损伤及脂质过氧化,最终导致细胞死亡。脑组织容易受自由基侵害。常用的自由基清除剂类药物有依达拉奉、谷胱甘肽、维生素E及维生素C,可通过清除自由基而抑制花生四烯酸级联的脂质过氧化、炎症反应及金属蛋白酶(MMP-9),进而保护血脑屏障的完整性[49],通过抗氧化机制发挥脑保护作用[76,83]
研究表明,出血性脑卒中后继发性脑损伤的发病机制与激活血肿周围脑实质的炎症级联反应相关,他汀类药物可下调甲羟戊酸及其衍生物,随后靶向作用于下游信号通路,抑制炎症级联反应及活性氧簇的产生,从而减轻水肿、降低死亡率、改善神经系统功能[84]。缺血性脑卒中的发病机制包括兴奋性神经毒性、氧化应激、微循环损伤、炎症及凋亡反应。他汀类药物具有潜在的抗氧化、抗炎症、抗凋亡及促进缺血边缘血管生成作用,具有明显的神经保护效能[85-86]
中医将中风分为中经络及中脏腑,具有发病迅速、病情变化快的特点,因此,调整脏腑阴阳,使气血通畅、痰消瘀散,对患者整体功能恢复具有积极意义。目前多采取“急则治其标、缓则治其本”的治疗原则。
在所有治疗中风的处方中,最常用的是解表药、平肝熄风药,其次是补益药、祛痰药、温中药、化湿药、活血药、清热药等。外风以疏散为主,常用的解表药为防风、荆芥、羌活,平肝熄风药为天麻、全蝎、僵蚕等,这两类药被称为“风药”,在治疗中风的过程中,治“风”当为首要治法[87-88]。治以平肝潜阳,活血通脉,方用天麻钩藤汤加减。药物组成:天麻、钩藤、石决明、菊花、蔓荆子、地龙、白芍、僵蚕、郁金、竹茹、甘草等。方中天麻、钩藤、菊花、蔓荆子、石决明、白芍等平肝熄风,地龙、僵蚕清热通络熄风。现代药理学研究证实,平肝熄风药能解除患者脑血管痉挛[89],改善神经功能缺损,提高生活质量,降低致残率,还可改善患者脑血肿吸收情况,降低出血、血小板减少及再灌注损伤的发生风险[90]
中医认为,通过活血化瘀法改善患者微循环,可起到治疗疾病的目的。张雪梅[91]对37例出血性中风患者采用活血化瘀的方法进行治疗,总有效率达86.5%。风痰瘀阻多见于中风急性期,气虚血瘀多见于恢复期,血瘀阻脉,气血运行不畅,导致筋脉失去濡养,发为中风。临床常见症状及体征为四肢萎缩、手足麻木、舌强语謇、舌紫暗有瘀点瘀斑[92]。治以益气活血、化瘀通络,方用益气通脉活血汤加减,常用的活血化瘀药有川芎、鸡血藤、赤芍、乳香、桃仁、蒲黄、五灵脂、红花、三七、丹参、没药、益母草等。活血化瘀法能改善患者凝血功能、降低血液黏稠度、抑制血小板凝集、增加纤溶酶活性、抗血栓形成、防止疾病进展,避免造成不可逆的脑功能损害[93],还可保护脑神经,抑制急性炎症反应,促进神经功能恢复,对于迅速控制病情进展、缩短病程、降低病残率具有十分重要的意义[94]
中风的另一个重要发病因素为痰邪。痰湿蕴于中焦,可使脾的运化失常[95],导致脾气虚弱,进一步引起肝气旺盛、肝风内动。痰随肝风上扰于脑,可出现神昏、四肢抽搐、语言不利等症状,使用祛痰药(天南星、半夏、白附子等)可以豁痰开窍,缓解病情。治以涤痰化浊,活血通脉,予醒脑汤加减,瘀重者可重用活血通络药如乳香、没药、莪术、三棱等。常用药全瓜蒌、胆南星,全瓜蒌清热化痰散结,胆南星熄风解痉,助瓜蒌清化痰热,去中焦之浊邪,二药合用清化痰热,散结宽中[96]。化痰通腑法通过降低脑缺血后肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的水平而减轻炎症损伤,同时通过抑制炎症反应、促进纤溶的发生而抑制血栓形成[97],从而改善脑循环,降低机体应激水平,减轻神经元的缺血性损伤[98]
人参、白术、茯苓等为健脾益气、扶助正气的补益药,可治疗正气亏虚较重的中风患者。治以补气养血,养脑通络,方用八珍汤加减[99]。常用药有黄芪、太子参、党参、白术、茯苓、炙甘草、当归、川芎、白芍、熟地等。黄芪、党参、白术、炙甘草能健脾益气、扶正祛邪[100],脾胃为后天之本,气血生化之源,先天之气不能再生,后天之气充足,可以振本求源,补先天之气;黄芪配当归,补气生血,使气血得以周流,患肢能较快地得到灌注,从而促进康复[101]
醒脑静注射液[102-103]、复方麝香注射液[104]、安宫牛黄丸[105]及补阳还五汤[106]等,在脑卒中及其并发症的预防和改善脑卒中后的认知功能障碍方面均发挥着一定作用,但仍需大量循证医学证据支持。
心脏手术后,免疫系统激活,随后信号级联反应导致促炎性介质的释放,这些炎性介质最终透过血脑屏障,促进巨噬细胞进入脑实质,从而诱发一系列炎症反应,其中小神经胶质细胞及星形胶质细胞是炎症反应的关键靶点[107]
激素可作为一种神经保护药物,在深低温停循环时能改善脑血流。有研究表明,类固醇激素可降低全身炎症反应,减轻脑细胞水肿,并可降低术后脑卒中及认知功能障碍的发生率[108],但由于其可引起脑萎缩、神经毒性及导致高血糖等不良反应,临床应用受到一定限制[109]。地塞米松用于冠脉旁路移植患者的麻醉前及术后3 d,可明显改善患者的精神状态,降低术后谵妄的发生率[110]
目前大量循证医学证据表明,胰蛋白酶抑制剂乌司他丁可有效改善血脑屏障的通透性,有助于减轻炎症反应,具有良好的神经保护作用,有临床研究发现,应用乌司他丁后认知功能障碍的发生率降低了60%[109]
利多卡因属于Ⅰb类钠通道阻滞剂,是于1948年问世的第一种氨基酰胺型短效局部麻醉剂,可透过血脑屏障降低脑代谢率,调节炎症反应,改善脑部血流的供应[111-112]。利多卡因对缺血神经元具有保护作用,可减少梗死面积,是非常有前途的脑保护药物,但其对心脏重症围手术期脑损伤患者认知功能的保护作用尚存在争议,仍需要大量循证医学证据支持[108,113]
健脾可促进脾胃运化,认知障碍以本虚为主要发病基础,以健脾益气为主的治疗方案可明显缓解患者的临床症状[114]
痰浊血瘀日久可影响气机通畅,导致脏腑功能失调。因此,中医学治疗认知障碍除重视健脾补肾益气之外,还应重视祛痰活血通络。应用化痰药及活血化瘀药,可疏通经络,促进气血运行,脑髓得到气血的滋养,功能就会恢复。治疗上有开窍豁痰兼理气活血之石菖蒲,以及化痰定惊之胆南星等。
针刺疗法也在认知功能障碍的治疗中得到了广泛的应用,包括针刺及电针治疗。(1)针刺治疗:以膻中、百会、凤池、神门、关元等穴位为主,治疗后患者记忆功能明显改善[115]。(2)电针治疗:具有镇静止痛、促进气血运行的作用,可有效调节机体生理功能。根据“通督调髓”的治疗原则,以百会、神庭、风池、四神聪等穴位为主[116]。刘立瑾等[117]的研究显示,电针头部穴位在改善认知功能方面疗效明显。(3)针刺联合中药治疗:普通针刺与口服中药联合使用,可优势互补,提高总体疗效。
心脏重症围手术期的脑卒中及认知功能障碍是导致患者不良预后的重要因素,尽管大量的临床研究不断采取针对性的干预及治疗措施,目前仍是导致心脏术后病死率较高的重要原因。为了降低脑损伤的发生率,改善神经系统并发症的结局,需要采用综合措施与个体化方案相结合、中西医结合干预的方法来管控脑损伤的危险因素,充分评估并监测围手术期神经系统情况,进行中西医结合的综合策略治疗,以期指导临床实践,使心脏重症患者顺利度过围手术期,达到降低病死率并提高生活质量的目标。然而,目前仍需进一步开展更加深入的中医及西医临床研究,以为心脏重症围手术期脑保护的中西医结合方针策略奠定坚实的理论基础。
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2023年第48卷第5期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0489
  • 接收时间:2023-02-14
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-14
  • 录用日期:2023-02-27
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韩宏光,E-mail:
柳云恩,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0489
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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