Article(id=1203033494957023655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0537, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1656604800000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1670256000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-12-06, onlineDate=1764755136478, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1685203200000, pubDateStr=2023-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764755136478, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764755136478, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764755136478, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203033494428541350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='489', pageEnd='626', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764755136353, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764756085669, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203037476202967229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203037476202967230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203033494428541350, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=537, endPage=544, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203033495204487593, articleId=1203033494957023655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Pyroptosis of splenic dendritic cells in septic mice and its effect on inflammatory response and immune function, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To preliminarily observe the pyroptosis of splenic dendritic cells (DC) in septic mice and its correlation with the levels of inflammatory factors and DC immune function. Methods Seventy BALB/c mice were randomly divided into sham group (n=20), sepsis model group (CLP group, n=30) and caspase (CASP)-1 inhibit group (CLP+YVAD group, n=20). The CLP group and CLP+YVAD group were then divided into CLP 12 h group, CLP 24 h group, CLP 48 h group and CLP 72 h group, and CLP+YVAD 24 h group and CLP+YVAD 72 h group at different time points after operation. Orbital blood was collected from all mice at a predetermined time after operation, and the mice were sacrificed and spleen tissues were extracted. The pyroptosis rate of DC and the expression levels of DC surface markers (CD80, CD86, MHC-Ⅱ) were determined by flow cytometry.Activation of CASP-1 in mouse spleen DC was observed using confocal laser microscope. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of CASP-1 in DC. ELISA was performed to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-1β, and IL-6 in serum. Observe the death of mice after CLP operation. BALB/c mouse T cells were extracted and co-cultured with the mouse spleen DC of each group, the T cell proliferation rate was measured by flow cytometry, and the concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 in the co-cultured supernatants were detected by ELISA. Results The pyroptosis rate of DC was increased 12 h after CLP compared to sham group (P<0.05), peaked at 24 h (P<0.01), and then progressively declined, but remained higher than sham group at 72 h after CLP (P<0.01). Confocal laser microscopy revealed that the activation of DC CASP-1 in spleen of mice after CLP was obvious. Western blotting showed the expression of CASP-1 in the early stage of sepsis (12 h and 24 h) was significantly higher than that in sham group (P<0.01). After administration of CASP-1 specific inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk, the DC pyroptosis rate at CLP+YVAD 24 h group was lower than that in CLP 24 h group (P<0.01). The expression levels of DC surface markers CD80 and MHC-Ⅱ at CLP+YVAD 72 h group were up-regulated compared with CLP 72 h group (P<0.01), and the survival rate of mice at 7 d after operation was improved (P<0.01). The results of ELISA showed that the concentrations of serum TNF-α, IL-12, IL-1β and IL-6 of CLP mice in the early stage (24 h) and late stage (72 h) of sepsis were significantly higher than those in sham group (P<0.01), while the serum concentrations of the above factors in CLP+YVAD group decreased significantly(P<0.01). In the co-culture experiment, compared with DC-CLP 24 h group, the T cell proliferation rate of DC-CLP+YVAD group significantly increased (P<0.01), the level of IFN-γ decrease in co-cultured supernatants, and the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 increased(P<0.01). Conclusions Pyroptosis of DC appears to be activated at the early stage upon septic challenge, might be an important pathophysiological mechanism with regard to the extensive release of inflammatory cytokines as well as immune suppression of DC, which is associated with poor prognosis of sepsis.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-Mei Zhu, Yong-Ming Yao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Yao Yong-Ming, E-mail:
Zhu Xiao-Mei, E-mail:
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目的 初步观察脓毒症小鼠脾脏树突状细胞(DC)焦亡情况及其与炎性因子水平、DC免疫功能的相关性。方法 70只BALB/c小鼠随机分为假手术组(n=20)、脓毒症模型组(CLP组,n=30)与胱天蛋白酶(CASP)-1抑制剂干预组(CLP+YVAD组,n=20),CLP组和CLP+YVAD组按术后不同时间点分为CLP 12 h组、CLP 24 h组、CLP 48 h组、CLP 72 h组及CLP+YVAD 24 h组、CLP+YVAD 72 h组。所有小鼠于术后预定时间眼眶取血、处死并取脾脏组织。流式细胞仪测定脾脏DC焦亡率及表面标志物(CD80、CD86、MHC-Ⅱ)表达水平,激光共聚焦显微镜观察CASP-1在小鼠脾脏DC中的活化情况,Western blotting检测DC中CASP-1的表达情况,ELISA法检测血清中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-12、IL-1β、IL-6浓度;观察CLP术后小鼠死亡情况。提取BALB/c小鼠T细胞与各组小鼠脾脏DC共培养,采用流式细胞仪测定T细胞增殖率,ELISA法检测共培养上清中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、IL-4、IL-10浓度。结果 与假手术组比较,DC焦亡率在CLP术后12 h升高(P<0.05),于24 h达高峰(P<0.01),随后呈下降趋势,至72 h仍高于假手术组(P<0.01)。激光共聚焦显微镜观察显示,CLP术后小鼠脾脏DC CASP-1活化明显。Western blotting检测结果显示,DC中焦亡蛋白CASP-1表达在脓毒症早期(12 h和24 h)较假手术组明显上调(P<0.01)。而给予CASP-1特异性抑制剂Ac-YVAD-cmk后,CLP+YVAD 24 h组DC焦亡率较CLP 24 h组下降(P<0.01),CLP+YVAD 72 h组DC表面标志物CD80、MHC-Ⅱ表达水平较CLP 72 h组上调(P<0.01),术后7 d小鼠生存率提高(P<0.01)。ELISA法检测结果显示,CLP小鼠血清TNF-α、IL-12、IL-1β和IL-6浓度在脓毒症早期(24 h)和后期(72 h)均较假手术组明显升高(P<0.01),而CLP+YVAD组血清内上述因子浓度明显下降(P<0.01)。共培养实验结果显示,与DC-CLP 24 h组比较,DC-CLP+YVAD 24 h组T细胞增殖率明显增高(P<0.01),共培养上清中IFN-γ水平下降,而IL-4、IL-10水平上升(P<0.01)。结论 DC焦亡在脓毒症早期启动并持续存在,可能是脓毒症状态下炎性因子水平异常增高和DC免疫功能抑制的病理生理机制之一,且与脓毒症预后不良相关。

, correspAuthors=祝筱梅, 姚咏明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
姚咏明,E-mail:
祝筱梅,E-mail:
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贺鹏翼,硕士研究生,主要从事脓毒症免疫障碍机制方面的研究

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贺鹏翼,硕士研究生,主要从事脓毒症免疫障碍机制方面的研究

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贺鹏翼,硕士研究生,主要从事脓毒症免疫障碍机制方面的研究

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CLP. 盲肠结扎穿孔;DC. 树突状细胞;与假手术组比较,(1)P<0.05,(2)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=TuutSgDjrEAQxWp84TgCJA==, figureFileBig=nw5M88lxbRZ/WUQybEXogg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203033501332365979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033494957023655, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Expression and activation of CASP -1 in splenic DC of mice at early stage of sepsis, figureFileSmall=5pkk+jrN0APuamV++ZjjBQ==, figureFileBig=XCJMdHeyBU5neUNmaYknaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203033501407863455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033494957023655, language=CN, label=图2, caption=脓毒症早期小鼠脾脏DC中焦亡蛋白CASP-1表达及活化情况

CLP. 盲肠结扎穿孔;DC. 树突状细胞;CASP-1. 胱天蛋白酶-1;DAPI(蓝色)染色标记细胞核,DyLight 488(绿色)标记CASP-1蛋白,DyLight 594(红色)标记TUNEL染色的DC;A. 脓毒症小鼠脾脏DC中CASP-1与TUNEL共定位(×630);B. CLP术后小鼠脾脏DC中CASP-1表达及活化水平(n=3);与假手术组比较,(1)P<0.01;与CLP 12 h组比较,(2)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=5pkk+jrN0APuamV++ZjjBQ==, figureFileBig=XCJMdHeyBU5neUNmaYknaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203033501487555238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033494957023655, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effects of CASP-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk on pyroptosis of DC and expression of surface markers in CLP mice (n=3), figureFileSmall=0jIzpo3cjQwOXDY7b0cDFw==, figureFileBig=oiuKoJs+QIPPUAbmxADe9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203033501575635630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033494957023655, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CASP-1抑制剂Ac-YVAD-cmk对CLP小鼠脾脏DC焦亡及表面标志物表达的影响(n=3)

CLP. 盲肠结扎穿孔;DC. 树突状细胞;CASP-1. 胱天蛋白酶-1;MHC-Ⅱ. 主要组织相容性复合物Ⅱ;A. 小鼠脾脏DC焦亡率;B. 小鼠脾脏DC表面标志物表达水平;与假手术组比较,(1)P<0.01;与CLP 24 h组比较,(2)P<0.01;与CLP 72 h组比较,(3)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=0jIzpo3cjQwOXDY7b0cDFw==, figureFileBig=oiuKoJs+QIPPUAbmxADe9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203033501684687542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033494957023655, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effects of CASP-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk on inflammatory response and survival rate of septic mice, figureFileSmall=K36LzJPQu2GNqnGedz5WjQ==, figureFileBig=Wg31qX2By8sNRKxz7nX8vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203033501781156541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033494957023655, language=CN, label=图4, caption=CASP-1抑制剂Ac-YVAD-cmk对脓毒症小鼠体内炎症反应及生存率的影响

CLP. 盲肠结扎穿孔;CASP-1. 胱天蛋白酶-1;TNF-α. 肿瘤坏死因子-α;IL. 白细胞介素;A. 小鼠血清内炎性因子TNF-α、IL-12、IL-1β、IL-6浓度(n=6);B. CLP术后小鼠生存率(n=10);与假手术组比较,(1)P<0.01;与CLP 24 h组比较,(2)P<0.01;与CLP 72 h组比较,(3)P<0.01;与CLP组比较,(4)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=K36LzJPQu2GNqnGedz5WjQ==, figureFileBig=Wg31qX2By8sNRKxz7nX8vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203033501902791365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033494957023655, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effects of CASP-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk on immune function of splenic DC in sepsis mice, figureFileSmall=xDorK+8+zs+sbN1CZTlFKg==, figureFileBig=5VgHXEtyqxxFgH8hxBX++A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203033502016037580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203033494957023655, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CASP-1抑制剂Ac-YVAD-cmk对脓毒症小鼠脾脏DC功能的影响

A. T细胞、DC细胞共培养后各组T细胞增殖率(n=3);B. T细胞、DC细胞共培养上清中IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10浓度(n=6);与T组比较,(1)P<0.01;与DC-假手术组比较,(2)P<0.01;与DC-CLP 24 h组比较,(3)P<0.01

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脓毒症小鼠脾脏树突状细胞焦亡及其对炎症反应和免疫功能的影响
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贺鹏翼 1, 2 , 董宁 2, 3 , 吴瑶 2, 3 , 郝济伟 2, 3 , 祝筱梅 2, 3, * , 姚咏明 2, 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023,48(5): 537-544
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023, 48(5): 537-544
脓毒症小鼠脾脏树突状细胞焦亡及其对炎症反应和免疫功能的影响
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贺鹏翼1, 2, 董宁2, 3, 吴瑶2, 3, 郝济伟2, 3, 祝筱梅2, 3, * , 姚咏明2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军医学院,北京 100853
  • 2解放军总医院医学创新研究部,北京 100853
  • 3解放军总医院第四医学中心,北京 100048
  • 贺鹏翼,硕士研究生,主要从事脓毒症免疫障碍机制方面的研究

通讯作者:

姚咏明,E-mail:
祝筱梅,E-mail:
Pyroptosis of splenic dendritic cells in septic mice and its effect on inflammatory response and immune function
Peng-Yi He1, 2, Ning Dong2, 3, Yao Wu2, 3, Ji-Wei Hao2, 3, Xiao-Mei Zhu2, 3, * , Yong-Ming Yao2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Medical College of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
  • 3Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
出版时间: 2023-05-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0537
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目的 初步观察脓毒症小鼠脾脏树突状细胞(DC)焦亡情况及其与炎性因子水平、DC免疫功能的相关性。方法 70只BALB/c小鼠随机分为假手术组(n=20)、脓毒症模型组(CLP组,n=30)与胱天蛋白酶(CASP)-1抑制剂干预组(CLP+YVAD组,n=20),CLP组和CLP+YVAD组按术后不同时间点分为CLP 12 h组、CLP 24 h组、CLP 48 h组、CLP 72 h组及CLP+YVAD 24 h组、CLP+YVAD 72 h组。所有小鼠于术后预定时间眼眶取血、处死并取脾脏组织。流式细胞仪测定脾脏DC焦亡率及表面标志物(CD80、CD86、MHC-Ⅱ)表达水平,激光共聚焦显微镜观察CASP-1在小鼠脾脏DC中的活化情况,Western blotting检测DC中CASP-1的表达情况,ELISA法检测血清中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-12、IL-1β、IL-6浓度;观察CLP术后小鼠死亡情况。提取BALB/c小鼠T细胞与各组小鼠脾脏DC共培养,采用流式细胞仪测定T细胞增殖率,ELISA法检测共培养上清中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、IL-4、IL-10浓度。结果 与假手术组比较,DC焦亡率在CLP术后12 h升高(P<0.05),于24 h达高峰(P<0.01),随后呈下降趋势,至72 h仍高于假手术组(P<0.01)。激光共聚焦显微镜观察显示,CLP术后小鼠脾脏DC CASP-1活化明显。Western blotting检测结果显示,DC中焦亡蛋白CASP-1表达在脓毒症早期(12 h和24 h)较假手术组明显上调(P<0.01)。而给予CASP-1特异性抑制剂Ac-YVAD-cmk后,CLP+YVAD 24 h组DC焦亡率较CLP 24 h组下降(P<0.01),CLP+YVAD 72 h组DC表面标志物CD80、MHC-Ⅱ表达水平较CLP 72 h组上调(P<0.01),术后7 d小鼠生存率提高(P<0.01)。ELISA法检测结果显示,CLP小鼠血清TNF-α、IL-12、IL-1β和IL-6浓度在脓毒症早期(24 h)和后期(72 h)均较假手术组明显升高(P<0.01),而CLP+YVAD组血清内上述因子浓度明显下降(P<0.01)。共培养实验结果显示,与DC-CLP 24 h组比较,DC-CLP+YVAD 24 h组T细胞增殖率明显增高(P<0.01),共培养上清中IFN-γ水平下降,而IL-4、IL-10水平上升(P<0.01)。结论 DC焦亡在脓毒症早期启动并持续存在,可能是脓毒症状态下炎性因子水平异常增高和DC免疫功能抑制的病理生理机制之一,且与脓毒症预后不良相关。

脓毒症  /  炎症反应  /  免疫抑制  /  树突状细胞  /  焦亡

Objective To preliminarily observe the pyroptosis of splenic dendritic cells (DC) in septic mice and its correlation with the levels of inflammatory factors and DC immune function. Methods Seventy BALB/c mice were randomly divided into sham group (n=20), sepsis model group (CLP group, n=30) and caspase (CASP)-1 inhibit group (CLP+YVAD group, n=20). The CLP group and CLP+YVAD group were then divided into CLP 12 h group, CLP 24 h group, CLP 48 h group and CLP 72 h group, and CLP+YVAD 24 h group and CLP+YVAD 72 h group at different time points after operation. Orbital blood was collected from all mice at a predetermined time after operation, and the mice were sacrificed and spleen tissues were extracted. The pyroptosis rate of DC and the expression levels of DC surface markers (CD80, CD86, MHC-Ⅱ) were determined by flow cytometry.Activation of CASP-1 in mouse spleen DC was observed using confocal laser microscope. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of CASP-1 in DC. ELISA was performed to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-1β, and IL-6 in serum. Observe the death of mice after CLP operation. BALB/c mouse T cells were extracted and co-cultured with the mouse spleen DC of each group, the T cell proliferation rate was measured by flow cytometry, and the concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 in the co-cultured supernatants were detected by ELISA. Results The pyroptosis rate of DC was increased 12 h after CLP compared to sham group (P<0.05), peaked at 24 h (P<0.01), and then progressively declined, but remained higher than sham group at 72 h after CLP (P<0.01). Confocal laser microscopy revealed that the activation of DC CASP-1 in spleen of mice after CLP was obvious. Western blotting showed the expression of CASP-1 in the early stage of sepsis (12 h and 24 h) was significantly higher than that in sham group (P<0.01). After administration of CASP-1 specific inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk, the DC pyroptosis rate at CLP+YVAD 24 h group was lower than that in CLP 24 h group (P<0.01). The expression levels of DC surface markers CD80 and MHC-Ⅱ at CLP+YVAD 72 h group were up-regulated compared with CLP 72 h group (P<0.01), and the survival rate of mice at 7 d after operation was improved (P<0.01). The results of ELISA showed that the concentrations of serum TNF-α, IL-12, IL-1β and IL-6 of CLP mice in the early stage (24 h) and late stage (72 h) of sepsis were significantly higher than those in sham group (P<0.01), while the serum concentrations of the above factors in CLP+YVAD group decreased significantly(P<0.01). In the co-culture experiment, compared with DC-CLP 24 h group, the T cell proliferation rate of DC-CLP+YVAD group significantly increased (P<0.01), the level of IFN-γ decrease in co-cultured supernatants, and the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 increased(P<0.01). Conclusions Pyroptosis of DC appears to be activated at the early stage upon septic challenge, might be an important pathophysiological mechanism with regard to the extensive release of inflammatory cytokines as well as immune suppression of DC, which is associated with poor prognosis of sepsis.

sepsis  /  inflammatory response  /  immunosuppression  /  dendritic cells  /  pyroptosis
贺鹏翼, 董宁, 吴瑶, 郝济伟, 祝筱梅, 姚咏明. 脓毒症小鼠脾脏树突状细胞焦亡及其对炎症反应和免疫功能的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (5) : 537 -544 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0537
Peng-Yi He, Ning Dong, Yao Wu, Ji-Wei Hao, Xiao-Mei Zhu, Yong-Ming Yao. Pyroptosis of splenic dendritic cells in septic mice and its effect on inflammatory response and immune function[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (5) : 537 -544 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0537
脓毒症常由感染、休克、烧伤等急危重症发展所致,且易发生脓毒性休克、多器官功能障碍综合征等危及生命的并发症。临床上早期液体复苏、营养支持和器官保护性治疗,以及抗炎、抗感染等处理措施日趋成熟,但脓毒症的病死率仍居高不下,且常预后不良。免疫功能障碍和过度炎症反应是脓毒症的重要内因,影响着脓毒症的结局和预后[1]。目前对于脓毒症发病机制的认识有所加深,但主要调节因素及关键作用环节仍不清楚,缺乏有针对性的干预靶点。树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)是处于免疫调控中心的专职抗原呈递细胞,在机体炎症及免疫反应网络中具有广泛且关键的生物学效应[2]。研究表明,DC数量减少和功能障碍是脓毒症免疫抑制的关键。本课题组前期研究及既往研究证实:脓毒症小鼠脾脏及临床患者外周血中均存在DC数量明显减少和功能障碍,且与不良预后密切相关[3];维持DC活性可减轻内毒素诱导的免疫抑制,降低脓毒性休克动物的死亡率[4]。本课题组新近研究发现,抑制DC焦亡的发生是通过内源性保护机制改善脓毒症预后的关键环节,提示DC焦亡对脓毒症的发生及进展具有重要意义[5]。焦亡是近年来在巨噬细胞中发现的依赖于胱天蛋白酶(caspase,CASP)-1或CASP-11活化的致炎性程序性细胞死亡方式[6],除造成大量免疫细胞减少外,还可引发机体的过度炎症反应。本研究采用盲肠结扎穿孔(cecal ligation and puncture,CLP)法建立脓毒症小鼠模型,探讨焦亡对DC免疫功能和脓毒症小鼠炎症反应及预后的影响。
Ac-YVAD-cmk(CASP-1特异性抑制剂;美国MedChemExpress公司);小鼠CD11c阳性选择试剂盒(加拿大StemCell公司);CD4+ T细胞分选试剂盒(德国美天旎公司);磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,北京索莱宝科技有限公司);羧基荧光素二醋酸盐琥珀酰亚胺酯(carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl amino ester,CFSE)、异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)标记主要组织相容性复合物Ⅱ(MHC-Ⅱ)抗体、藻红蛋白(PE)标记CD86抗体及藻红蛋白-花青素7(PE-Cy7)标记CD80抗体(美国Biolegend公司);FAM-FLICA CASP-1检测试剂盒(美国BioVision公司);Triton X-100(上海信帆生物科技有限公司);DAPI,磷酸酶抑制剂,蛋白酶抑制剂,RIPA裂解液,ECL超敏化学发光液A、B液,BAS标准品蛋白,BCA反应液,PAGE蛋白电泳凝胶制备试剂盒Ⅰ/Ⅱ型及β-actin抗体(北京普利莱基因技术有限公司);抗CASP-1抗体(美国Abcam公司);辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗小鼠二抗、辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗兔二抗(美国Cell Signaling Technology公司);肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-12、IL-6、γ-干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、IL-4、IL-10等细胞因子ELISA试剂盒(美国Abcam公司)。Image Quant LAS 4000凝胶成像系统(美国通用公司);电泳仪(DYY-7,北京六一厂);流式细胞仪(美国BD公司);激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(德国莱卡公司)。
雄性BALB/c小鼠70只,6~8周龄,体重(20±2) g,购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司[实验动物合格证号:SCXK(京)2019-0008]。室温24~26 ℃适应性饲养1周。
取40只小鼠,随机分为假手术组(n=10)、脓毒症模型组(CLP组,n=20)与CASP-1抑制剂干预组(CLP+YVAD组,n=10)。CLP组和CLP+YVAD组按术后不同时间点再分为CLP 12 h组、CLP 24 h组、CLP 48 h组、CLP 72 h组及CLP+YVAD 24 h组、CLP+YVAD 72 h组。
脓毒症模型建立:小鼠术前禁食不禁水12 h,依据体重腹腔注射0.3%戊巴比妥钠溶液(10 μl/g)麻醉,固定于手术台上,腹部叠瓦式消毒3次;沿腹中线剪开皮肤及组织,充分暴露腹膜;沿腹中线剪开腹膜,游离盲肠;用细线距盲肠远心端1 cm处结扎,5号针头贯穿结扎端盲肠1次,挤压结扎端盲肠至肠内容物流出,回纳盲肠,逐层间断缝合腹膜与皮肤。术后注射生理盐水(1 ml/20 g)补液治疗。假手术组小鼠仅开腹暴露盲肠,不结扎及穿孔;CLP+YVAD组小鼠术前半小时腹腔注射Ac-YVAD-cmk (100 μg/只)后行CLP手术,CLP组小鼠术前半小时腹腔注射等量生理盐水。实验过程符合国家和单位有关实验动物管理和使用的规定。
脊髓脱臼处死小鼠,乙醇消毒皮肤,取出脾脏。PBS浸泡、冲洗,剔去结缔组织,70 μm筛网上剪碎研磨脾脏组织,过滤,1500 r/min低速离心5 min,弃上清。依据小鼠CD11c阳性选择试剂盒说明书步骤,按比例依次加入血清,预混后A、B液以及磁珠,充分反应后转移至细胞收集管,以PBS重悬至10 ml。缓慢放入磁铁中静置3 min,保持试管在磁场中快速倾倒上清,取出试管,加入PBS冲洗管壁,重悬至10 ml。重复上述操作3次。收集细胞悬液,1500 r/min低速离心5 min,以FITC-CD11c标记流式细胞术检测DC纯度,结果显示达90%以上可进行后续实验。
取小鼠脾脏DC,计数3×105个/管,分别测定DC焦亡率以及DC表面标志物CD80、CD86、MHC-Ⅱ表达水平。
DC焦亡率:按照FAM-FLICA® Caspase-1检测试剂盒说明书步骤,用50 μl DMSO溶解FAM-YVAD-FMK,PBS稀释至5倍体积。每管避光加入1 μl 1×FAM-YVAD-FMK,混匀,37 ℃避光孵育1 h;润洗液洗3次,加入200 μl PBS重悬细胞;加入5 μl 7-AAD,混匀,避光孵育15 min;润洗液洗3次,1500 r/min低速离心5 min,弃上清;300 μl PBS重悬,采用流式细胞仪检测DC焦亡率。
DC表面标志物表达水平:按1∶100比例加入流式抗体(CD80、CD86、MHC-Ⅱ)室温避光孵育30 min,PBS洗1次;离心,加入200 μl 1%多聚甲醛固定,采用流式细胞仪检测DC表面标志物表达水平。
取小鼠脾脏DC(3×106个/管),用750 μl PBS洗1次,1500 r/min低速离心5 min,弃上清;避光加入50 μl 1×FAM-YVAD-FMK,混匀,置于细胞培养箱中37 ℃避光孵育1 h;PBS洗1次,1500 r/min低速离心5 min,弃上清;加入200 μl 4%多聚甲醛室温固定30 min,PBS洗3次,1500 r/min低速离心5 min;加入0.3% Triton X-100破膜10 min,PBS洗3次。按说明书提前配制细胞凋亡检测试剂(A液、B液9∶1混合)室温反应5 min,按50 μl/管比例加入,混匀,37 ℃避光孵育1 h。PBS重复润洗3次,管底保留40 μl细胞悬液。取20 μl细胞悬液与5 μl DAPI混合后制片,湿盒避光4 ℃保存,于共聚焦显微镜下观察CASP-1活化情况。
取小鼠脾脏DC(2×107个/组),加入40 μl RIPA裂解混合液(磷酸酶抑制剂∶蛋白酶抑制剂∶RIPA裂解液=1∶2∶97),冰上反复震荡,12 000 r/min低温高速离心30 min,分离上清,采用BSA法测定蛋白浓度。取30 μg蛋白上样,行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,转至PVDF膜上,加入10%脱脂奶粉封闭;加入抗CASP-1(1∶1000)、β-actin抗体(1∶1000)冰上孵育过夜。TBST溶液洗涤3次,加入辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗兔二抗(1∶5000)室温孵育1 h。TBST溶液洗涤3次。超敏化学发光液A、B液1∶1混合,曝光成像,采用凝胶成像系统观察,ImageJ软件分析各组蛋白条带灰度值。
术后24、72 h采用眼球取血法收集小鼠外周血,凝固后3000 r/min离心20 min,取上清。依照ELISA试剂盒说明书操作检测血清中TNF-α、IL-12、IL-1β、IL-6浓度。
取30只小鼠,随机分为假手术组(n=10)、脓毒症模型组(CLP组,n=10)与CASP-1抑制剂干预组(CLP+YVAD组,n=10)。实验步骤同1.2.1,室温24~26 ℃饲养,自由进食水。CLP术后1、2、3、4、5、6、7 d观察小鼠生理状态及死亡情况,计算死亡率。
脊髓脱臼处死BALB/c小鼠,取出脾脏,利用磁珠提取T细胞,用培养基重悬至1 ml,加入适量CFSE荧光抗体,37 ℃避光孵育30 min;培养基重悬至2×106/ml,加入刀豆素A(ConA),使其终浓度为5 μg/ml。将T细胞转移至96孔板中(2×105个/孔,100 μl/孔),设置T组、DC-假手术组、DC-CLP 24 h组与DC-CLP+YVAD 24 h组,置于培养箱中静置24 h。
分离提取纯化假手术组、CLP 24 h组、CLP+YVAD 24 h组小鼠脾脏DC,培养基重悬至1×105/ml。将各组DC对应转移至以上培养的各组T细胞中(1×104个/孔,100 μl/孔);与T细胞充分混合后,置于细胞培养箱中孵育72 h。收集细胞及共培养上清,利用流式细胞仪检测T细胞增殖率,ELISA法检测共培养上清中IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10浓度。
采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析,Western blotting灰度值采用ImageJ软件分析,流式结果采用FlowJo软件分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用Tukey法。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
流式细胞检测结果显示,与假手术组比较,CLP 12 h组DC焦亡率明显升高(P<0.05),CLP 24 h组达到高峰(P<0.01),CLP 48 h组开始回落(P<0.01),但CLP 72 h组仍高于假手术组(P<0.01,图1)。据此后续实验选取CLP术后24 h测定DC焦亡率并进行共培养实验,CLP术后24 h、72 h测定DC表面标志物表达水平。
激光共聚焦显微镜观察显示,CLP 12 h组小鼠DC中CASP-1结合荧光强度明显高于假手术组,CLP 24 h组小鼠DC中CASP-1荧光强度较假手术组明显增高且与TUNEL(细胞死亡染色剂)荧光共定位现象增多,提示DC焦亡现象发生(图2A)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,CLP 12 h、24 h组CASP-1蛋白相对表达量均明显高于假手术组(P<0.01);CLP 24 h组pro-CASP-1蛋白相对表达量明显高于假手术组(P<0.01,图2B)。
流式细胞仪检测结果显示,与假手术组比较,CLP 24 h组DC焦亡率明显升高(P<0.01);与CLP 24 h组比较,CLP+YVAD 24 h组DC焦亡率明显下降(P<0.01,图3A)。
CLP+YVAD 72 h组DC表面标志物CD80、MHC-Ⅱ表达水平明显高于假手术组和CLP 72 h组(P<0.01),而CD86表达水平与假手术组、CLP 72 h组比较差异无统计学意义,初步表明抑制DC焦亡对脓毒症晚期DC功能具有一定保护作用。而CLP+YVAD 24 h组DC表面标志物CD80、CD86、MHC-Ⅱ表达水平仅表现为一定的上升趋势,与CLP 24 h组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(图3B)。
ELISA法检测结果显示,CLP小鼠血清TNF-α、IL-12、IL-1β和IL-6浓度在脓毒症早期(24 h)和后期(72 h)均较假手术组明显上升(P<0.01),而在CLP+YVAD 24 h、72 h组分别低于CLP 24 h、72 h组(P<0.01,图4A)。
观察CLP术后7 d小鼠死亡情况,结果显示,CASP-1抑制剂可明显提高CLP术后7 d小鼠生存率(P<0.01,图4B)。
流式细胞仪检测结果显示,DC-假手术组T细胞增殖率较T组明显上升(P<0.01),提示DC对T细胞具有活化作用。而DC-CLP 24 h组T细胞增殖率较DC-假手术组明显下降(P<0.01),表明CLP术后DC功能障碍;DC-CLP+YVAD 24 h组T细胞增殖率较DC-CLP 24 h组明显升高(P<0.01,图5A),表明抑制DC焦亡可明显改善CLP术后DC调控T细胞增殖的能力。
ELISA法检测结果显示,DC-CLP+YVAD 24 h组共培养上清中T细胞活化因子IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10浓度较DC-假手术组明显升高(P<0.01),表明DC-CLP+YVAD 24 h组DC具有活化T细胞的功能;DC-CLP+YVAD 24 h组共培养上清中IFN-γ浓度较DC-CLP 24 h组下降,而Th2亚群特异性细胞因子IL-4、免疫调控因子IL-10浓度上升(P<0.01),提示抑制焦亡后DC调控T细胞向Th2分化的能力增强(P<0.01,图5B)。
焦亡是宿主的一种主动免疫反应,细胞可通过焦亡来抑制病原体复制,释放抗原、脂多糖、警报因子等,启动、扩大免疫反应,提高机体免疫活性及促进病原体清除[7-8]。过度焦亡可引发炎性因子风暴,造成免疫功能紊乱,引起机体组织器官损伤、凝血功能异常,甚至导致机体死亡[9]。DC作为目前已知的功能最强的专职抗原呈递细胞,在免疫系统中占据重要地位[2]。既往研究及本课题组前期研究均表明,DC数量减少及功能异常是脓毒症状态下机体免疫应答障碍的关键[10-11]。焦亡启动于Toll样受体或NOD样受体识别病原体相关分子模式,随后装配、激活炎性小体。炎性小体中分子间相互作用可剪切并活化pro-CASP-1,进而剪切活化削皮素D(gasdermin D,GSDMD)、GSDME、IL-1β和IL-18。此外有研究发现了多条非经典焦亡通路,如CASP-11-GSDMD、CASP-3-GSDME等[12]。本研究发现,CLP术后DC焦亡率于12 h升高,24 h达高峰,72 h仍高于假手术组;Western Blotting检测结果显示,CLP术后12 h、24 h DC中CASP-1表达上调并活化。表明DC焦亡可能是诱发过度炎症反应和导致机体免疫紊乱的重要因素。一方面,DC大量焦亡可引起DC数量减少、功能障碍和增殖活化能力下降,最终造成脓毒症晚期免疫抑制状态;另一方面,DC焦亡释放的炎性介质可对局部免疫细胞包括其自身免疫功能状态造成重要影响。基于此,本研究利用CASP-1抑制剂进一步探索焦亡对DC免疫功能及炎症反应的影响。由于CLP术后24 h DC焦亡最为明显,本研究选取其作为主要的实验观察时间,并参考同类文献报道[13],选择CLP术后72 h代表脓毒症晚期的时间点,观察抑制DC焦亡对DC自身和机体的影响。
针对细胞焦亡的多种药物,包括NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3抑制剂MCC950、CASP-1抑制剂Ac-FLTD-cmk及VX-765、GSDMD抑制剂双硫仑与富马酸二甲酯等,在疾病模型中均被证实可有效减轻炎症损伤[14]。CD80、CD86、MHC-Ⅱ是反映DC功能状态的重要指标,具有较高的灵敏度。本研究发现,给予CASP-1抑制剂干预后,CLP术后24 h DC焦亡率明显降低,进一步观察发现CLP+YVAD组DC表面标志物表达上调,且DC可促进T细胞增殖能力提升,结合共培养实验结果,初步表明抑制焦亡对DC功能具有一定保护作用。ELISA检测结果显示,CLP+YVAD组共培养上清中IFN-γ水平有所下降,IL-4和IL-10水平则明显升高,提示抑制DC焦亡可增强DC对T细胞的调控作用,具体表现为促进T细胞向Th2分化。且CASP-1抑制剂处理可使小鼠CLP术后升高的炎性因子水平明显下降,并提高了CLP小鼠存活率,提示DC焦亡是脓毒症时过度炎症反应和免疫障碍的重要病理生理机制之一,抑制DC焦亡可明显改善CLP小鼠预后。
本研究存在不足之处:Ac-YVAD-cmk为CASP-1特异性抑制剂[15],经腹腔注射后可作用于小鼠全身组织,对体内多种细胞焦亡均可发挥抑制效应。尽管抑制DC焦亡可以防止DC数量减少、改善DC功能状态、减轻机体炎症反应,但本研究未证实减轻DC焦亡是否为Ac-YVAD-cmk对CLP小鼠发挥保护效应的主要或关键因素。基于DC在天然免疫和获得性免疫系统中的重要地位,抑制DC过度焦亡可对脓毒症病情进展发挥重要影响,但其确切效应、关键信号机制仍需深入探讨。例如,采用针对焦亡关键分子靶向DC的条件性基因敲除模型动物有助于深入了解脓毒症状态下DC焦亡与免疫细胞功能障碍、炎症反应的关系。关注DC焦亡有助于深刻阐明脓毒症的发生发展机制,并为发掘潜在的免疫治疗靶点提供新思路。
综上所述,DC焦亡是脓毒症过程中重要且持续存在的病理现象,其严重程度可能影响脓毒症状态下的炎性因子水平和DC免疫功能抑制情况,并可能是脓毒症预后不良的相关因素。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81871557)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82130062)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82241062)
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2023年第48卷第5期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.05.0537
  • 接收时间:2022-07-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-01
  • 录用日期:2022-12-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81871557)
国家自然科学基金(81871557)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82130062)
国家自然科学基金(82130062)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82241062)
国家自然科学基金(82241062)
作者信息
    1解放军医学院,北京 100853
    2解放军总医院医学创新研究部,北京 100853
    3解放军总医院第四医学中心,北京 100048

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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