Article(id=1203002062335340756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203002056400396334, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0653, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659542400000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1668355200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-11-14, onlineDate=1764747642358, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1687881600000, pubDateStr=2023-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764747642358, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764747642358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764747642358, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203002056400396334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='6', pageStart='627', pageEnd='748', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764747640943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764747714497, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203002364979540735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203002056400396334, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203002364979540736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203002056400396334, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=653, endPage=662, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203002062637330659, articleId=1203002062335340756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect and mechanism of berberine on the activity and proliferation of hepatoma cells, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of berberine (BBR) on the activity and proliferation of hepatoma cells. Methods Normal human hepatocytes (MIHA) and human hepatoma cells (Hep3B, HepG2) were respectively divided into control group (high glucose) and different concentration (0, 12.5, 25, 50 μmol/L) of BBR groups (glucose-free). CCK-8 and clone formation experiment were used to explore the effect of BBR on the viability and clone formation. SYTOX Green nucleic acid stain was used to determine the cell death and flow cytometry to detect the changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in hepatoma cells. The changes of Nrf2 and its related proteins after BBR incubation were measured by Western blotting. We incubated the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) with BBR to study its effect on the Nrf2 protein. We quantified the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 in Hep3B cells cultured with BBR using Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We established a tumor model by subcutaneous injection of Hep3B cells into nude mice. To observe the effect of BBR on tumor growth, we injected tumor-bearing nude mice in the BBR groups and the control group with BBR or the same amount of normal saline, respectively. We evaluated the effect of BBR on Nrf2 and its related proteins in vivo with HE and immunohistochemical staining. Results The viability of Hep3B and HepG2 cells decreased after BBR incubation in a glucose-free environment (P<0.05). No appreciable changes were observed in MIHA cell viability under the same experiment condition. BBR could inhibit clone formation and promote the death of hepatoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05). We observed an increase in the ROS and a decrease in Nrf2, HO-1, and c-Myc with no significant change in Keap1 in hepatoma cells after BBR treatment. While total GSK3β remained unchanged, the treatment-induced decrease in P-GSK3β (Ser9) decreased but increase in P-GSK3β (Tyr216). MG132 co-treatment reversed the BBR-induced reduction of Nrf2 protein while CHX enhanced the BBR-induced reduction of Nrf2 protein in hepatoma cells. BBR treatment-induced increase in Nrf2 mRNA and a decrease in HO-1 mRNA (P<0.05). BBR could significantly inhibit the growth of Hep3B cells in vivo in nude mice. BBR treatment increased tumor tissue necrosis and suppressed the expression of Nrf2 and c-Myc but did not affect the Keap1 level. Conclusions BBR could inhibit the activity and proliferation of hepatoma cells and promote cell death. In vivo experiments showed that BBR injection could significantly inhibit the growth of tumor cells and lead to increased necrosis of tumor cells. We verified that BBR may lead to the death of hepatoma cells through the non-Keap1-dependent Nrf2/GSK3β pathway. We infer that the degradation of Nrf2 protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome system by the non-Keap1-dependent Nrf2/GSK3β pathway, thereby reducing the anti-oxidative stress ability of tumor cells and leading to the death of hepatoma cells ultimately.

, correspAuthors=Ke-Feng Dou, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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目的 探讨小檗碱(BBR)对肝癌细胞的活性与增殖能力的影响及其机制。方法 取正常人肝细胞MIHA和人肝癌细胞Hep3B、HepG2,设置对照组与0、12.5、25、50 μmol/L BBR组,采用CCK-8实验、克隆形成实验探究无糖环境下BBR对MIHA、Hep3B、HepG2细胞活性及克隆形成的影响;SYTOX荧光染色检测细胞死亡情况;流式细胞术检测BBR孵育后肝癌细胞活性氧(ROS)水平的变化;Western blotting检测BBR孵育后Nrf2及其相关蛋白的变化;将蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132及蛋白合成抑制剂环己酰胺(CHX)与BBR共同孵育,研究其对Nrf2蛋白的影响;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测BBR孵育后Hep3B细胞的Nrf2及HO-1在基因水平的变化;于裸鼠皮下注射Hep3B细胞,构建裸鼠成瘤模型,在BBR组及对照组裸鼠腹腔分别注射BBR或等量生理盐水,观察BBR在体内对肿瘤生长的影响。HE及免疫组化染色研究在体内环境BBR对Nrf2及相关蛋白的影响。结果 无糖环境下BBR孵育后,肝癌细胞Hep3B、HepG2的活性逐渐下降(P<0.05),正常肝细胞MIHA的活性无明显变化。BBR可以抑制肝癌细胞克隆形成,促进肝癌细胞死亡,并且呈浓度依赖性(P<0.05)。BBR孵育后,肝癌细胞的ROS水平增高,Nrf2、HO-1、c-Myc蛋白水平降低,而Keap1蛋白无明显变化;GSK3β基本不变,P-GSK3β(Ser9)降低,P-GSK3β(Tyr216)增高。MG132可以明显逆转BBR引起的肝癌细胞Nrf2蛋白的降低;CHX则可以增强BBR引起的肝癌细胞Nrf2蛋白的降低。BBR孵育后,Nrf2 mRNA水平增高,HO-1 mRNA水平降低(P<0.05)。BBR在裸鼠体内可以明显抑制Hep3B细胞生长。注射BBR后,肿瘤组织坏死增多,肿瘤内Nrf2及c-Myc降低,而Keap1基本不变。结论 BBR可以抑制肝癌细胞的活性及增殖能力,促进其死亡;体内注射BBR后可以显著抑制肿瘤细胞生长,导致肿瘤细胞坏死增多,其作用机制可能是BBR通过非Keap1依赖的Nrf2/GSK3β通路导致Nrf2蛋白通过泛素-蛋白酶体系统降解,从而降低肿瘤细胞的抗氧化应激能力,引起肝癌细胞死亡。

, correspAuthors=窦科峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
窦科峰,E-mail:
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吴文龙,硕士研究生,主要从事肝癌的预防及治疗等方面的研究

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吴文龙,硕士研究生,主要从事肝癌的预防及治疗等方面的研究

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吴文龙,硕士研究生,主要从事肝癌的预防及治疗等方面的研究

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Curr Cancer Drug Targets, 2018, 18(6): 538-557., articleTitle=Oxidative stress and cancer: the role of Nrf2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203008556602716487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=25, pageEnd=171, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Furukawa M, Xiong Y, journalName=Mol Cell Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Furukawa M, Xiong Y. BTB protein Keap1 targets antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 for ubiquitination by the Cullin 3-Roc1 ligase [J]. Mol Cell Biol, 2005, 25(1): 162-171., articleTitle=BTB protein Keap1 targets antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 for ubiquitination by the Cullin 3-Roc1 ligase, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203008556686602569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=16, pageEnd=140, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Taguchi K, Motohashi H, Yamamoto M, journalName=Genes Cells, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Taguchi K, Motohashi H, Yamamoto M. Molecular mechanisms of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in stress response and cancer evolution [J]. Genes Cells, 2011, 16(2): 123-140., articleTitle=Molecular mechanisms of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in stress response and cancer evolution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203008556774682955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=17, pageStart=73, pageEnd=3247, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Loboda A, Damulewicz M, Pyza E, journalName=Cell Mol Life Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Loboda A, Damulewicz M, Pyza E, et al. Role of Nrf2/HO-1 system in development, oxidative stress response and diseases: an evolutionarily conserved mechanism [J]. 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Prog Neurobiol, 2001, 65(4): 391-426., articleTitle=The multifaceted roles of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in cellular signaling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203008556904706383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=22, pageStart=282, pageEnd=16510, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Jain AK, Jaiswal AK, journalName=J Biol Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jain AK, Jaiswal AK. GSK-3beta acts upstream of Fyn kinase in regulation of nuclear export and degradation of NF-E2 related factor 2 [J]. 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BBR. 小檗碱;*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001;****P<0.0001

, figureFileSmall=YqtfdZVuN2ZGsteWrl6idA==, figureFileBig=HSwKCwmh7Fw5rIY7iu6E4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203008552324526228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of BBR on clone formation of normal human hepatocytes MIHA and hepatoma cells Hep3B and HepG2, figureFileSmall=XCYOjFhQDosYUz7ZDVDcDw==, figureFileBig=aInSFBMaC/XWLIDS/dpVxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203008552404218009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, language=CN, label=图2, caption=BBR对正常人肝细胞MIHA及肝癌细胞Hep3B、HepG2克隆形成的影响

BBR. 小檗碱;***P<0.001;****P<0.0001

, figureFileSmall=XCYOjFhQDosYUz7ZDVDcDw==, figureFileBig=aInSFBMaC/XWLIDS/dpVxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203008552488104094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of BBR on the cell death of Hep3B and HepG2(×200), figureFileSmall=6Qxm+iudIT5/Dz0lFTUWJw==, figureFileBig=DaOiSTNgcvUBheK6TYgFiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203008552567795873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, language=CN, label=图3, caption=BBR对肝癌细胞Hep3B、HepG2细胞死亡的影响(×200)

BBR. 小檗碱;*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=6Qxm+iudIT5/Dz0lFTUWJw==, figureFileBig=DaOiSTNgcvUBheK6TYgFiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203008552664264869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of BBR incubation on ROS level in hepatoma cells detected by flow cytometry(values are mean fluorescence intensity), figureFileSmall=Y8eMDKjuhJWFiDwOcuHz0A==, figureFileBig=PCQP3hjUZlsF92P9PopBtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203008552781705385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, language=CN, label=图4, caption=流式细胞术检测BBR对肝癌细胞ROS水平的影响(数值为平均荧光强度)

BBR. 小檗碱

, figureFileSmall=Y8eMDKjuhJWFiDwOcuHz0A==, figureFileBig=PCQP3hjUZlsF92P9PopBtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203008552886562988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of BBR incubation for 8 h on Nrf2 and related proteins in hepatoma cells, figureFileSmall=n5CHF8kJhI6rHzz719u+Rw==, figureFileBig=cyI+VlZ4Af2GIQx84NTdTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203008553004003503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, language=CN, label=图5, caption=BBR孵育8 h对肝癌细胞Nrf2及相关蛋白的影响

BBR. 小檗碱

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BBR. 小檗碱;MG132. 蛋白酶体抑制剂;CHX. 蛋白合成抑制剂环己酰胺

, figureFileSmall=MhgI6n+xUgqNKecmijgHhg==, figureFileBig=FIluNIclJGzQDx6C0+WNsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203008553234690233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of BBR on Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA expression in Hep3B cells, figureFileSmall=KrnWRd+nB/7yuWGVwXQj2g==, figureFileBig=QzvJodPxYtAIyUvxQivsBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203008553322770622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, language=CN, label=图7, caption=小檗碱对Hep3B细胞Nrf2HO-1 mRNA表达的影响

BBR. 小檗碱;*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=KrnWRd+nB/7yuWGVwXQj2g==, figureFileBig=QzvJodPxYtAIyUvxQivsBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203008553419239617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of intraperitoneal injection of BBR on tumorigenesis in nude mice, figureFileSmall=KXct72f+BSWqFQOdluzTEA==, figureFileBig=g2bI+Y6pKDBzyP9/2BZXVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203008553503125703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002062335340756, language=CN, label=图8, caption=腹腔注射BBR对裸鼠成瘤的影响

BBR. 小檗碱;A. BBR对肿瘤体积的影响;B. 两组裸鼠肿瘤体积及裸鼠体重比较;C. 肿瘤组织的免疫组化染色图;D. 两组Nrf22、c-Myc、Keap1阳性率比较;E. 两组裸鼠肿瘤组织的HE染色图;*P<0.05,**P<0.01

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小檗碱对肝癌细胞活性与增殖能力的影响及其机制
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吴文龙 , 王权成 , 孟强 , 张玄 , 窦科峰 *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023,48(6): 653-662
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023, 48(6): 653-662
小檗碱对肝癌细胞活性与增殖能力的影响及其机制
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吴文龙, 王权成, 孟强, 张玄, 窦科峰*
作者信息
  • 空军军医大学西京医院肝胆外科,陕西西安 710032
  • 吴文龙,硕士研究生,主要从事肝癌的预防及治疗等方面的研究

通讯作者:

窦科峰,E-mail:
Effect and mechanism of berberine on the activity and proliferation of hepatoma cells
Wen-Long Wu, Quan-Cheng Wang, Qiang Meng, Xuan Zhang, Ke-Feng Dou*
Affiliations
  • Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
出版时间: 2023-06-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0653
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目的 探讨小檗碱(BBR)对肝癌细胞的活性与增殖能力的影响及其机制。方法 取正常人肝细胞MIHA和人肝癌细胞Hep3B、HepG2,设置对照组与0、12.5、25、50 μmol/L BBR组,采用CCK-8实验、克隆形成实验探究无糖环境下BBR对MIHA、Hep3B、HepG2细胞活性及克隆形成的影响;SYTOX荧光染色检测细胞死亡情况;流式细胞术检测BBR孵育后肝癌细胞活性氧(ROS)水平的变化;Western blotting检测BBR孵育后Nrf2及其相关蛋白的变化;将蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132及蛋白合成抑制剂环己酰胺(CHX)与BBR共同孵育,研究其对Nrf2蛋白的影响;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测BBR孵育后Hep3B细胞的Nrf2及HO-1在基因水平的变化;于裸鼠皮下注射Hep3B细胞,构建裸鼠成瘤模型,在BBR组及对照组裸鼠腹腔分别注射BBR或等量生理盐水,观察BBR在体内对肿瘤生长的影响。HE及免疫组化染色研究在体内环境BBR对Nrf2及相关蛋白的影响。结果 无糖环境下BBR孵育后,肝癌细胞Hep3B、HepG2的活性逐渐下降(P<0.05),正常肝细胞MIHA的活性无明显变化。BBR可以抑制肝癌细胞克隆形成,促进肝癌细胞死亡,并且呈浓度依赖性(P<0.05)。BBR孵育后,肝癌细胞的ROS水平增高,Nrf2、HO-1、c-Myc蛋白水平降低,而Keap1蛋白无明显变化;GSK3β基本不变,P-GSK3β(Ser9)降低,P-GSK3β(Tyr216)增高。MG132可以明显逆转BBR引起的肝癌细胞Nrf2蛋白的降低;CHX则可以增强BBR引起的肝癌细胞Nrf2蛋白的降低。BBR孵育后,Nrf2 mRNA水平增高,HO-1 mRNA水平降低(P<0.05)。BBR在裸鼠体内可以明显抑制Hep3B细胞生长。注射BBR后,肿瘤组织坏死增多,肿瘤内Nrf2及c-Myc降低,而Keap1基本不变。结论 BBR可以抑制肝癌细胞的活性及增殖能力,促进其死亡;体内注射BBR后可以显著抑制肿瘤细胞生长,导致肿瘤细胞坏死增多,其作用机制可能是BBR通过非Keap1依赖的Nrf2/GSK3β通路导致Nrf2蛋白通过泛素-蛋白酶体系统降解,从而降低肿瘤细胞的抗氧化应激能力,引起肝癌细胞死亡。

肝细胞癌  /  小檗碱  /  Nrf2  /  GSK3β

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of berberine (BBR) on the activity and proliferation of hepatoma cells. Methods Normal human hepatocytes (MIHA) and human hepatoma cells (Hep3B, HepG2) were respectively divided into control group (high glucose) and different concentration (0, 12.5, 25, 50 μmol/L) of BBR groups (glucose-free). CCK-8 and clone formation experiment were used to explore the effect of BBR on the viability and clone formation. SYTOX Green nucleic acid stain was used to determine the cell death and flow cytometry to detect the changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in hepatoma cells. The changes of Nrf2 and its related proteins after BBR incubation were measured by Western blotting. We incubated the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) with BBR to study its effect on the Nrf2 protein. We quantified the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 in Hep3B cells cultured with BBR using Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We established a tumor model by subcutaneous injection of Hep3B cells into nude mice. To observe the effect of BBR on tumor growth, we injected tumor-bearing nude mice in the BBR groups and the control group with BBR or the same amount of normal saline, respectively. We evaluated the effect of BBR on Nrf2 and its related proteins in vivo with HE and immunohistochemical staining. Results The viability of Hep3B and HepG2 cells decreased after BBR incubation in a glucose-free environment (P<0.05). No appreciable changes were observed in MIHA cell viability under the same experiment condition. BBR could inhibit clone formation and promote the death of hepatoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05). We observed an increase in the ROS and a decrease in Nrf2, HO-1, and c-Myc with no significant change in Keap1 in hepatoma cells after BBR treatment. While total GSK3β remained unchanged, the treatment-induced decrease in P-GSK3β (Ser9) decreased but increase in P-GSK3β (Tyr216). MG132 co-treatment reversed the BBR-induced reduction of Nrf2 protein while CHX enhanced the BBR-induced reduction of Nrf2 protein in hepatoma cells. BBR treatment-induced increase in Nrf2 mRNA and a decrease in HO-1 mRNA (P<0.05). BBR could significantly inhibit the growth of Hep3B cells in vivo in nude mice. BBR treatment increased tumor tissue necrosis and suppressed the expression of Nrf2 and c-Myc but did not affect the Keap1 level. Conclusions BBR could inhibit the activity and proliferation of hepatoma cells and promote cell death. In vivo experiments showed that BBR injection could significantly inhibit the growth of tumor cells and lead to increased necrosis of tumor cells. We verified that BBR may lead to the death of hepatoma cells through the non-Keap1-dependent Nrf2/GSK3β pathway. We infer that the degradation of Nrf2 protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome system by the non-Keap1-dependent Nrf2/GSK3β pathway, thereby reducing the anti-oxidative stress ability of tumor cells and leading to the death of hepatoma cells ultimately.

hepatoma cell  /  berberine  /  Nrf2  /  GSK3β
吴文龙, 王权成, 孟强, 张玄, 窦科峰. 小檗碱对肝癌细胞活性与增殖能力的影响及其机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (6) : 653 -662 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0653
Wen-Long Wu, Quan-Cheng Wang, Qiang Meng, Xuan Zhang, Ke-Feng Dou. Effect and mechanism of berberine on the activity and proliferation of hepatoma cells[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (6) : 653 -662 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0653
原发性肝癌是目前我国第4位常见恶性肿瘤及第2位肿瘤致死病因[1-3]。原发性肝癌的治疗方法,除了常规的肝切除术、肝移植术、局部消融术等[4],近几年新兴的靶向治疗、免疫治疗、转化治疗也越来越受到关注[5-8],特别是中医药治疗原发性肝癌成为研究热点,其治疗效果也受到了关注及肯定[9-10]。传统中药小檗碱(berberine,BBR)是一种异喹啉类生物碱,又名黄连素,广泛存在于多种中药材如寻常小檗、马蹄莲、黄连等小檗属植物的根、皮、茎中[11-12]。研究表明,BBR对多种癌症具有抗癌活性,包括胰腺癌[13]、宫颈癌[14]、结直肠癌[15]、乳腺癌[16]及卵巢癌[17]等,涉及多种生物学机制。
BBR可以通过促进肝癌细胞凋亡及自噬、抑制肝癌细胞增殖、调节细胞周期、抑制肿瘤细胞迁移、诱导线粒体功能障碍等途径调控肝癌细胞生命周期,发挥抗癌作用[18]。BBR还可以通过抑制c-Myc来抑制溶质载体家族1成员5(SLC1A5)的表达,进而抑制谷氨酰胺的摄取,在体外抑制肝癌细胞的增殖。SLC1A5上调导致谷氨酰胺摄取增加,并改善对BBR的耐受性。此外,BBR还能抑制异种移植瘤的生长,抑制体内SLC1A5及c-Myc的表达[19]。本课题组前期研究表明,BBR可以通过上调活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平诱导拉帕替尼同时激活c-Myc/pro-Nrf2通路及GSK3β信号通路,稳定Nrf2,维持耐药乳腺癌细胞中低水平的ROS[20]。目前BBR在无糖环境中通过Nrf2/GSK3β通路诱导肝癌细胞死亡的研究尚少,本研究主要探索BBR是否能通过Nrf2/GSK3β通路抑制肝癌细胞增殖从而诱导肝癌细胞死亡。
Hep3B、HepG2、MIHA细胞系购自中科院上海细胞库。盐酸BBR购自美国MCE生物公司;DMEM培养基购自美国Gibco公司。CCK-8细胞活性检测试剂盒购自上海陶术生物科技有限公司;DMSO购自美国Sigma公司;BCA蛋白定量试剂盒、蛋白酶抑制剂、SYTOX Green核酸染料、预染蛋白Marker及兔源P-GSK-3β(Tyr216)购自美国赛默飞公司;CHX、MG132购自美国Selleck公司;鼠源HO-1购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司,其他一抗及二抗购自美国CST公司;Trizol裂解液、RNA反转录试剂盒、荧光定量PCR试剂盒购自北京艾科瑞仪器仪表有限公司;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)引物由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成;ROS检测试剂盒、Hoechst染色液、SDS-PAGE凝胶配制试剂盒、蛋白上样缓冲液、RIPA裂解液购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;Western发光液购自美国Millipore公司;HE染色、石蜡切片免疫组化染色相关试剂购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司。BALB/c裸鼠购自中国北京维通利华实验动物中心。基质胶购自美国康宁公司。裸鼠饲养及实验均在SPF级动物房进行,符合动物伦理要求,并通过空军军医大学实验动物中心福利与伦理委员会批准(20220520)。
将人肝癌细胞系Hep3B、HepG2及正常人肝细胞系MIHA置于含10% FBS、1%双抗的高糖DMEM培养基中,在5% CO2、37 ℃细胞培养箱中培养,当细胞密度长至70%~80%时,按照1:3或1:4进行传代培养。对照组为正常高糖DMEM培养,其他组为无糖DMEM培养。
将生长状态良好的MIHA、Hep3B、HepG2细胞按照2×103个/孔接种于96孔板,每板细胞共分为5个组,分别为对照组(正常高糖DMEM培育,不加BBR),0 μmol/L组、12.5 μmol/L组、25 μmol/L组、50 μmol/L组(无糖DMEM培育并加入对应浓度的BBR)。置于细胞培养箱培养8 h,加入CCK-8试剂孵育后,采用分光光度计检测450 nm波长处的吸光度(OD)值。
将生长状态良好的MIHA、Hep3B、HepG2细胞按照1×103个/孔接种于6孔板,置于细胞培养箱培养。2 d后,分组并换液加药(加药方法及浓度同“1.2.2”),于培养箱中培养8 h后换为正常高糖DMEM培养基继续培养2周,待形成肉眼可见的克隆时终止。漂洗、固定、染色后用自来水冲洗,自然晾干并计数。
将Hep3B、HepG2细胞接种于96孔板,置于培养箱中过夜,使细胞完全贴壁。而后分组并换液加药,换为加药培养基(加药方法除HepG2细胞BBR浓度采用0、20、40、60 μmol/L外,其余同“1.2.2”),培养8 h后,依次加入SYTOX Green及Hoechst试剂,培养箱中孵育15 min,荧光显微镜下观察荧光并拍照计数。
Hep3B、HepG2细胞接种于6孔板,培养箱过夜待细胞贴壁,加药培育8 h(加药方法及浓度同“1.2.2”)。将细胞按分组收集到稀释的DCFH-DA中,置于细胞培养箱中孵育20 min,颠倒混匀使细胞与探针充分接触。20 min后洗涤细胞以去除未结合的探针。上流式细胞仪按照说明书参数检测ROS水平。
将Hep3B、HepG2细胞按照3×105个/孔接种于6孔板,过夜使细胞贴壁。加药孵育8 h(加药方法及浓度同“1.2.2”)。BCA蛋白定量盒使蛋白变性。上样行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳、转膜。5%脱脂奶粉封闭后,敷一抗于4 ℃冰箱过夜。TBST洗膜后室温敷二抗90 min,TBST洗3遍,最后滴发光液,在发光仪中发光。
将Hep3B细胞铺于6孔板过夜。细胞贴壁后进行加药处理。CHX实验分为空白对照组、CHX组(100 μg/ml)、CHX+BBR组(100 μg/ml CHX+60 μmol/L BBR),2个处理组分别培养8、16 h。MG132实验分为空白对照组、BBR组(60 μmol/L)、BBR+MG132组(60 μmol/L BBR+25 μg/ml MG132),3组均在细胞培养箱中培养9 h。蛋白定量,发光。
Hep3B细胞铺6孔板过夜。细胞贴壁后加BBR孵育8 h,按照RNA提取步骤进行后续操作。提取后进行RNA定量,调齐后进行反转录。引物序列如下。Nrf2:上游5'-TTCCCGGTCACATCGAGAG-3',下游5'-TCCTGTTGCATACCGTCTAAATC-3';HO-1:上游5'-AAGACTGCGTTCCTGCTCAAC-3',下游5'-AAAGCCCTACAGCAACTGTCG-3';β-actin:上游5'-CATGTACGTTGCTATCGGC-3',下游5'-CTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGAT-3'。
10只5周龄BALB/c裸鼠,于SPF级动物房适应性饲养1周。Hep3B细胞胰酶消化后计数,每只裸鼠接种5×106个细胞。将裸鼠随机分为BBR组与对照组,接种第4天开始,BBR组裸鼠每天注射20 mg/kg BBR,对照组注射等量生理盐水。接种20 d后,将裸鼠深度麻醉脱颈处死,剥出肿瘤组织,测量瘤体体积和裸鼠体重。
将肿瘤组织切片脱蜡后进行染色。(1)HE染色:依次采用苏木精、伊红染色后,脱水封片,镜下观察并拍照。(2)免疫组化染色:切片脱蜡后,使用柠檬酸抗原修复液进行抗原修复;滴双氧水室温避光孵育30 min,洗片;BSA封闭30 min后甩掉封闭液,滴加稀释好的Nrf2、Keap1、c-Myc一抗,于湿盆中4 ℃冰箱过夜。第2天,按照操作步骤依次加二抗孵育、DAB显色,复染胞核后进行脱水封片,镜下观察并拍照。使用Image-Pro Plus6.0软件进行阳性染色统计。阳性率(%)=阳性染色面积的像素/整张图片的像素×100%。
采用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行统计分析及绘图。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,双侧检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
CCK-8检测结果显示,无糖环境下BBR对正常人肝细胞MIHA的细胞活性没有影响;而对人肝癌细胞Hep3B、HepG2的细胞活性则有明显的抑制作用。对于MIHA细胞,BBR组与对照组的细胞活性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对于Hep3B、HepG2细胞,BBR组的细胞活性均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(图1)。
BBR孵育对MIHA细胞的克隆形成能力基本没有影响,对Hep3B、HepG2细胞的克隆形成能力有明显抑制作用。对于Hep3B、HepG2细胞,BBR组的细胞克隆形成数低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图2)。
SYTOX Green染色发现,BBR孵育后肝癌细胞Hep3B、HepG2出现明显的细胞死亡,且随着BBR浓度增高,细胞死亡增多,BBR组细胞死亡比例明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图3)。
BBR孵育后,肝癌细胞Hep3B、HepG2的ROS水平明显增高,且呈现浓度依赖性(P<0.05,图4)。
BBR孵育后,肝癌细胞中Nrf2、HO-1、c-Myc蛋白表达减少,而Keap1蛋白基本不变。同时,GSK3β蛋白基本不变,而失活态的P-GSK3β(Ser9)表达降低,激活态的P-GSK3β(Tyr216)表达增高(P<0.05,图5),灰度值统计图见附件。
单独使用CHX孵育Hep3B细胞,随着时间的延长,Nrf2蛋白表达逐渐降低;BBR与CHX共同培养Hep3B细胞则Nrf2蛋白表达进一步降低;使用蛋白酶抑制剂MG132与BBR共同孵育Hep3B细胞,可逆转单独使用BBR孵育引起的Nrf2蛋白表达降低(图6)。
BBR孵育后,Hep3B细胞的Nrf2 mRNA水平增高,HO-1 mRNA水平降低(P<0.05,图7)。
腹腔注射BBR可以明显抑制Hep3B细胞在裸鼠体内的生长(图8A)。BBR组的肿瘤体积明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义[(119.0±29.2)mm3 vs.(679.4±288.0)mm3t=4.328,P<0.05]。BBR组裸鼠体重与对照组比较差异无统计学意义[(23.3±1.0)g vs.(22.8±0.5)g,t=0.973,P>0.05](图8B)。
免疫组化结果显示,BBR可以抑制裸鼠肿瘤组织中Nrf2、c-Myc蛋白的表达,而对Keap1蛋白表达无明显影响(图8C)。BBR组Nrf2(3.05%±0.37%)、c-Myc(3.27%±0.85%)阳性率低于对照组[Nrf2:5.63%±0.91%;c-Myc:5.37%±0.76%],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而BBR组Keap1阳性率(4.08%±0.59%)与对照组(Keap1:4.32%±0.31%)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图8D)。HE染色结果显示,腹腔注射BBR可导致肿瘤细胞大片坏死(图8E)。
中国是肝癌大国,肿瘤致死病因中肝癌排第2位[3]。近年来,传统中药对肝癌的治疗作用越来越受到重视,2022年版《原发性肝癌诊疗指南》[21]专门强调中医药的作用并推荐了相关方剂。BBR对肝癌的治疗作用已有相关报道[22-23],但具体作用机制尚待进一步深入研究。
肿瘤细胞代谢旺盛,主要靠糖酵解提供能量,因此其处于低氧、低糖的肿瘤微环境中[24-25]。研究报道,正常胃及结肠样本内的糖浓度分别为1290 nmol/g及1220 nmol/g,而胃癌和结肠癌样本中的糖浓度分别为424 nmol/g及123 nmol/g[26]。因此,本研究选择了更为极端的条件,即无糖培养基,作为肝癌细胞的培养条件,同时选择正常培养基作为对照。首先利用CCK-8法及克隆形成实验探讨了BBR在无糖环境下对细胞活性及克隆形成能力的抑制作用,然后用SYTOX染色证实了BBR孵育后细胞死亡明显增加。有研究表明,BBR通过诱导肝癌Hep3B细胞自噬发挥抗癌作用,而BBR介导的自噬细胞死亡受PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路及线粒体功能障碍相关的线粒体ROS生成的调控[27]。本课题组前期研究发现,BBR可以通过上调ROS水平诱导拉帕替尼耐药人表皮生长因子受体-2(HER2)阳性乳腺癌细胞凋亡;拉帕替尼同时激活c-Myc/pro-Nrf2通路及GSK3β信号通路,稳定Nrf2,维持耐药乳腺癌细胞中低水平的ROS。然而,BBR可通过下调c-Myc来打破ROS平衡,从而逆转拉帕替尼耐药性[20]。本研究采用流式细胞术检测了BBR孵育后肝癌细胞Hep3B及HepG2的ROS水平,发现BBR孵育能够明显引起肝癌细胞ROS水平的升高,且与BBR作用浓度相关。高水平ROS及抗氧化系统缺乏导致的持续氧化应激可以使肿瘤抑制因子p53、PTEN失活,激活致癌基因Akt、ERK及c-Myc,促进细胞增殖、转化、转移,抑制细胞凋亡[28]
Nrf2转录因子在肾脏、肌肉、肺、心脏、肝脏及大脑等各种器官组织中广泛表达存在。Nrf2转录因子在细胞质中受到抑制蛋白Keap1的严格调控,随后通过泛素-蛋白酶体途径在Nrf2降解中发挥重要作用[29]。在氧化应激下,Nrf2从Keap1中分离,转位到细胞核,并激活多种细胞保护基因以对抗氧化应激[30]。Nrf2的主要功能在一定程度上与Nrf2依赖的基因及其蛋白如HO-1相关,HO-1不仅可去除有毒的血红素,还产生胆绿素、铁离子及一氧化碳。HO-1及其产物通过减轻氧化损伤、调节细胞凋亡、调节炎症及促进血管生成发挥有益作用[31]。本研究通过Western blotting检测了BBR孵育后肝癌细胞内Nrf2、HO-1、Keap1、c-Myc蛋白表达的变化,发现Nrf2、HO-1、c-Myc蛋白表达减少,提示BBR孵育后肝癌细胞的死亡可能是由抗氧化应激能力的减弱及细胞侵袭增殖能力降低导致的;而Keap1蛋白基本不变,提示这种细胞死亡并不是通过经典的Nrf2/Keap1途径产生的。
研究报道,在早期氧化应激的条件下,蛋白激酶C(PKC)调控GSK3β失活(即Ser9磷酸化的GSK3β),P-GSK3β(Ser9)与Nrf2结合后可使Nrf2入核并发挥抗氧化应激作用;氧化应激也可使GSK3β激活(即Tyr216磷酸化的GSK3β),P-GSK3β(Tyr216)可使Fyn(酪氨酸蛋白激酶)磷酸化,Fyn的磷酸化造成Fyn的核积累,导致Nrf2的核输出、泛素化及降解[32-33]。本研究进一步检测了BBR孵育后GSK3β、P-GSK3β(Ser9)、P-GSK3β(Tyr216)蛋白表达的变化,结果发现总蛋白GSK3β基本不变,而失活态的蛋白P-GSK3β(Ser9)减少,激活态的蛋白P-GSK3β(Tyr216)明显增多。CHX与BBR共孵育可以加速Nrf2蛋白的降解,而MG132与BBR共孵育则可以明显逆转BBR造成的Nrf2减少,提示BBR可能是通过增多激活态的P-GSK3β(Tyr216)使Nrf2蛋白入核,并通过泛素化-蛋白酶体途径降解。但BBR孵育后,Nrf2 mRNA水平增高,提示BBR导致的Nrf2蛋白减少可能主要是转录后调控,但具体机制仍有待进一步研究。
本研究通过裸鼠成瘤实验进一步验证了BBR在裸鼠体内也可以明显抑制肝癌细胞的生长,导致肝癌细胞死亡。且体内实验与细胞实验结果一致,证实BBR孵育导致肿瘤细胞中Nrf2、c-Myc表达降低,而Keap1基本不变。
综上所述,BBR可以在体内或体外抑制肝癌细胞的活性及增殖能力,导致肝癌细胞死亡。此过程可能是通过减少失活态P-GSK3β(Ser9)蛋白,增高激活态P-GSK3β(Tyr216)蛋白,使Nrf2蛋白通过泛素-蛋白酶体系统降解增多,导致肝癌细胞的抗氧化应激能力减弱,细胞内ROS水平增高,致使肝癌细胞发生死亡,而在此过程中Keap1蛋白基本不变,Nrf2 mRNA水平增高,提示BBR在基因水平上对Nrf2的影响不大,可能主要是通过转录后修饰发挥作用。由此推断,BBR可能是通过非Keap1依赖的Nrf2/GSK3β通路调控肝癌细胞的死亡。这为传统中药BBR未来应用于肝癌的临床治疗提供了理论基础。但BBR对肝癌的作用机制尚不明确,具体哪种机制占据主导地位,或是多种机制共同参与,其中存在着更为复杂的协同调节机制,也是今后继续研究的方向。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0905902)
  • 陕西省院士工作站(陕科协[2018]函字5号)
  • 西京医院学科助推计划(XJZT21CM34)
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2023年第48卷第6期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0653
  • 接收时间:2022-08-04
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-04
  • 录用日期:2022-11-14
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2016YFC0905902)
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0905902)
Academician Workstation of Shaanxi Province(Shaanxi Association for Science and Technology [2018] Hanzi No.5)
陕西省院士工作站(陕科协[2018]函字5号)
Discipline Boost Program of Xijing Hospital(XJZT21CM34)
西京医院学科助推计划(XJZT21CM34)
作者信息
    空军军医大学西京医院肝胆外科,陕西西安 710032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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