Article(id=1203002061525840055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203002056400396334, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0742, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1641484800000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1653580800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-05-27, onlineDate=1764747642165, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1687881600000, pubDateStr=2023-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764747642165, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764747642165, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764747642165, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203002056400396334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='6', pageStart='627', pageEnd='748', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764747640943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764747714497, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203002364979540735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203002056400396334, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203002364979540736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203002056400396334, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=742, endPage=748, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203002061811052738, articleId=1203002061525840055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Advances of miRNA in the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain injury, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem, and it is estimated that more than 50 million patients worldwide su ff ered from TBI each year. At present, the diagnosis of TBI mainly relies on scoring scales, and it is extremely necessary to screen objective biomarkers of TBI. A large number of studies have focused on the screening of protein markers of TBI, however, protein markers have short half-life and low sensitivity, so it is important to screen new biomarkers of TBI for its rapid diagnostic and treatment. As a lack of effective therapeatic drugs, TBI was mainly treated according to symptoms. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs whose altered expression levels are associated with a variety of diseases in central nervous system including TBI and play an important role in the regulation of neuroplasticity and repair of neuronal damage. In addition, its small molecular weight make it crossing the blood-brain barrier conveniently and be easily detected in peripheral fluids. Therefore, miRNAs have the potential to be used as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for TBI. This paper aims to review the features of miRNAs and their applications on diagnosis and treatment of TBI, and provide a reference for their potential clinical applications.

, correspAuthors=Wei-Wei Xing, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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创伤性脑损伤(TBI)是一个重要的公共卫生问题,据估计,全球每年有超过5000万患者发生TBI。当前TBI的临床诊断主要依赖于评分量表,筛选客观的TBI生物标志物极为必要。近年相关研究多集中于TBI蛋白标志物的筛选,然而蛋白标志物存在半衰期短、灵敏度低等缺陷,因此筛选新的生物标志物对于TBI的快速诊断评估及后续治疗具有重要意义。TBI缺乏有效的治疗药物,主要依赖对症治疗。microRNA(miRNA)是一类小的非编码RNA,其表达水平变化与包括TBI在内的多种中枢神经系统疾病相关,在神经可塑性调控、神经元损伤修复等方面发挥着重要作用。miRNA分子量小,可穿过血脑屏障,易在外周体液中检测到,具有成为TBI诊断及治疗靶标的潜力。本文对miRNA的主要特征及其与TBI诊断和治疗相关的研究进展进行综述,旨在为相关研究和潜在的临床应用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=邢微微, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
邢微微,E-mail:
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王亚楠,硕士研究生,主要从事分子诊断技术方面的研究

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J Neurochem, 2020, 153(6): 710-726., articleTitle=microRNA-9-5p alleviates blood-brain barrier damage and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203008543759758084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203008543768146693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, companyId=1203008543759758084, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Academy of Medical Laboratory, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203008543776535302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, companyId=1203008543759758084, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河北北方学院医学检验学院,河北张家口 075000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203008543852032776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203008543860421385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, companyId=1203008543852032776, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203008543868809994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, companyId=1203008543852032776, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2军事科学院军事医学研究院军事认知与脑科学研究所,北京 100850)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203008543944307471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203008543952696079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, companyId=1203008543944307471, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203008543961084688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, companyId=1203008543944307471, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3解放军总医院第六医学中心检验科,北京 100048)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203008546154705756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Advantages and disadvantages of protein markers for diagnosis of TBI

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蛋白标志物优点缺点
S-100β脑损伤后变化明显分子量大,半衰期短,难以透过血脑屏障,损伤严重时其他组织也会分泌
GFAP在轻度TBI时升高,与损伤程度相关半衰期短,其他脑部疾病也可升高
NSE神经元胞质中含量丰富,与S-100β联合可预测早期预后特异性差,有颅外来源(红细胞和血小板中也可找到),血浆中消除缓慢,难以区分原发性与继发性损伤
NFL半衰期长,对轻度TBI轴突损伤敏感特异性差,在脑组织退行性疾病和神经炎等疾病中也会升高
C-tau轴突损伤后可在脑脊液中检测到,与严重TBI预后相关与轻度TBI没有显著相关性
UCH-L1特异性较高,与TBI严重程度相关半衰期短,只适合急诊
), ArticleFig(id=1203008546267951966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同蛋白标志物用于TBI诊断的优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白标志物优点缺点
S-100β脑损伤后变化明显分子量大,半衰期短,难以透过血脑屏障,损伤严重时其他组织也会分泌
GFAP在轻度TBI时升高,与损伤程度相关半衰期短,其他脑部疾病也可升高
NSE神经元胞质中含量丰富,与S-100β联合可预测早期预后特异性差,有颅外来源(红细胞和血小板中也可找到),血浆中消除缓慢,难以区分原发性与继发性损伤
NFL半衰期长,对轻度TBI轴突损伤敏感特异性差,在脑组织退行性疾病和神经炎等疾病中也会升高
C-tau轴突损伤后可在脑脊液中检测到,与严重TBI预后相关与轻度TBI没有显著相关性
UCH-L1特异性较高,与TBI严重程度相关半衰期短,只适合急诊
), ArticleFig(id=1203008546377003871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

miRNAs expression difference in humors of TBI patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本类型miRNATBI损伤程度样本采集时间改变参考文献
脑脊液miR-141,miR-572,miR-181a-star,miR-27bstar,miR-483-5p,miR-30b,miR-1289,miR-431-star,miR-193b-star,miR-499-3p重度上调[24]
miR-1297,miR-33b,miR-933,miR-449b下调
脑脊液miR-29c-3p,miR-30e-5p重度伤后1 d,4~7 d,8~17 d上调[34]
miR-182-5p,miR-221-3p,mir-26b-5p,miR-320c下调
脑脊液miR-328,miR-362-3p,miR-486,miR-451重度重度48 h内,轻至中度24 h内上调[8]
血液miR-195,miR-328,miR-362-3p,miR-486,miR-505轻至中度/重度上调
血液miR-93,miR-191,miR-499轻度/中度/重度24 h~21 d上调/上调/显著上调[27]
血液miR-6867-5p,miR-3195,miR-328-5p轻度/中度/重度受伤后24 h内上调/显著上调/显著上调[28]
miR-3195,miR-328-5p上调/上调/显著上调
血液miR-142-3p,miR-423-3p轻度/中至重度0 d,5 d,30 d0天显著上调,此后随时间推移逐渐降低[29]
血液miR-103a-3p,miR-219a-5p,miR-302d-3p,miR-422a,miR-518f-3p,miR-520d-3p,miR-627轻度/重度受伤后24 h内显著上调[30]
血液miR-30b-5p,miR-10b-5p,miR-122-5p轻度15~30 min,2~3 d,1周,3周以上上调[33]
miR-3678-3p,miR-455-5p,miR-5694,miR-6809-3p,miR-92a-3p下调
唾液miR-30b-5p,miR-10b-5p上调
miR-3678-3p,miR-455-5p,miR-5694,miR-6809-3p,miR-92a-3p下调
唾液miR-27b-3p,let-7i-5p,miR-142-3p,miR-107,miR-135b-5p轻度48~72 h上调[31]
唾液miR-29c-3p,miR-30e-5p轻度伤后1 d,4~7 d,8~17 d上调[34]
miR-182-5p,miR-221-3p,mir-26b-5p,miR-320c下调
), ArticleFig(id=1203008546481861474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

miRNA在TBI患者不同体液中的表达差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本类型miRNATBI损伤程度样本采集时间改变参考文献
脑脊液miR-141,miR-572,miR-181a-star,miR-27bstar,miR-483-5p,miR-30b,miR-1289,miR-431-star,miR-193b-star,miR-499-3p重度上调[24]
miR-1297,miR-33b,miR-933,miR-449b下调
脑脊液miR-29c-3p,miR-30e-5p重度伤后1 d,4~7 d,8~17 d上调[34]
miR-182-5p,miR-221-3p,mir-26b-5p,miR-320c下调
脑脊液miR-328,miR-362-3p,miR-486,miR-451重度重度48 h内,轻至中度24 h内上调[8]
血液miR-195,miR-328,miR-362-3p,miR-486,miR-505轻至中度/重度上调
血液miR-93,miR-191,miR-499轻度/中度/重度24 h~21 d上调/上调/显著上调[27]
血液miR-6867-5p,miR-3195,miR-328-5p轻度/中度/重度受伤后24 h内上调/显著上调/显著上调[28]
miR-3195,miR-328-5p上调/上调/显著上调
血液miR-142-3p,miR-423-3p轻度/中至重度0 d,5 d,30 d0天显著上调,此后随时间推移逐渐降低[29]
血液miR-103a-3p,miR-219a-5p,miR-302d-3p,miR-422a,miR-518f-3p,miR-520d-3p,miR-627轻度/重度受伤后24 h内显著上调[30]
血液miR-30b-5p,miR-10b-5p,miR-122-5p轻度15~30 min,2~3 d,1周,3周以上上调[33]
miR-3678-3p,miR-455-5p,miR-5694,miR-6809-3p,miR-92a-3p下调
唾液miR-30b-5p,miR-10b-5p上调
miR-3678-3p,miR-455-5p,miR-5694,miR-6809-3p,miR-92a-3p下调
唾液miR-27b-3p,let-7i-5p,miR-142-3p,miR-107,miR-135b-5p轻度48~72 h上调[31]
唾液miR-29c-3p,miR-30e-5p轻度伤后1 d,4~7 d,8~17 d上调[34]
miR-182-5p,miR-221-3p,mir-26b-5p,miR-320c下调
), ArticleFig(id=1203008546603496291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Features of delivery technologies for miRNA in research on TBI treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
递送方式特点
脑室内注射可绕过BBB,通常用于动物模型中直接将药物递送至大脑
鞘内给药常给药至蛛网膜下腔,用于动物模型将药物递送至受损脊髓或大脑底部的大池
静脉注射容易操作,给药量大,临床适用,风险小,可通过修饰miRNA模拟物等通过BBB
鼻内给药非侵入性、可用于临床的潜在给药方法,可绕过BBB进入CNS,不良反应较少
病毒介导的递送可通过修饰的腺病毒相关病毒或慢病毒递送到靶向基因组中
外泌体介导的递送可携带蛋白质、脂质或核苷酸等穿过BBB
干细胞介导的递送可通过细胞工程技术过表达神经营养因子,促进组织修复
), ArticleFig(id=1203008546762879845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002061525840055, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

miRNA用于TBI治疗的递送方式及特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
递送方式特点
脑室内注射可绕过BBB,通常用于动物模型中直接将药物递送至大脑
鞘内给药常给药至蛛网膜下腔,用于动物模型将药物递送至受损脊髓或大脑底部的大池
静脉注射容易操作,给药量大,临床适用,风险小,可通过修饰miRNA模拟物等通过BBB
鼻内给药非侵入性、可用于临床的潜在给药方法,可绕过BBB进入CNS,不良反应较少
病毒介导的递送可通过修饰的腺病毒相关病毒或慢病毒递送到靶向基因组中
外泌体介导的递送可携带蛋白质、脂质或核苷酸等穿过BBB
干细胞介导的递送可通过细胞工程技术过表达神经营养因子,促进组织修复
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miRNA在创伤性脑损伤诊断及治疗中的研究进展
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王亚楠 1, 2, 3 , 徐东刚 2 , 陈昌国 3 , 邢微微 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(6): 742-748
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(6): 742-748
miRNA在创伤性脑损伤诊断及治疗中的研究进展
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王亚楠1, 2, 3, 徐东刚2, 陈昌国3, 邢微微2, *
作者信息
  • 1河北北方学院医学检验学院,河北张家口 075000
  • 2军事科学院军事医学研究院军事认知与脑科学研究所,北京 100850
  • 3解放军总医院第六医学中心检验科,北京 100048
  • 王亚楠,硕士研究生,主要从事分子诊断技术方面的研究

通讯作者:

邢微微,E-mail:
Advances of miRNA in the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain injury
Ya-Nan Wang1, 2, 3, Dong-Gang Xu2, Chang-Guo Chen3, Wei-Wei Xing2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Academy of Medical Laboratory, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China
  • 2Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
  • 3Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
出版时间: 2023-06-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0742
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创伤性脑损伤(TBI)是一个重要的公共卫生问题,据估计,全球每年有超过5000万患者发生TBI。当前TBI的临床诊断主要依赖于评分量表,筛选客观的TBI生物标志物极为必要。近年相关研究多集中于TBI蛋白标志物的筛选,然而蛋白标志物存在半衰期短、灵敏度低等缺陷,因此筛选新的生物标志物对于TBI的快速诊断评估及后续治疗具有重要意义。TBI缺乏有效的治疗药物,主要依赖对症治疗。microRNA(miRNA)是一类小的非编码RNA,其表达水平变化与包括TBI在内的多种中枢神经系统疾病相关,在神经可塑性调控、神经元损伤修复等方面发挥着重要作用。miRNA分子量小,可穿过血脑屏障,易在外周体液中检测到,具有成为TBI诊断及治疗靶标的潜力。本文对miRNA的主要特征及其与TBI诊断和治疗相关的研究进展进行综述,旨在为相关研究和潜在的临床应用提供参考。

创伤性脑损伤  /  microRNA  /  诊断标志物  /  治疗靶点

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem, and it is estimated that more than 50 million patients worldwide su ff ered from TBI each year. At present, the diagnosis of TBI mainly relies on scoring scales, and it is extremely necessary to screen objective biomarkers of TBI. A large number of studies have focused on the screening of protein markers of TBI, however, protein markers have short half-life and low sensitivity, so it is important to screen new biomarkers of TBI for its rapid diagnostic and treatment. As a lack of effective therapeatic drugs, TBI was mainly treated according to symptoms. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs whose altered expression levels are associated with a variety of diseases in central nervous system including TBI and play an important role in the regulation of neuroplasticity and repair of neuronal damage. In addition, its small molecular weight make it crossing the blood-brain barrier conveniently and be easily detected in peripheral fluids. Therefore, miRNAs have the potential to be used as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for TBI. This paper aims to review the features of miRNAs and their applications on diagnosis and treatment of TBI, and provide a reference for their potential clinical applications.

traumatic brain injury  /  microRNA  /  diagnostic markers  /  therapeutic targets
王亚楠, 徐东刚, 陈昌国, 邢微微. miRNA在创伤性脑损伤诊断及治疗中的研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (6) : 742 -748 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0742
Ya-Nan Wang, Dong-Gang Xu, Chang-Guo Chen, Wei-Wei Xing. Advances of miRNA in the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain injury[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (6) : 742 -748 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0742
创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)在不同年龄段均有较高的发病率、致残率,世界上大约一半人口可能在一生中患过一次或多次TBI[1]。尽管TBI日益受到公众关注,但其临床诊断和预后评估的工具却极其有限。目前尚缺少经官方批准的针对TBI的有效治疗药物,临床多采用对症治疗的策略来延缓脑部病变,改善脑部功能。因此,寻找灵敏、特异的TBI生物标志物及治疗TBI的靶向药物对其临床诊断和疾病管理意义重大。
TBI是指由外部力量造成的大脑功能改变或其他病理学改变。目前,TBI的临床诊断主要依赖于格拉斯哥昏迷量表(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)评分,但该评分系统主观性较强,难以实现对TBI的客观、精准评估。此外,相关临床指南推荐使用计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)或磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)诊断TBI,然而大部分轻度TBI没有影像学改变,中度TBI虽可显示影像学改变,但其增加了患者的辐射风险和医疗成本[2-3]。基于以上两种方案的局限性,有学者推荐采用体液中的蛋白标志物来诊断TBI。由于相关蛋白须透过血脑屏障释放到体液中才能被检测到,且其可能被内源性蛋白酶降解,导致检测的敏感度较低;目前仅有美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准的胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)联合泛素C端水解酶-L1(ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1,UCH-L1)检测可用于评估轻度TBI是否需要接受影像学检查,其他蛋白标志物尚未应用于临床[4-5]。不同蛋白标志物用于TBI诊断的优缺点见表1。与蛋白标志物相比,microRNA(miRNA)可通过外泌体和微泡转运到细胞外[6],在基因转录和调控过程中发挥作用,且其对酶的降解有一定抵抗力[7],可在多种体液中定量检测[8],在TBI后不到1 h即可检测到与大脑相关的miRNA波动[9],使其成为相对理想的候选标志物。
TBI临床治疗的基础是保证足够的肺通气、氧供、脑灌注,以避免继发性脑损伤及后续并发症的发生。轻度TBI患者主要通过休息缓解症状;对于中度和重度TBI,应及时治疗并发症(如颅内压增高、癫痫、血肿等),严重者需进行手术治疗。由于大部分神经营养药物为大分子,难以透过血脑屏障,因此目前没有针对TBI神经修复的高效治疗药物;miRNA分子量小,可透过血脑屏障,且部分miRNA具有神经修复作用,因此可作为TBI治疗的潜在靶点。
miRNA是内源性的非编码单链RNA,通常位于内含子内,长度为19~28个核苷酸,是最早于秀丽隐杆线虫中报告的一类分子调控因子。miRNA首先在细胞核中被转录为长转录本,被称为原始miRNA(pri-miRNA);随后由Drosha RNase Ⅲ核酸内切酶将其在细胞核或细胞质内裂解,形成中间茎环产物,称为miRNA前体(pre-miRNA);再通过exporting-5转移到细胞质内,由Dicer核糖核酸酶进行第二次裂解,形成长约22个核苷酸的成熟miRNA。成熟miRNA通过与靶mRNA的3'端非翻译区(untranslated region,UTR)结合进行负反馈调节,可导致翻译进程的抑制或mRNA的降解,在一系列生物学过程如细胞增殖、分化和运动中发挥重要作用[10]。单个miRNA可以靶向多个基因,一组miRNA也可靶向同一基因;由于miRNA在识别目标基因时不需要完全互补,因此可在细胞间简单地交换[11]。目前,在人类基因组中已鉴定出2000多种miRNA,由于其在人类体液中相对丰富且较为稳定,因此被认为有望比蛋白标志物更好地协助诊断多种疾病,包括癌症、心血管系统和神经系统疾病等[12]。miRNA与TBI的原发性损伤及继发性损伤皆存在相关性,其在中枢神经系统中的浓度及多样性较高;据估计,70%的miRNA在脑、脊髓或外周神经中表达,其中部分在中脑、额叶皮质、小脑和海马区特异性表达,且与学习、记忆和认知功能及多种神经或精神疾病有关[13-14]
2009年,Redell等[15]率先报道了控制性皮质冲击(control cortical impact,CCI)损伤模型大鼠海马体中miRNA水平的改变,他们使用微阵列技术分析了超过400种miRNA,发现其中35种上调、50种下调且差异有统计学意义;随后采用聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)检测了几种代表性miRNA的变化,结果与微阵列检测结果一致;应用生物信息学方法对相关miRNA进行分析,发现其与损伤后启动的几种生物学过程相关,包括信号转导、转录调节、细胞增殖和分化。Liu等[16]应用单侧CCI大鼠TBI损伤模型,分别在1 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d从大鼠海马组织中提取miRNA进行微阵列分析,结果显示miR-144、miR-153和miR-340在5个时间点均升高,生物信息学及基因本体(gene ontology,Go)分析显示这3种miRNA可能与TBI引起认知和记忆障碍的发病机制相关。Meissner等[17]利用微阵列方法分别在1 h、6 h、12 h对轻度TBI小鼠大脑皮质中的miRNA水平进行检测,结果显示66种miRNA显著上调,92种显著下调,其中miR-2137表达差异最大,原位杂交显示其在创伤性半暗带中上调。Chandran等[18]利用TaqMan miRNA阵列评估4组不同级别的轻度TBI损伤小鼠大脑中miRNA在24 h至7 d的表达差异,其中只有miR-466j在4组中均上调;除了最严重的一组外,差异表达的miRNA随着时间推移显著减少。Truettner等[19]采用miRNA阵列和qRT-PCR检测发现,在受到中度液体撞击的大鼠中,相对于假手术组和正常体温的TBI大鼠,在接受低温治疗的TBI大鼠大脑皮质的温度敏感性miRNA表达水平发生明显变化。Prajapati等[20]利用TaqMan RT-qPCR的方法比较假手术组小鼠与TBI小鼠脑和脊髓中的炎症相关miRNA,发现miR-146a-5p和miR-150-5p在大脑中的表达水平约为脊髓中的25倍,而miR-223-3p和miR-155-5p在骨髓中的表达水平比大脑中高25倍以上,且在雄鼠中显示出更高的表达水平。Xiao等[21]利用CCI构建TBI小鼠模型,采用RT-PCR检测皮质中miR-212-5p的表达水平,结果显示,miR-212-5p在TBI后的6、12、24、48、72 h不断下降,与假手术组比较,各时间点的表达水平平均下降66%。Vuokila等[22]以3例无神经系统疾病的尸体样本作为对照组,以6例因TBI死亡的尸体样本作为实验组,将脑组织进行切片处理并进行miR-124-3p原位杂交,结果显示,在病灶周围皮质层中miR-124-3p明显下调,与小鼠实验结果一致。Puhakka等[23]以假手术小鼠作为对照组的测序结果显示,在TBI小鼠脑组织的不同部位miRNA表达存在差异,其中丘脑miR-146a-5p和miR-155-5p表达上调,而在皮质中miR-375-3p和miR-211-5p表达上调。
在关于TBI损伤后脑脊液miRNA变化的研究中,You等[24]使用基因芯片对36例脑损伤昏迷患者和21例对照组的脑脊液miRNA进行检测,与对照组比较,昏迷患者脑脊液中有10种miRNA(miR-141、miR-572、miR-181a-star、miR-27b-star、miR-483-5p、miR-30b、miR-1289、miR-431-star、miR-193b-star、miR-499-3p)水平升高,4种miRNA(miR-1297、miR-33b、miR-933、miR-449b)水平降低,其中miR-431-star模序区存在单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP),可能与TBI的预后相关。Bhomia等[8]报道在重度TBI患者脑脊液中,以miR-202为内参,miR-328、miR-362-3p、miR-451和miR-486表达水平均明显升高。
对于体液中miRNA表达的研究,在动物模型中主要运用爆炸诱导的TBI大鼠血液和脑脊液中相关miRNA表达谱结合检测的方法。Balakathiresan等[25]将大鼠分为短间隔爆炸损伤组和长间隔爆炸损伤组,分别在两组最后一次损伤后3、24 h采集血清和脑脊液,并运用低密度阵列实时PCR和特定miRNA实时鉴定的方法测定miRNA表达水平,结果显示,血清中let-7i、miR-122、miR-340-5p在两组皆上调,miR-874在两组皆下调,miR-200b在短间隔损伤组上调,let-7i在脑脊液中也显示上调;因此,作者认为可以将miRNA let-7i作为爆炸性脑损伤的潜在标志物。Johnson等[26]将雄性大鼠单侧额叶行弹道伤样处理,在损伤后4 h至7 d收集脑组织与血液,结果显示,脑组织中miR-21自损伤后4 h起持续升高,在7 d时达到顶点;let-7i在4 h和1 d升高;miR-146a展现出双向应答,在1 d和7 d升高,3 d下降;miR-124a和miR-107仅在损伤后1 d升高;但血液中miR-21、miR-146a、miR-124a和miR-107没有改变,let-7i在7 d时下降,其他时间点没有改变;信号通路分析显示,miR-21及miR-146a可能参与了对IL-6及IL-1β的抑制。
在人体血液中相关miRNA的检测报道也较多。Yang等[27]设立了严重TBI组与健康对照组,在损伤后24 h至21 d连续采集两组血液,结果显示miR-93、miR-191和miR499在TBI组中明显升高,在2~7 d达到顶点,其升高程度与损伤严重程度呈正相关。Qin等[28]利用miRNA基因芯片分别检测轻度、中度和重度TBI血液中的2549种miRNA,结果显示,在3组TBI中,上调的miRNA分别为65种、33种及16种,下调的miRNA分别为29种、27种及6种,且在重度TBI中miR-3195和miR-328-5p明显高于轻度和中度TBI,因此认为可将两者用于不同类型TBI的临床鉴别诊断。也有研究认为检测血浆miRNA的动态变化可对脑损伤后遗症进行预测。Mitra等[29]在TBI患者到达急诊室时、5 d和30 d后分别采集血液进行检测,结果显示,血浆中miR-142-3p和miR-423-3p水平可预测轻度TBI发展为健忘症的风险;此外,随着时间推移其表达水平逐渐降低可能预示大脑损伤后开始愈合。Yan等[30]将患者分为重度TBI组、轻度TBI组和健康对照组,采用RT-qPCR检测血液中miRNA的表达水平,结果显示,与健康对照组比较,重度TBI组和轻度TBI组血液中miR-103a-3p、miR-219a-5p、miR-302d-3p、miR-422a、miR-518f-3p、miR-520d-3p和miR-627水平均显著上调,其中重度TBI组miR-219a-5p、miR-422a和miR-520d-3p的水平显著高于轻度TBI组;同时作者还评估了7种miRNAs的诊断价值,其中miR-219a-5p具有最大的ROC曲线下面积,可用于区分重度和轻度TBI。
由于唾液取样方便且无创,近年来将其作为TBI诊断标志物来源的相关研究成为了热点。di Pietro等[31]收集橄榄球运动员脑震荡后48~72 h的唾液样本,筛选了800种人类miRNA,其中miR-27b-3p、let-7i-5p、miR-142-3p、miR-107和miR-135b-5p明显高于健康对照组(P<0.05);进一步分析显示这些miRNA可能与创伤后的一系列生物进程相关。Johnson等[32]选取52例平均年龄为14岁的脑损伤儿童作为实验的参与者,其中22例为急性症状组,30例为慢性症状组,对唾液中miRNA的检测结果显示,其中有15种miRNA的浓度在两组中呈现明显差异,可能与神经元调节途径相关;miR-320c-1、miR-133a-5p、miR-769-5p、let-7a-3p和miR-1307-3p共5种miRNA可准确区分急性症状;另外3种miRNA的浓度与1个月后的特殊症状相关:miR-320c-1与记忆障碍相关,miR-629与头痛相关,let-7b-5p与疲劳相关。此外,Larocca等[33]对50例TBI军人伤员战前及战后15 min、2~3 d、1周、3~4周的血清和唾液迅速采样进行miRNA分析,结果显示在头部损伤后,唾液中miRNA的变化早于血清中的变化,这一现象可能是由于miRNA必须通过血脑屏障才能释放入血液中,而唾液可直接接受口咽神经的外泌体miRNA,故血液中miRNA的变化在时间上相对延迟。Hicks等[34]评估了儿童TBI后唾液中及脑脊液中miRNA水平的变化,结果显示在脑脊液中检测到的214种miRNA中,63%在唾液中也存在,其中miR-182-5p、miR-221-3p、mir-26b-5p、miR-320c、miR-29c-3p和miR-30e-5p在唾液与脑脊液中的变化一致。TBI人群miRNA在人体体液中表达情况的相关研究结果见表2
对于miRNA在多种疾病病理进程中作用的探索,除了将其作为生物标志物进行研究外,将其作为TBI新兴治疗靶标的研究也逐渐兴起。由于miRNA参与了中枢神经的动态调节,且有着药物开发的理想特征,如核苷酸数量少、物种之间的保守性、单个miRNA可通过靶基因调节多个靶标,以及可通过几种已获批准的递送剂递送至体内等,因此,抑制或上调特定miRNA可能用于TBI的治疗。目前研究常用的治疗策略包括应用miRNA抑制剂和miRNA模拟物,常见的药物递送方式有脑室内注射、鞘内给药、静脉注射、鼻内给药、病毒介导的递送、外泌体介导的递送、干细胞介导的递送等。不同递送方式的特点见表3
使用miRNA抑制剂可减轻脑损伤后相关miRNA对神经系统的损害。miRNA抑制剂包括拮抗剂、锁核酸和miRNA海绵[7]。miRNA拮抗剂是一类经过化学修饰的抗核酸酶的寡核苷酸,可防止miRNA与mRNA分子上的预期位点结合,从而起到沉默作用[35],但其效价较低,在体内常需要较高剂量才能发挥生物学功能[36]。锁核酸是被修饰的寡核苷酸,其含有的锁核糖环可增强结合靶miRNA的能力,产生高效的miRNA抑制和较强的核酸酶抗性[35]。对于miRNA的长期抑制,海绵结构可作为miRNA的竞争性抑制剂,它具有多个重复的、与靶miRNA互补的人造RNA转录物,将海绵结构整合到中枢神经细胞基因组中可对靶miRNA发挥持续抑制作用。Sabirzhanov等[37]应用miR-711发卡抑制剂治疗TBI损伤模型小鼠,结果显示其可减少皮质损伤体积,降低皮质与海马体中神经细胞的缺失,对长期神经功能紊乱有改善作用。有研究者对TBI小鼠脑室内注射miR-155抑制剂,结果显示与对照组相比可减轻创伤后神经炎症反应并促进神经功能恢复[13]。Sun等[38]报道应用miR-144抑制剂可减少TBI大鼠脑部损伤体积,减轻脑水肿,提高认知能力。Si等[39]对TBI模型小鼠脑室内注射miR-193a发夹抑制剂,结果显示其可显著减少或降低TBI小鼠的脑组织病变体积、脑水肿程度和神经元死亡数量,并缓解认知功能障碍。Qi等[40]将含有miR-429抑制剂的慢病毒载体注射到TBI模型小鼠的大脑皮质中,结果显示与对照组相比模型小鼠神经损伤明显减轻。Zhao等[41]对TBI模型小鼠进行miR-203抑制剂口服强饲治疗,结果显示其可改善依赖海马体的学习和记忆功能障碍,并增强小鼠运动功能。
miRNA模拟物是一类模仿pre-miRNA而人工合成的短双链寡核苷酸,一旦进入细胞,这些寡核苷酸可被miRNA生物发生机制识别并得到相应处理。由于其向导链必须与成熟的miRNA相同,将随从链进行特定位置的化学修饰可以确保只有向导链加载于RNA诱导的沉默复合物(RNA-induced silencing complex,RISC)上,而对向导链进行有限的化学修饰可以抵抗核酸酶且在不干扰RISC负载的情况下提高向导链的效能与稳定性。miRNA模拟物不易进入神经元,为提高细胞对miRNA的摄取可将其与胆固醇结合,但这也可能造成脱靶效应[42-43]。目前已有部分miRNA模拟物用于动物模型的研究报告。有研究显示,将miR-23a和miR-27a模拟物注射到TBI小鼠脑室中可减少皮质损伤体积及海马体中神经细胞的缺失[44-45];miR-21模拟物可减轻TBI损伤后的脑水肿,减少病变体积,减轻继发性血脑屏障损伤并减少紧密连接蛋白的丢失,进一步提高神经功能[46-47];miR-124-3p模拟物可促进神经干细胞的增殖和分化,并抑制神经元炎症[48-49];miR-29a-5p模拟物可降低TBI小鼠血脑屏障的通透性,减轻脑水肿[50];Zhang等[51]对TBI模型小鼠进行miR-146a灌胃,结果显示与对照组相比减轻了TBI对小鼠大脑的影响,改善了神经功能。此外,也可通过引入含有成熟miRNA序列的质粒进入靶组织,以增加受损脑组织中有益miRNA的水平。Long等[52]在TBI小鼠脑室内注射miR-873a-5p模拟物,结果显示在1、3、7 d皮质中的miR-873a-5p表达显著增加,且在7 d时脑损伤面积及脑水肿程度明显下降,其机制可能为miR-873a-5p通过抑制NF-κB通路减轻小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症,并改善TBI后的神经功能。Wu等[53-54]在TBI大鼠脑室内注射miRNA-9-5p模拟物,结果显示与对照组相比可显著减轻TBI大鼠的细胞凋亡、神经炎症和血脑屏障损伤,同时增加TBI创伤灶周围的微血管和神经元密度。
TBI是全球范围内多发的高致残率、高病死率急性损伤,由于其原发性及继发性损伤机制复杂,对其分子机制尚缺乏系统且深刻的理解,导致临床诊断、预后评估和治疗的工具极为有限。miRNAs在大脑中高度表达,可以穿过血脑屏障,且在人体体液中较为稳定,因此具有成为TBI诊断靶标的潜力;但miRNA在TBI中的生物学功能较为复杂,多项研究显示其在TBI后不同时间点和不同种类样品中存在差异表达且受多种生理因素的影响,故miRNA用于TBI的诊断还有待于进一步验证。miRNA用于TBI治疗的相关研究显示,经过人工miRNA治疗后部分TBI小鼠神经功能有所改善,但是其面临的巨大挑战之一是细胞内含有丰富的核糖核酸酶(RNase),这可能会加速miRNA在体内的降解,为维持药物浓度需要重复注射或输液,且可能存在脱靶效应及对其他靶基因产生不良反应。此外,miRNA递送需要透过血脑屏障,而相关研究中大多使用脑室内注射或鞘内给药来绕过血脑屏障,因此尚无法应用于临床。总之,目前相关研究多处于实验室研究的初级阶段,将miRNA作为TBI的常规临床诊断标志物或治疗手段还需更多的深入研究。
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2023年第48卷第6期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0742
  • 接收时间:2022-01-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-07
  • 录用日期:2022-05-27
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    1河北北方学院医学检验学院,河北张家口 075000
    2军事科学院军事医学研究院军事认知与脑科学研究所,北京 100850
    3解放军总医院第六医学中心检验科,北京 100048

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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