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Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that seriously affects human health. As one of the TB high-burden countries worldwide, there is a need to strengthen the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in China. It is estimated that the proportion of people with latent TB infection (LTBI) in China is close to 20% of the total population. Effective identification of LTBI, thus enabling early diagnosis and preventive treatment, is one of the key measures to control the TB epidemic. Existing methods of diagnosing TB infection are unable to distinguish LTBI from active TB (ATB), and cannot accurately predict progression of LTBI to ATB, while biomarkers are expected to have the potential in differentiating LTBI from ATB and predict progression. In this paper, we summarize the recent advances in biomarkers associated with LTBI and address the future development trends, in order to provide ideas for finding new markers for precisely identifying LTBI.
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结核病是结核分枝杆菌引起的严重影响人类健康的慢性传染病,我国作为全球结核病高负担国家之一,需加强结核病的防治工作。据估算,中国结核潜伏感染者占比接近总人口的20%,有效筛查结核潜伏感染,实现早诊断及早期预防性治疗,是控制结核病疫情的关键措施之一。现有诊断结核感染的方法存在不能区分潜伏性感染与活动性感染、不能准确预测结核潜伏感染进展等问题,而生物标志物有望用于潜伏感染与活动性感染的鉴别诊断并预测其活动进展。本文阐述近年来结核潜伏感染相关生物标志物的研究进展,并指出未来的发展趋势,为寻找新的更精准的结核潜伏感染标志物提供思路。
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Summary of LTBI diagnostic methods[7-9]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 项目 | 皮肤试验 | γ干扰素释放试验 |
|---|
| TST | Diaskintest | C-Tb皮肤试验 | EC皮肤试验 | T-SPOT.TB | QFT-GIT | QFT-Plus | LIAISON QFT-Plus | LIOFeron TB/LTBI |
|---|
| 制造商 | 较多 | Generium(俄罗斯) | Statens血清研究所(丹麦) | 智飞(中国) | 牛津(英国) | 凯杰(德国) | 凯杰(美国) | DiaSorin(意大利) | LIONEX(德国) |
| 抗原 | PPD | ESAT-6、CFP10 | ESAT-6、CFP10 | ESAT-6、CFP10 | ESAT-6、CFP10 | ESAT-6、CFP10、TB7.7 | ESAT-6、CFP10 | ESAT-6、CFP10 | ESAT-6、CFP10、TB7.7、Ala-DH |
| 体内/体外 | 体内 | 体内 | 体内 | 体内 | 体外 | 体外 | 体外 | 体外 | 体外 |
| 结局指标 | 硬结横径 | 硬结横径 | 硬结横径 | 硬结横径 | T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量 | CD4+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量 | CD4+与CD8+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量 | CD4+与CD8+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量 | CD4+与CD8+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量 |
| 主观/客观 | 主观 | 主观 | 主观 | 主观 | 客观 | 客观 | 客观 | 客观 | 客观 |
| 技术原理 | 迟发型超敏反应 | 迟发型超敏反应 | 迟发型超敏反应 | 迟发型超敏反应 | ELSPOT | ELISA | ELISA | CLIA | ELISA |
| 检测样品 | 无 | 无 | 无 | 无 | PBMCs | 全血 | 全血 | 全血 | 全血 |
| 样品储存 | 无 | 无 | 无 | 无 | 18~25 ℃ | 17~25 ℃ | 17~25 ℃ | 18~25 ℃ | 15~30 ℃ |
| 敏感度 | 较多 | 86.0%[8] | 74.5%[9] | 90.6% | 95.6% | 89.0% | 97.6% | 96.9% | 97.7% |
| 特异度 | 较多 | 98.0%[8] | 97.6%[9] | 88.2%(结核未感染人群),92.7%(结核未感染人群卡介苗接种后) | 97.1% | 未提供 | 95.3% | 84.4% | 97.6% |
), ArticleFig(id=1203008544166605591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
LTBI诊断方法[7-9]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 项目 | 皮肤试验 | γ干扰素释放试验 |
|---|
| TST | Diaskintest | C-Tb皮肤试验 | EC皮肤试验 | T-SPOT.TB | QFT-GIT | QFT-Plus | LIAISON QFT-Plus | LIOFeron TB/LTBI |
|---|
| 制造商 | 较多 | Generium(俄罗斯) | Statens血清研究所(丹麦) | 智飞(中国) | 牛津(英国) | 凯杰(德国) | 凯杰(美国) | DiaSorin(意大利) | LIONEX(德国) |
| 抗原 | PPD | ESAT-6、CFP10 | ESAT-6、CFP10 | ESAT-6、CFP10 | ESAT-6、CFP10 | ESAT-6、CFP10、TB7.7 | ESAT-6、CFP10 | ESAT-6、CFP10 | ESAT-6、CFP10、TB7.7、Ala-DH |
| 体内/体外 | 体内 | 体内 | 体内 | 体内 | 体外 | 体外 | 体外 | 体外 | 体外 |
| 结局指标 | 硬结横径 | 硬结横径 | 硬结横径 | 硬结横径 | T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量 | CD4+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量 | CD4+与CD8+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量 | CD4+与CD8+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量 | CD4+与CD8+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量 |
| 主观/客观 | 主观 | 主观 | 主观 | 主观 | 客观 | 客观 | 客观 | 客观 | 客观 |
| 技术原理 | 迟发型超敏反应 | 迟发型超敏反应 | 迟发型超敏反应 | 迟发型超敏反应 | ELSPOT | ELISA | ELISA | CLIA | ELISA |
| 检测样品 | 无 | 无 | 无 | 无 | PBMCs | 全血 | 全血 | 全血 | 全血 |
| 样品储存 | 无 | 无 | 无 | 无 | 18~25 ℃ | 17~25 ℃ | 17~25 ℃ | 18~25 ℃ | 15~30 ℃ |
| 敏感度 | 较多 | 86.0%[8] | 74.5%[9] | 90.6% | 95.6% | 89.0% | 97.6% | 96.9% | 97.7% |
| 特异度 | 较多 | 98.0%[8] | 97.6%[9] | 88.2%(结核未感染人群),92.7%(结核未感染人群卡介苗接种后) | 97.1% | 未提供 | 95.3% | 84.4% | 97.6% |
), ArticleFig(id=1203008544250491674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Proteomic biomarkers for the diagnosis of LTBI
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 第一作者 | 年份 | 样本量 | 样本 | 技术 | 研究地区 | 蛋白组学生物标志物 | 敏感度 | 特异度 | 其他指标 |
|---|
| Young[16] | 2014 | 63 | 尿液 | LC-MS/MS | 南非 | Rv2126c、Rv1759c、Rv1464、Rv3202c、Rv0668、Rv3345c | – | – | – |
| Cao[17] | 2018 | 319 | 血清 | 蛋白微阵列 | 中国北京 | Rv2031c、Rv1408、Rv2421c | – | – | AUC:85.2%、81.5%、79.7% |
| Sun[18] | 2018 | 398 | 血浆 | LC-MS/MS | 中国北京 | ACT、AGP1、CDH1 | 81.2% | 95.2% | – |
| Yang[19] | 2020 | 630 | 血液 | 蛋白阵列 | 中国深圳 | I-TAC、I-309、MIG、颗粒溶素、FAP、MEP1B、弗林蛋白酶、LYVE-1 | 75.9% | 80.0% | – |
| HaileMariam[20] | 2021 | 161 | 痰液 | LC-MS/MS | 埃塞俄比亚南奥莫 | LMNB1、RNASET2、NUCB1、TSPO、LDHB | – | – | – |
| Liu[21] | 2021 | 196 | 尿液 | LC-MS/MS | 中国 | GPx3、NTM、PVR | – | 92.3% | – |
), ArticleFig(id=1203008544325989151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
LTBI诊断蛋白组学生物标志物
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| 第一作者 | 年份 | 样本量 | 样本 | 技术 | 研究地区 | 蛋白组学生物标志物 | 敏感度 | 特异度 | 其他指标 |
|---|
| Young[16] | 2014 | 63 | 尿液 | LC-MS/MS | 南非 | Rv2126c、Rv1759c、Rv1464、Rv3202c、Rv0668、Rv3345c | – | – | – |
| Cao[17] | 2018 | 319 | 血清 | 蛋白微阵列 | 中国北京 | Rv2031c、Rv1408、Rv2421c | – | – | AUC:85.2%、81.5%、79.7% |
| Sun[18] | 2018 | 398 | 血浆 | LC-MS/MS | 中国北京 | ACT、AGP1、CDH1 | 81.2% | 95.2% | – |
| Yang[19] | 2020 | 630 | 血液 | 蛋白阵列 | 中国深圳 | I-TAC、I-309、MIG、颗粒溶素、FAP、MEP1B、弗林蛋白酶、LYVE-1 | 75.9% | 80.0% | – |
| HaileMariam[20] | 2021 | 161 | 痰液 | LC-MS/MS | 埃塞俄比亚南奥莫 | LMNB1、RNASET2、NUCB1、TSPO、LDHB | – | – | – |
| Liu[21] | 2021 | 196 | 尿液 | LC-MS/MS | 中国 | GPx3、NTM、PVR | – | 92.3% | – |
), ArticleFig(id=1203008544430846756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Transcriptome biomarkers associated with LTBI progression
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 第一作者 | 发表年份 | 研究地区 | 年龄 | 病例/对照 | 样本量 | HIV情况 | 随访时间 | 转录组学生物标志物 | 敏感度(%) | 特异度(%) | 其他指标 |
|---|
| Zak[23] | 2016 | 南非 | 12~18岁 | 46/107 | 6363 | 阴性 | 2年 | ANKRD22、APOL1、BATF2、ETV7、FCGR1A、FCGR1B、CBP1、CBP2、CBP4、CBP5、SCARF1、SEPT4、SERPING1、STAT1、TAP1、TRAFD1 | 66.1 | 80.6 |
| Suliman[24] | 2018 | 非洲 | 10~60岁 | 79/328 | 6363 | 阴性 | 2年 | GAS6、SEPT4、BLK、CD1C | – | – | AUC:67.0% |
| Roe[25] | 2020 | 英国伦敦 | 26~47岁 | 6/- | 333 | 阴性 | 346 d | BATF2、GBP5、SCARF1 | – | – | PPV:50.0%,NPV:99.3% |
| Gupta[26] | 2020 | 南非、埃塞俄比亚、冈比亚、英国 | 青少年及成年人 | 15/778 | 905 | 阳性及阴性 | 2年内 | BATF2 | 67.0 | 93.0 |
| Gliddon3 | 52.0 | 94.0 |
| Kaforou25 | 62.0 | 94.0 |
| Roe3 | 62.0 | 94.0 |
| Sweeney3 | 81.0 | 91.0 |
| 10/519 | Suliman2 | 53.0 | 94.0 |
| 11/638 | Suliman4 | 47.0 | 95.0 |
| 10/704 | Zak16 | 66.1 | 94.0 |
| Ruan[27] | 2021 | 中国浙江 | 18~65岁 | 2/4 | 513 | 阴性 | 37个月 | IFNG、EDN1、MT2A、SLC11A1、CD274、IL1B、PDCD1LG2、LTA、ICAM1、CXCL16、GBP6、TLR2、CCL3、SOCS3、TNF、GAPDH、PTAFR、HCK、IL10、RIPK2 | – | – | – |
| Duffy[29] | 2018 | 南非、乌干达 | 成年人 | 48/138 | 1696 | 阴性 | 2年 | miR-21-5p、miR-484、miR-148b-3p等47个miRNA | – | – | AUC:74.0% |
| Xin[30] | 2022 | 中国 | ≥5岁 | 20/20 | 7505 | 未提及 | 5年 | has-miR-451a、has-miR-16-5p下调 | – | – | AUC:78.0% |
), ArticleFig(id=1203008544514732839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
与LTBI进展相关的转录组学生物标志物
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 第一作者 | 发表年份 | 研究地区 | 年龄 | 病例/对照 | 样本量 | HIV情况 | 随访时间 | 转录组学生物标志物 | 敏感度(%) | 特异度(%) | 其他指标 |
|---|
| Zak[23] | 2016 | 南非 | 12~18岁 | 46/107 | 6363 | 阴性 | 2年 | ANKRD22、APOL1、BATF2、ETV7、FCGR1A、FCGR1B、CBP1、CBP2、CBP4、CBP5、SCARF1、SEPT4、SERPING1、STAT1、TAP1、TRAFD1 | 66.1 | 80.6 |
| Suliman[24] | 2018 | 非洲 | 10~60岁 | 79/328 | 6363 | 阴性 | 2年 | GAS6、SEPT4、BLK、CD1C | – | – | AUC:67.0% |
| Roe[25] | 2020 | 英国伦敦 | 26~47岁 | 6/- | 333 | 阴性 | 346 d | BATF2、GBP5、SCARF1 | – | – | PPV:50.0%,NPV:99.3% |
| Gupta[26] | 2020 | 南非、埃塞俄比亚、冈比亚、英国 | 青少年及成年人 | 15/778 | 905 | 阳性及阴性 | 2年内 | BATF2 | 67.0 | 93.0 |
| Gliddon3 | 52.0 | 94.0 |
| Kaforou25 | 62.0 | 94.0 |
| Roe3 | 62.0 | 94.0 |
| Sweeney3 | 81.0 | 91.0 |
| 10/519 | Suliman2 | 53.0 | 94.0 |
| 11/638 | Suliman4 | 47.0 | 95.0 |
| 10/704 | Zak16 | 66.1 | 94.0 |
| Ruan[27] | 2021 | 中国浙江 | 18~65岁 | 2/4 | 513 | 阴性 | 37个月 | IFNG、EDN1、MT2A、SLC11A1、CD274、IL1B、PDCD1LG2、LTA、ICAM1、CXCL16、GBP6、TLR2、CCL3、SOCS3、TNF、GAPDH、PTAFR、HCK、IL10、RIPK2 | – | – | – |
| Duffy[29] | 2018 | 南非、乌干达 | 成年人 | 48/138 | 1696 | 阴性 | 2年 | miR-21-5p、miR-484、miR-148b-3p等47个miRNA | – | – | AUC:74.0% |
| Xin[30] | 2022 | 中国 | ≥5岁 | 20/20 | 7505 | 未提及 | 5年 | has-miR-451a、has-miR-16-5p下调 | – | – | AUC:78.0% |
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