Article(id=1203002057625137237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203002056400396334, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0627, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1658937600000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1665763200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-10-15, onlineDate=1764747641235, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1687881600000, pubDateStr=2023-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764747641235, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764747641235, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764747641235, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203002056400396334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='6', pageStart='627', pageEnd='748', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764747640943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764747714497, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203002364979540735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203002056400396334, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203002364979540736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203002056400396334, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=627, endPage=633, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203002057872601176, articleId=1203002057625137237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Application of biomarkers of latent tuberculosis infection: current situation and prospects, columnId=1203002057176342576, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculosis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that seriously affects human health. As one of the TB high-burden countries worldwide, there is a need to strengthen the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in China. It is estimated that the proportion of people with latent TB infection (LTBI) in China is close to 20% of the total population. Effective identification of LTBI, thus enabling early diagnosis and preventive treatment, is one of the key measures to control the TB epidemic. Existing methods of diagnosing TB infection are unable to distinguish LTBI from active TB (ATB), and cannot accurately predict progression of LTBI to ATB, while biomarkers are expected to have the potential in differentiating LTBI from ATB and predict progression. In this paper, we summarize the recent advances in biomarkers associated with LTBI and address the future development trends, in order to provide ideas for finding new markers for precisely identifying LTBI.

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结核病是结核分枝杆菌引起的严重影响人类健康的慢性传染病,我国作为全球结核病高负担国家之一,需加强结核病的防治工作。据估算,中国结核潜伏感染者占比接近总人口的20%,有效筛查结核潜伏感染,实现早诊断及早期预防性治疗,是控制结核病疫情的关键措施之一。现有诊断结核感染的方法存在不能区分潜伏性感染与活动性感染、不能准确预测结核潜伏感染进展等问题,而生物标志物有望用于潜伏感染与活动性感染的鉴别诊断并预测其活动进展。本文阐述近年来结核潜伏感染相关生物标志物的研究进展,并指出未来的发展趋势,为寻找新的更精准的结核潜伏感染标志物提供思路。

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Contribution and future of high-throughput transcriptomics in battling tuberculosis [J].Front Microbiol, 2022, 13: 835620., articleTitle=Contribution and future of high-throughput transcriptomics in battling tuberculosis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1203008544703476528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, awardId=2017HH0080, language=EN, fundingSource=International Cooperation Project of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(2017HH0080), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203008544787362611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, awardId=2017HH0080, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科技厅国际合作项目(2017HH0080), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203008542547604199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203008542555992808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, companyId=1203008542547604199, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203008542564381417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, companyId=1203008542547604199, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,四川成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203008544061747991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Summary of LTBI diagnostic methods[7-9]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目皮肤试验γ干扰素释放试验
TSTDiaskintestC-Tb皮肤试验EC皮肤试验T-SPOT.TBQFT-GITQFT-PlusLIAISON QFT-PlusLIOFeron TB/LTBI
制造商较多Generium(俄罗斯)Statens血清研究所(丹麦)智飞(中国)牛津(英国)凯杰(德国)凯杰(美国)DiaSorin(意大利)LIONEX(德国)
抗原PPDESAT-6、CFP10ESAT-6、CFP10ESAT-6、CFP10ESAT-6、CFP10ESAT-6、CFP10、TB7.7ESAT-6、CFP10ESAT-6、CFP10ESAT-6、CFP10、TB7.7、Ala-DH
体内/体外体内体内体内体内体外体外体外体外体外
结局指标硬结横径硬结横径硬结横径硬结横径T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量CD4+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量CD4+与CD8+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量CD4+与CD8+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量CD4+与CD8+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量
主观/客观主观主观主观主观客观客观客观客观客观
技术原理迟发型超敏反应迟发型超敏反应迟发型超敏反应迟发型超敏反应ELSPOTELISAELISACLIAELISA
检测样品PBMCs全血全血全血全血
样品储存18~25 ℃17~25 ℃17~25 ℃18~25 ℃15~30 ℃
敏感度较多86.0%[8]74.5%[9]90.6%95.6%89.0%97.6%96.9%97.7%
特异度较多98.0%[8]97.6%[9]88.2%(结核未感染人群),92.7%(结核未感染人群卡介苗接种后)97.1%未提供95.3%84.4%97.6%
), ArticleFig(id=1203008544166605591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

LTBI诊断方法[7-9]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目皮肤试验γ干扰素释放试验
TSTDiaskintestC-Tb皮肤试验EC皮肤试验T-SPOT.TBQFT-GITQFT-PlusLIAISON QFT-PlusLIOFeron TB/LTBI
制造商较多Generium(俄罗斯)Statens血清研究所(丹麦)智飞(中国)牛津(英国)凯杰(德国)凯杰(美国)DiaSorin(意大利)LIONEX(德国)
抗原PPDESAT-6、CFP10ESAT-6、CFP10ESAT-6、CFP10ESAT-6、CFP10ESAT-6、CFP10、TB7.7ESAT-6、CFP10ESAT-6、CFP10ESAT-6、CFP10、TB7.7、Ala-DH
体内/体外体内体内体内体内体外体外体外体外体外
结局指标硬结横径硬结横径硬结横径硬结横径T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量CD4+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量CD4+与CD8+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量CD4+与CD8+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量CD4+与CD8+T细胞产生的IFN-γ含量
主观/客观主观主观主观主观客观客观客观客观客观
技术原理迟发型超敏反应迟发型超敏反应迟发型超敏反应迟发型超敏反应ELSPOTELISAELISACLIAELISA
检测样品PBMCs全血全血全血全血
样品储存18~25 ℃17~25 ℃17~25 ℃18~25 ℃15~30 ℃
敏感度较多86.0%[8]74.5%[9]90.6%95.6%89.0%97.6%96.9%97.7%
特异度较多98.0%[8]97.6%[9]88.2%(结核未感染人群),92.7%(结核未感染人群卡介苗接种后)97.1%未提供95.3%84.4%97.6%
), ArticleFig(id=1203008544250491674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Proteomic biomarkers for the diagnosis of LTBI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第一作者年份样本量样本技术研究地区蛋白组学生物标志物敏感度特异度其他指标
Young[16]201463尿液LC-MS/MS南非Rv2126c、Rv1759c、Rv1464、Rv3202c、Rv0668、Rv3345c
Cao[17]2018319血清蛋白微阵列中国北京Rv2031c、Rv1408、Rv2421cAUC:85.2%、81.5%、79.7%
Sun[18]2018398血浆LC-MS/MS中国北京ACT、AGP1、CDH181.2%95.2%
Yang[19]2020630血液蛋白阵列中国深圳I-TAC、I-309、MIG、颗粒溶素、FAP、MEP1B、弗林蛋白酶、LYVE-175.9%80.0%
HaileMariam[20]2021161痰液LC-MS/MS埃塞俄比亚南奥莫LMNB1、RNASET2、NUCB1、TSPO、LDHB
Liu[21]2021196尿液LC-MS/MS中国GPx3、NTM、PVR92.3%
), ArticleFig(id=1203008544325989151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

LTBI诊断蛋白组学生物标志物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第一作者年份样本量样本技术研究地区蛋白组学生物标志物敏感度特异度其他指标
Young[16]201463尿液LC-MS/MS南非Rv2126c、Rv1759c、Rv1464、Rv3202c、Rv0668、Rv3345c
Cao[17]2018319血清蛋白微阵列中国北京Rv2031c、Rv1408、Rv2421cAUC:85.2%、81.5%、79.7%
Sun[18]2018398血浆LC-MS/MS中国北京ACT、AGP1、CDH181.2%95.2%
Yang[19]2020630血液蛋白阵列中国深圳I-TAC、I-309、MIG、颗粒溶素、FAP、MEP1B、弗林蛋白酶、LYVE-175.9%80.0%
HaileMariam[20]2021161痰液LC-MS/MS埃塞俄比亚南奥莫LMNB1、RNASET2、NUCB1、TSPO、LDHB
Liu[21]2021196尿液LC-MS/MS中国GPx3、NTM、PVR92.3%
), ArticleFig(id=1203008544430846756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Transcriptome biomarkers associated with LTBI progression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第一作者发表年份研究地区年龄病例/对照样本量HIV情况随访时间转录组学生物标志物敏感度(%)特异度(%)其他指标
Zak[23]2016南非12~18岁46/1076363阴性2年ANKRD22、APOL1、BATF2、ETV7、FCGR1A、FCGR1B、CBP1、CBP2、CBP4、CBP5、SCARF1、SEPT4、SERPING1、STAT1、TAP1、TRAFD166.180.6
Suliman[24]2018非洲10~60岁79/3286363阴性2年GAS6、SEPT4、BLK、CD1CAUC:67.0%
Roe[25]2020英国伦敦26~47岁6/-333阴性346 dBATF2、GBP5、SCARF1PPV:50.0%,NPV:99.3%
Gupta[26]2020南非、埃塞俄比亚、冈比亚、英国青少年及成年人15/778905阳性及阴性2年内BATF267.093.0
Gliddon352.094.0
Kaforou2562.094.0
Roe362.094.0
Sweeney381.091.0
10/519Suliman253.094.0
11/638Suliman447.095.0
10/704Zak1666.194.0
Ruan[27]2021中国浙江18~65岁2/4513阴性37个月IFNG、EDN1、MT2A、SLC11A1、CD274、IL1B、PDCD1LG2、LTA、ICAM1、CXCL16、GBP6、TLR2、CCL3、SOCS3、TNF、GAPDH、PTAFR、HCK、IL10、RIPK2
Duffy[29]2018南非、乌干达成年人48/1381696阴性2年miR-21-5p、miR-484、miR-148b-3p等47个miRNAAUC:74.0%
Xin[30]2022中国≥5岁20/207505未提及5年has-miR-451a、has-miR-16-5p下调AUC:78.0%
), ArticleFig(id=1203008544514732839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1203002057625137237, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

与LTBI进展相关的转录组学生物标志物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第一作者发表年份研究地区年龄病例/对照样本量HIV情况随访时间转录组学生物标志物敏感度(%)特异度(%)其他指标
Zak[23]2016南非12~18岁46/1076363阴性2年ANKRD22、APOL1、BATF2、ETV7、FCGR1A、FCGR1B、CBP1、CBP2、CBP4、CBP5、SCARF1、SEPT4、SERPING1、STAT1、TAP1、TRAFD166.180.6
Suliman[24]2018非洲10~60岁79/3286363阴性2年GAS6、SEPT4、BLK、CD1CAUC:67.0%
Roe[25]2020英国伦敦26~47岁6/-333阴性346 dBATF2、GBP5、SCARF1PPV:50.0%,NPV:99.3%
Gupta[26]2020南非、埃塞俄比亚、冈比亚、英国青少年及成年人15/778905阳性及阴性2年内BATF267.093.0
Gliddon352.094.0
Kaforou2562.094.0
Roe362.094.0
Sweeney381.091.0
10/519Suliman253.094.0
11/638Suliman447.095.0
10/704Zak1666.194.0
Ruan[27]2021中国浙江18~65岁2/4513阴性37个月IFNG、EDN1、MT2A、SLC11A1、CD274、IL1B、PDCD1LG2、LTA、ICAM1、CXCL16、GBP6、TLR2、CCL3、SOCS3、TNF、GAPDH、PTAFR、HCK、IL10、RIPK2
Duffy[29]2018南非、乌干达成年人48/1381696阴性2年miR-21-5p、miR-484、miR-148b-3p等47个miRNAAUC:74.0%
Xin[30]2022中国≥5岁20/207505未提及5年has-miR-451a、has-miR-16-5p下调AUC:78.0%
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结核潜伏感染生物标志物的应用现状与展望
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汪川 , 谢天成
解放军医学杂志 | 结核病的预防、诊断与治疗专题 2023,48(6): 627-633
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解放军医学杂志 | 结核病的预防、诊断与治疗专题 2023, 48(6): 627-633
结核潜伏感染生物标志物的应用现状与展望
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汪川, 谢天成
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,四川成都 610041
Application of biomarkers of latent tuberculosis infection: current situation and prospects
Chuan Wang, Tian-Cheng Xie
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2023-06-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0627
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结核病是结核分枝杆菌引起的严重影响人类健康的慢性传染病,我国作为全球结核病高负担国家之一,需加强结核病的防治工作。据估算,中国结核潜伏感染者占比接近总人口的20%,有效筛查结核潜伏感染,实现早诊断及早期预防性治疗,是控制结核病疫情的关键措施之一。现有诊断结核感染的方法存在不能区分潜伏性感染与活动性感染、不能准确预测结核潜伏感染进展等问题,而生物标志物有望用于潜伏感染与活动性感染的鉴别诊断并预测其活动进展。本文阐述近年来结核潜伏感染相关生物标志物的研究进展,并指出未来的发展趋势,为寻找新的更精准的结核潜伏感染标志物提供思路。

活动性结核  /  结核潜伏感染  /  生物标志物  /  转录组学  /  蛋白组学

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that seriously affects human health. As one of the TB high-burden countries worldwide, there is a need to strengthen the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in China. It is estimated that the proportion of people with latent TB infection (LTBI) in China is close to 20% of the total population. Effective identification of LTBI, thus enabling early diagnosis and preventive treatment, is one of the key measures to control the TB epidemic. Existing methods of diagnosing TB infection are unable to distinguish LTBI from active TB (ATB), and cannot accurately predict progression of LTBI to ATB, while biomarkers are expected to have the potential in differentiating LTBI from ATB and predict progression. In this paper, we summarize the recent advances in biomarkers associated with LTBI and address the future development trends, in order to provide ideas for finding new markers for precisely identifying LTBI.

active tuberculosis  /  latent tuberculosis infection  /  biomarkers  /  transcriptomics  /  proteomics
汪川, 谢天成. 结核潜伏感染生物标志物的应用现状与展望. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (6) : 627 -633 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0627
Chuan Wang, Tian-Cheng Xie. Application of biomarkers of latent tuberculosis infection: current situation and prospects[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (6) : 627 -633 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0627
结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)感染可引起活动性结核(active tuberculosis,ATB)以及结核潜伏感染(latent tuberculosis infection,LTBI)[1]。据世界卫生组织(WHO)估计,2020年全球新增990万例ATB患者,发病率为127/10万,其中我国结核病新发患者约为84.2万,位居全球30个结核病高负担国家第二位[2]。近年的研究显示,2020年全球LTBI人数约为20亿,占人口的1/4左右[2];2013年我国5岁及以上人群LTBI率为18.1%,15岁及以上人群LTBI率为20.3%[3]。5%~10%的LTBI者在其一生中将进展为ATB,准确筛查LTBI,实现早诊断,对LTBI进展高风险人群进行预防性治疗,是控制结核病疫情的关键措施之一。
目前尚无诊断LTBI的金标准,主要通过结核菌素皮肤试验(tuberculin skin test,TST)、γ干扰素释放试验(interferon-γ release assay,IGRA)及新兴的Diaskintest、C-Tb皮肤试验、EC皮肤试验间接诊断LTBI[4-6]。目前常见的LTBI诊断方法见表1[7-9],但这些方法仍存在一定局限性,例如:TST可能受到卡介苗接种、非结核分枝杆菌感染、机体免疫状态等因素影响;不同地区及人群中IGRA的特异度及敏感度存在较大差异;另外,目前所有的LTBI诊断方法都不能区分LTBI与ATB,也不能准确预测LTBI进展。
特异度及敏感度较高的生物标志物有望用于鉴别LTBI与ATB,以及预测LTBI的进展,弥补目前LTBI诊断方法的缺陷。MTB感染机体后,在基因转录水平、蛋白表达等方面会发生一系列的动态变化,为利用转录组学、蛋白组学生物标志物鉴别ATB与LTBI提供了可能。转录组学从RNA水平筛选结核相关的特异性差异表达基因,从而发现能鉴别ATB与LTBI的潜在生物标志物。蛋白组学除了可用于分析MTB菌体[10],亦可用于分析结核患者血液中蛋白表达水平的变化,从而得到与结核发病相关的生物标志物。
LTBI诊断生物标志物仍处于初步研究阶段,目前报道的特异性表达生物标志物往往还需扩大验证。2016年的一项研究筛选出由51个转录子组成的生物标志物,在无人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染的撒哈拉以南非洲受试者的外部验证中,其敏感度为90.4%,特异度为86.4%,受试者工作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线分析显示,曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为95.3%[11]。2019年的一项转录组学研究对180例LTBI与结核病患者以及健康对照组的血清外泌体微小RNA进行测序,发现has-let-7e-5p、has-let-7d-5p、has-miR-450a-5p、has-miR-140-5p在LTBI中特异性表达,可能是诊断LTBI的潜在生物标志物[12]。2020年的一项研究在西班牙人群中筛选出133个特异性差异表达基因以区分ATB与LTBI[13]。2021年的一项研究在285例ATB与LTBI患者中筛选得到FCGR1A、ZNF296、C1QB组成的生物标志物,可鉴别ATB与LTBI,其AUC为97.3%[14]
因为RNA测序与反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)验证的成本较高,所以大多数转录组学生物标志物研究为单中心小样本量病例对照研究,导致目前发现的LTBI诊断转录组学生物标志物尚少。因此,需要进一步开展多中心前瞻性研究来验证候选的转录组学生物标志物[15]
由于转录后调控及翻译后调控的原因,在转录水平上可区分结核病与非结核病的标志物,在对应的蛋白水平上不一定具有相同的鉴别价值,因此需要在蛋白水平上进行筛选、验证或二者联合分析。2014年的一项研究在24例LTBI组中发现Rv2126c、Rv1759c、Rv1464、Rv3202c、Rv0668、Rv3345c等特异性蛋白具有诊断LTBI的潜力[16]。2018年的一项研究利用含4262个抗原的蛋白组芯片筛选区分LTBI与ATB的潜在生物标志物,结果表明,抗原Rv2031c、Rv1408、Rv2421c的AUC分别为85.20%、81.52%、79.70%[17]。2018年的另一项研究表明α1抗胰糜蛋白酶、α1酸性糖蛋白与E-钙黏蛋白组成的诊断模型可以将ATB与LTBI区分开来,其敏感度、特异度分别为81.2%、95.2%,在含113例患者的验证组中其敏感度为75.0%,特异度为96.1%[18]。2020年的一项研究利用蛋白阵列筛选得到I-TAC、I-309、MIG、颗粒溶素、FAP、MEP1B、弗林蛋白酶、LYVE-1组成的八蛋白生物标志物,在试验队列中其区分ATB与LTBI的敏感度为75.86%,特异度为80%[19]。2021年的一项研究运用鸟枪法蛋白组学分析了161例受试者的痰液,发现LMNB1、RNASET2、NUCB1、TSPO、LDHB等5种蛋白质的丰度在LTBI组中较阴性社区对照组低,这些蛋白质是诊断LTBI的候选生物标志物[20]。2021年的另一项研究通过液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)对受试者尿液进行分析,发现GPx3、NTM、PVR三蛋白组合可有效区分ATB与LTBI,其特异度为92.3%[21]。另外,CD14、S100A蛋白、载脂蛋白、纤维蛋白原、类黏蛋白及血清淀粉样蛋白A等蛋白在ATB患者体内特异性表达,均具有鉴别诊断ATB与LTBI的潜力[22]
质谱等技术的发展促进了蛋白组学生物标志物的发现,但目前不同研究的结果存在较大差异,可能是受到样本的复杂性、翻译后修饰、蛋白丰度差异等多种因素的影响所致。一方面,蛋白组学与其他组学联用可能有助于提高鉴别结核状态的准确性,另一方面,需要对流程进行标准化以增加结果的可重复性,利用ROC曲线评判诊断潜力、利用独立的数据集或外部数据集进行验证不可或缺。LTBI诊断蛋白组学生物标志物总结见表2
2016年的一项研究对美国6363例LTBI青少年随访2年,并对46例进展者与107例未进展者进行全血转录组测序,发现63个mRNA的相对表达水平在确诊结核病前1年内预测LTBI进展的敏感度为66.1%,特异度为80.6%[23]。2018年的一项研究对4466例非洲LTBI人群随访4年,并对79例进展者与328例未进展者进行RNA测序,发现GAS6、SEPT4、BLK、CD1C组成的生物标志物显著预测了整个试验集的进展,其AUC为67%[24]。2020年一项中位随访时间为346 d的研究从英国的333例结核病患者密切接触者中获取血液转录组学数据,发现BATF2、GBP5、SCARF1组成的生物标志物预测LTBI进展的阳性预测值为50%,阴性预测值为99.3%[25]
2020年的一项Meta分析纳入南非、埃塞俄比亚、冈比亚与英国的1126份样本,对17个全血mRNA预测标志物进行评估,发现其中8个mRNA标志物能预测未来3个月内的结核发病风险,敏感性为47.1%~81.0%,特异性为90.9%~94.8%[26]。2021年一项研究对LTBI伴硅沉着病患者随访37个月,通过对2例进展者与匹配的4例未进展者进行RNA测序,发现20个结核病特异性差异表达基因在结核病进展者中明显下调,可用于识别硅沉着病患者LTBI进展的风险[27]
非编码RNA指不参与蛋白质编码的RNA,近年来作为预测LTBI进展的生物标志物备受关注[28]。2018年的一项研究对南非与乌干达结核指示病例的家庭密切接触者血清miRNA测量值进行机器学习分析,发现47个miRNA所组成的特征在一个独立的120人测试组中可显著区分6个月内进展为ATB的家庭接触者与保持健康的家庭接触者,其ROC曲线的AUC为74%[29]。2022年的一项研究对7505例LTBI者随访5年,通过对20例LTBI进展者与20例按年龄、性别配比的未进展者的血清进行miRNA测序,发现hsa-miR-451a、hsa-miR-16-5p的精度召回率曲线(precision recall curve,PRC)的AUC分别为86%、87%,调整协变量后,hsa-miR-451a的AUC为78%,有望应用于预测LTBI的进展[30]。与LTBI进展相关的转录组学生物标志物总结见表3
新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)大流行导致结核病的病例报告数大幅减少,有研究表明,全球结核病防控工作倒退约10年,结核病相关的死亡与结构性肺病可能长期增加[31]。LTBI的诊治是热点及难点问题,生物标志物有助于早期诊断LTBI患者以及预测LTBI进展,有利于筛选LTBI进展高风险人群并对其进行预防性治疗。因此,高特异度、高敏感度的生物标志物在LTBI诊断中具有广阔的应用前景,但目前关于LTBI生物标志物的研究仍有部分问题亟待解决。
目前,部分探究LTBI生物标志物的人群研究仍然存在着研究对象定义不够标准的问题,对LTBI与ATB的定义不同可能会造成研究间可比性较差。为了便于生物标志物的推广,有必要通过德尔菲法等形成指南与共识,统一研究对象的纳入排除标准。另外,检测平台的不同也会造成研究结果的差异,以二代测序平台为例,Roche 454高通量测序平台读长较长但错误率较高,Illumina Solexa高通量测序平台读长较短但错误率较低,因此,研究者应对其检测方法进行详尽的描述,以便后续研究能够进行有效重复。
目前报道的探究LTBI生物标志物的研究样本量差异较大,部分研究样本量较小,可能会造成结论冲突、无法反映人群整体真实情况等后果。在筛选LTBI生物标志物的队列研究中,研究对象面临的风险通常较小,因此可以适当增加样本量,以保证试验结论的可靠性。理想的样本量必须足够大,以便能可靠地回答研究提出的相关问题,同时又不能太大而造成浪费,具体可以根据试验设计及统计特征,采用正确的估计方法计算出样本量,然后进行适当调整。
一些LTBI生物标志物研究为单中心探索性研究,存在着试验结论可重复性与准确性不高等问题,因此,有必要在不同人群中实施交叉验证。多中心的交叉验证有利于在较短时间内搜集足量的样本,确保样本更具备代表性,提升试验可信性;另外大量临床研究机构与研究者参与研究,有利于提升试验的设计、实施及结果分析水准。
预测LTBI进展及鉴别LTBI与ATB的生物标志物的研究还处在较初期阶段,目前发现的一些生物标志物的敏感度及特异度还有待提高。一方面,通过不同的组学方法能筛选出大量潜在的宿主生物标志物,但由于结核病与其他传染病可能具有相似的宿主反应,导致筛选得到的生物标志物诊断结核病的特异度可能不高,因此有必要通过纳入排除标准进一步限制研究人群,从而提高生物标志物的特异度。另一方面,为了切实提高生物标志物的敏感度及特异度,可以进一步研究开发模型算法,基于多组学发掘新的生物标志物。
整合不同来源的样本信息及组学数据(基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学等),能够对结核病的疾病过程进行综合分析[32]。生物标志物除应用于鉴别ATB与LTBI外,还可用于发病机制、结核病治疗、预测LTBI进展、结核耐药、疫苗保护等方面的研究。总之,随着算法的优化以及转录组学测序、蛋白检测等技术的进步,未来有望得到可应用于临床的与结核病有关的生物标志物。
  • 四川省科技厅国际合作项目(2017HH0080)
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2023年第48卷第6期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0627
  • 接收时间:2022-07-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-28
  • 录用日期:2022-10-15
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International Cooperation Project of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(2017HH0080)
四川省科技厅国际合作项目(2017HH0080)
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    四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,四川成都 610041
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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