Article(id=1203002056975015982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203002056400396334, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0634, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1663171200000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1667059200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-10-30, onlineDate=1764747641079, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1687881600000, pubDateStr=2023-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764747641079, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764747641079, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764747641079, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203002056400396334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='6', pageStart='627', pageEnd='748', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764747640943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764747714497, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203002364979540735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203002056400396334, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203002364979540736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1203002056400396334, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=634, endPage=642, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203002057264422961, articleId=1203002056975015982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Current situation and prevention and treatment of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, columnId=1203002057176342576, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculosis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a reservoir for incident tuberculosis disease, and is a constant source of new patients. 5% to 10% of the LTBI patients will develop active tuberculosis in their lifetime, and the incidence rate is higher in high-risk population. The United Nations High-Level Meeting on Tuberculosis called for a focus on LTBI management to control in 2018, further could reduce the incidence of TB due to reactivation in patients with LTBI. This paper discusses the disease burden, epidemic status, patient management, and prevention strategies, providing reference for formulating LTBI prevention strategies in China.

, correspAuthors=Shi-Ming Cheng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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结核潜伏感染(LTBI)是结核病发病的蓄水池,也是持续不断的新发患者的来源。5%~10%的LTBI者一生中会发展为活动性结核病,在LTBI高危人群中发病风险更高。LTBI是结核病疫情难以控制的主要原因之一。2018年,第一次联合国大会结核病高级别会议呼吁重点关注LTBI的管理,控制和减少LTBI者由于重新激活而导致结核病的发病。本文就LTBI的疾病负担、流行现状、发病风险、患者管理及防治策略等进行系统论述,为制定我国LTBI的防治策略提供参考。

, correspAuthors=成诗明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
成诗明,E-mail:
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马艳,研究员,教授,主要从事传染病流行病学及预防控制等方面的工作

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结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染现状及防控对策
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马艳 1 , 陆伟 2 , 成诗明 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 结核病的预防、诊断与治疗专题 2023,48(6): 634-642
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解放军医学杂志 | 结核病的预防、诊断与治疗专题 2023, 48(6): 634-642
结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染现状及防控对策
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马艳1, 陆伟2, 成诗明3, *
作者信息
  • 1中国中医科学院中医临床基础医学研究所,北京 100700
  • 2江苏省疾病预防控制中心,江苏南京 210009
  • 3中国防痨协会,北京 100710
  • 马艳,研究员,教授,主要从事传染病流行病学及预防控制等方面的工作

通讯作者:

成诗明,E-mail:
Current situation and prevention and treatment of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Yan Ma1, Wei Lu2, Shi-Ming Cheng3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
  • 2Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
  • 3Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Beijing 100710, China
出版时间: 2023-06-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0634
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结核潜伏感染(LTBI)是结核病发病的蓄水池,也是持续不断的新发患者的来源。5%~10%的LTBI者一生中会发展为活动性结核病,在LTBI高危人群中发病风险更高。LTBI是结核病疫情难以控制的主要原因之一。2018年,第一次联合国大会结核病高级别会议呼吁重点关注LTBI的管理,控制和减少LTBI者由于重新激活而导致结核病的发病。本文就LTBI的疾病负担、流行现状、发病风险、患者管理及防治策略等进行系统论述,为制定我国LTBI的防治策略提供参考。

分枝杆菌,结核  /  结核潜伏感染  /  风险  /  管理

Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a reservoir for incident tuberculosis disease, and is a constant source of new patients. 5% to 10% of the LTBI patients will develop active tuberculosis in their lifetime, and the incidence rate is higher in high-risk population. The United Nations High-Level Meeting on Tuberculosis called for a focus on LTBI management to control in 2018, further could reduce the incidence of TB due to reactivation in patients with LTBI. This paper discusses the disease burden, epidemic status, patient management, and prevention strategies, providing reference for formulating LTBI prevention strategies in China.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis  /  latent tuberculosis infection  /  risk  /  management
马艳, 陆伟, 成诗明. 结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染现状及防控对策. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (6) : 634 -642 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0634
Yan Ma, Wei Lu, Shi-Ming Cheng. Current situation and prevention and treatment of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (6) : 634 -642 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0634
结核病是由结核分枝杆菌感染引起的慢性全身性疾病,是严重的全球公共卫生问题,也是我国政府重点控制的疾病之一[1-3]。结核潜伏感染(latent tuberculosis infection,LTBI)是一个庞大的“结核病蓄水池”,也是持续不断的新发患者的来源。有研究表明,5%~10%的LTBI者会发展为活动性结核病[4-5]。LTBI是结核病疫情难以控制的主要原因之一。2015年,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)提出了“终止结核病流行策略”的目标,将系统筛查和预防性治疗LTBI者作为终止结核病策略的重要内容[6]。2018年,第一次联合国大会结核病高级别会议呼吁加速推进LTBI的筛查及预防性治疗,控制并减少LTBI者由于重新激活而导致的新发结核病[7-8]。了解全球LTBI的流行现状及影响因素,对制定我国LTBI防治策略具有十分重要的意义。
2021年WHO报告显示,全球有1/4的人感染了结核分枝杆菌(MTB),估算LTBI人数约20亿,其中15岁以下儿童LTBI人数为9700万,占感染总人数的6%[1]。西太平洋、东南亚和非洲地区是LTBI高负担地区,约占全球感染总人数的75.2%。在WHO六大地区中,西太平洋地区LTBI者数量最多,占32.1%,最低为欧洲地区(6.95%)。不同国家的调查表明,不同性别的LTBI率不同,女性LTBI率为2.28%(约旦)~44.25%(越南),男性为2.70%(约旦)~43.79%(南非)。不同年龄组人群LTBI率差异较大,LTBI感染者集中在20~79岁成年人群[9]
WHO根据结核病流行率的估计数以及修订后的Styblo法则,对168个国家的年结核分枝杆菌感染风险趋势重新建立了数学模型,结果显示2014年全球LTBI负担为23.0%,估算约17亿LTBI者[10]。一项包括36个国家88项研究的Meta分析结果显示,基于γ干扰素释放试验(interferon-gamma release assay,IGRA)及结核菌素皮肤试验(tuberculin skin test,TST)的全球LTBI率分别为24.8%及21.2%[11]。Mancuso等[12]报道,在美国6岁以上人群中,LTBI率低于5%。Collins等[13]对非美国出生的127个国家的HIV阴性及年龄≥5岁人群进行LTBI筛查,结果显示总LTBI率为31%,出生在海地、秘鲁、索马里、埃塞俄比亚、越南及不丹的人群LTBI率较高,为42%~55%,出生在哥伦比亚、马来西亚及泰国的人群LTBI率较低,为8%~13%。在爱尔兰开展的一项研究表明,4.8%的人群LTBI检测结果为阳性[14]
近年来,不同国家和地区陆续开展了LTBI调查,覆盖了不同的人群,包括在移民、难民、寻求庇护者、羁押人群、卫生保健工作者、肺结核患者密切接触者、人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者及吸毒者等高危人群。
Baauw等[15]进行的Meta分析结果表明,移民/难民中儿童LTBI率约为11%。在意大利罗马开展的未成年移民LTBI筛查结果显示,该人群LTBI率为12%[16]。有研究对居住或最近抵达瑞典的移民儿童及青少年(0~17岁)人群进行LTBI筛查,结果显示其LTBI率为17%[17]。在荷兰开展的研究显示,移民中的LTBI率为17%[18]。越南对美国移民签证申请人进行了一项前瞻性LTBI筛查研究,发现其LTBI率为21%[19]。有研究对居住在韩国的移民开展了LTBI筛查,发现其LTBI率为28.1%[20]。意大利对撒哈拉以南非洲和亚洲男性移民进行筛查,发现其LTBI率为29.6%[21]。西班牙对新到达的移民进行LTBI筛查发现,来自撒哈拉以南地区移民的LTBI率高达70%[22]。一项Meta分析纳入52项研究难民和寻求庇护者的LTBI率,共有271 544例接受了LTBI筛查,其中233 688例是难民,27 960例是寻求庇护者,不同国家不同研究的结果差异较大,LTBI率为0.41%~81.47%,来自古巴的难民最低(0.41%),来自朝鲜的难民最高(81.47%)[23]。综上,经济水平不发达的国家和地区的移民、难民及寻求庇护者LTBI率较高。
监管场所的羁押人群中LTBI率较高,但不同国家和地区的结果差异较大。Herrera等[24]对美国哥伦比亚监狱的羁押人群进行LTBI筛查,结果发现长期监禁的羁押人群LTBI率为70.45%,而入狱时LTBI率为46.38%。del Corral等[25]研究发现,刚入狱羁押人群的LTBI率为42.7%。Guerra等[26]研究发现,入狱1年以上的羁押人群LTBI率为67.6%。英国羁押人群的LTBI率为11.5%[27],澳大利亚为14.0%[28],意大利为17.9%[29],加拿大为32.3%[30],西班牙为40.3%~54.6%[31-32],瑞士为46.9%[33],埃塞俄比亚为51.2%[34],伊朗为62.58%[35],哥伦比亚为67.6%[35],巴西为73%[36],而马来西亚高达88.81%[37]。一项研究对监狱羁押人群中LTBI的筛查情况进行系统综述发现,结核病中、高负担国家平均LTBI率为73.0%,低负担国家为40.3%[38]。尽管不同国家和地区监管场所羁押人群LTBI率差异较大,但监管场所羁押人群的LTBI率均高于一般人群。有研究表明,“较长的监禁时间”和“有监禁史”为LTBI高流行的危险因素[38]。因此,加强监管场所羁押人员LTBI的筛查和预防性治疗十分重要。
卫生保健工作者由于职业暴露而增加了LTBI的感染风险。意大利开展的一项针对卫生保健工作者的LTBI筛查发现,其LTBI率较低,仅为4.2%[39],而泰国该数据为16%[40]。印度TST筛查的LTBI率为21%,γ干扰素释放试验QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-Tube(QFT-GIT)筛查的LTBI率为23%[41],沙特阿拉伯为24%[42]。一项Meta分析纳入57项针对25个低发病率国家的31 431例卫生保健工作者进行LTBI筛查的研究,结果表明,卫生保健工作者的LTBI率为0.9%~85.5%。其中北美和西太平洋国家的LTBI率较低(<5%),而东地中海国家LTBI率较高(19.4%);欧洲的调查结果差异较大,为1.1%~85.5%;该Meta分析还发现,即使在低发病率国家,卫生保健工作者的LTBI率也在逐年增高[43]。因此,应重视LTBI的职业风险,将LTBI筛查纳入职业体检的内容,并开展高质量的研究分析职业暴露的高危因素。
肺结核患者密切接触者是结核分枝杆菌感染的主要高危人群。Reichler等[44]对美国和加拿大成人肺结核患者的密切接触者进行LTBI筛查,结果发现其LTBI率为46%,其中2027例美国/加拿大出生的接触者LTBI率为31%,而非美国/加拿大出生的接触者LTBI率为76%。Ghanaiee等[45]对伊朗的两个结核病高负担省份进行家庭密切接触者筛查发现,其LTBI率高达63.2%。因此,应将肺结核患者密切接触者(包括家庭成员,同宿舍、同班同学等)作为LTBI筛查和预防性治疗的重点人群。
Friedman等[46]对美国152 831例HIV感染者进行LTBI筛查,发现其LTBI率为17.2%。Koesoemadinata等[47]报道印度尼西亚糖尿病人群中LTBI率为38.9%,65岁及以上糖尿病老人中LTBI率为42%。波兰监狱工作人员的LTBI率为16.6%[48]。西班牙巴塞罗那某戒毒中心的吸毒人员LTBI率为33.2%[49]。墨西哥某医学院校的学生LTBI率为20.6%[50]。印度的住院医师和护理学生LTBI率为30%[51]。美国的65岁及以上糖尿病患者LTBI率为13.1%[52]。巴西213例肝移植患者的LTBI率为16.4%[53]。日本118例血液透析患者的LTBI率为11.9%[54]。系统性红斑狼疮患者感染结核的风险是健康人群的5~15倍[55]。高危人群的LTBI率较高,故应在肺结核高危人群中开展关于LTBI的高质量研究,进一步明确其相关因素并采取针对性措施,这对降低结核病发病率具有重要意义。
2000年第四次我国结核病流行病学调查结果显示,全年龄组结核菌素皮肤试验硬结平均直径≥10 mm者占28.3%,以此推算当时全国LTBI人数约为3.6亿[56]。近年来,对我国不同地区、不同人群的LTBI状况均有研究报道,但由于检测方法和社会人口学特征不同,其结果存在较大差异。高磊等[57]综合2013年多中心的基于γ干扰素释放试验的LTBI流行病学调查数据和2013-2019年全国各县(区)肺结核报告发病率等数据,利用小样本的纠偏空间统计推断模型,估算2013年我国5周岁及以上人群LTBI率为18.1%,15周岁及以上人群LTBI率为20.3%,感染率随年龄增长而升高,同年龄段内男性高于女性,该模型估算我国LTBI人数约2.5亿。
不同年龄段学生的LTBI率不同。徐青龙等[58]对山西运城市农村寄宿制学校的学生进行LTBI筛查发现,小学、初中及高中LTBI率分别为4.28%、2.87%及10.73%。张琳等[59]报道西安市7所小学新生纯蛋白衍生物(purified protein derivative,PPD)试验总体阳性率为26.7%,其中女生为27.7%,男生为25.8%。王坤鹏等[60]报道新疆某中小学学生TST阳性率为6.07%,小学组、初中组及高中组分别为5.23%、6.27%及10.34%。马聪兴等[61]报道北京市朝阳区55所高中新生的结核感染率为5.40%,其中职业类高中高于普通高中(7.29% vs.4.24%),男生高于女生(6.21% vs. 4.38%)。柳巍等[62]报道西安市高校新生的PPD阳性率为27.85%,其中女生为29.79%,男生为25.91%。上述研究结果提示,LTBI率随着年龄的增长呈增高趋势,且不同性别间差异较大。
近年来,我国北京、上海、广东、四川及广西等省(市、自治区)在肺结核高危人群中开展了LTBI筛查。陈静等[63]报道上海市徐汇区和长宁区老年2型糖尿病患者LTBI率为14.1%。张霞等[64]对上海社区老年糖尿病患者进行LTBI筛查,结果显示其LTBI率为17.21%。Gao等[65]报道中国农村部分地区人群LTBI率为18.81%,其中60岁以上人群LTBI率为31.38%。钟涛等[66]对深圳市南山区老年人、企业人员、看守所人员、密切接触者及学生等5类人群进行LTBI筛查发现,老年人群LTBI率最高,为44.85%,其次为密切接触者(31.54%)和看守所人员(29.35%)。谢欣等[67]对上海市某区肺结核患者的密切接触者进行调查,发现其LTBI率为20%,60岁以上老年密切接触者LTBI率为42.1%。谢周华等[68]在南宁对HIV/艾滋病(AIDS)患者进行LTBI筛查,发现其LTBI率为17.23%。王宋兴等[69]研究发现,深圳市无偿献血者中LTBI率为20.0%。Guo等[70]开展了一项包含了20项研究共9654例医务工作者LTBI筛查情况的Meta分析,结果显示其LTBI率为51.5%(27.9%~88.8%)。梁倩等[71]研究,发现四川省某院硅沉着病住院患者中LTBI率为46.89%。祁雪等[72]对北京市儿童医院住院儿童进行了LTBI筛查,发现IGRA筛查阳性率为1.00%,TST筛查阳性率为3.36%。来自中国台北的一项研究发现,静脉注射吸毒人群的LTBI率为37.2%[73]
综上,高危人群或重点人群的LTBI率较高,不同国家、不同地区及不同人群的LTBI率差异较大,其原因与不同地区、不同人群的结核病疫情现状、调查对象、诊断技术及方法等不同有关。
LTBI是一个非常复杂的免疫病理状态,机体的多种免疫细胞及因子参与了抗结核免疫应答。其中,肺泡巨噬细胞和CD4+辅助性T细胞1(Th1)及其相互作用构成了应答的核心环节。机体感染结核分枝杆菌后可能出现以下三种情况:(1)结核分枝杆菌被消灭;(2)结核分枝杆菌被抑制,但未被消灭,呈LTBI状态;(3)结核分枝杆菌呈现明显的复制并出现活动性结核病的临床症状。结核分枝杆菌感染的最终结局主要取决于宿主免疫系统与病原菌之间的相互作用,此外还受结核病疫情现况、防控策略、社会经济及生活环境等因素的影响。
(1)合并症:合并糖尿病、HIV感染或其他免疫系统疾病等均可增加LTBI的发生风险[6774-76]。(2)高危职业:结核病专科医院、监管场所的医务人员及屠宰场工人等发生LTBI的风险较高[77-79]。(3)年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒及卡介苗接种史等都是影响LTBI发生的因素[64-6580-83]
Aissa等[83]研究发现,出生自结核病发病率高于25/10万的国家是发生LTBI的高危因素。还有研究表明,来自结核病高负担国家的移民入境至结核病低负担国家或地区,将增加结核病低负担入境国家及地区的LTBI负担[10]
暴露强度主要指健康人与传染性结核病患者(指示病例)接触的频率、接触距离、接触时长及暴露浓度。密切接触者的LTBI风险明显高于普通人群,且随接触程度增加而递增[7983-84];家庭密切接触者与指示病例接触频率高、接触距离短,如果在密闭的空间,通风不良,更容易感染并发展为结核病;指示病例与接触者的亲属关系、亲密程度(如共同居住等)、接触时长等都是导致接触者发生LTBI的因素[43-4467]。此外,指示病例的病变程度、咳嗽咳痰等症状、是否及时发现和治疗等,都会影响周围人群的感染风险。指示病例痰液中结核分枝杆菌含量大、胸部影像学检查出现空洞、咳嗽咳痰频发等,均会对周围人群造成较大的感染风险[83]
研究表明,较低的社会经济地位、教育及生活水平等均会对LTBI带来负面影响[85-87]。印度的一项研究发现,农民较低的社会经济地位和恶劣的生活条件是LTBI的高风险因素[87];此外,密闭的空间、工作场所通风不良均会增加结核分枝杆菌扩散的风险;营养不良、贫困、劳动强度大等都是LTBI及结核发病的高危因素[88]
新冠肺炎的全球大流行给全球结核病防控带来了负面影响,主要表现在公共卫生服务体系受损、资金投入减少,结核病患者就诊、诊断及治疗延误或中断,结核病发现人数和治疗人数减少,传播增多,增加了LTBI感染的风险,结核病死亡人数增多[19]。有研究表明,LTBI可能会使新冠肺炎患者住院期间发生并发症的风险增加[89]。也有研究显示新冠肺炎增加了LTBI的发生风险,如Chen等[90]发现在新冠肺炎患者中IGRA阳性率为36%,且IGRA阳性与新冠肺炎严重程度及疾病进展率有关。目前尚未见评估新冠肺炎与结核病双向影响的长期效应的报道。因此,应开展相应的研究以采取针对性的应对策略。
尽管目前LTBI筛查受到越来越多的关注,但要结合本国的经济及结核病流行情况(包括公共卫生水平及传播情况)等因素,切实做好LTBI筛查,探索出LTBI管理的新路径,使其成为终止结核病策略的技术支撑,仍面临诸多困难和挑战,需要进一步加强相关工作。主要建议如下:
将LTBI筛查纳入各级结核病防治规划,加强多部门合作,增加经费投入,提高高危人群主动筛查的积极性,同时提高医务人员的积极性,确保工作得到有效落实,促进工作有序可持续性开展。
传统的LTBI检测方法包括TST和IGRA两种方法[91-94]。TST经济、简单、易行,适合大规模人群筛查,用于结核感染的筛查诊断已有上百年的历史。结核菌素有200多种抗原成分,其中,部分与卡介苗及非结核分枝杆菌的抗原成分相同,容易发生交叉反应。但PPD抗原成分复杂,其特异性易受卡介苗接种及非结核分枝杆菌感染的影响。IGRA为体外血液检测,在全球应用多年,是采用结核分枝杆菌蛋白质的多肽抗原刺激效应T淋巴细胞分泌γ干扰素,检测并定量分析γ干扰素的浓度,判断是否存在结核分枝杆菌特异性细胞免疫反应。因采用特异性抗原[ESAT-6、CFP-10及TB7.7(p4)],其在卡介苗及绝大多数环境分枝杆菌中都缺如,具有较好的特异度及敏感度。但该方法检测成本较高,操作需要在实验室进行,在基层使用有一定的局限性[95]。我国自主研发的重组结核杆菌融合蛋白(EC)试验是一种新型结核菌素皮肤试验(creation tuberculin skin test,C-TST),除具有皮肤试验的特点外,因该试剂由特异性抗原ESAT-6、CFP-10组成,在卡介苗菌及绝大多数环境分枝杆菌中缺失,故试验结果不受卡介苗接种及非结核分枝杆菌感染的影响,具有较好的特异度及敏感度[92-94]。2022年,WHO系统评估了全球3种基于结核杆菌特异性抗原(ESAT-6、CFP-10)的皮肤试验试剂,包括我国自主研发的EC、印度血清研究所研发的C-tb及俄罗斯研究的Diaskintest。该评估认为,结核杆菌特异性抗原皮肤试验(TBST)是准确、可接受、可行且具有成本效益的,对LTBI诊断具有较好的敏感度及特异度,是TST使用半个多世纪以来的重大进步。EC是近百年来全球第一款用于结核病诊断、结核杆菌感染诊断的生物制品[96]。这对确保每个需要的人都能获得结核感染的快速及准确诊断,挽回生命,减少痛苦,预防和最终消除结核病流行至关重要。在今后的LTBI防控工作中,应深入开展EC等其他新技术及新方法的相关研究,促进新技术的推广应用。
LTBI人数多,需要在LTBI高危人群及重点人群中开展预防性治疗。LTBI高危人群包括:活动性肺结核患者的密切接触者、学生、羁押人员、从事结核病诊疗的医务人员、无家可归者、来自高流行地区的流动人口、糖尿病血糖控制不良者、HIV感染者、硅沉着病患者、静脉注射吸毒人群、低体重人群及长期应用激素或其他免疫抑制剂的人群等。LTBI的预防包括化学预防及免疫预防。化学预防主要参照《中国结核病预防控制工作技术规范(2020年版)》的LTBI预防性治疗方案,包括单用异烟肼、异烟肼联合利福平、异烟肼联合利福喷丁、单用利福平等方案。近年来,LTBI免疫预防研究有了新的突破,WHO陆续公布了十余项正在开展的结核病疫苗研究,包括用于LTBI人群的免疫预防性疫苗研究[997-98]。我国自主研发上市了“注射用母牛分枝杆菌”,用于预防LTBI人群发生结核病,具有安全、保护效果稳定、疗程短等优势。该技术的突破为我国LTBI人群的预防性治疗提供了新的方法,对促进LTBI防控策略及措施的完善,进一步控制结核病具有重要作用。
积极深入开展LTBI相关研究,做好LTBI患者个案管理,收集更多相关高危人群及重点人群的LTBI数据,结合本地区的实际情况,制定切实可行、具有较高成本效益的筛查策略。做好登记工作,健全监督及评价机制。在开展LTBI筛查的各级单位均应建立登记制度,定期进行统计分析。此外,应建立完善的监督管理制度,设立评价指标,定时进行质量考核和评估,促进LTBI防治工作的可持续开展。
与健康人群相比,LTBI患者的心理健康状况较差[99],且存在恐惧、焦虑及耻辱感,主要是由于社区中缺乏对LTBI知识及信息的宣传而导致患者对LTBI致命性及传染性的误解[100-101]。因此应加强对LTBI患者心理及社会方面的关注,做好相应的人文关怀,将社会心理支持及干预措施与向当地社区有效传播LTBI信息结合起来,并对卫生保健工作者进行持续培训,以减少LTBI患者的焦虑和恐惧心理,从而提高其健康相关的生活质量。
进一步加大LTBI防治知识的宣传力度及深度,同时把LTBI的危害性及主动筛查的重要性等以多种形式、多个维度进行深入宣传,切实有效地提高LTBI防治知识的知晓率。
综上所述,目前全球及我国的LTBI负担均较重,防治形势严峻,要实现2035年终止结核病流行的目标,必须多措并举,既要主动抓肺结核患者的发现及治疗管理,也要系统性地抓LTBI的筛查管理。WHO发布的《潜伏结核感染管理指南》强调从LTBI高危人群筛查、检测、治疗、不良事件监测、坚持及完成治疗、监测及评价工作等方面提供全球性的建议和指导,可为我国开展LTBI筛查提供参考。但目前我国尚未形成成熟的系统性干预策略,针对LTBI的管理仍需要探索一条适合高负担国家的新路径。作为结核病及LTBI高负担国家,我国对于LTBI者的发现及管理还存在欠缺。因此,建议各级医疗卫生机构建立LTBI筛查及登记上报机制,完善预防性治疗对象的判定标准、服药管理流程、疗效评估等制度体系,推动、完善我国LTBI的防治策略及措施,促进终结结核病流行目标的实现。
  • “十三五”国家科技重大专项(2018ZX10722301-004)
  • “十二五”国家科技重大专项(2014ZX0003001-002)
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2023年第48卷第6期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2023.06.0634
  • 接收时间:2022-09-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-15
  • 录用日期:2022-10-30
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Major National Science and Technology Projects in the 13th Five Year Plan(2018ZX10722301-004)
“十三五”国家科技重大专项(2018ZX10722301-004)
Major National Science and Technology Projects in the 12th Five Year Plan(2014ZX0003001-002)
“十二五”国家科技重大专项(2014ZX0003001-002)
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    1中国中医科学院中医临床基础医学研究所,北京 100700
    2江苏省疾病预防控制中心,江苏南京 210009
    3中国防痨协会,北京 100710

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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