Article(id=1202979644464132891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2685.2023.0111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1637078400000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1662566400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-09-08, onlineDate=1764742297521, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1690473600000, pubDateStr=2023-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764742297521, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764742297521, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764742297521, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1202979639087030850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='7', pageStart='749', pageEnd='870', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764742296239, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764742346610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1202979850442203282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1202979850442203283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=816, endPage=822, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1202979644757734195, articleId=1202979644464132891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Papillary tumor of the pineal region: report of three cases and review of the literature, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the clinical features and pathological diagnosis of 3 cases of pineal region papillary tumor(PTPR), and review the related literature. Methods Three cases of PTPR patients were collected in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2012 to March 2021, and studied by HE staining and immunohistochemistry to observe its histological morphology and immunohistochemical phenotype. Combined with reviewing the relevant literature to understand the molecular characteristics of the disease and find potential therapeutic targets. Results The first symptom in the three PTPR patients were headache and intracranial hypertension. Histological examination showed that PTPR tumor cells formed a single-layer or stratified papillary structure surrounding the vascular. The distribution of the tumor cells had polarity, with more abundant cells near the vascular. Immunohistochemistry reveals strong reactivity for AE1/AE3, CAM5.2, cytokeratin 18 (CK18) and pair box 8(PAX8). The staining for vimentin (VIM) showed positive which is especially dense in cells near the vessel. The staining for nervous marker S-100 displayed diffuse positive in two cases while focal positive in the other one, while both glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) and oligodendrocyte transcription-2 (OLIG-2) were negative in all the three cases. PTEN expression deficiency and p-Akt positive expression in the three cases. Literature reviews obtained 9 reports relevant to the molecular mechanism of PTPR, with 7 of them using genomic hybridization to detect chromosomal alterations in 29(29/62) patients, among which chromosome 10 loss and chromosome 8 gain were observed in 96.6%(28/29) cases and 57.1%(16/28) cases, respectively. Conclusions Exhibiting specific papillary structures, PTPR displayed specific immunohistochemical characteristics, which is helpful for diagnosis. PTEN protein deletion and positive expression of p-Akt and PAX8 suggested that PAX8, PTEN and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathways played a potential role in the occurrence and development of PTPR and may become potential therapy targets.

, correspAuthors=Wei Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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目的 分析3例松果体区乳头状肿瘤(PTPR)患者的临床特征和病理诊断,并进行文献复习。方法 选择2012年1月-2021年3月新疆医科大学第一附属医院收治的3例PTPR患者,通过HE染色和免疫组化染色观察手术切除标本的组织学形态及免疫组化表型特点,结合文献复习了解该病的相关分子特征并寻找潜在的治疗靶点。结果 3例PTPR患者均以头痛及颅内压增高为首发症状。组织学形态为肿瘤细胞围绕血管形成单层或复层乳头状结构,且细胞呈极性分布(近血管侧胞质丰富)。免疫组化检测显示3例广谱细胞角蛋白(AE1/AE3)、极低分子量角蛋白(CAM5.2)、角蛋白18(CK18)、配对盒蛋白8(PAX8)呈弥漫强阳性;波形蛋白(VIM)阳性,靠近血管端胞质浓染明显;2例神经胶质标志物酸性钙结合蛋白(S-100)呈弥漫阳性,1例呈灶状阳性;3例胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、少突胶质细胞转录因子2(OLIG-2)均呈阴性。3例PTEN表达缺失,p-Akt呈阳性表达。英文文献检索PTPR报道中涉及分子检测9篇,其中7篇运用基因组杂交比对检测29例(29/62)PTPR患者的染色体改变,发现96.6%(28/29)的患者10号染色体缺失、57.1%(16/28)的患者8号染色体增加。结论 PTPR呈特定的乳头状结构,免疫组化特征有助于诊断。PTEN蛋白缺失及p-Akt、PAX8阳性表达提示PAX8、PTEN和PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路在PTPR的发生发展中具有一定作用,可能成为潜在的治疗靶点。

, correspAuthors=张巍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张巍,E-mail:
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马倩,硕士研究生,主要从事中枢神经系统肿瘤诊治方面的研究

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马倩,硕士研究生,主要从事中枢神经系统肿瘤诊治方面的研究

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Neurol India, 2021, 69(5): 1153-1164., articleTitle=Pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) and papillary tumor of pineal region (PTPR): a review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203005090991927720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979644464132891, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=112, issue=2, pageStart=223, pageEnd=231, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Fauchon F, Hasselblatt M, Jouvet A, journalName=J Neurooncol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fauchon F, Hasselblatt M, Jouvet A, et al. Role of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy in papillary tumors of the pineal region: a multicenter study[J]. 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Curr Oncol, 2021, 28(2): 1274-1279., articleTitle=PTEN R130Q papillary tumor of the pineal region (PTPR) with chromosome 10 loss successfully treated with everolimus: a case report, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1203005088131412267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979644464132891, awardId=2021D01C340, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2021D01C340), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203005088211104044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979644464132891, awardId=2021D01C340, language=CN, fundingSource=新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金(2021D01C340), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203005084331372646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979644464132891, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203005084343955560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979644464132891, companyId=1203005084331372646, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203005084352344169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979644464132891, companyId=1203005084331372646, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=新疆医科大学第一附属医院病理科,新疆乌鲁木齐 830054)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203005087049281785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979644464132891, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=

Comparison of brain magnetic resonance scan images before and after surgical treatment of the second PTPR patient

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The typical histopathological features of PTPR

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A. 肿瘤细胞呈实性乳头状排列(HE ×40);B. 肿瘤细胞呈上皮样,围绕血管呈乳头状排列,靠近血管侧细胞胞质丰富(HE×400);C. 肿瘤细胞AE1/AE3呈阳性表达,定位于肿瘤细胞膜(免疫组化 ×100);D. 肿瘤细胞波形蛋白(VIM)阳性表达,定位于肿瘤细胞质(免疫组化 ×100);E. 肿瘤细胞CD56阳性表达,定位于肿瘤细胞质及细胞膜(免疫组化 ×100);F. 肿瘤细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)阴性表达(免疫组化 ×100);G. 肿瘤细胞配对盒蛋白8(PAX8)弥漫阳性表达,定位于肿瘤细胞核(免疫组化 ×100);H. 肿瘤细胞PTEN阴性表达,阳性对照为血管内皮细胞(免疫组化 ×400);I. 肿瘤细胞p-Akt阳性表达,定位于肿瘤细胞质及细胞膜(免疫组化 ×100)

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Clinical data of the three PTPR patients

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序号年龄(岁)性别病史阳性体征MRI手术随访
136.3脑室腹腔引流术后1年,头痛2个月对光反射迟钝,右侧眼睑下垂,眼裂缩小,右侧听力明显下降,右下肢肌力Ⅳ级,右侧Babinski征阳性脑室-腹腔分流术后脑室占位三脑室肿瘤完全切除术后1个月死亡
25.7头痛伴恶心呕吐20 d第三脑室后部占位,考虑室管瘤可能,松果体区肿瘤不除外幕上深部病变切除术,完全切除放疗(16.2 Gy/1.8 Gy/9 f),随访14个月,无复发
351.8间断头痛伴双眼视力下降2年,视物重影1年余松果体区占位,鞍上区异常强化结节,考虑生殖细胞肿瘤可能性大脑干肿瘤切除术,次完全切除放疗(54 Gy/1.8 f/30 f),随访3个月,无复发
), ArticleFig(id=1203005087502266634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979644464132891, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3例松果体区乳头状肿瘤患者的临床资料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号年龄(岁)性别病史阳性体征MRI手术随访
136.3脑室腹腔引流术后1年,头痛2个月对光反射迟钝,右侧眼睑下垂,眼裂缩小,右侧听力明显下降,右下肢肌力Ⅳ级,右侧Babinski征阳性脑室-腹腔分流术后脑室占位三脑室肿瘤完全切除术后1个月死亡
25.7头痛伴恶心呕吐20 d第三脑室后部占位,考虑室管瘤可能,松果体区肿瘤不除外幕上深部病变切除术,完全切除放疗(16.2 Gy/1.8 Gy/9 f),随访14个月,无复发
351.8间断头痛伴双眼视力下降2年,视物重影1年余松果体区占位,鞍上区异常强化结节,考虑生殖细胞肿瘤可能性大脑干肿瘤切除术,次完全切除放疗(54 Gy/1.8 f/30 f),随访3个月,无复发
), ArticleFig(id=1203005087602929935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979644464132891, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Immunophenotype profiles of the three PTPR patients

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序号AE1/AE3VIMCK18CAM5.2EMAS-100GFAPOLIG-2SYNCD56CGANSEp53Ki-67PAX8PTENp-Akt
1++++++++++++++++++++(3%)10%+++(100%)+(15%)
2+++++++++++++++++++++(5%)8%+++(80%)++(40%)
3++++++++++++++++++++(2%)2%+++(100%)++(40%)
), ArticleFig(id=1203005087695204630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979644464132891, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3例松果体区乳头状肿瘤患者的免疫表型

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序号AE1/AE3VIMCK18CAM5.2EMAS-100GFAPOLIG-2SYNCD56CGANSEp53Ki-67PAX8PTENp-Akt
1++++++++++++++++++++(3%)10%+++(100%)+(15%)
2+++++++++++++++++++++(5%)8%+++(80%)++(40%)
3++++++++++++++++++++(2%)2%+++(100%)++(40%)
), ArticleFig(id=1203005087791673625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979644464132891, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Chromosomal alterations of PTPR in previous literatures

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序号缺失(占比)增加(占比)
110号染色体(26/29)8号染色体(16/29)
222号染色体长臂(13/29)12号染色体(13/29)
9号染色体(12/29)
33号染色体(7/29)4号染色体(10/29)
414号染色体(3/29)5号染色体(6/29)
57号染色体(1/29)20号染色体(4/29)
618号染色体(1/29)11号染色体(2/29)
713号染色体(1/29)3号染色体(3/29)
817号染色体(1/29)19号染色体(2/29)
96号染色体长臂(1/29)13号染色体(2/29)
101号染色体(2/29)6号染色体(1/29)
1115号染色体长臂(1/29)18号染色体(2/29)
12X染色体(3/29)15号染色体(1/29)
13Y染色体(1/29)17号染色体(1/29)
), ArticleFig(id=1203005087896531228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979644464132891, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

既往文献报道的松果体区乳头状肿瘤染色体改变

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序号缺失(占比)增加(占比)
110号染色体(26/29)8号染色体(16/29)
222号染色体长臂(13/29)12号染色体(13/29)
9号染色体(12/29)
33号染色体(7/29)4号染色体(10/29)
414号染色体(3/29)5号染色体(6/29)
57号染色体(1/29)20号染色体(4/29)
618号染色体(1/29)11号染色体(2/29)
713号染色体(1/29)3号染色体(3/29)
817号染色体(1/29)19号染色体(2/29)
96号染色体长臂(1/29)13号染色体(2/29)
101号染色体(2/29)6号染色体(1/29)
1115号染色体长臂(1/29)18号染色体(2/29)
12X染色体(3/29)15号染色体(1/29)
13Y染色体(1/29)17号染色体(1/29)
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松果体区乳头状肿瘤3例报告并文献复习
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马倩 , 苏丽萍 , 苗娜 , 刘婷 , 黄晶 , 张巍 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023,48(7): 816-822
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023, 48(7): 816-822
松果体区乳头状肿瘤3例报告并文献复习
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马倩, 苏丽萍, 苗娜, 刘婷, 黄晶, 张巍*
作者信息
  • 新疆医科大学第一附属医院病理科,新疆乌鲁木齐 830054
  • 马倩,硕士研究生,主要从事中枢神经系统肿瘤诊治方面的研究

通讯作者:

张巍,E-mail:
Papillary tumor of the pineal region: report of three cases and review of the literature
Qian Ma, Li-Ping Su, Na Miao, Ting Liu, Jing Huang, Wei Zhang*
Affiliations
  • Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
出版时间: 2023-07-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2685.2023.0111
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目的 分析3例松果体区乳头状肿瘤(PTPR)患者的临床特征和病理诊断,并进行文献复习。方法 选择2012年1月-2021年3月新疆医科大学第一附属医院收治的3例PTPR患者,通过HE染色和免疫组化染色观察手术切除标本的组织学形态及免疫组化表型特点,结合文献复习了解该病的相关分子特征并寻找潜在的治疗靶点。结果 3例PTPR患者均以头痛及颅内压增高为首发症状。组织学形态为肿瘤细胞围绕血管形成单层或复层乳头状结构,且细胞呈极性分布(近血管侧胞质丰富)。免疫组化检测显示3例广谱细胞角蛋白(AE1/AE3)、极低分子量角蛋白(CAM5.2)、角蛋白18(CK18)、配对盒蛋白8(PAX8)呈弥漫强阳性;波形蛋白(VIM)阳性,靠近血管端胞质浓染明显;2例神经胶质标志物酸性钙结合蛋白(S-100)呈弥漫阳性,1例呈灶状阳性;3例胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、少突胶质细胞转录因子2(OLIG-2)均呈阴性。3例PTEN表达缺失,p-Akt呈阳性表达。英文文献检索PTPR报道中涉及分子检测9篇,其中7篇运用基因组杂交比对检测29例(29/62)PTPR患者的染色体改变,发现96.6%(28/29)的患者10号染色体缺失、57.1%(16/28)的患者8号染色体增加。结论 PTPR呈特定的乳头状结构,免疫组化特征有助于诊断。PTEN蛋白缺失及p-Akt、PAX8阳性表达提示PAX8、PTEN和PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路在PTPR的发生发展中具有一定作用,可能成为潜在的治疗靶点。

松果体区乳头状肿瘤  /  临床病理  /  鉴别诊断

Objective To analyze the clinical features and pathological diagnosis of 3 cases of pineal region papillary tumor(PTPR), and review the related literature. Methods Three cases of PTPR patients were collected in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2012 to March 2021, and studied by HE staining and immunohistochemistry to observe its histological morphology and immunohistochemical phenotype. Combined with reviewing the relevant literature to understand the molecular characteristics of the disease and find potential therapeutic targets. Results The first symptom in the three PTPR patients were headache and intracranial hypertension. Histological examination showed that PTPR tumor cells formed a single-layer or stratified papillary structure surrounding the vascular. The distribution of the tumor cells had polarity, with more abundant cells near the vascular. Immunohistochemistry reveals strong reactivity for AE1/AE3, CAM5.2, cytokeratin 18 (CK18) and pair box 8(PAX8). The staining for vimentin (VIM) showed positive which is especially dense in cells near the vessel. The staining for nervous marker S-100 displayed diffuse positive in two cases while focal positive in the other one, while both glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) and oligodendrocyte transcription-2 (OLIG-2) were negative in all the three cases. PTEN expression deficiency and p-Akt positive expression in the three cases. Literature reviews obtained 9 reports relevant to the molecular mechanism of PTPR, with 7 of them using genomic hybridization to detect chromosomal alterations in 29(29/62) patients, among which chromosome 10 loss and chromosome 8 gain were observed in 96.6%(28/29) cases and 57.1%(16/28) cases, respectively. Conclusions Exhibiting specific papillary structures, PTPR displayed specific immunohistochemical characteristics, which is helpful for diagnosis. PTEN protein deletion and positive expression of p-Akt and PAX8 suggested that PAX8, PTEN and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathways played a potential role in the occurrence and development of PTPR and may become potential therapy targets.

papillary tumor of the pineal region  /  clinical pathology  /  differential diagnosis
马倩, 苏丽萍, 苗娜, 刘婷, 黄晶, 张巍. 松果体区乳头状肿瘤3例报告并文献复习. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (7) : 816 -822 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2685.2023.0111
Qian Ma, Li-Ping Su, Na Miao, Ting Liu, Jing Huang, Wei Zhang. Papillary tumor of the pineal region: report of three cases and review of the literature[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (7) : 816 -822 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2685.2023.0111
松果体区乳头状肿瘤(papillary tumor of the pineal region,PTPR)于2007年被世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)收录至中枢神经系统肿瘤分类中[1],其起源于下联合器官的室管膜细胞,具有特征性的乳头状结构和免疫组化特征[2]。由于PTPR发病率低,国内外相关研究均以个案报道为主,因此,更多的病例总结及文献复习对进一步明确其诊断标准、深入阐述其生物学行为和机制具有重要意义。本研究对3例PTPR患者的临床特征、病理形态、免疫组化表现及随访资料进行总结,并进行相关文献复习,以期加深对此类肿瘤的认识并为其临床诊断及治疗提供有效依据。
2012年12月-2020年6月新疆医科大学第一附属医院收治3例PTPR患者,均以头痛伴恶心呕吐为首发症状。
患者1:男,36.3岁,因头痛行脑室-腹腔分流术,术后10个月再次出现头痛,伴对光反射迟钝,右侧眼睑下垂,眼裂缩小,右侧听力明显下降,右下肢肌力Ⅳ级,右侧Babinski征阳性。头颅MRI示脑室-腹腔分流术后脑室占位。
患者2:男,5.7岁,头痛伴恶心呕吐20 d,神经系统检查无病理性体征。头颅MRI示第三脑室后部及松果体区见类圆形以囊性成分为主的占位性病灶,T1WI中央囊性成分呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号,周边可见环形等信号囊壁,增强扫描病灶周围囊壁呈明显环形强化,矢状位病灶位于松果体区突向三脑室后部生长,病灶下缘似可见少量残存松果体结构,增强扫描病灶周围囊壁呈明显环形强化,内亦可见少量分隔强化(图1)。
患者3:女,51.8岁,间断头痛伴双眼视力下降2年,视物重影1年余,神经系统检查无病理性体征。头颅增强MRI表现为第三脑室后部类圆形长T1长T2异常信号,增强后病灶周围呈明显环形强化或病变区域明显强化,考虑为三脑室占位,室管膜瘤或生殖细胞肿瘤可能。
术中见肿瘤呈灰白色(患者1)、黄红色(患者2)或灰红色(患者3),均质软、血供丰富,患者2、3肿瘤底部与周围脑组织界限不清且粘连紧密,术中分块逐步切除至肿瘤完全切除。3例PTPR患者的临床资料如表1所示。
HE染色光镜观察见肿瘤细胞围绕血管形成单层或复层乳头状结构,复层乳头状区域排列紧密,可表现为实性乳头状结构。肿瘤细胞存在极性,即靠近血管缘胞质丰富(图2A、B)。肿瘤细胞呈柱状/立方形,胞质嗜酸性,少部分透亮,细胞核染色质较细腻,可见小核仁及核内包涵体,核分裂象多少不等(1~5个/HPF)。患者1、2送检组织内可见小灶坏死,3例均可见少量肿瘤周围脑组织。
免疫组化染色示3例患者肿瘤组织广谱细胞角蛋白(AE1/AE3)、极低分子量细胞角蛋白(CAM5.2)、细胞角蛋白18(cytokeratin 18,CK18)均呈弥漫强阳性(图2C);上皮膜抗原(epithelial membrane antigen,EMA)均阴性;波形蛋白(vimentin,VIM)均阳性,且靠近血管端胞质浓染明显(图2D)。患者1、2神经胶质标志物酸性钙结合蛋白(S-100)均阳性,患者3局灶阳性;3例神经内分泌标志物CD56均阳性(图2E),1例神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase,NSE)及2例突触素(synapsin,SYN)灶区阳性,3例嗜铬素A(chromogranin A,CgA)均阴性。3例胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)(图2F)及少突胶质细胞转录因子2(oligodendrocyte transcription-2,OLIG-2)均阴性。3例神经元标志物Neu-N均阴性。p53肿瘤细胞3%~5%散在阳性。患者2、3配对盒蛋白8(pair box 8,PAX8)呈弥漫强阳性(图2G),患者1 70%的瘤细胞呈中等强度核阳性。Ki-67示8%~10%的肿瘤细胞阳性。3例PTEN蛋白均阴性(图2H),而p-Akt均呈阳性(图2I)。3例PTPR患者免疫表型如表2所示。
患者1:术后浅昏迷,未行放疗、化疗等进一步治疗,术后1个月死亡。患者2:术后脑室放疗,剂量为16.2 Gy/1.8 Gy/9 f,随访34个月,影像学检查术区未见肿瘤复发。患者3:术后行脑室放疗,剂量为54 Gy/1.8 f/30 f,随访25个月,影像学检查术区未见肿瘤复发(表1)。
以“松果体区乳头状肿瘤”为关键词,检索万方数据库自建库至2022年11月报道的松果体区肿瘤相关文献,共检索到11篇文献,包括病理报道5篇,影像报道4篇,神经外科报道2篇,均未涉及分子改变内容。以“Papillary tumor of the pineal region”为关键词,检索PubMed数据库自建库至2022年11月报道的PTPR相关文献共153篇,筛除松果体区肿瘤相关综述23篇,余130篇中回顾性病例报道121篇,涉及分子检测报道9篇[2-10]
9篇涉及分子检测报道中,6篇为研究性文章,3篇为病例报道;共纳入76例PTPR患者,其中男39例,女37例,发病年龄28.5(1~73)岁,平均发病年龄35.6岁;以头痛、阻塞性脑积水为首发症状18例,复视为主诉3例,颈部疼痛1例。组织学方面,肿瘤细胞呈上皮样形态,围绕纤维血管轴心形成乳头状、片状结构,核分裂象为0~19个/10个HPF,增殖指数Ki-67差异较大(0~32%),部分可见间变形态、微血管增生及坏死。41例行手术治疗,15例术后接受放射治疗,3例术后接受联合放化疗,余病例未报道。41例接受随访(随访时间1~133个月),其中无进展生存22例(1~108个月),复发19例(5~69个月);其中2例发生脊髓播散。
1篇病例报道通过DNA测序方法检测发现1例PTPR复发患者的肿瘤细胞呈IDH1/2野生型[10];1篇研究性文章通过免疫组化检测发现13例PTPR患者的肿瘤细胞BRAF V600E均呈阴性[5];余7篇文献运用基因组杂交比对检测发现了29例(29/62)PTPR患者的染色体改变[2-46-9],其中1例仅提及10号染色体缺失,而其余28例列出了染色体缺失及增加情况:染色体缺失以10号、22q、3号、14号染色体为主,其中27例10号染色体缺失(27/28,96.4%),染色体增加以8号、9号、12号、4号、5号染色体为主,其中16例8号染色体增加(16/28,57.1%)(表3)。值得注意的是,1篇病例报道中应用哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian targets of rapamycin,mTOR)抑制剂减灭PTPR复发瘤体1例[8],该患者存在10号染色体缺失(10号染色体上含PTEN抑癌基因,可编码PTEN蛋白,拮抗PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路);免疫组化检测PTEN蛋白呈阴性表达,p-Akt呈强阳性表达,表明PTPR中10号染色体缺失致使其肿瘤抑制功能缺失,组成性激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路。应用mTOR抑制剂依维莫司19个月后,该患者肿瘤体积缩小(从30 mm×24 mm×22 mm缩小至19 mm×16 mm×14 mm)。Boßelmann等[4]、Belting等[8]和Goschzik等[9]通过免疫组化检测发现PTPR肿瘤组织中PTEN蛋白表达缺失,而p-Akt、p-S6、mTOR蛋白呈强表达,提示PTPR中PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路处于激活状态并起着重要作用,mTOR抑制剂对其具有潜在治疗作用。
松果体区是一个特定的解剖学区域,包括松果体、三脑室后部、上丘脑、四叠体池[11]。松果体区肿瘤是一类罕见疾病,在所有颅内肿瘤中占比不足1%。尽管该区域较小,但该处发生的肿瘤可表现出多种类型及形态,如松果体实质性肿瘤、生殖细胞肿瘤、室管膜瘤、脉络丛肿瘤、脑膜瘤、星形细胞瘤、转移性癌、淋巴瘤等。目前认为第三脑室后方松果体附近存在连合下器(subcommissural organ,SCO)。SCO中含有一种特化室管膜细胞,具有室管膜、神经内分泌、分泌特征[12-14]。PTPR起源于此类细胞,具有独特的乳头状结构和免疫组化特征[15-17]。PTPR于2007年被收录至WHO中枢神经系统肿瘤分类中[118],由于发病率低,现有文献资料以病例报道为主,其生物学特征及诊断标准有待完善。本研究收集新疆医科大学第一附属医院2012年12月-2020年6月收治的3例PTPR患者,总结其临床及病理特点,检索英文文献涉及分子检测相关PTPR报道9篇并总结其分子改变特征,探索其潜在治疗方法。
目前研究显示,PTPR在成人及儿童均可发生,最常见于20~30岁的年轻人[19],常因梗阻性脑积水引起头痛、颅内压升高,可伴有喷射性呕吐和双侧视盘水肿及视力障碍,其中以复视及视物模糊最为显著。本组患者1、2、3分别为36.3岁、5.7岁及51.8岁,均以头痛伴恶心、呕吐为首发症状,其中患者1行脑室-腹腔分流术后10个月出现视力障碍及周围神经阳性体征,患者3伴视物模糊。
头颅MRI示PTPR呈境界清楚略分叶状肿块,可见囊腔结构,因囊内液蛋白含量不同,影像学表现为异质性强化肿块[20]。PTPR多无特征性影像学表现,但当肿块位于松果体区或第三脑室后方,无脂肪、出血、钙化、黑色素等信号时,应考虑PTPR的可能。本组3例患者术前均行头颅增强MRI扫描,均表现为第三脑室后部类圆形长T1长T2异常信号,增强后病灶周围呈明显环形强化或病变区域明显强化,考虑为第三脑室占位,室管膜瘤或生殖细胞肿瘤可能。其中患者1、2大体观呈实性,患者3大体观为以实性为主的囊实性结构。此外,虽然影像学检查对PTPR的诊断敏感性不高,但可以确定肿瘤的大小,而多变量分析显示肿瘤大小可影响PTPR患者的预后[21]
电镜分析显示PTPR起源于连合下器特化室管膜细胞,肿瘤细胞具有室管膜及神经内分泌特征[121522]。组织学检查显示PTPR由上皮样/立方形细胞呈乳头状或实性排列,真菊形团结构及管状结构也有报道[19],且多见于实性区内;细胞质嗜酸性,部分可透亮,过碘酸雪夫(periodic acid schiff,PAS)染色阳性;纤维血管轴纤细或呈簇状增生,类似假血管瘤样图像,部分血管壁可见透明变性;肿瘤细胞有丝分裂活性通常呈中等,常伴坏死。本组病例镜下均可见乳头状、实性区域,以乳头状排列为主;细胞呈柱状/立方形,胞质嗜酸性,细胞核染色质较为均匀,可见小核仁;实性区肿瘤细胞异型性更明显,表现为染色质增粗、核分裂象较周围增多、以柱状细胞为主等。此外,本研究还发现肿瘤细胞排列存在极性,即肿瘤细胞核与纤维脉管轴心间胞质丰富,免疫组化VIM染色见血管侧肿瘤细胞胞质浓染,提示肿瘤细胞可能起源于具有神经内分泌特征的特化室管膜细胞。
免疫组化检测为PTPR诊断及鉴别诊断的有效方法[12-13172123]。PTPR表达低分子量角蛋白,尤其是CK18,但不表达或弱表达CK7、CK20等。EMA局灶弱阳性,阳性模式为膜阳性或核旁点状阳性。此外可见S100、VIM、神经细胞黏附分子(neural cell adhesion molecule,NCAM)、NSE、Transthyretin、Nestin阳性表达,GFAP、SYN、CgA、Neu-N阴性或局灶弱阳性表达。本组3例PTPR免疫组化染色显示AE1/AE3、CAM5.2、CK18均呈弥漫强阳性,EMA阴性;VIM阳性,且靠近纤维血管轴心端胞质浓染明显;2例S-100阳性,1例仅部分瘤细胞(>20%)阳性表达;3例GFAP、OLIG-2均阴性;神经内分泌标志物CD56均阳性,CgA均阴性,1例NSE及SYN灶区阳性;神经元标志物Neu-N阴性;核分裂象和Ki-67增殖指数差异较大。Heim等[2]总结24例PTPR,发现核分裂象和(或)增殖活性升高与较短的无进展生存期有关。第5版WHO中枢神经系统肿瘤分类中PTPR被归为WHO Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级肿瘤,大部分病例属于WHO Ⅱ级。既往统计显示,核分裂象>3个/10 HPF,约40%的患者核分裂增多对应Ki-67指数升高,呈高度侵袭性生物学行为[24]。本组患者1、2免疫组化检测Ki-67示8%~10%的肿瘤细胞核阳性,核分裂象5个/10 HPF、3个/10 HPF,均为WHO Ⅲ级;患者3免疫组化检测Ki-67示2%的肿瘤细胞核阳性,核分裂象1个/10 HPF,为WHO Ⅱ级。有研究认为儿童患者高增殖活性更常见,且预后较成年患者好[25],该结论与患者2的临床特征、病理形态及预后一致。
PTPR的鉴别诊断应排除发生于松果体区具有上皮样和(或)乳头状结构的其他类型肿瘤[121426],如室管膜瘤、乳头状脑膜瘤、生殖细胞肿瘤及具有乳头状结构的转移性肿瘤。CK弥漫强阳性是PTPR与其他原发中枢神经系统病变的主要区别。虽然室管膜瘤可表达AE1/AE3,但不表达CK18和CAM5.2;乳头状脑膜瘤EMA可阳性,但AE1/AE3不会弥漫阳性。生殖细胞肿瘤有其独特的形态及免疫组化特征,如胎盘碱性磷酸酶(placental alkaline phosphatase,PLAP)、甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)、CD30、β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-human chorionic gonadotrophin,β-HCG)等特异性标志物阳性。成人松果体区具有乳头状结构的肿瘤还应排除转移性肿瘤,如肾、肺、甲状腺等器官起源的恶性肿瘤。此时,应严密结合临床病史、组织形态及免疫组化结果,当VIM、NSE、S100表达缺失时更倾向转移性癌的可能,可加做甲状腺转录因子-1(thyroid transcription factor-1,TTF-1)、天冬氨酸肽酶A(napsin A)、PAX8、甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,TG)等免疫组化检测判断肿瘤来源。本研究对3例标本均行PAX8、TTF-1、TG、CD10、CA9、P504s免疫组化检测,PAX8在患者2、3中呈弥漫强阳性,在患者1中70%的瘤细胞中呈等强度核着色,而TTF-1、TG、CD10、CA9、P504s均阴性。结合3例患者均无肾、肺、甲状腺等部位占位病史,均符合PTPR诊断。据报道,PAX8在肾细胞癌、胰腺癌、卵巢癌等肿瘤[27-29]的发生发展过程中具有重要作用,可通过调节细胞代谢、上皮-间质转化、YAP/TAZ通路等发挥促癌作用。本研究发现,PAX8在PTPR中呈高表达,提示其可能在PTPR发生发展过程中起重要作用,可为鉴别诊断提供基础。
多项研究显示,手术切除是提高PTPR患者生存率的首选治疗方案[30-31]。2019年Yamaki等[21]分析71项研究(共177例PTPR患者)发现,82.0%的患者接受外科手术治疗,与仅活检未行手术切除的患者比较,手术切除患者的生存时间明显延长。虽然手术切除病灶对预防肿瘤局部复发具有重要作用,但由于松果体区位置深且毗邻脑干,完全切除肿瘤风险很大,手术外治疗方法的探索已成为该类肿瘤亟待解决的问题。PTPR作为区别于室管膜瘤及松果体区其他实性肿瘤的一种独立肿瘤类型,具有特异的染色体改变、DNA甲基化特点及mRNA表达谱。基因组杂交比对显示PTPR多存在10号染色体缺失[2]。在人体肿瘤高频突变基因中,PTEN作为肿瘤抑制基因,位于10q23,10号染色体缺失与PTEN突变及PTEN相关PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路激活有关[932]。近年来研究发现,PTPR肿瘤细胞缺失性表达PTEN,可激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路,而mTOR抑制剂可成功缩小复发后的瘤灶[8]。本研究利用免疫组化检测3例样本中PTEN、p-Akt蛋白的表达情况,结果显示PTEN蛋白表达缺失,p-Akt呈阳性表达,提示PTPR中PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路处于激活状态并起重要作用,mTOR抑制剂对该类疾病具有潜在的治疗价值。
综上所述,本研究回顾性分析3例PTPR患者的临床及病理特征,首次报道PAX8在PTPR中呈阳性表达,免疫组化检测显示肿瘤细胞PTEN表达缺失而p-Akt呈阳性表达,加深了人们对PTPR临床病理特征的认识。未来仍需进一步研究PAX8和PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路在PTPR中的作用机制及潜在的治疗靶点。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金(2021D01C340)
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2023年第48卷第7期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2685.2023.0111
  • 接收时间:2021-11-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-17
  • 录用日期:2022-09-08
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Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2021D01C340)
新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金(2021D01C340)
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    新疆医科大学第一附属医院病理科,新疆乌鲁木齐 830054

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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