Article(id=1202979642119516856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.3029.2022.1214, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1640016000000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1660233600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-08-12, onlineDate=1764742296962, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1690473600000, pubDateStr=2023-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764742296962, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764742296962, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764742296962, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1202979639087030850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='7', pageStart='749', pageEnd='870', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764742296239, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764742346610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1202979850442203282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1202979850442203283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=863, endPage=870, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1202979642899657420, articleId=1202979642119516856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Application progress of machine learning in diagnosis and treatment of the coronavirus disease 2019, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), machine learning has been widely used in forecasting the epidemic trend of COVID-19, screening and tracking high-risk people, early diagnosis and monitoring of patients, etc., which has greatly improved the efficiency of information processing during the epidemic period and provided efficient decision support for clinicians. However, due to the different data types and scales and training methods used to develop models, machine learning that perform diagnosis or prognosis tasks also have different limitations. This review introduces the application of machine learning in the diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19 from the aspects of machine learning combined with imaging data, laboratory results, and the model trained by integrating these two aspects, trying to provide more practical ways for machine learning in training and application.
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新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)暴发以来,机器学习被广泛应用于其流行趋势的预测、高风险人群的筛查与追踪、早期诊断与监护等,显著提高了疫情期间信息的处理效率,为临床医师提供了高效的决策支持,但因用于开发模型的数据类型与规模、训练方法等不同,执行诊断或预后任务的模型存在不同的局限性。本文从机器学习结合影像资料、实验室检查结果,以及整合这两部分数据所训练的模型综述机器学习在COVID-19诊断与预后中的应用,以期为机器学习的训练与应用提供更贴合实践的思路。
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郭桦,硕士研究生,主要从事肺部感染与大数据利用方面的研究
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1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203005079889601406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979642119516856, companyId=1203005079877018491, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203005079981876099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979642119516856, companyId=1203005079965098880, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2解放军总医院第八医学中心呼吸与危重症医学部,北京 100091)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203005084272648344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979642119516856, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=
Machine learning-based COVID-19 models
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型类型 | 临床获益 | 算法 | 预测因子类型 | 主要结果 | 是否验证 |
|---|
| 诊断(分类)模型 |
| | Liu et al[7] | 区分COVID-19与一般肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为94.16%,灵敏度为88.62%,特异度为100% | 是 |
| | Wang et al[24] | 识别发热门诊疑似COVID-19患者 | DL | 胸部CT | AUC=0.953,灵敏度为92.3%,特异度为85.1% | 是 |
| | Wang et al[25] | 区分COVID-19与其他典型病毒性肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为8 9. 5 %,灵敏度为87%,特异度为88% | 是 |
| | Ni et al[6] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | F1=0.97 | 是 |
| | Jin et al[27] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | AUC=0.97 | 是 |
| | Song et al[28] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | AUC=0.99,灵敏度为93% | 是 |
| | Kang et al[29] | 区分COVID-19与社区获得性肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为95%,灵敏度为96%,特异度为93% | 是 |
| | Wang et al[30] | 区分COVID-19与其他病毒性肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT | AUC=0.97 | 是 |
| | Shi et al[31] | 区分COVID-19与社区获得性肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为87.9%,灵敏度为90.7%,特异度为83.3% | 是 |
| | Wang et al[32] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | 灵敏度>73%,特异度>75% | 是 |
| | Shan et al[33] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | 与人工分割相比,Dice为91.6%±10.0% | 是 |
| | Xu et al[34] | 区分COVID-19与甲型流感病毒性肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为86.7% | 是 |
| | Wu et al[35] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | AUC=0.732,准确率为70.0%,灵敏度为73.0%,特异度为61.5% | 是 |
| | Pathak et al[36] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | 测试集中准确率为93.0189% | 是 |
| | Loey et al[37] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部X线 | 准确率为99.9% | 是 |
| | Kana et al[38] | 识别COVID-19与健康人群、细菌与病毒性肺炎 | DL | 胸部X线 | 准确率为99%,召回率为99.8% | 是 |
| | Ko et al[39] | 识别COVID-19、其他肺炎和健康人群 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为99.87%,灵敏度为99.58%,特异度为100% | 是 |
| | Gifani et al[40] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为85%,召回率为85%,精确度为85.7% | 是 |
| | Jaiswal et al[41] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部X线 | 准确率为90% | 是 |
| | Sun et al[45] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 人口学特征、临床表现 | AUC=0.971 | 是 |
| | Li et al[46] | 区分COVID-19与流感 | DL | 实验室特征 | 灵敏度为92%,特异度为97% | 是 |
| | Meng et al[47] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 实验室特征 | 阳性预测值为86.35%,阴性预测值为84.62% | 是 |
| | Mei et al[48] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT、临床表现、实验室结果 | AUC=0.92 | 是 |
| | Xu et al[49] | 区分非严重COVID-19、严重COVID-19、健康者和病毒性肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT、临床表现、实验室结果 | 准确率为95.4%~97.7% | 是 |
| | Song et al[50] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT、人口学特征、临床表现、实验室结果 | AUC=0.956 | 是 |
| 预后模型 |
| | Tang et al[53] | 预测COVID-19患者的严重程度 | RF | 胸部CT | AUC=0.91 | 是 |
| | Gozes et al[55] | 识别COVID-19,衡量疾病随时间的进展 | CNN | 胸部CT | AUC=0.996,灵敏度为98.2%,特异度为92.2% | 是 |
| | Gao et al[59] | 预测COVID-19患者的预后 | LR、SVM、GBDT、NN | 临床表现、实验室特征 | AUC=0.9621 | 是 |
| | Cheng et al[60] | 识别即将在2 4 h 内转入ICU的COVID-19患者 | RF | 临床表现、实验室特征 | AUC=0.799,灵敏度为72.8%,特异度为76.3% 是Iwendi et al[61] 预测COVID-19患者的预后RF 人口学特征准确率为94%,F1=0.86 | 是 |
| | Sehanobish et al[62] | 识别COVID-19,预测患者严重程度 | SSL | COVID-19支气管肺泡灌洗液样本的单细胞RNA测序 | 准确率为95.12% | 是 |
| | Zhu et al[63] | 预测COVID-19患者的死亡风险,得到与死亡率独立相关的实验室特征 | DL | 人口学特征、实验室结果 | AUC=0.968 | 是 |
| | Yan et al[64] | 预测COVID-19重症患者的生存率 | XGBoost | 实验室特征 | AUC>0.90 | 是 |
| | Ikemura et al[65] | 预测COVID-19患者死亡率 | DL | 人口学特征、实验室结果 | AUC=0.836 | 是 |
| | Hu et al[66] | 预测COVID-19重症患者预后 | LR | 年龄、高敏C反应蛋白、淋巴细胞计数和D-二聚体 | AUC=0.881 | 是 |
| | Ning et al[67] | 预测COVID-19患者发病率和死亡率 | DL | 胸部CT、实验室结果 | AUC=0.944、0.860、0.884 | 是 |
| | Fang et al[68] | 预测COVID-19患者预后 | DL | 胸部CT、实验室结果 | AUC = 0.920 (多中心);AUC=0.874(单中心) | 是 |
| | Liu et al[69] | 预测COVID-19患者预后LR、COX比例风险模型 | 胸部CT、实验室结果 | AUC=0.93 | 是 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203005084423643293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979642119516856, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
基于机器学习的COVID-19模型
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型类型 | 临床获益 | 算法 | 预测因子类型 | 主要结果 | 是否验证 |
|---|
| 诊断(分类)模型 |
| | Liu et al[7] | 区分COVID-19与一般肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为94.16%,灵敏度为88.62%,特异度为100% | 是 |
| | Wang et al[24] | 识别发热门诊疑似COVID-19患者 | DL | 胸部CT | AUC=0.953,灵敏度为92.3%,特异度为85.1% | 是 |
| | Wang et al[25] | 区分COVID-19与其他典型病毒性肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为8 9. 5 %,灵敏度为87%,特异度为88% | 是 |
| | Ni et al[6] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | F1=0.97 | 是 |
| | Jin et al[27] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | AUC=0.97 | 是 |
| | Song et al[28] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | AUC=0.99,灵敏度为93% | 是 |
| | Kang et al[29] | 区分COVID-19与社区获得性肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为95%,灵敏度为96%,特异度为93% | 是 |
| | Wang et al[30] | 区分COVID-19与其他病毒性肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT | AUC=0.97 | 是 |
| | Shi et al[31] | 区分COVID-19与社区获得性肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为87.9%,灵敏度为90.7%,特异度为83.3% | 是 |
| | Wang et al[32] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | 灵敏度>73%,特异度>75% | 是 |
| | Shan et al[33] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | 与人工分割相比,Dice为91.6%±10.0% | 是 |
| | Xu et al[34] | 区分COVID-19与甲型流感病毒性肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为86.7% | 是 |
| | Wu et al[35] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | AUC=0.732,准确率为70.0%,灵敏度为73.0%,特异度为61.5% | 是 |
| | Pathak et al[36] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | 测试集中准确率为93.0189% | 是 |
| | Loey et al[37] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部X线 | 准确率为99.9% | 是 |
| | Kana et al[38] | 识别COVID-19与健康人群、细菌与病毒性肺炎 | DL | 胸部X线 | 准确率为99%,召回率为99.8% | 是 |
| | Ko et al[39] | 识别COVID-19、其他肺炎和健康人群 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为99.87%,灵敏度为99.58%,特异度为100% | 是 |
| | Gifani et al[40] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT | 准确率为85%,召回率为85%,精确度为85.7% | 是 |
| | Jaiswal et al[41] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部X线 | 准确率为90% | 是 |
| | Sun et al[45] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 人口学特征、临床表现 | AUC=0.971 | 是 |
| | Li et al[46] | 区分COVID-19与流感 | DL | 实验室特征 | 灵敏度为92%,特异度为97% | 是 |
| | Meng et al[47] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 实验室特征 | 阳性预测值为86.35%,阴性预测值为84.62% | 是 |
| | Mei et al[48] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT、临床表现、实验室结果 | AUC=0.92 | 是 |
| | Xu et al[49] | 区分非严重COVID-19、严重COVID-19、健康者和病毒性肺炎 | DL | 胸部CT、临床表现、实验室结果 | 准确率为95.4%~97.7% | 是 |
| | Song et al[50] | 识别COVID-19 | DL | 胸部CT、人口学特征、临床表现、实验室结果 | AUC=0.956 | 是 |
| 预后模型 |
| | Tang et al[53] | 预测COVID-19患者的严重程度 | RF | 胸部CT | AUC=0.91 | 是 |
| | Gozes et al[55] | 识别COVID-19,衡量疾病随时间的进展 | CNN | 胸部CT | AUC=0.996,灵敏度为98.2%,特异度为92.2% | 是 |
| | Gao et al[59] | 预测COVID-19患者的预后 | LR、SVM、GBDT、NN | 临床表现、实验室特征 | AUC=0.9621 | 是 |
| | Cheng et al[60] | 识别即将在2 4 h 内转入ICU的COVID-19患者 | RF | 临床表现、实验室特征 | AUC=0.799,灵敏度为72.8%,特异度为76.3% 是Iwendi et al[61] 预测COVID-19患者的预后RF 人口学特征准确率为94%,F1=0.86 | 是 |
| | Sehanobish et al[62] | 识别COVID-19,预测患者严重程度 | SSL | COVID-19支气管肺泡灌洗液样本的单细胞RNA测序 | 准确率为95.12% | 是 |
| | Zhu et al[63] | 预测COVID-19患者的死亡风险,得到与死亡率独立相关的实验室特征 | DL | 人口学特征、实验室结果 | AUC=0.968 | 是 |
| | Yan et al[64] | 预测COVID-19重症患者的生存率 | XGBoost | 实验室特征 | AUC>0.90 | 是 |
| | Ikemura et al[65] | 预测COVID-19患者死亡率 | DL | 人口学特征、实验室结果 | AUC=0.836 | 是 |
| | Hu et al[66] | 预测COVID-19重症患者预后 | LR | 年龄、高敏C反应蛋白、淋巴细胞计数和D-二聚体 | AUC=0.881 | 是 |
| | Ning et al[67] | 预测COVID-19患者发病率和死亡率 | DL | 胸部CT、实验室结果 | AUC=0.944、0.860、0.884 | 是 |
| | Fang et al[68] | 预测COVID-19患者预后 | DL | 胸部CT、实验室结果 | AUC = 0.920 (多中心);AUC=0.874(单中心) | 是 |
| | Liu et al[69] | 预测COVID-19患者预后LR、COX比例风险模型 | 胸部CT、实验室结果 | AUC=0.93 | 是 |
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