Article(id=1202979641632977584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0927.2022.1226, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1650988800000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1657296000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-07-09, onlineDate=1764742296846, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1690473600000, pubDateStr=2023-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764742296846, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764742296846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764742296846, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1202979639087030850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='7', pageStart='749', pageEnd='870', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764742296239, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764742346610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1202979850442203282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1202979850442203283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=841, endPage=850, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1202979641947550388, articleId=1202979641632977584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=New advances in classification, diagnosis and treatment of monogenic diabetes, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Monogenic diabetes is a type of diabetes characterized by single gene mutation. Due to its heterogeneity and overlap with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, it is difficult to be accurately diagnosed clinically. Correct diagnosis is essential for certain types of monogenic diabetes, however, there is still a lack of simple clinical criteria for selecting patients for genetic testing or even interpreting the results of genetic testing. The classification of monogenic diabetes (including maturity onset diabetes of the young, neonatal diabetes mellitus, mitochondrial diabetes mellitus and syndromic diabetes mellitus) and the clinical diagnosis and corresponding treatment methods of monogenic diabetes based on the new generation sequencing and clinical characteristics have been reviewed in present paper for providing theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis of physicians as well as help to individualize the treatment of patients with monogenic diabetes.
, correspAuthors=You-Zhi Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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单基因糖尿病是以单基因突变为特征的一种糖尿病,因其异质性,以及与1、2型糖尿病有重叠,临床上难以准确诊断。正确的诊断对某些类型的单基因糖尿病至关重要,然而,目前临床上仍缺乏简单的临床标准来选择患者进行基因检测,甚至难以解释基因检测的结果。本文对单基因糖尿病的分类(包括青少年成年起病型糖尿病、新生儿糖尿病、线粒体糖尿病和综合征型糖尿病)、临床诊断及相应的治疗手段进行综述,旨在为单基因糖尿病的诊断提供依据,并为其个体化治疗提供帮助。
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蓝青,硕士研究生,主要从事心血管和糖尿病等代谢性疾病方面的研究
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2Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 437000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1203027396422234144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, authorId=1203027396292210717, language=CN, stringName=李居怡, firstName=居怡, middleName=null, lastName=李, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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2华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉中心医院药剂科,湖北武汉 430000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203027395675648011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395684036620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395675648011, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉中心医院疼痛科,湖北武汉 430000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203027395738562575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395746951184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395738562575, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Canarutto D, et al. Case report: off-label liraglutide use in children with Wolfram syndrome type 1:extensive characterization of four patients[J].
Front Pediatr,
2021,
9: 755365., articleTitle=Case report: off-label liraglutide use in children with Wolfram syndrome type 1:extensive characterization of four patients, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1203027398590689341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, awardId=81900719, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(81900719), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203027398653603902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, awardId=81900719, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年基金(81900719), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203027398733295679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, awardId=81800704, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(81800704), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203027398796210240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, awardId=81800704, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年基金(81800704), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203027395600150536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395608539145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395600150536, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Southern Hubei Provincial Engineering Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianning, Hubei 437000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395616927754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395600150536, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1湖北科技学院药学院,鄂南特色中药省级工程中心,湖北咸宁 437000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203027395675648011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395684036620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395675648011, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 437000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395688230925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395675648011, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉中心医院药剂科,湖北武汉 430000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203027395738562575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395746951184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395738562575, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3Department of Pain, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 437000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395751145489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395738562575, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉中心医院疼痛科,湖北武汉 430000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203027397730857011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=
Age of onset, characteristics and treatment of different subtypes of MODY[1,6,11-12]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 基因(MODY亚型) | 发病年龄 | 病因 | 特征 |
|---|
| 转录调节障碍 | HNF4A(MODY1) | <18岁 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 新生儿巨大儿与高胰岛素血症低血糖 |
| HNF1A(MODY3) | <25岁 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 微血管并发症高危;低糖肾阈 |
| PDX1/IPF1(MODY4) | 成年早期 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 纯合子/复合杂合子胰腺发育不全(罕见) |
| HNF1β(MODY5) | 青春期前到成年早期 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 肾脏结构异常、生殖道畸形、胰腺发育不全、低镁血症、肝功能异常、智力残疾 |
| NEUROD1(MODY6) | 成年早期 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 糖尿病外显率降低 |
| KLF11(MODY7) | 不定 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 胰岛素敏感性降低;轻度高血糖 |
| PAX4(MODY9) | 青春期后期 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 重度高血糖;出现酮症酸中毒 |
| BLK(MODY 11) | 不定 | 胰岛素分泌缺陷 | 肥胖常见 |
| 酶病症 | GCK(MODY2) | 出生时 | 葡萄糖感应缺陷 | 终身轻度空腹高血糖,餐后血糖增加量低;通常对治疗无效,也不需要治疗;微血管和大血管并发症的风险未增加 |
| 蛋白质错误折叠障碍 | CEL(MODY8) | 成年早期 | 胰腺外分泌和内分泌功能障碍 | 儿童胰腺外分泌功能障碍和成年后糖尿病合并多发胰腺囊肿 |
| INS(MODY10) | 童年到成年 | 胰岛素生物合成缺陷 | 内质网应激和细胞凋亡导致β细胞死亡、INS基因杂合错义突变导致胰岛素依赖 |
| 离子通道疾病 | ABCC8(MODY12) | 青春期前到成年早期 | 胰岛素分泌缺陷 | 在某些情况下神经异常 |
| KCNJ11(MODY13) | 童年时期 | 胰岛素分泌缺陷 | 在某些情况下神经异常 |
| 信号转导障碍 | APPL1(MODY14) | 10~50岁 | 胰岛素分泌缺 | 陷尿崩症、糖尿病、视神经萎缩和耳聋 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203027397806354484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
不同MODY亚型的发病年龄、特征和治疗情况[1,6,11-12]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 基因(MODY亚型) | 发病年龄 | 病因 | 特征 |
|---|
| 转录调节障碍 | HNF4A(MODY1) | <18岁 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 新生儿巨大儿与高胰岛素血症低血糖 |
| HNF1A(MODY3) | <25岁 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 微血管并发症高危;低糖肾阈 |
| PDX1/IPF1(MODY4) | 成年早期 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 纯合子/复合杂合子胰腺发育不全(罕见) |
| HNF1β(MODY5) | 青春期前到成年早期 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 肾脏结构异常、生殖道畸形、胰腺发育不全、低镁血症、肝功能异常、智力残疾 |
| NEUROD1(MODY6) | 成年早期 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 糖尿病外显率降低 |
| KLF11(MODY7) | 不定 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 胰岛素敏感性降低;轻度高血糖 |
| PAX4(MODY9) | 青春期后期 | β细胞发育不良和功能障碍 | 重度高血糖;出现酮症酸中毒 |
| BLK(MODY 11) | 不定 | 胰岛素分泌缺陷 | 肥胖常见 |
| 酶病症 | GCK(MODY2) | 出生时 | 葡萄糖感应缺陷 | 终身轻度空腹高血糖,餐后血糖增加量低;通常对治疗无效,也不需要治疗;微血管和大血管并发症的风险未增加 |
| 蛋白质错误折叠障碍 | CEL(MODY8) | 成年早期 | 胰腺外分泌和内分泌功能障碍 | 儿童胰腺外分泌功能障碍和成年后糖尿病合并多发胰腺囊肿 |
| INS(MODY10) | 童年到成年 | 胰岛素生物合成缺陷 | 内质网应激和细胞凋亡导致β细胞死亡、INS基因杂合错义突变导致胰岛素依赖 |
| 离子通道疾病 | ABCC8(MODY12) | 青春期前到成年早期 | 胰岛素分泌缺陷 | 在某些情况下神经异常 |
| KCNJ11(MODY13) | 童年时期 | 胰岛素分泌缺陷 | 在某些情况下神经异常 |
| 信号转导障碍 | APPL1(MODY14) | 10~50岁 | 胰岛素分泌缺 | 陷尿崩症、糖尿病、视神经萎缩和耳聋 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203027397877657653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=
The mutant genes, inheritance patterns and characteristics of NDM[14,17-21]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号* | 基因 | 暂时性/永久性 | 遗传方式 | 特征 |
|---|
| 1 | KCNJ11 | 均可 | 常染色体显性 | 出生体重过低、子宫发育迟缓、癫痫(delay, epilepsy, and neonatal diabetes,DEND综合征),可能有其他神经特征,神经学特征(罕见) |
| 2 | ABCC8 | 均可 | 常染色体显性 | 出生体重过低,发育迟缓 |
| 3 | INS | 均可 | 常染色体显性、隐性(罕见) | 出生体重过低 |
| 4 | GATA6 | 永久性 | 常染色体显性 | 胰腺缺陷或发育不全,外分泌不全,心脏缺陷 |
| 5 | EIF2AK3 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | Wolcott-Rallison综合征,骨骼发育不良(1~2岁),偶发性急性肝衰竭,外分泌胰腺功能不全 |
| 6 | GCK | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 出生体重过低 |
| 7 | PTF1A | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 神经异常,外分泌不足,肾脏受累 |
| 8 | FOXP3 | 永久性 | 伴X染色体隐性 | 自身免疫性甲状腺疾病、剥脱性皮炎、肠道病(immunedysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome,IPEX综合征) |
| 9 | ZFP57 | 暂时性 | 常染色体隐性 | 可变表型,出生体重过低,原发性巨舌,胎儿宫内发育迟缓 |
| 10 | GLIS3 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 甲状腺功能减退,肾囊肿,青光眼,肝纤维化 |
| 11 | PDX1 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 胰腺缺陷或发育不全,外分泌不足 |
| 12 | SLC2A2 | 均可 | 常染色体隐性 | 肝肾糖原积累,肾功能不全,葡萄糖和半乳糖利用受损 |
| 13 | SLC19A2 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 神经功能缺陷(卒中、癫痫发作、视觉障碍),心脏异常 |
| 14 | GATA4 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 胰腺缺陷或发育不全,外分泌不足,心脏缺陷 |
| 15 | STAT3 | 永久性 | 常染色体显性 | 自身免疫性肠病、甲状腺功能障碍、肺病、青少年期关节炎 |
| 16 | NEUROD1 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 神经系统异常(晚期),学习困难,感音神经性耳聋 |
| 17 | NEUROG3 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 腹泻(由于缺乏肠道内分泌细胞) |
| 18 | NKX22 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 胼胝体发育不全,神经系统异常(晚期),出生体重过低 |
| 19 | RFX6 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 出生体重过低,肠闭锁,胆囊发育不良,腹泻 |
| 20 | IER3IP1 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 小头症,婴儿癫痫性脑病 |
| 21 | MNX1 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 骶骨发育不全,神经缺损,神经系统异常(晚期) |
| 22 | HNF1β | 暂时性 | 常染色体显性 | 胰腺萎缩,肾脏异常,生殖器畸形 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203027397953155126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
已知的NDM的突变基因、遗传方式及特征[14,17-21]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号* | 基因 | 暂时性/永久性 | 遗传方式 | 特征 |
|---|
| 1 | KCNJ11 | 均可 | 常染色体显性 | 出生体重过低、子宫发育迟缓、癫痫(delay, epilepsy, and neonatal diabetes,DEND综合征),可能有其他神经特征,神经学特征(罕见) |
| 2 | ABCC8 | 均可 | 常染色体显性 | 出生体重过低,发育迟缓 |
| 3 | INS | 均可 | 常染色体显性、隐性(罕见) | 出生体重过低 |
| 4 | GATA6 | 永久性 | 常染色体显性 | 胰腺缺陷或发育不全,外分泌不全,心脏缺陷 |
| 5 | EIF2AK3 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | Wolcott-Rallison综合征,骨骼发育不良(1~2岁),偶发性急性肝衰竭,外分泌胰腺功能不全 |
| 6 | GCK | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 出生体重过低 |
| 7 | PTF1A | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 神经异常,外分泌不足,肾脏受累 |
| 8 | FOXP3 | 永久性 | 伴X染色体隐性 | 自身免疫性甲状腺疾病、剥脱性皮炎、肠道病(immunedysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome,IPEX综合征) |
| 9 | ZFP57 | 暂时性 | 常染色体隐性 | 可变表型,出生体重过低,原发性巨舌,胎儿宫内发育迟缓 |
| 10 | GLIS3 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 甲状腺功能减退,肾囊肿,青光眼,肝纤维化 |
| 11 | PDX1 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 胰腺缺陷或发育不全,外分泌不足 |
| 12 | SLC2A2 | 均可 | 常染色体隐性 | 肝肾糖原积累,肾功能不全,葡萄糖和半乳糖利用受损 |
| 13 | SLC19A2 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 神经功能缺陷(卒中、癫痫发作、视觉障碍),心脏异常 |
| 14 | GATA4 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 胰腺缺陷或发育不全,外分泌不足,心脏缺陷 |
| 15 | STAT3 | 永久性 | 常染色体显性 | 自身免疫性肠病、甲状腺功能障碍、肺病、青少年期关节炎 |
| 16 | NEUROD1 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 神经系统异常(晚期),学习困难,感音神经性耳聋 |
| 17 | NEUROG3 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 腹泻(由于缺乏肠道内分泌细胞) |
| 18 | NKX22 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 胼胝体发育不全,神经系统异常(晚期),出生体重过低 |
| 19 | RFX6 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 出生体重过低,肠闭锁,胆囊发育不良,腹泻 |
| 20 | IER3IP1 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 小头症,婴儿癫痫性脑病 |
| 21 | MNX1 | 永久性 | 常染色体隐性 | 骶骨发育不全,神经缺损,神经系统异常(晚期) |
| 22 | HNF1β | 暂时性 | 常染色体显性 | 胰腺萎缩,肾脏异常,生殖器畸形 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203027398032846903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=
Mutant sites and associated phenotypes that cause mitochondrial diabetes
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 突变位点 | 表型 | 文献 |
|---|
| MTTL1,3243A-G | 线粒体脑肌病、乳酸性酸中毒和卒中样发作综合征(mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes syndrome,MELAS综合征),糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传,肌肉僵硬,疼痛,3-甲基谷氨酸尿症,黄斑病变,周期性呕吐综合征,线粒体复合体Ⅳ缺乏症/过度缺乏症 | [27-28] |
| MTTL1,3271T-C | MELAS综合征 | [29] |
| MTTL1,3256C-T | 肌阵挛性癫痫伴破碎红纤维综合征(myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers syndrome,MERRF综合征),糖尿病,非胰岛素依赖型,母系传播 | [30] |
| MTTL1,3303C-T | 伴有或不伴有骨骼肌病的心肌病 | [31] |
| MTTL1,3252T-C | 线粒体性脑肌病 | [32] |
| MTTL1,3251A-G | 进行性眼外肌麻痹、近端肌病和猝死 | [33] |
| MTTL1,3260A-G | 伴有或不伴有骨骼肌病的心肌病 | [34] |
| MTTL1,3250T-C | 对核黄素有反应的骨骼肌病 | [35] |
| MTTL1,3290T-C | 婴儿猝死综合征 | [36] |
| MTTL1,3274A-G | 神经精神疾病和早发性白内障 | [37] |
| MTTL1,3249G-A | Kearns-Sayre综合征 | [38] |
| MTTL1,3242G-A | 骨髓增生异常综合征 | [39-40] |
| MTTE,14709T-C | 线粒体肌病、糖尿病、糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传 | [41] |
| MTTE,14674T-C | 线粒体肌病,婴儿,短暂 | [42] |
| MTTE,14674T-G | 线粒体肌病,婴儿,短暂 | [43] |
| MTTE,14692A-G | 糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传 | [44] |
| MTTK,8344A-G | MERRF综合征,Leigh综合征,帕金森病 | [45] |
| MTTK,8356T-C | MERRF综合征,MERRF/MELAS重叠综合征 | [46] |
| MTTK,8363G-A | 心肌病和耳聋 | [47] |
| MTTK,8313G-A | 线粒体神经胃肠型脑肌病 | [48] |
| MTTK,8296A-G | 糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传 | [49] |
| MTTK,8342G-A | 进行性眼外肌麻痹伴肌阵挛 | [50] |
| MTTK,8361G-A | MERRF综合征 | [51] |
), ArticleFig(id=1203027398095761464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
MD的突变位点及相关表型
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 突变位点 | 表型 | 文献 |
|---|
| MTTL1,3243A-G | 线粒体脑肌病、乳酸性酸中毒和卒中样发作综合征(mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes syndrome,MELAS综合征),糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传,肌肉僵硬,疼痛,3-甲基谷氨酸尿症,黄斑病变,周期性呕吐综合征,线粒体复合体Ⅳ缺乏症/过度缺乏症 | [27-28] |
| MTTL1,3271T-C | MELAS综合征 | [29] |
| MTTL1,3256C-T | 肌阵挛性癫痫伴破碎红纤维综合征(myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers syndrome,MERRF综合征),糖尿病,非胰岛素依赖型,母系传播 | [30] |
| MTTL1,3303C-T | 伴有或不伴有骨骼肌病的心肌病 | [31] |
| MTTL1,3252T-C | 线粒体性脑肌病 | [32] |
| MTTL1,3251A-G | 进行性眼外肌麻痹、近端肌病和猝死 | [33] |
| MTTL1,3260A-G | 伴有或不伴有骨骼肌病的心肌病 | [34] |
| MTTL1,3250T-C | 对核黄素有反应的骨骼肌病 | [35] |
| MTTL1,3290T-C | 婴儿猝死综合征 | [36] |
| MTTL1,3274A-G | 神经精神疾病和早发性白内障 | [37] |
| MTTL1,3249G-A | Kearns-Sayre综合征 | [38] |
| MTTL1,3242G-A | 骨髓增生异常综合征 | [39-40] |
| MTTE,14709T-C | 线粒体肌病、糖尿病、糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传 | [41] |
| MTTE,14674T-C | 线粒体肌病,婴儿,短暂 | [42] |
| MTTE,14674T-G | 线粒体肌病,婴儿,短暂 | [43] |
| MTTE,14692A-G | 糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传 | [44] |
| MTTK,8344A-G | MERRF综合征,Leigh综合征,帕金森病 | [45] |
| MTTK,8356T-C | MERRF综合征,MERRF/MELAS重叠综合征 | [46] |
| MTTK,8363G-A | 心肌病和耳聋 | [47] |
| MTTK,8313G-A | 线粒体神经胃肠型脑肌病 | [48] |
| MTTK,8296A-G | 糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传 | [49] |
| MTTK,8342G-A | 进行性眼外肌麻痹伴肌阵挛 | [50] |
| MTTK,8361G-A | MERRF综合征 | [51] |
), ArticleFig(id=1203027398200619065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=
A mitochondrial disease that predisposes you to mitochondrial diabetes[12]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 线粒体疾病 | 基因型(或突变位点) | 遗传特征 | 主要临床特征 | 患糖尿病风险 |
|---|
| 母亲遗传糖尿病和耳聋(MIDD) | MT-TL1 (m.3243A>G) | 母系遗传 | 在糖尿病发病前数年出现迟发性感音神经性听力损失 | 高风险 |
| 线粒体神经胃肠型脑肌病 | MT-TL1 (m.32423A>G)(大多数患者) | 母系遗传 | 卒中样发作、癫痫发作、偏头痛、认知能力下降、乳酸酸中毒、内分泌疾病 | 中风险 |
| Kearns-Sayre综合征(KSS) | mtDNA缺失 | 一般为散发性 | 进行性眼外肌麻痹、视网膜色素变性、心肌病、心脏传导阻滞、内分泌疾病 | 低风险 |
| 线粒体神经胃肠型脑肌病 | TYMP | 常染色体隐性遗传、母系遗传 | 进行性胃肠运动障碍、眼麻痹、脑白质病变、周围神经病变、内分泌疾病 | 低风险 |
| 肌肉磷酸化酶缺乏综合征 | mtDNA缺失 | 一般为散发性 | 铁粒幼细胞贫血,全血细胞减少,胰腺外分泌功能障碍 | 低风险 |
| 慢性进行性眼外肌病(CPEO+) | mtDNA缺失或mtDNA突变;POLG,RRM2B | 一般为散发性,罕见的是母系遗传,常染色体显性遗传 | 进行性眼外肌麻痹伴骨骼肌病、内分泌疾病 | 低风险 |
| 肌阵挛性癫痫伴有不规则的红色纤维 | MT-TK(m.8344A>G) POLG | 母系遗传,常染色体隐性遗传 | 肌阵挛,癫痫,小脑共济失调、肌病、内分泌疾病 | 低风险 |
| Leber遗传性视神经病变(LHON) | mtDNA点突变:m.11778G>A m.3460G>A m.14484T>C | 母系遗传 | 视神经病变、内分泌病 | 低风险 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203027398284505146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
易引起线粒体糖尿病的线粒体疾病[12]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 线粒体疾病 | 基因型(或突变位点) | 遗传特征 | 主要临床特征 | 患糖尿病风险 |
|---|
| 母亲遗传糖尿病和耳聋(MIDD) | MT-TL1 (m.3243A>G) | 母系遗传 | 在糖尿病发病前数年出现迟发性感音神经性听力损失 | 高风险 |
| 线粒体神经胃肠型脑肌病 | MT-TL1 (m.32423A>G)(大多数患者) | 母系遗传 | 卒中样发作、癫痫发作、偏头痛、认知能力下降、乳酸酸中毒、内分泌疾病 | 中风险 |
| Kearns-Sayre综合征(KSS) | mtDNA缺失 | 一般为散发性 | 进行性眼外肌麻痹、视网膜色素变性、心肌病、心脏传导阻滞、内分泌疾病 | 低风险 |
| 线粒体神经胃肠型脑肌病 | TYMP | 常染色体隐性遗传、母系遗传 | 进行性胃肠运动障碍、眼麻痹、脑白质病变、周围神经病变、内分泌疾病 | 低风险 |
| 肌肉磷酸化酶缺乏综合征 | mtDNA缺失 | 一般为散发性 | 铁粒幼细胞贫血,全血细胞减少,胰腺外分泌功能障碍 | 低风险 |
| 慢性进行性眼外肌病(CPEO+) | mtDNA缺失或mtDNA突变;POLG,RRM2B | 一般为散发性,罕见的是母系遗传,常染色体显性遗传 | 进行性眼外肌麻痹伴骨骼肌病、内分泌疾病 | 低风险 |
| 肌阵挛性癫痫伴有不规则的红色纤维 | MT-TK(m.8344A>G) POLG | 母系遗传,常染色体隐性遗传 | 肌阵挛,癫痫,小脑共济失调、肌病、内分泌疾病 | 低风险 |
| Leber遗传性视神经病变(LHON) | mtDNA点突变:m.11778G>A m.3460G>A m.14484T>C | 母系遗传 | 视神经病变、内分泌病 | 低风险 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203027398351614011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=
Phenotypes, mutation sites, genetic patterns and clinical features of common syndromic diabetes mellitus
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 表型 | 突变位点 | 遗传方式 | 临床特征 | 文献 |
|---|
| Wolfram综合征1 | WFS1 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 糖尿病、视神经萎缩、尿崩症和耳聋,可能出现肾脏、泌尿道、内分泌异常和共济失调、痴呆或精神发育迟滞,以及多种精神疾病 | [56] |
| Wolfram综合征2 | CISD2 | 常染色体隐性 | 遗传糖尿病、高频感音神经性听力损失、视神经萎缩或神经病变,以及导致消化性溃疡出血的血小板聚集缺陷 | [57] |
| 硫胺素反应性巨幼细胞性贫血 | SLC19A2 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 巨幼细胞性贫血、糖尿病和感觉神经性耳聋,还可能出现视神经萎缩、先天性心脏缺陷、身材矮小和卒中 | [58] |
| 组织细胞增多症-淋巴结肿大综合征 | SLC29A3 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | Faisalabad组织细胞增多症、窦性组织细胞增多症伴大面积淋巴结病、H综合征和色素性多毛症伴胰岛素依赖型糖尿病综合征 | [59] |
| Woodhouse-Sakati综合征 | DCAF17 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 性腺功能减退、部分脱发、糖尿病、智力低下和耳聋,认知障碍和肌张力障碍 | [60] |
| 小头畸型、身材矮小和葡萄糖代谢受损1型 | TRMT10A | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 脖子短、鼻宽、发际线低、背颈脂肪垫、右第五趾后缩、脊柱侧弯、关节松弛、身材矮小、小头畸形、精神迟滞和糖尿病 | [61] |
| 小头畸型、身材矮小和葡萄糖代谢受损2型 | PPP1R15B | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 糖尿病、生长迟缓、青春期延迟、小头畸形,严重的智力障碍和神经源性耳聋 | [62] |
| Prader-Willi综合征 | NDN、SNRPN | 常染色体显性遗传 | 胎儿活动减少、肥胖、肌肉张力减退、智力低下、身材矮小、促性腺激素性性腺功能减退和手脚小 | [63] |
| Bardet-Biedl综合征 | CCDC28B、ARL6、BBS1 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 视网膜色素变性、肥胖、肾功能不全、多指畸形、行为功能障碍和性腺功能减退 | [64-65] |
| Alstrom综合征 | ALMS1 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 进行性锥杆营养不良导致失明、感觉神经性听力损失、与高胰岛素血症相关的儿童肥胖和2型糖尿病,在婴儿期或青春期发生扩张型心肌病。经常观察到肾功能衰竭,肺、肝和泌尿系统功能障碍,且系统性纤维化随着年龄的增长而发展 | [66-67] |
| Cohen综合征 | VPS13B | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 面部畸形、小头畸形、躯干肥胖、智力发育受损、进行性视网膜病变和间歇性先天性中性粒细胞减少症 | [68] |
| Berardinelli-Seip综合征 | BSCL2 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 脂肪组织显著缺乏、极端胰岛素抵抗、高甘油三酯血症、肝脂肪变性和糖尿病早期发作 | [69] |
| SHORT综合征 | PIK3R1 | 常染色体显性遗传 | 身材矮小、腹股沟疝、眼压低、出牙延迟、脂肪营养不良、胰岛素抵抗、肾钙质沉着症和听力障碍 | [70] |
), ArticleFig(id=1203027398443888700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
常见综合征型糖尿病的表型及其突变位点、遗传方式和临床特征
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 表型 | 突变位点 | 遗传方式 | 临床特征 | 文献 |
|---|
| Wolfram综合征1 | WFS1 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 糖尿病、视神经萎缩、尿崩症和耳聋,可能出现肾脏、泌尿道、内分泌异常和共济失调、痴呆或精神发育迟滞,以及多种精神疾病 | [56] |
| Wolfram综合征2 | CISD2 | 常染色体隐性 | 遗传糖尿病、高频感音神经性听力损失、视神经萎缩或神经病变,以及导致消化性溃疡出血的血小板聚集缺陷 | [57] |
| 硫胺素反应性巨幼细胞性贫血 | SLC19A2 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 巨幼细胞性贫血、糖尿病和感觉神经性耳聋,还可能出现视神经萎缩、先天性心脏缺陷、身材矮小和卒中 | [58] |
| 组织细胞增多症-淋巴结肿大综合征 | SLC29A3 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | Faisalabad组织细胞增多症、窦性组织细胞增多症伴大面积淋巴结病、H综合征和色素性多毛症伴胰岛素依赖型糖尿病综合征 | [59] |
| Woodhouse-Sakati综合征 | DCAF17 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 性腺功能减退、部分脱发、糖尿病、智力低下和耳聋,认知障碍和肌张力障碍 | [60] |
| 小头畸型、身材矮小和葡萄糖代谢受损1型 | TRMT10A | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 脖子短、鼻宽、发际线低、背颈脂肪垫、右第五趾后缩、脊柱侧弯、关节松弛、身材矮小、小头畸形、精神迟滞和糖尿病 | [61] |
| 小头畸型、身材矮小和葡萄糖代谢受损2型 | PPP1R15B | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 糖尿病、生长迟缓、青春期延迟、小头畸形,严重的智力障碍和神经源性耳聋 | [62] |
| Prader-Willi综合征 | NDN、SNRPN | 常染色体显性遗传 | 胎儿活动减少、肥胖、肌肉张力减退、智力低下、身材矮小、促性腺激素性性腺功能减退和手脚小 | [63] |
| Bardet-Biedl综合征 | CCDC28B、ARL6、BBS1 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 视网膜色素变性、肥胖、肾功能不全、多指畸形、行为功能障碍和性腺功能减退 | [64-65] |
| Alstrom综合征 | ALMS1 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 进行性锥杆营养不良导致失明、感觉神经性听力损失、与高胰岛素血症相关的儿童肥胖和2型糖尿病,在婴儿期或青春期发生扩张型心肌病。经常观察到肾功能衰竭,肺、肝和泌尿系统功能障碍,且系统性纤维化随着年龄的增长而发展 | [66-67] |
| Cohen综合征 | VPS13B | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 面部畸形、小头畸形、躯干肥胖、智力发育受损、进行性视网膜病变和间歇性先天性中性粒细胞减少症 | [68] |
| Berardinelli-Seip综合征 | BSCL2 | 常染色体隐性遗传 | 脂肪组织显著缺乏、极端胰岛素抵抗、高甘油三酯血症、肝脂肪变性和糖尿病早期发作 | [69] |
| SHORT综合征 | PIK3R1 | 常染色体显性遗传 | 身材矮小、腹股沟疝、眼压低、出牙延迟、脂肪营养不良、胰岛素抵抗、肾钙质沉着症和听力障碍 | [70] |
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