Article(id=1202979641632977584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0927.2022.1226, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1650988800000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1657296000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-07-09, onlineDate=1764742296846, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1690473600000, pubDateStr=2023-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764742296846, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764742296846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764742296846, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1202979639087030850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='7', pageStart='749', pageEnd='870', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764742296239, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764742346610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1202979850442203282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1202979850442203283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=841, endPage=850, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1202979641947550388, articleId=1202979641632977584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=New advances in classification, diagnosis and treatment of monogenic diabetes, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Monogenic diabetes is a type of diabetes characterized by single gene mutation. Due to its heterogeneity and overlap with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, it is difficult to be accurately diagnosed clinically. Correct diagnosis is essential for certain types of monogenic diabetes, however, there is still a lack of simple clinical criteria for selecting patients for genetic testing or even interpreting the results of genetic testing. The classification of monogenic diabetes (including maturity onset diabetes of the young, neonatal diabetes mellitus, mitochondrial diabetes mellitus and syndromic diabetes mellitus) and the clinical diagnosis and corresponding treatment methods of monogenic diabetes based on the new generation sequencing and clinical characteristics have been reviewed in present paper for providing theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis of physicians as well as help to individualize the treatment of patients with monogenic diabetes.

, correspAuthors=You-Zhi Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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单基因糖尿病是以单基因突变为特征的一种糖尿病,因其异质性,以及与1、2型糖尿病有重叠,临床上难以准确诊断。正确的诊断对某些类型的单基因糖尿病至关重要,然而,目前临床上仍缺乏简单的临床标准来选择患者进行基因检测,甚至难以解释基因检测的结果。本文对单基因糖尿病的分类(包括青少年成年起病型糖尿病、新生儿糖尿病、线粒体糖尿病和综合征型糖尿病)、临床诊断及相应的治疗手段进行综述,旨在为单基因糖尿病的诊断提供依据,并为其个体化治疗提供帮助。

, correspAuthors=张又枝, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张又枝,E-mail:
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蓝青,硕士研究生,主要从事心血管和糖尿病等代谢性疾病方面的研究

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蓝青,硕士研究生,主要从事心血管和糖尿病等代谢性疾病方面的研究

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Diabetes, 2014, 63(3): 844-846., articleTitle=Wolfram syndrome iPS cells: the first human cell model of endoplasmic reticulum disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203027409273581738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=19, issue=6, pageStart=3225, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[106], rfOrder=105, authorNames=Rigoli L, Caruso V, Salzano G, journalName=Int J Environ Res Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rigoli L, Caruso V, Salzano G, et al. Wolfram syndrome 1: from genetics to therapy[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022, 19(6): 3225., articleTitle=Wolfram syndrome 1: from genetics to therapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203027409349079211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=755365, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[107], rfOrder=106, authorNames=Frontino G, Raouf T, Canarutto D, journalName=Front Pediatr, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Frontino G, Raouf T, Canarutto D, et al. Case report: off-label liraglutide use in children with Wolfram syndrome type 1:extensive characterization of four patients[J]. Front Pediatr, 2021, 9: 755365., articleTitle=Case report: off-label liraglutide use in children with Wolfram syndrome type 1:extensive characterization of four patients, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1203027398590689341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, awardId=81900719, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(81900719), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203027398653603902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, awardId=81900719, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年基金(81900719), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203027398733295679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, awardId=81800704, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(81800704), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203027398796210240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, awardId=81800704, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年基金(81800704), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203027395600150536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395608539145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395600150536, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Southern Hubei Provincial Engineering Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianning, Hubei 437000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395616927754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395600150536, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1湖北科技学院药学院,鄂南特色中药省级工程中心,湖北咸宁 437000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203027395675648011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395684036620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395675648011, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 437000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395688230925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395675648011, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉中心医院药剂科,湖北武汉 430000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203027395738562575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395746951184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395738562575, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Pain, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 437000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203027395751145489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, companyId=1203027395738562575, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉中心医院疼痛科,湖北武汉 430000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203027397730857011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Age of onset, characteristics and treatment of different subtypes of MODY[1611-12]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型基因(MODY亚型)发病年龄病因特征
转录调节障碍HNF4A(MODY1)<18岁β细胞发育不良和功能障碍新生儿巨大儿与高胰岛素血症低血糖
HNF1A(MODY3)<25岁β细胞发育不良和功能障碍微血管并发症高危;低糖肾阈
PDX1/IPF1(MODY4)成年早期β细胞发育不良和功能障碍纯合子/复合杂合子胰腺发育不全(罕见)
HNF1β(MODY5)青春期前到成年早期β细胞发育不良和功能障碍肾脏结构异常、生殖道畸形、胰腺发育不全、低镁血症、肝功能异常、智力残疾
NEUROD1(MODY6)成年早期β细胞发育不良和功能障碍糖尿病外显率降低
KLF11(MODY7)不定β细胞发育不良和功能障碍胰岛素敏感性降低;轻度高血糖
PAX4(MODY9)青春期后期β细胞发育不良和功能障碍重度高血糖;出现酮症酸中毒
BLK(MODY 11)不定胰岛素分泌缺陷肥胖常见
酶病症GCK(MODY2)出生时葡萄糖感应缺陷终身轻度空腹高血糖,餐后血糖增加量低;通常对治疗无效,也不需要治疗;微血管和大血管并发症的风险未增加
蛋白质错误折叠障碍CEL(MODY8)成年早期胰腺外分泌和内分泌功能障碍儿童胰腺外分泌功能障碍和成年后糖尿病合并多发胰腺囊肿
INS(MODY10)童年到成年胰岛素生物合成缺陷内质网应激和细胞凋亡导致β细胞死亡、INS基因杂合错义突变导致胰岛素依赖
离子通道疾病ABCC8(MODY12)青春期前到成年早期胰岛素分泌缺陷在某些情况下神经异常
KCNJ11(MODY13)童年时期胰岛素分泌缺陷在某些情况下神经异常
信号转导障碍APPL1(MODY14)10~50岁胰岛素分泌缺陷尿崩症、糖尿病、视神经萎缩和耳聋
), ArticleFig(id=1203027397806354484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同MODY亚型的发病年龄、特征和治疗情况[1611-12]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型基因(MODY亚型)发病年龄病因特征
转录调节障碍HNF4A(MODY1)<18岁β细胞发育不良和功能障碍新生儿巨大儿与高胰岛素血症低血糖
HNF1A(MODY3)<25岁β细胞发育不良和功能障碍微血管并发症高危;低糖肾阈
PDX1/IPF1(MODY4)成年早期β细胞发育不良和功能障碍纯合子/复合杂合子胰腺发育不全(罕见)
HNF1β(MODY5)青春期前到成年早期β细胞发育不良和功能障碍肾脏结构异常、生殖道畸形、胰腺发育不全、低镁血症、肝功能异常、智力残疾
NEUROD1(MODY6)成年早期β细胞发育不良和功能障碍糖尿病外显率降低
KLF11(MODY7)不定β细胞发育不良和功能障碍胰岛素敏感性降低;轻度高血糖
PAX4(MODY9)青春期后期β细胞发育不良和功能障碍重度高血糖;出现酮症酸中毒
BLK(MODY 11)不定胰岛素分泌缺陷肥胖常见
酶病症GCK(MODY2)出生时葡萄糖感应缺陷终身轻度空腹高血糖,餐后血糖增加量低;通常对治疗无效,也不需要治疗;微血管和大血管并发症的风险未增加
蛋白质错误折叠障碍CEL(MODY8)成年早期胰腺外分泌和内分泌功能障碍儿童胰腺外分泌功能障碍和成年后糖尿病合并多发胰腺囊肿
INS(MODY10)童年到成年胰岛素生物合成缺陷内质网应激和细胞凋亡导致β细胞死亡、INS基因杂合错义突变导致胰岛素依赖
离子通道疾病ABCC8(MODY12)青春期前到成年早期胰岛素分泌缺陷在某些情况下神经异常
KCNJ11(MODY13)童年时期胰岛素分泌缺陷在某些情况下神经异常
信号转导障碍APPL1(MODY14)10~50岁胰岛素分泌缺陷尿崩症、糖尿病、视神经萎缩和耳聋
), ArticleFig(id=1203027397877657653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

The mutant genes, inheritance patterns and characteristics of NDM[1417-21]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号*基因暂时性/永久性遗传方式特征
1KCNJ11均可常染色体显性出生体重过低、子宫发育迟缓、癫痫(delay, epilepsy, and neonatal diabetes,DEND综合征),可能有其他神经特征,神经学特征(罕见)
2ABCC8均可常染色体显性出生体重过低,发育迟缓
3INS均可常染色体显性、隐性(罕见)出生体重过低
4GATA6永久性常染色体显性胰腺缺陷或发育不全,外分泌不全,心脏缺陷
5EIF2AK3永久性常染色体隐性Wolcott-Rallison综合征,骨骼发育不良(1~2岁),偶发性急性肝衰竭,外分泌胰腺功能不全
6GCK永久性常染色体隐性出生体重过低
7PTF1A永久性常染色体隐性神经异常,外分泌不足,肾脏受累
8FOXP3永久性伴X染色体隐性自身免疫性甲状腺疾病、剥脱性皮炎、肠道病(immunedysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome,IPEX综合征)
9ZFP57暂时性常染色体隐性可变表型,出生体重过低,原发性巨舌,胎儿宫内发育迟缓
10GLIS3永久性常染色体隐性甲状腺功能减退,肾囊肿,青光眼,肝纤维化
11PDX1永久性常染色体隐性胰腺缺陷或发育不全,外分泌不足
12SLC2A2均可常染色体隐性肝肾糖原积累,肾功能不全,葡萄糖和半乳糖利用受损
13SLC19A2永久性常染色体隐性神经功能缺陷(卒中、癫痫发作、视觉障碍),心脏异常
14GATA4永久性常染色体隐性胰腺缺陷或发育不全,外分泌不足,心脏缺陷
15STAT3永久性常染色体显性自身免疫性肠病、甲状腺功能障碍、肺病、青少年期关节炎
16NEUROD1永久性常染色体隐性神经系统异常(晚期),学习困难,感音神经性耳聋
17NEUROG3永久性常染色体隐性腹泻(由于缺乏肠道内分泌细胞)
18NKX22永久性常染色体隐性胼胝体发育不全,神经系统异常(晚期),出生体重过低
19RFX6永久性常染色体隐性出生体重过低,肠闭锁,胆囊发育不良,腹泻
20IER3IP1永久性常染色体隐性小头症,婴儿癫痫性脑病
21MNX1永久性常染色体隐性骶骨发育不全,神经缺损,神经系统异常(晚期)
22HNF1β暂时性常染色体显性胰腺萎缩,肾脏异常,生殖器畸形
), ArticleFig(id=1203027397953155126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

已知的NDM的突变基因、遗传方式及特征[1417-21]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号*基因暂时性/永久性遗传方式特征
1KCNJ11均可常染色体显性出生体重过低、子宫发育迟缓、癫痫(delay, epilepsy, and neonatal diabetes,DEND综合征),可能有其他神经特征,神经学特征(罕见)
2ABCC8均可常染色体显性出生体重过低,发育迟缓
3INS均可常染色体显性、隐性(罕见)出生体重过低
4GATA6永久性常染色体显性胰腺缺陷或发育不全,外分泌不全,心脏缺陷
5EIF2AK3永久性常染色体隐性Wolcott-Rallison综合征,骨骼发育不良(1~2岁),偶发性急性肝衰竭,外分泌胰腺功能不全
6GCK永久性常染色体隐性出生体重过低
7PTF1A永久性常染色体隐性神经异常,外分泌不足,肾脏受累
8FOXP3永久性伴X染色体隐性自身免疫性甲状腺疾病、剥脱性皮炎、肠道病(immunedysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome,IPEX综合征)
9ZFP57暂时性常染色体隐性可变表型,出生体重过低,原发性巨舌,胎儿宫内发育迟缓
10GLIS3永久性常染色体隐性甲状腺功能减退,肾囊肿,青光眼,肝纤维化
11PDX1永久性常染色体隐性胰腺缺陷或发育不全,外分泌不足
12SLC2A2均可常染色体隐性肝肾糖原积累,肾功能不全,葡萄糖和半乳糖利用受损
13SLC19A2永久性常染色体隐性神经功能缺陷(卒中、癫痫发作、视觉障碍),心脏异常
14GATA4永久性常染色体隐性胰腺缺陷或发育不全,外分泌不足,心脏缺陷
15STAT3永久性常染色体显性自身免疫性肠病、甲状腺功能障碍、肺病、青少年期关节炎
16NEUROD1永久性常染色体隐性神经系统异常(晚期),学习困难,感音神经性耳聋
17NEUROG3永久性常染色体隐性腹泻(由于缺乏肠道内分泌细胞)
18NKX22永久性常染色体隐性胼胝体发育不全,神经系统异常(晚期),出生体重过低
19RFX6永久性常染色体隐性出生体重过低,肠闭锁,胆囊发育不良,腹泻
20IER3IP1永久性常染色体隐性小头症,婴儿癫痫性脑病
21MNX1永久性常染色体隐性骶骨发育不全,神经缺损,神经系统异常(晚期)
22HNF1β暂时性常染色体显性胰腺萎缩,肾脏异常,生殖器畸形
), ArticleFig(id=1203027398032846903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Mutant sites and associated phenotypes that cause mitochondrial diabetes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
突变位点表型文献
MTTL1,3243A-G线粒体脑肌病、乳酸性酸中毒和卒中样发作综合征(mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes syndrome,MELAS综合征),糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传,肌肉僵硬,疼痛,3-甲基谷氨酸尿症,黄斑病变,周期性呕吐综合征,线粒体复合体Ⅳ缺乏症/过度缺乏症[27-28]
MTTL1,3271T-CMELAS综合征[29]
MTTL1,3256C-T肌阵挛性癫痫伴破碎红纤维综合征(myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers syndrome,MERRF综合征),糖尿病,非胰岛素依赖型,母系传播[30]
MTTL1,3303C-T伴有或不伴有骨骼肌病的心肌病[31]
MTTL1,3252T-C线粒体性脑肌病[32]
MTTL1,3251A-G进行性眼外肌麻痹、近端肌病和猝死[33]
MTTL1,3260A-G伴有或不伴有骨骼肌病的心肌病[34]
MTTL1,3250T-C对核黄素有反应的骨骼肌病[35]
MTTL1,3290T-C婴儿猝死综合征[36]
MTTL1,3274A-G神经精神疾病和早发性白内障[37]
MTTL1,3249G-AKearns-Sayre综合征[38]
MTTL1,3242G-A骨髓增生异常综合征[39-40]
MTTE,14709T-C线粒体肌病、糖尿病、糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传[41]
MTTE,14674T-C线粒体肌病,婴儿,短暂[42]
MTTE,14674T-G线粒体肌病,婴儿,短暂[43]
MTTE,14692A-G糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传[44]
MTTK,8344A-GMERRF综合征,Leigh综合征,帕金森病[45]
MTTK,8356T-CMERRF综合征,MERRF/MELAS重叠综合征[46]
MTTK,8363G-A心肌病和耳聋[47]
MTTK,8313G-A线粒体神经胃肠型脑肌病[48]
MTTK,8296A-G糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传[49]
MTTK,8342G-A进行性眼外肌麻痹伴肌阵挛[50]
MTTK,8361G-AMERRF综合征[51]
), ArticleFig(id=1203027398095761464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

MD的突变位点及相关表型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
突变位点表型文献
MTTL1,3243A-G线粒体脑肌病、乳酸性酸中毒和卒中样发作综合征(mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes syndrome,MELAS综合征),糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传,肌肉僵硬,疼痛,3-甲基谷氨酸尿症,黄斑病变,周期性呕吐综合征,线粒体复合体Ⅳ缺乏症/过度缺乏症[27-28]
MTTL1,3271T-CMELAS综合征[29]
MTTL1,3256C-T肌阵挛性癫痫伴破碎红纤维综合征(myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers syndrome,MERRF综合征),糖尿病,非胰岛素依赖型,母系传播[30]
MTTL1,3303C-T伴有或不伴有骨骼肌病的心肌病[31]
MTTL1,3252T-C线粒体性脑肌病[32]
MTTL1,3251A-G进行性眼外肌麻痹、近端肌病和猝死[33]
MTTL1,3260A-G伴有或不伴有骨骼肌病的心肌病[34]
MTTL1,3250T-C对核黄素有反应的骨骼肌病[35]
MTTL1,3290T-C婴儿猝死综合征[36]
MTTL1,3274A-G神经精神疾病和早发性白内障[37]
MTTL1,3249G-AKearns-Sayre综合征[38]
MTTL1,3242G-A骨髓增生异常综合征[39-40]
MTTE,14709T-C线粒体肌病、糖尿病、糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传[41]
MTTE,14674T-C线粒体肌病,婴儿,短暂[42]
MTTE,14674T-G线粒体肌病,婴儿,短暂[43]
MTTE,14692A-G糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传[44]
MTTK,8344A-GMERRF综合征,Leigh综合征,帕金森病[45]
MTTK,8356T-CMERRF综合征,MERRF/MELAS重叠综合征[46]
MTTK,8363G-A心肌病和耳聋[47]
MTTK,8313G-A线粒体神经胃肠型脑肌病[48]
MTTK,8296A-G糖尿病和耳聋,母系遗传[49]
MTTK,8342G-A进行性眼外肌麻痹伴肌阵挛[50]
MTTK,8361G-AMERRF综合征[51]
), ArticleFig(id=1203027398200619065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

A mitochondrial disease that predisposes you to mitochondrial diabetes[12]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线粒体疾病基因型(或突变位点)遗传特征主要临床特征患糖尿病风险
母亲遗传糖尿病和耳聋(MIDD)MT-TL1 (m.3243A>G)母系遗传在糖尿病发病前数年出现迟发性感音神经性听力损失高风险
线粒体神经胃肠型脑肌病MT-TL1 (m.32423A>G)(大多数患者)母系遗传卒中样发作、癫痫发作、偏头痛、认知能力下降、乳酸酸中毒、内分泌疾病中风险
Kearns-Sayre综合征(KSS)mtDNA缺失一般为散发性进行性眼外肌麻痹、视网膜色素变性、心肌病、心脏传导阻滞、内分泌疾病低风险
线粒体神经胃肠型脑肌病TYMP常染色体隐性遗传、母系遗传进行性胃肠运动障碍、眼麻痹、脑白质病变、周围神经病变、内分泌疾病低风险
肌肉磷酸化酶缺乏综合征mtDNA缺失一般为散发性铁粒幼细胞贫血,全血细胞减少,胰腺外分泌功能障碍低风险
慢性进行性眼外肌病(CPEO+)mtDNA缺失或mtDNA突变;POLG,RRM2B一般为散发性,罕见的是母系遗传,常染色体显性遗传进行性眼外肌麻痹伴骨骼肌病、内分泌疾病低风险
肌阵挛性癫痫伴有不规则的红色纤维MT-TK(m.8344A>G) POLG母系遗传,常染色体隐性遗传肌阵挛,癫痫,小脑共济失调、肌病、内分泌疾病低风险
Leber遗传性视神经病变(LHON)mtDNA点突变:m.11778G>A m.3460G>A m.14484T>C母系遗传视神经病变、内分泌病低风险
), ArticleFig(id=1203027398284505146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

易引起线粒体糖尿病的线粒体疾病[12]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线粒体疾病基因型(或突变位点)遗传特征主要临床特征患糖尿病风险
母亲遗传糖尿病和耳聋(MIDD)MT-TL1 (m.3243A>G)母系遗传在糖尿病发病前数年出现迟发性感音神经性听力损失高风险
线粒体神经胃肠型脑肌病MT-TL1 (m.32423A>G)(大多数患者)母系遗传卒中样发作、癫痫发作、偏头痛、认知能力下降、乳酸酸中毒、内分泌疾病中风险
Kearns-Sayre综合征(KSS)mtDNA缺失一般为散发性进行性眼外肌麻痹、视网膜色素变性、心肌病、心脏传导阻滞、内分泌疾病低风险
线粒体神经胃肠型脑肌病TYMP常染色体隐性遗传、母系遗传进行性胃肠运动障碍、眼麻痹、脑白质病变、周围神经病变、内分泌疾病低风险
肌肉磷酸化酶缺乏综合征mtDNA缺失一般为散发性铁粒幼细胞贫血,全血细胞减少,胰腺外分泌功能障碍低风险
慢性进行性眼外肌病(CPEO+)mtDNA缺失或mtDNA突变;POLG,RRM2B一般为散发性,罕见的是母系遗传,常染色体显性遗传进行性眼外肌麻痹伴骨骼肌病、内分泌疾病低风险
肌阵挛性癫痫伴有不规则的红色纤维MT-TK(m.8344A>G) POLG母系遗传,常染色体隐性遗传肌阵挛,癫痫,小脑共济失调、肌病、内分泌疾病低风险
Leber遗传性视神经病变(LHON)mtDNA点突变:m.11778G>A m.3460G>A m.14484T>C母系遗传视神经病变、内分泌病低风险
), ArticleFig(id=1203027398351614011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Phenotypes, mutation sites, genetic patterns and clinical features of common syndromic diabetes mellitus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表型突变位点遗传方式临床特征文献
Wolfram综合征1WFS1常染色体隐性遗传糖尿病、视神经萎缩、尿崩症和耳聋,可能出现肾脏、泌尿道、内分泌异常和共济失调、痴呆或精神发育迟滞,以及多种精神疾病[56]
Wolfram综合征2CISD2常染色体隐性遗传糖尿病、高频感音神经性听力损失、视神经萎缩或神经病变,以及导致消化性溃疡出血的血小板聚集缺陷[57]
硫胺素反应性巨幼细胞性贫血SLC19A2常染色体隐性遗传巨幼细胞性贫血、糖尿病和感觉神经性耳聋,还可能出现视神经萎缩、先天性心脏缺陷、身材矮小和卒中[58]
组织细胞增多症-淋巴结肿大综合征SLC29A3常染色体隐性遗传Faisalabad组织细胞增多症、窦性组织细胞增多症伴大面积淋巴结病、H综合征和色素性多毛症伴胰岛素依赖型糖尿病综合征[59]
Woodhouse-Sakati综合征DCAF17常染色体隐性遗传性腺功能减退、部分脱发、糖尿病、智力低下和耳聋,认知障碍和肌张力障碍[60]
小头畸型、身材矮小和葡萄糖代谢受损1型TRMT10A常染色体隐性遗传脖子短、鼻宽、发际线低、背颈脂肪垫、右第五趾后缩、脊柱侧弯、关节松弛、身材矮小、小头畸形、精神迟滞和糖尿病[61]
小头畸型、身材矮小和葡萄糖代谢受损2型PPP1R15B常染色体隐性遗传糖尿病、生长迟缓、青春期延迟、小头畸形,严重的智力障碍和神经源性耳聋[62]
Prader-Willi综合征NDN、SNRPN常染色体显性遗传胎儿活动减少、肥胖、肌肉张力减退、智力低下、身材矮小、促性腺激素性性腺功能减退和手脚小[63]
Bardet-Biedl综合征CCDC28B、ARL6、BBS1常染色体隐性遗传视网膜色素变性、肥胖、肾功能不全、多指畸形、行为功能障碍和性腺功能减退[64-65]
Alstrom综合征ALMS1常染色体隐性遗传进行性锥杆营养不良导致失明、感觉神经性听力损失、与高胰岛素血症相关的儿童肥胖和2型糖尿病,在婴儿期或青春期发生扩张型心肌病。经常观察到肾功能衰竭,肺、肝和泌尿系统功能障碍,且系统性纤维化随着年龄的增长而发展[66-67]
Cohen综合征VPS13B常染色体隐性遗传面部畸形、小头畸形、躯干肥胖、智力发育受损、进行性视网膜病变和间歇性先天性中性粒细胞减少症[68]
Berardinelli-Seip综合征BSCL2常染色体隐性遗传脂肪组织显著缺乏、极端胰岛素抵抗、高甘油三酯血症、肝脂肪变性和糖尿病早期发作[69]
SHORT综合征PIK3R1常染色体显性遗传身材矮小、腹股沟疝、眼压低、出牙延迟、脂肪营养不良、胰岛素抵抗、肾钙质沉着症和听力障碍[70]
), ArticleFig(id=1203027398443888700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979641632977584, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

常见综合征型糖尿病的表型及其突变位点、遗传方式和临床特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表型突变位点遗传方式临床特征文献
Wolfram综合征1WFS1常染色体隐性遗传糖尿病、视神经萎缩、尿崩症和耳聋,可能出现肾脏、泌尿道、内分泌异常和共济失调、痴呆或精神发育迟滞,以及多种精神疾病[56]
Wolfram综合征2CISD2常染色体隐性遗传糖尿病、高频感音神经性听力损失、视神经萎缩或神经病变,以及导致消化性溃疡出血的血小板聚集缺陷[57]
硫胺素反应性巨幼细胞性贫血SLC19A2常染色体隐性遗传巨幼细胞性贫血、糖尿病和感觉神经性耳聋,还可能出现视神经萎缩、先天性心脏缺陷、身材矮小和卒中[58]
组织细胞增多症-淋巴结肿大综合征SLC29A3常染色体隐性遗传Faisalabad组织细胞增多症、窦性组织细胞增多症伴大面积淋巴结病、H综合征和色素性多毛症伴胰岛素依赖型糖尿病综合征[59]
Woodhouse-Sakati综合征DCAF17常染色体隐性遗传性腺功能减退、部分脱发、糖尿病、智力低下和耳聋,认知障碍和肌张力障碍[60]
小头畸型、身材矮小和葡萄糖代谢受损1型TRMT10A常染色体隐性遗传脖子短、鼻宽、发际线低、背颈脂肪垫、右第五趾后缩、脊柱侧弯、关节松弛、身材矮小、小头畸形、精神迟滞和糖尿病[61]
小头畸型、身材矮小和葡萄糖代谢受损2型PPP1R15B常染色体隐性遗传糖尿病、生长迟缓、青春期延迟、小头畸形,严重的智力障碍和神经源性耳聋[62]
Prader-Willi综合征NDN、SNRPN常染色体显性遗传胎儿活动减少、肥胖、肌肉张力减退、智力低下、身材矮小、促性腺激素性性腺功能减退和手脚小[63]
Bardet-Biedl综合征CCDC28B、ARL6、BBS1常染色体隐性遗传视网膜色素变性、肥胖、肾功能不全、多指畸形、行为功能障碍和性腺功能减退[64-65]
Alstrom综合征ALMS1常染色体隐性遗传进行性锥杆营养不良导致失明、感觉神经性听力损失、与高胰岛素血症相关的儿童肥胖和2型糖尿病,在婴儿期或青春期发生扩张型心肌病。经常观察到肾功能衰竭,肺、肝和泌尿系统功能障碍,且系统性纤维化随着年龄的增长而发展[66-67]
Cohen综合征VPS13B常染色体隐性遗传面部畸形、小头畸形、躯干肥胖、智力发育受损、进行性视网膜病变和间歇性先天性中性粒细胞减少症[68]
Berardinelli-Seip综合征BSCL2常染色体隐性遗传脂肪组织显著缺乏、极端胰岛素抵抗、高甘油三酯血症、肝脂肪变性和糖尿病早期发作[69]
SHORT综合征PIK3R1常染色体显性遗传身材矮小、腹股沟疝、眼压低、出牙延迟、脂肪营养不良、胰岛素抵抗、肾钙质沉着症和听力障碍[70]
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单基因糖尿病的分类、诊断与治疗新进展
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蓝青 1 , 张巧云 1 , 李居怡 2 , 王秀芳 3 , 张又枝 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(7): 841-850
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(7): 841-850
单基因糖尿病的分类、诊断与治疗新进展
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蓝青1, 张巧云1, 李居怡2, 王秀芳3, 张又枝1, *
作者信息
  • 1湖北科技学院药学院,鄂南特色中药省级工程中心,湖北咸宁 437000
  • 2华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉中心医院药剂科,湖北武汉 430000
  • 3华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉中心医院疼痛科,湖北武汉 430000
  • 蓝青,硕士研究生,主要从事心血管和糖尿病等代谢性疾病方面的研究

通讯作者:

张又枝,E-mail:
New advances in classification, diagnosis and treatment of monogenic diabetes
Qing Lan1, Qiao-Yun Zhang1, Ju-Yi Li2, Xiu-Fang Wang3, You-Zhi Zhang1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Southern Hubei Provincial Engineering Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianning, Hubei 437000, China
  • 2Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 437000, China
  • 3Department of Pain, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 437000, China
出版时间: 2023-07-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0927.2022.1226
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单基因糖尿病是以单基因突变为特征的一种糖尿病,因其异质性,以及与1、2型糖尿病有重叠,临床上难以准确诊断。正确的诊断对某些类型的单基因糖尿病至关重要,然而,目前临床上仍缺乏简单的临床标准来选择患者进行基因检测,甚至难以解释基因检测的结果。本文对单基因糖尿病的分类(包括青少年成年起病型糖尿病、新生儿糖尿病、线粒体糖尿病和综合征型糖尿病)、临床诊断及相应的治疗手段进行综述,旨在为单基因糖尿病的诊断提供依据,并为其个体化治疗提供帮助。

单基因糖尿病  /  基因诊断  /  精准分型  /  个体化治疗

Monogenic diabetes is a type of diabetes characterized by single gene mutation. Due to its heterogeneity and overlap with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, it is difficult to be accurately diagnosed clinically. Correct diagnosis is essential for certain types of monogenic diabetes, however, there is still a lack of simple clinical criteria for selecting patients for genetic testing or even interpreting the results of genetic testing. The classification of monogenic diabetes (including maturity onset diabetes of the young, neonatal diabetes mellitus, mitochondrial diabetes mellitus and syndromic diabetes mellitus) and the clinical diagnosis and corresponding treatment methods of monogenic diabetes based on the new generation sequencing and clinical characteristics have been reviewed in present paper for providing theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis of physicians as well as help to individualize the treatment of patients with monogenic diabetes.

monogenic diabetes  /  gene diagnosis  /  accurate classification  /  individualized treatment
蓝青, 张巧云, 李居怡, 王秀芳, 张又枝. 单基因糖尿病的分类、诊断与治疗新进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (7) : 841 -850 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0927.2022.1226
Qing Lan, Qiao-Yun Zhang, Ju-Yi Li, Xiu-Fang Wang, You-Zhi Zhang. New advances in classification, diagnosis and treatment of monogenic diabetes[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (7) : 841 -850 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0927.2022.1226
单基因糖尿病是由单个基因的一个或多个位点缺陷引起的一种糖尿病,占糖尿病的1%~5%,主要包括青少年成年起病型糖尿病(maturity onset diabetes of the young,MODY)、新生儿糖尿病(neonatal diabetes mellitus,NDM)、线粒体糖尿病(mitochondrial diabetes,MD)和综合征型糖尿病(如Wolfram综合征)[1]。迄今为止,单基因糖尿病已经鉴定出超过40种不同的遗传亚型,每一种亚型均有典型的表型和特定的遗传模式[2-4]。不同的病因决定了不同的治疗方法(如口服磺酰脲治疗MODY中的HNF1A/HNF4A糖尿病,而GCK突变的MODY患者通常不治疗,怀孕期间可使用胰岛素),且单基因糖尿病与1、2型糖尿病的临床特征经常重叠,因此,正确的诊断在临床上对某些类型的单基因糖尿病至关重要。根据单基因糖尿病的遗传病因,分子遗传学检测可用于诊断和分类[4-5],但仍然存在挑战。本文对单基因糖尿病中MODY、NDM、MD和综合征型糖尿病的分类、诊断与治疗进行综述,旨在为单基因糖尿病的临床诊断提供理论依据,并为其个体化治疗提供帮助。
MODY为单基因糖尿病最常见的类型,是由β细胞发育和胰岛素分泌相关基因突变引起的一组临床异质性常染色体显性疾病,占糖尿病患者的1%~5%[6]。该病的诊断依据为:25岁前发病、至少连续两代人曾患有糖尿病、β细胞自身抗体缺乏和内源性胰岛素持续分泌[7-8]。据估计,欧洲人群中MODY的患病率成人为1/10 000,儿童为1/230 000。目前,通过临床评估和遗传分析可诊断出14种不同的MODY亚型(表1)。MODY的发病机制与多种基因突变有关[6]GCK基因突变在中国MODY患者中最为常见[9],Ma等[10]发现,中国人群中由GCK基因突变引起的MODY患病率为0.21%,而在中国糖尿病人群中MODY患病率则为1.3%。
NDM包括永久性(permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus,PNDM)与暂时性(transient neonatal diabetes mellitus,TNDM)两类,表现为宫内生长迟缓、高血糖、发育不良、多尿,在某些情况下,还会出现脱水和酮症酸中毒,在出生后的前几个月,可能会出现严重的昏迷[13]。NDM的发病率为1/90 000,NDM患者会出现与循环胰岛素不足有关或无关的严重高血糖,主要发生在出生后前6个月,6个月至1年时很少发生[14],因而NDM定义为6个月内确诊的糖尿病。但早产婴儿静脉注射葡萄糖或类固醇后,由于机体发育不成熟、胰岛素抵抗、感染等,可出现高血糖的现象,所以,新生儿高血糖需要胰岛素治疗至少14 d是确诊NDM的依据之一[15]。目前已发现有20多种不同的基因突变可导致NDM,其中涉及KCNJ11ABCC8基因的ATP敏感性钾通道(ATP-sensitive potassium channel,KATP)突变占PNDM病例的大多数[16]表2列出了已知NDM的突变基因、相关特征及治疗等(不包括染色体6q24位点的基因)[1417-21]
此外,染色体6q24位点的基因(PLAGL1HYMAI)过表达也可引起TNDM。正常情况下,PLAGL1HYMAI的母系等位基因表达是被抑制的,只有父系等位基因是表达的。有3种不同的遗传机制可导致6q24-TNDM:(1)父系6号染色体的单亲二体性;(2)父系等位基因上6q24的重复;(3)母系6q24差异甲基化区域内的相对低甲基化,导致母体PLAGL1HYMAI等位基因的不适当表达[14]。Touati等[22]发现,染色体6p22处ZFP57基因的纯合或复合杂合突变也会影响6q24位点基因的甲基化状态。有趣的是,Yorifuji等[23]发现,6q24染色体相关性糖尿病最重要的临床特征是胎儿出生体重低,提示子宫内缺乏胰岛素。该研究还发现许多患儿可在青春期后复发,此时,复发性6q24相关糖尿病不再是短暂性的,通常发生在自身抗体阴性的非肥胖患者中,这与MODY相似。
线粒体疾病是指线粒体病变、影响能量代谢的复杂疾病,它可在儿童和成人中发生,并可出现在各种器官中,包括相互之间可能没有明显功能联系的多个器官,如大脑与肝脏,或胰腺与听觉系统[24]。目前已经发现100多种由线粒体缺陷引起的线粒体疾病,包括肥胖、糖尿病、心脏病、神经退行性疾病和衰老[25]。许多线粒体疾病可导致糖尿病的发展,MD被认为占所有糖尿病病例的3%。根据β细胞分泌能力和外周肌肉胰岛素敏感性的保存程度,MD的表型可能类似于1型或2型糖尿病。此外,MD可能很少表现为糖尿病酮症酸中毒,而且存在多器官介入,特别是老年性感音神经性听力损失、母系遗传和晚发性诊断,这些可以与其他形式的单基因糖尿病(包括MODY)区别开来。MD通常发生在35岁以上的成年人[26]。有证据表明MD可能由多个线粒体基因突变引起,包括MTTL1MTTEMTTK,其中MTTL1基因中的3243A-G转换是最常见的突变。表3是引起该疾病的突变位点及相关表型[27-51]表4是某些易患MD的线粒体疾病[12]
某些非常罕见的单基因糖尿病是指胰腺异常合并其他几种胰腺外异常(由常染色体、伴X染色体的隐性和显性遗传或由线粒体突变引起)而导致的疾病(即综合征型糖尿病)。综合征型糖尿病可由胰岛素分泌严重不足(如Wolfram综合征、Wolcott-Rallison综合征、硫胺反应性巨幼细胞贫血、线粒体突变)或胰岛素抵抗(如胰岛素受体突变、Bardet-Biedl综合征、Alstrom综合征、Berardinelli-Seip先天性脂肪营养不良症)引起的[252]。儿童期发病的常染色体隐性遗传的单基因糖尿病通常伴有糖尿病综合征(糖尿病和其他非自身免疫性特征),如携带WFS1SLC19A2SLC29A3纯合子功能缺失变异的个体在儿童期会出现糖尿病,并伴有多种非自身免疫附加特征[53-55]。在某些综合征型糖尿病[如Wolfram综合征、硫胺素反应性巨幼细胞性贫血(thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia,TRM3A)、组织细胞增多症-淋巴结肿大综合征、Woodhouse-Sakati综合征、小头畸型、身材矮小和葡萄糖代谢受损1型和2型等]中,糖尿病是诊断的主要部分。与上述糖尿病作为诊断的主要部分相比,在普瑞德-威利综合征、Bardet-Biedl综合征、Alstrom综合征、科恩综合征,以及脂肪营养不良和SHORT综合征等疾病中,糖尿病可能发展为次要的健康问题[12](表5)。下文2.4中仅对常见的Wolfram综合征进行详细介绍。
目前,新一代测序(next-generation sequencing,NGS)技术的应用已成为解读糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能障碍中大量已知遗传缺陷的关键因素。随着MODY在全球范围内发病率的增高,NGS可作为一种潜在的、快速的分子诊断工具,并可识别家族性或非典型早发型糖尿病的新的遗传病因[71]。最近Al-Kandari等[72]在PDX1、HNF1A和HNF4A中发现了新的变体。考虑到MODY变体不断增加,有必要引入额外的技术(DNA微阵列或多重连接依赖性探针扩增)弥补NGS技术的不足,以更加准确地诊断出MODY的变异,并区分此变异是致病性变异还是良性变异。此外,糖肽分析通过提供HNF1A功能的信息,可帮助解释DNA测序结果,有利于医师对HNF1A-MODY患者的鉴别诊断[73]。因此,通过分子分析和实验室技术,可提高医师对MODY的正确诊断率,并根据患者病情提供适当的治疗,以达到治疗的最佳效果。
在临床层面,MODY需要正确且准确的诊断方法,将其与1型和2型糖尿病区分开来,避免因不必要的胰岛素或磺酰脲类药物治疗而严重影响患者的健康。如1型糖尿病患者需要胰岛素治疗以维持生存和控制代谢,MODY通常不需要长期的胰岛素治疗。由此可见,误诊可导致不恰当的治疗。如今,先进的分子遗传分析可准确诊断出MODY的亚型,便于医师对患者进行个体化治疗。如MODY1和MODY3的患者需要由胰岛素治疗或二甲双胍治疗转向低剂量磺酰脲类药物治疗[74-75]。Broome等[76]发现,在磺酰脲类药物不能很好地控制血糖后,应用胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂(glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist,GLP1-RA)替代磺酰脲类治疗的效果较好。MODY2患者存在轻度且稳定的空腹高血糖,糖尿病相关并发症的风险较低,除孕期需要降糖药物治疗,一般通过饮食和运动治疗便能达到良好的血糖控制效果[77]。大多数MODY5患者对磺酰脲类药物反应不佳,应早期使用胰岛素治疗[78]。Deng等[79]认为,MODY4患者可通过运动控制其血糖水平,或选择使用胰岛素作为主要的治疗方法。而MODY6患者最常采用胰岛素治疗,不过接受口服降糖药或仅饮食治疗的患者数量与接受胰岛素治疗的患者数量相似[80]。突变的CEL基因编码的蛋白会损害β细胞功能,由此引发糖尿病的MODY8患者需要口服降糖药或胰岛素治疗[81]。在轻度受影响的MODY10患者中,可通过饮食结合运动来控制疾病,一些表现与1型糖尿病相似的患者应终生使用胰岛素治疗[82]。MODY12和MODY13患者是由于β细胞中KATP通道功能障碍而导致的糖尿病,可使用磺酰脲类药物进行治疗。有趣的是,Graff等[83]发现,TALK-1选择性抑制剂对KATP通道功能障碍引起的糖尿病有治疗作用。APPL1突变的MODY14患者可通过口服降糖药、注射胰岛素得到较好的治疗,此外,适当饮食和运动对患者的帮助也极其重要[84]。因此,基因检测对MODY患者的正确诊断和适当治疗是必要的。
精确的分子诊断可使患者得到最佳治疗。据统计,MODY2患者的自身免疫性甲状腺疾病患病率增高,因此,建议对所有MODY2患者进行仔细随访,以评估是否存在甲状腺疾病[85]。尽管筛查标准通常不足以提供准确的人口估计,但可提高疾病诊断和治疗的成本效益,因此,需要进一步的基因诊断、筛查标准和更大队列的研究加以证实[9]。最近,Laver等[86]的研究提供了变异和基因水平遗传方面的证据,认为BLKKLF11PAX4变异不会引起MODY,不应包括在MODY的诊断测试中。这与以往认为的导致MODY的16个基因相矛盾,后续需要更多研究来进一步验证,从而确保对MODY患者准确无误的诊断。
NDM有许多互不相连的临床表型,是由不同的遗传原因定义的。正常情况下,TNDM患者的糖尿病诊断年龄较小,而且TNDM患者比PNDM患者更容易出现宫内生长迟缓,发生酮症酸中毒的可能性更低。Lin等[87]的研究揭示了钾通道相关基因KCNJ11ABCC8是中国华南地区NDM最常见的致病基因。通过对6号染色体异常、KCNJ11ABCC8基因的分子分析,可在新生儿期识别PNDM和TNDM。约50%的PNDM病例与钾离子通道突变有关,这可能会导致一些患者从胰岛素治疗转向磺酰脲类药物治疗。磺酰脲类药物可作用于KATP通道并促进其关闭,从而允许胰岛素从β细胞释放出来。在儿科患者中使用磺酰脲类药物被认为是一种超说明书用药,由于大脑中存在KATP通道,KCNJ11突变的患者,尤其是PNDM患者,可能表现出注意力缺陷、多动障碍、睡眠中断、发育迟缓和癫痫发作频率增快等症状[87]
基因亚型决定了治疗方法,大多数钾通道突变患者通过磺酰脲治疗后,血糖控制得到明显改善。Bowman等[88]也证实磺酰脲类药物治疗ABCC8突变所致的PNDM患者长期有效且安全性较高。此外,Laimon等[89]发现,所有KATP通道突变的患者均可使用格列本脲进行有效治疗。基因诊断将告知临床医师可能的病程和糖尿病患者的最佳管理方案,以及未来可能出现的其他临床特征[90]
MD通常表现得很隐蔽,与2型糖尿病很难区分。由m.3243A>G突变引起的母系遗传糖尿病和耳聋是与MD相关的最常见表现。m.3243A>G突变可发生于任何年龄,但多见于中年,平均发病年龄为37或38岁,此时,KATP通道功能下降,胰腺β细胞的进行性损伤可导致胰岛素分泌受损[91-92]。MD患者可发展为胰岛素依赖高风险,而其他形式的2型糖尿病患者则无此表现[93]。这些发现进一步支持了MD中胰岛素缺乏和抵抗相结合的理论[94]。胰岛素分泌受损决定了大多数患者最终需要胰岛素治疗。其他药物如辅酶Q10和PPARγ激动剂的治疗效果仅在单个病例中进行了评估,因此在应用时需谨慎。在筛查MD时,患者具有糖尿病和其母亲一侧听力损失是关键的临床特征。Tian等[95]建立了一套性能良好(敏感度100%,特异度69.9%)的MD评分系统用于中国2型糖尿病患者队列的基因检测,但该系统仍需在其他人群中进行验证。此外,随着新一代测序技术的引入,基因检测变得更加容易,进行精确的基因诊断非常重要,因为这牵涉到不同器官系统的风险。确定遗传诊断也至关重要,因为其可协助制定生殖选择方案,防止线粒体DNA变异导致的线粒体疾病传给下一代[96]
Wolfram综合征是一种常染色体隐性遗传疾病,其特征为少年期糖尿病、尿崩症、视神经萎缩、听力损失和神经变性。这种遗传疾病有两个致病基因:Wolfram综合征1(WFS1)和Wolfram综合征2(WFS2)[97]WFS1是大多数该患者群体的主要突变位点[98]。在Wolfram综合征中,WFS1突变可使内质网应激水平升高,从而导致胰腺β细胞功能障碍及细胞死亡[5599]WFS2编码一个定位于内质网的跨膜蛋白,有报道WFS2突变患者存在糖尿病、上消化道溃疡、血小板聚集缺陷和听力损害,但其临床表型与WFS1突变患者不同,患者没有尿崩症的表现[57100]。当出现尿崩症、感音神经性耳聋、神经体征(包括共济失调、自主神经病变和癫痫)、神经源性膀胱合并糖尿病或视神经萎缩时,均可能是Wolfram综合征的一种迹象。然而,Wolfram综合征患者伴随糖尿病的视觉异常表现,可能导致部分儿童和青少年1型糖尿病的糖尿病性视网膜病变的误诊,从而导致对儿童Wolfram综合征识别的延迟和怠诊。家族史及体格检查结果对Wolfram综合征的诊断具有重要意义,但基因检测仍必不可少,为了准确预测疾病、防止并发症和开始有效的治疗,可尽早利用外显子组测序和基因组测序进行诊断。
Wolfram综合征的预后较差,目前仍无有效的治疗方法可以延缓、停止或逆转其病变,许多患者因严重的神经功能障碍而过早死亡,但通过临床监测和护理可缓解衰弱症[101]。有研究发现,β细胞内质网应激可引起内质网Ca2+缺失,从而导致β细胞死亡[102]。因此,在内质网应激时通过靶向药物维持内质网Ca2+水平是治疗Wolfram综合征的一个新靶点。化学伴侣是一种小的化合物,可在折叠过程中稳定蛋白质构象,并改善突变蛋白在内质网的运输状况[103]。目前,美国食品药物管理局(FDA)批准的化学伴侣有两种,即4-苯基丁酸(PBA)和牛磺酸脱氧胆酸(TUDCA)。在WFS1缺失的β细胞中,内质网应激水平升高,胰岛素含量降低,使用这两种药物治疗均可恢复内质网应激水平及胰岛素含量[104]。此外,还有研究利用患者的皮肤细胞创建诱导多能干细胞(iPS),用基因组编辑技术纠正WFS1基因突变,并将这些iPS细胞分化成可产生胰岛素的β细胞、视网膜细胞和神经元用于移植[105]。Rigoli等[106]也提到,内质网应激、细胞溶质中Ca2+改变、线粒体动力学和神经发育也可能有助于开发用于WFS1治疗的新药。最近,Frontino等[107]报道了利拉鲁肽应用于4例WFS1患儿的安全性、耐受性和有效性的初步数据,结果显示利拉鲁肽耐受性良好,患者也未见新的Wolfram相关症状发作,为进一步的验证性研究提供了基础。综合征型糖尿病极其复杂、罕见,大多数病例被误诊或漏诊,因而有必要对患者的相关并发症进行精准预测、识别及治疗,或者选择遗传咨询以降低后代发生该疾病的概率。
精准的分型可更好地识别并区分罕见的单基因糖尿病,而正确、及时的诊断对于大多数疾病的快速治疗和相关并发症的预防至关重要,并有助于优化治疗,尤其是对于一些从胰岛素或二甲双胍治疗转向低剂量磺酰脲类药物治疗的患者(HNF1A-MODY和HNF4A-MODY)或从胰岛素治疗到高剂量磺酰脲类治疗的患者(KCNJ11突变的NDM)。此外,大部分MD首选胰岛素治疗,而Wolfman综合征可采用PBA和TUDCA治疗。临床上应考虑对哪些单基因糖尿病患者进行及时的基因检测,可使用NGS方法进行快速诊断。如部分致病基因是“可操作的”,医师即可根据特定的基因缺陷来进行具体治疗。然而,基因检测仅限于目前已知突变基因导致的单基因糖尿病,由于缺少全基因组测序,对于未知病因者不能进行有效的测序。但对于可疑患者,分子诊断仍是实施精确医疗的有效方法,医师可凭此做出更加准确的诊断,并给予更为精准的治疗。随着基因测序和生物信息学技术的改进,遗传性糖尿病正在改变我们对基于临床试验的循证医学的传统观点,通过对各种治疗有反应和无反应者的研究,可开展精确、个性化、数据驱动的治疗。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金(81900719)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金(81800704)
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2023年第48卷第7期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0927.2022.1226
  • 接收时间:2022-04-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-27
  • 录用日期:2022-07-09
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(81900719)
国家自然科学基金青年基金(81900719)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81800704)
国家自然科学基金青年基金(81800704)
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    1湖北科技学院药学院,鄂南特色中药省级工程中心,湖北咸宁 437000
    2华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉中心医院药剂科,湖北武汉 430000
    3华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉中心医院疼痛科,湖北武汉 430000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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