Article(id=1202979641289040487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2696.2022.0830, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1637164800000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1637856000000, acceptedDateStr=2021-11-26, onlineDate=1764742296764, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1690473600000, pubDateStr=2023-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764742296764, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764742296764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764742296764, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1202979639087030850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='7', pageStart='749', pageEnd='870', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764742296239, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764742346610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1202979850442203282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1202979850442203283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=851, endPage=855, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1202979641570058879, articleId=1202979641289040487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the relationship between intestinal microflora/microecology and cardiovascular disease, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Gut microflora (GM) or intestinal microecology (IM) is of great importance in maintaining human homeostasis and health. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global health burden nowadays with high morbidity and mortality, the existing research confirmed that GM/IM metabolic imbalance is closely related to the occurrence and development of CVD, and some GM/IM metabolites can also be used as biomarkers of CVD disease, and their detection or intervention becomes a possible means of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of CVD. Clinical drug metabolism and efficacy evaluation, and superior effect screening from the GM/IM level is also a research direction of clinical pharmacology. With the implementation of the concept of precision medicine and a wide health, GM/IM whole-genome sequencing and metabolomics continue to be researched, the basic research and clinical application of GM/IM and CVD will be a hot topic in the future. The research status of the relationship between GM/IM and CVD has been reviewed in present paper for providing diagnosis and treatment ideas and related references for the prevention and treatment of CVD.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-Ling Su, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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肠道菌群(GM)/肠道微生态(IM)在维持人体内环境稳态及维护健康方面具有重要意义。心血管疾病(CVD)是当前全球发病率及致死率均较高的一类疾病。已有研究证实,GM/IM失衡与CVD的发生及发展密切相关。GM/IM部分代谢产物也可作为CVD的生物标志物,对其进行检测或干预可能成为CVD诊断、预防或治疗的一种手段;从GM/IM层面进行临床药物代谢评价、药效评估、优效筛选也是临床药理学的一个研究方向。随着精准医学及大健康理念的推广实施,GM/IM全基因组测序及代谢组学等研究的深入,GM/IM与CVD关系的基础研究及临床应用转化也将成为今后的研究热点。本文就GM/IM与CVD的关系研究现状进行综述,旨在为CVD的防治提供诊疗思路及相关参考。

, correspAuthors=苏晓灵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
苏晓灵,E-mail:
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肠道菌群/肠道微生态与心血管疾病发生的关系研究进展
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吴金春 , 刘彦民 , 苏晓灵 *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(7): 851-855
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(7): 851-855
肠道菌群/肠道微生态与心血管疾病发生的关系研究进展
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吴金春, 刘彦民, 苏晓灵*
作者信息
  • 青海省人民医院心血管内科,青海西宁 810006
  • 吴金春,医学博士,副主任医师,主要从事心血管常见病、多发病的临床诊治工作,以及心律失常方面的基础与临床研究工作

通讯作者:

苏晓灵,E-mail:
Research progress on the relationship between intestinal microflora/microecology and cardiovascular disease
Jin-Chun Wu, Yan-Min Liu, Xiao-Ling Su*
Affiliations
  • Department of Cardiology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810006, China
出版时间: 2023-07-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2696.2022.0830
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肠道菌群(GM)/肠道微生态(IM)在维持人体内环境稳态及维护健康方面具有重要意义。心血管疾病(CVD)是当前全球发病率及致死率均较高的一类疾病。已有研究证实,GM/IM失衡与CVD的发生及发展密切相关。GM/IM部分代谢产物也可作为CVD的生物标志物,对其进行检测或干预可能成为CVD诊断、预防或治疗的一种手段;从GM/IM层面进行临床药物代谢评价、药效评估、优效筛选也是临床药理学的一个研究方向。随着精准医学及大健康理念的推广实施,GM/IM全基因组测序及代谢组学等研究的深入,GM/IM与CVD关系的基础研究及临床应用转化也将成为今后的研究热点。本文就GM/IM与CVD的关系研究现状进行综述,旨在为CVD的防治提供诊疗思路及相关参考。

肠道菌群  /  肠道微生态  /  心血管疾病

Gut microflora (GM) or intestinal microecology (IM) is of great importance in maintaining human homeostasis and health. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global health burden nowadays with high morbidity and mortality, the existing research confirmed that GM/IM metabolic imbalance is closely related to the occurrence and development of CVD, and some GM/IM metabolites can also be used as biomarkers of CVD disease, and their detection or intervention becomes a possible means of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of CVD. Clinical drug metabolism and efficacy evaluation, and superior effect screening from the GM/IM level is also a research direction of clinical pharmacology. With the implementation of the concept of precision medicine and a wide health, GM/IM whole-genome sequencing and metabolomics continue to be researched, the basic research and clinical application of GM/IM and CVD will be a hot topic in the future. The research status of the relationship between GM/IM and CVD has been reviewed in present paper for providing diagnosis and treatment ideas and related references for the prevention and treatment of CVD.

gut microflora  /  intestinal microbiota  /  cardiovascular disease
吴金春, 刘彦民, 苏晓灵. 肠道菌群/肠道微生态与心血管疾病发生的关系研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (7) : 851 -855 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2696.2022.0830
Jin-Chun Wu, Yan-Min Liu, Xiao-Ling Su. Research progress on the relationship between intestinal microflora/microecology and cardiovascular disease[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (7) : 851 -855 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2696.2022.0830
心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)在全球范围内的发病率和致死率均较高[1],已成为重大的公共卫生问题[2]。肠道菌群(gut microflora,GM)/肠道微生态(intestinal microbiota,IM)在维护人体内环境稳态及维持健康方面具有重要意义[3],GM/IM失调可扰乱机体的基础代谢,促进全身炎症级联反应、胰岛素抵抗和心血管风险增高,进而诱发高血压、动脉粥样硬化、心力衰竭、心律失常、血栓易感性增加等一系列心血管疾病或综合征[4]。应用综合手段研究GM/IM与CVD发生发展的关系,进一步从GM/IM平衡角度对CVD的发病机制及临床干预进行探讨,可为CVD的预防及治疗提供新的思路,也是宏基因组学及代谢组学等技术引导下精准医学的拓展和延伸。本文结合最新文献报道,就GM/IM与常见CVD发生的关系进行综述,旨在为CVD的防治提供治疗思路及相关参考。
人体肠道中共生细菌种类多达1000余种,总数约38万亿,细菌总量约占人体质量的0.3%,是人体最大的隐形“器官”[5]。GM/IM在机体物质代谢、生长发育、免疫调节、疾病发生等方面均起着极其重要的作用,当GM/IM的动态平衡被破坏时,将引起一系列病理生理变化,如CVD、肥胖、糖尿病、阿尔兹海默症等均与GM/IM失调密切相关[6-7]。而当发生CVD(如冠心病、心力衰竭、心律失常等)时,心功能明显降低,进而引起胃肠淤血、消化功能障碍、肠道菌群失衡等,又可进一步影响GM/IM的正常代谢。在现代微生态学研究的背景下,这一理论被重新认识,GM/IM被认为是机体最大的“器官”,GM/IM稳态对机体正常代谢具有积极作用,GM/IM失衡则可影响宿主的内分泌、免疫、神经系统,引起一系列的病理生理改变,导致CVD的发生,即所谓“心-肠”轴调整。“心-肠”轴概念的建立,有助于进一步加深对GM/IM与CVD关系的理解。随着宏基因组学、代谢组学等技术的广泛应用,GM/IM已逐步用于探究改善CVD进程及精准治疗等领域,可为CVD的防治提供新的思路和策略[8]
高血压是全球最普遍、最常见的心血管疾病,也是导致多种CVD发生的重要危险因素[9]。原发性高血压发病机制尚不完全清楚,但可防可控,因此,寻找新的致病点并进行有效的靶向治疗一直是高血压防治工作努力的方向。1985年Honour等[10]对SD大鼠肌内注射皮质酮类药物建立高血压模型,并证实了可通过抗生素或GM/IM移植调节高血压模型大鼠的血压水平。随后的研究进一步发现,高血压的严重程度与其相关的GM/IM种类及数量增减有关,如杆菌/球菌比例增大、乙酸盐/丁酸盐产生菌数量减少可降低血压,其机制可能为药物与GM/IM数量及代谢相互影响,互为因果[11-12]。一项研究证实了这种串扰关系,Yoo等[13]发现,体内“氨氯地平”代谢是通过抗生素抑制GM/IM的代谢活性而提高了药物的生物利用度,GM/IM还可通过影响内分泌、神经、心血管系统发挥多种生物学效应,提示通过药物干预改变GM/IM的种类和代谢产物来调节血压可能成为高血压发病机制及治疗研究的一个新方向。
动脉粥样硬化的发病机制包括血栓形成、脂质浸润、巨噬细胞受体缺失、致平滑肌突变、内皮损伤反应、炎症反应等学说,但无论哪种学说均不能全面地阐释动脉粥样硬化的发生发展过程[14]。有研究发现,GM/IM可通过饮食及其代谢的特定成分影响机体的脂质代谢和动脉粥样硬化过程,即通过“肠肝循环”对动脉粥样硬化产生影响[15]。Fu等[16]通过对受试者的GM/IM、体重指数和血脂进行系统分析,证实三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与GM/IM存在关联,且与年龄、性别和遗传因素无关。Lam等[17]对心肌梗死模型大鼠的研究发现,应用广谱抗生素可使大鼠心肌梗死面积缩小,分析其原因主要与广谱抗生素影响芳香族氨基酸分解代谢产生的分解物及瘦素水平相关。此外,有研究发现,动脉粥样硬化斑块样本中的细菌群落与总胆固醇、谷丙转氨酶和纤维蛋白原等临床检验参数相关,GM/IM及其代谢物可通过多种途径影响动脉粥样硬化的发生发展,但其机制目前尚不完全清楚[18]。Reijnders等[19]分析了抗生素(阿莫西林、万古霉素等)对肥胖、糖尿病前期男性患者GM的影响,结果提示,抗生素不影响胰岛素敏感性、代谢产物及炎症反应,表明应用抗生素干扰人的GM/IM对代谢及健康无明显影响。Yoshida等[20]对口服抗生素干预GM/IM能否改善肥胖患者的代谢参数并起到治疗肥胖的作用进行Meta分析,结果发现口服抗生素治疗未能改善肥胖患者的代谢参数,抗生素减肥治疗无效。以上研究均提示,GM/IM可影响动脉粥样硬化的病理过程,但其机制尚未完全明了,GM/IM如何影响脂质代谢及动脉粥样硬化的病理过程将是今后研究的一个方向及重点。
“心衰-肠道假说”致病机制已在多个研究中得到证实。长期慢性心力衰竭由于心脏射血分数降低,心输出量低下,导致体循环和胃肠道淤血及组织器官水肿,胃肠动力减弱,进而引起肠壁滤过性增加、微循环障碍,GM/IM成分移位进入宿主循环,产生一系列生物学效应,加重心力衰竭的发生;此外,肠道上皮功能障碍使肠道对糖、蛋白质等营养物质的吸收能力减弱,导致宿主营养状态下降,心力衰竭的严重程度加重[21-22]。有研究发现,慢性心力衰竭患者GM/IM数量随疾病的进展而明显增加,如沙门菌、志贺菌、弯曲杆菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌和念珠菌属,而革兰阴性菌科、丹毒杆菌科和乳球菌科则明显减少[23-24]。Cui等[25]纳入53例心力衰竭患者和41例非心力衰竭对照者,对其肠道菌群进行全基因组及代谢组学分析,结果发现心衰患者的肠道菌群组成与对照组比较差异有统计学意义,且心力衰竭组中有特定的GM/IM失衡表现。Pasini等[26]发现,慢性心力衰竭患者由于肠道黏膜屏障功能下降及平衡破坏,导致细菌移位和体循环内毒素增加,继而引发炎症反应等生物化学反应,进一步加重了心衰。Trøseid等[27]对慢性心力衰竭患者进行研究发现,血液中GM/IM代谢产物氧化三甲胺(trimetlylamine oxide,TMAO)及其前体胆碱、甜菜碱类物质的浓度与心力衰竭的严重程度明显相关,且该类物质是纽约心功能分级(New York Heart Association,NYHA)和心力衰竭死亡风险增加的重要预测指标。Schiattarella等[28]对人群TMAO水平与全因死亡发生率、主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)之间的关系进行了荟萃分析,结果显示,TMAO升高10 μmol/L,全因死亡的相对危险度(RR)将升高7.6%。综上所述,心力衰竭患者与健康人群的GM/IM存在差异,其原因可能与GM/IM数量、种类失调或TMAO等代谢产物相关,GM/IM代谢产物可能是心力衰竭等CVD预后评估的生物标志物,调节GM/IM可能成为心力衰竭治疗的新靶点。
心房颤动(简称“房颤”)是一种电活动紊乱的心房电异质性疾病,可单独发生或合并其他CVD,而高血压、动脉粥样硬化、炎症纤维化、免疫损伤等均可通过多种调控反应为房颤的发生和维持提供致病基础[29]。GM/IM不仅参与了以上疾病的病理过程,其代谢产物如TMAO、肠源性脂多糖、短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)等也与房颤的发生相关。Yu等[30]将TMAO注射至正常犬心外膜心脏自主神经节中,并通过快速心房起搏进行电生理相关研究,结果发现犬心房有效不应期缩短、房颤易于诱发,且相关炎性因子检测提示白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平升高。Zuo等[31]分析了100例受试者的GM/IM整体变化,发现房颤组GM/IM的丰富度和多样性与对照组比较差异有统计学意义,主要表现为房颤组的乳球菌、链球菌和肠球菌过度生长,而粪肠杆菌、阿利斯替派杆菌、口腔杆菌属和嗜双歧杆菌明显减少。Zuo等[32]进一步研究发现,不同类型房颤(阵发性、持续性)患者的肠道微绒毛存在差异,部分细菌在不同房颤持续时间内的富集程度不同,且不同类型的房颤表现出不同的GM/IM转移,提示房颤早期阶段已发生GM/IM失调。Tabata等[33]采用针对RNA的扩增子测序来评估房颤与非房颤患者的GM/IM组成,发现与非房颤患者比较,房颤患者的肠杆菌属稀少,而副杆菌属、拉克螺菌属、链球菌属和阿利斯泰尔菌属富集明显。随着“心-肠”轴的深入研究,GM/IM的调节有望成为房颤预测或治疗的潜在目标之一,也可能是房颤上游调控的部分环节。
有研究发现,肠道中的许多微生物代谢物或被吸收进入宿主循环,或迁移到其他地方被宿主酶代谢成信号分子发挥协同作用,如Toll样受体(TLR)及髓样分化因子88(MyD88)参与了NF-κB信号通路的易位,并进入细胞核内启动炎性因子转录,最终导致内环境紊乱[34]。Jäckel等[35]发现,小鼠肠道微生物群可通过Toll样受体2(TLR2)调节血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor,vWF)的合成及动脉血栓形成,并通过肝脏微血管系统诱导免疫血栓形成,提示微生物触发的TLR2信号通路改变了肝内皮细胞前体vWF的合成,并促进了血小板整合素依赖的血栓生长。也有研究指出,部分芳香族氨基酸如苯丙氨酸(Phe)、色氨酸(Trp)和酪氨酸(Tyr)等可能会影响免疫、代谢和神经元反应,在晚期动脉粥样硬化患者中,血浆中Trp的特定微生物衍生代谢物水平明显降低[36],提示GM/IM可通过影响氨基酸代谢来影响CVD的进展,但仍需进一步探讨此类芳香族氨基酸代谢物与心血管疾病之间的机制联系。
研究发现,GM/IM代谢产物如TMAO、SCFAs、胆汁酸、神经递质、氨基酸等物质对肠上皮组织乃至整个机体的物质代谢、免疫调节及中枢神经系统的调节均发挥着重要作用[37]。Li等[38]发现,TMAO可导致心房利钠肽、β-肌球蛋白重链mRNA的表达升高,提示TMAO在心肌肥大和心肌纤维化的发展中具有重要作用。一项纳入3793例疑似稳定型心绞痛患者的前瞻性研究发现,血浆TMAO水平与房颤发生风险呈正相关,且独立于房颤的传统危险因素[39]。Liang等[40]纳入68例房颤伴缺血性卒中患者和111例房颤不伴缺血性卒中患者的临床数据进行分析发现,房颤伴缺血性卒中患者血浆TMAO水平明显高于房颤不伴缺血性卒中患者,提示TMAO是房颤患者发生卒中的危险因素。Li等[41]在冠状动脉结扎大鼠的心肌梗死模型中发现,减少循环中的TMAO可抑制IL-8的分泌,最终延缓心肌梗死大鼠慢性心力衰竭的发展。SCFAs是抗炎反应、脂质代谢途径及糖异生的关键调节因子。Nagatomo等[21]发现,SCFAs减少可破坏肠屏障,促进内毒素向血液循环转移,最终导致心力衰竭。Canfora等[42]发现,SCFAs作为代谢靶点,在预防和对抗肥胖及肥胖相关疾病(糖代谢受损和胰岛素抵抗)方面具有潜在作用,并可预防饮食诱导的肥胖。以上研究结果提示,GM/IM及其代谢产物与房颤、心肌梗死等心血管疾病的进展具有一定相关性,对GM/IM及其代谢产物进行检测及干预,可达到疾病预测、预后评估及治疗的目的,也是GM/IM与疾病研究的热点。
通过调节GM/IM来防治CVD已成当前的研究热点。Wang等[43]发现,中草药黄连小檗碱可通过调节GM/IM发挥“微生物群-代谢-免疫”轴的作用。Gregory等[44]发现,通过GM/IM移植可增加动脉粥样硬化的易感性,推测直接移植健康者的GM/IM来恢复患者GM/IM失衡可能成为治疗CVD的一种新策略。一些饮食干预措施(如地中海饮食)与降低血压有关,其中特级初榨橄榄油可降低CVD的发生风险,而高脂饮食则可通过改变GM/IM组成或诱导代谢性内毒素血症而增加胰岛素抵抗的风险[45-46]。Tasban等[47]研究发现,“绿色地中海饮食”改善心血管健康的效果可能较传统地中海饮食更加出色。一项荟萃分析结果显示,益生菌可能会在一定程度上改善GM/IM及其代谢产物[48]。人类GM/IM是一个复杂的群落,具有多种重要的功能,饮食对GM/IM有重要影响,而饮食调控仍然是预防CVD最为便利和经济的措施,也是CVD预防研究的一个方向。
CVD是目前发病率和病死率较高的一类疾病,从不同层面深入研究其发病机制并探索防治措施始终是研究的热点,“心-肠”轴的概念无疑开启了CVD基础及临床研究的一个新窗口。随着精准医疗与大健康管理的推行,以及宏基因组学、代谢组学等高通量技术的广泛应用,GM/IM与CVD及其他疾病之间的关系将会被进一步探究及揭示,其确切的细胞分子水平的机制研究将是未来的热点;从GM/IM层面进行药物安全性评价、有效性评估、优效性筛选将是临床药理学的研究方向。因此,从GM/IM与心血管疾病的相互影响来识别患者疾病前状态及早期病理改变,或建立早期干预策略,可为阻止疾病进展,进行疾病预测、预防及治疗提供研究思路,有望成为今后CVD防治新的方向和目标。
  • 青海省应用基础研究计划项目(2022-ZJ-758)
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2023年第48卷第7期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2696.2022.0830
  • 接收时间:2021-11-18
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-18
  • 录用日期:2021-11-26
基金
Application and Basic Research Project of Qinghai Province(2022-ZJ-758)
青海省应用基础研究计划项目(2022-ZJ-758)
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    青海省人民医院心血管内科,青海西宁 810006

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苏晓灵,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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