Article(id=1202979639737147970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1521.2023.0221, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1657555200000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1667577600000, acceptedDateStr=2022-11-05, onlineDate=1764742296394, onlineDateStr=2025-12-03, pubDate=1690473600000, pubDateStr=2023-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764742296394, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764742296394, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764742296394, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1202979639087030850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='7', pageStart='749', pageEnd='870', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764742296239, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764742346610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1202979850442203282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1202979850442203283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1202979639087030850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=768, endPage=775, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1202979640072692295, articleId=1202979639737147970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Immunotherapeutic effect of BCG on type 1 diabetes mice and its mechanism, columnId=1202979639976223301, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Special Issue Ⅱ on Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculosis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate the immunotherapeutic effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mice and explore its mechanism. Methods Fifteen SPF grade male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into molding group (n=10, established T1DM model by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 50 mg/kg)and control group (n=5, intraperitoneal injection of equivalent amount of citric acid buffer). Ten mice with random blood glucose≥16.7 mmol/L were divided into T1DM group and BCG group (5 each). Mice in BCG group were then subcutaneously injected with 1×106 cfu/mouse of BCG at an interval of 4 weeks for 2 times, and the other two groups were injected with the same dose of phosphate buffer solution (PBS). During the experimental period (13 weeks), the body weight and food consumption of mice were monitored weekly, and blood glucose levels were measured by tail vein sampling. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was used to detect the glucose regulation ability of mice after glucose load. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of pancreatic tissue. Pancreatic insulin level was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Serum C-peptide levels were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the transcription levels of cytokines in mice spleen. The proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg) in splenocytes was detected by flow cytometry. Results After twice immunization with BCG (13-week), the blood glucose level increased significantly of mice in T1DM group than that in control group (P<0.001); while in BCG group was still higher than that in control group, but was significantly lower than that in T1DM group (P<0.01). The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed that, the blood glucose levels of mice in the three groups increased rapidly after glucose load, and began to decline at 120 min, and decreased to normal level at 180 min in control group; Compared with control group, the blood glucose levels of mice in T1DM group and BCG group also decreased after 120 min, but were still higher significantly than in control group at 180 min (P<0.001), while the blood glucose level in BCG group was lower than that in T1DM group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). At initial immunization (5th-week), compared with control group, the percentage of weight gain decreased in T1DM group and BCG group (P<0.0001), and the food consumption increased significantly (P<0.0001); After twice immunization with BCG (13th-week), compared with control group, the percentage of weight gain in T1DM group was still lower significantly (P<0.0001), and the food consumption was significantly higher (P<0.001).Compared with T1DM group, the percentage of weight gain in BCG group increased (P<0.001), and the food consumption was lower (P<0.001), and there was no significant difference compared with control group (P>0.05). The results of HE staining showed that, compared with control group, the islets of mice in T1DM group had obvious atrophy, while the morphology of islets of mice in BCG group was similar to that in control group, and the number of cells in islets was significantly higher than that in T1DM group.The insulin immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining showed that, compared with control group, the insulin-positive area in pancreas of mice decreased significantly in T1DM group (P<0.01), and although the insulin positive area in BCG group was lower than that in control group (P<0.05), but was still significantly higher than that in T1DM group (P<0.05). ELISA test showed that the contents of serum C-peptide in T1DM group and BCG group decreased obviously than that in control group (P<0.001, P<0.05), however, the content of serum C-peptide in BCG group was significantly higher than that in T1DM group (P<0.05). qRT-PCR showed that, compared with control group, the level of cytokine mRNA in T1DM group did not change (P>0.05); Compared with T1DM group and control group, the mRNA levels of IL-2, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were significantly increased in BCG group (P<0.0001), but there was no change in mRNA level of γ-interferon (IFN-γ) (P>0.05). The results of flow cytometry showed that compared with control group, the percentage of Treg cells in T1DM group decreased (P<0.05), while compared with T1DM group, the percentage of Treg cells in BCG group increased obviously (P<0.05), and there was no statistical difference compared with control group (P>0.05). Conclusion BCG immunotherapy could induce the increase of Treg cells, regulate autoimmune response, and promotes insulin secretion by reducing pancreatic pathological damage and restoring islet cell function, thus reducing the blood glucose level of T1DM mice.

, correspAuthors=Lin-Na Zhang, Yin-Lan Bai, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Bai Yin-Lan, E-mail:
Zhang Lin-Na, E-mail:
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目的 评价卡介苗(BCG)对1型糖尿病(T1DM)小鼠的免疫治疗效果,并探索其作用机制。方法 将15只SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为造模组(n=10,腹腔注射50 mg/kg链尿佐菌素建立T1DM模型)与对照组(n=5,腹腔注射等量柠檬酸缓冲液);取造模成功即随机血糖≥16.7 mmol/L的10只小鼠分为T1DM组(n=5)与卡介苗(BCG)组(n=5)。随后BCG组小鼠经皮下注射BCG 1×106 cfu/只进行免疫治疗,4周后加强免疫治疗1次,T1DM组与对照组注射相同剂量磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。在实验周期(13周)内,每周监测小鼠体重和进食量变化,尾静脉采血检测各组小鼠血糖水平,采用口服葡萄糖耐量实验(OGTT)检测各组小鼠葡萄糖负荷后的血糖调节能力。采用HE染色观察各组小鼠胰腺组织病理变化,免疫组化染色检测胰腺胰岛素水平,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测各组小鼠血清C-肽含量,实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测各组小鼠脾组织细胞因子mRNA水平,流式细胞术检测各组小鼠脾细胞中调节性T细胞(Treg)比例。结果 BCG免疫治疗2次后(第13周),T1DM组小鼠血糖水平明显高于对照组(P<0.001),而BCG组血糖水平虽高于对照组(P<0.01),但明显低于T1DM组(P<0.01)。OGTT结果显示,3组小鼠在葡萄糖灌胃后血糖水平迅速升高,120 min时开始下降,到180 min时,对照组小鼠血糖水平降至正常水平;与对照组比较,T1DM组及BCG组小鼠在120 min后血糖水平虽有下降趋势,但在180 min时仍明显高于对照组(P<0.001),而BCG组与T1DM组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在初次免疫时(第5周),与对照组比较,T1DM组和BCG组小鼠体重增长百分比明显降低(P<0.0001),进食量明显增加(P<0.0001)。BCG免疫治疗2次后(第13周),与对照组比较,T1DM组小鼠体重增长百分比仍明显降低(P<0.0001),进食量明显增加(P<0.0001);与T1DM组比较,BCG组小鼠体重增长百分比增高(P<0.001),进食量减少(P<0.001),且与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HE染色结果显示,与对照组比较,T1DM组小鼠胰岛发生明显的萎缩,而BCG组小鼠胰岛形态与对照组接近,且胰岛内细胞数目明显多于T1DM组。免疫组化染色结果显示,与对照组比较,T1DM组小鼠胰腺中胰岛素阳性面积明显减少(P<0.01),而BCG组胰岛素阳性面积虽然少于对照组(P<0.05),但明显多于T1DM组(P<0.05)。ELISA检测结果显示,与对照组比较,T1DM组、BCG组血清C-肽含量明显降低(P<0.001,P<0.05),但BCG组血清C-肽含量明显高于T1DM组(P<0.05)。qRT-PCR结果显示,与对照组比较,T1DM组脾组织细胞因子mRNA水平无明显变化(P>0.05);BCG组白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、IL-10、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)mRNA水平与对照组和T1DM组比较均明显升高(P<0.0001),而γ干扰素(IFN-γ)mRNA水平无明显变化(P>0.05)。流式细胞术检测结果显示,与对照组比较,T1DM组小鼠体内Treg细胞百分比降低(P<0.05);与T1DM组比较,BCG组小鼠Treg细胞百分比明显增高(P<0.05),且与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 BCG免疫治疗可诱导Treg细胞增多,调节自身免疫应答,并通过减轻胰腺病理损伤、恢复胰岛细胞功能以促进胰岛素分泌,从而降低T1DM小鼠的血糖水平。

, correspAuthors=张琳娜, 柏银兰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
柏银兰,E-mail:
张琳娜,E-mail:
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康亚莉,硕士研究生,主要从事免疫与炎症机制方面的研究

, authorsList=康亚莉, 扈启宽, 宁唤唤, 周洁, 任瑞, 康健, 路延之, 韦垠, 高晓菁, 张琳娜, 柏银兰)}, authors=[Author(id=1203005082225827870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1203005082330685479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, authorId=1203005082225827870, language=EN, stringName=Ya-Li Kang, firstName=Ya-Li, middleName=null, lastName=Kang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
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康亚莉,硕士研究生,主要从事免疫与炎症机制方面的研究

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康亚莉,硕士研究生,主要从事免疫与炎症机制方面的研究

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STZ i.p. 腹腔注射链脲佐菌素;BCG 1st s.c. 第1次皮下免疫卡介苗;BCG 2nd s.c. 第2次皮下加强免疫卡介苗;T1DM. 1型糖尿病;BCG. 卡介苗;A. 糖尿病小鼠模型建立及免疫策略;B. 各组小鼠免疫治疗前后血糖水平比较;C. 第2次加强免疫后4周小鼠口服葡萄糖耐量实验;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.001,(2)P<0.01;与T1DM组比较,(3)P<0.01;BCG组第2次加强免疫后(第13周)与初次免疫时(5周)比较,(4)P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=d4s/xIe4f0+fNg3dw0yXdw==, figureFileBig=Lbr2GK4GvE8KYYncVQCfIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203005086625652977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Percentage of weight gain and food consumption of mice in each group, figureFileSmall=pUHzcM2gyrjLFqkoHk3vWQ==, figureFileBig=xOSmnskD4XQbAwbGYSSPOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203005086717927669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各组小鼠体重增长百分比和进食量比较

T1DM. 1型糖尿病;BCG. 卡介苗;A. 各组小鼠体重增长百分比比较;B. 各组小鼠进食量比较;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.0001,(2)P<0.01,(3)P<0.05;与T1DM组比较,(4)P<0.001,(5)P<0.01;与初次免疫时(第5周)比较,(6)P<0.01,(7)P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=pUHzcM2gyrjLFqkoHk3vWQ==, figureFileBig=xOSmnskD4XQbAwbGYSSPOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203005086806008057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effects of BCG immunization on pancreatic tissue and insulin pancreas of mice in each group, figureFileSmall=T6Ahrb20RueLVf3DjrepUA==, figureFileBig=ER7umiVma8LOm1LsrCH2Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203005086915059963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, language=CN, label=图3, caption=BCG免疫对各组小鼠胰腺组织及胰腺中胰岛素水平的影响

T1DM. 1型糖尿病;BCG. 卡介苗免疫治疗;A. 各组小鼠胰腺HE染色(×200)及胰岛素IHC染色(×400);B. 各组小鼠胰腺胰岛素染色阳性面积比较;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.01,(2)P<0.05;与T1DM组比较,(3)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=T6Ahrb20RueLVf3DjrepUA==, figureFileBig=ER7umiVma8LOm1LsrCH2Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203005086982168831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effect of BCG immunization on serum C-peptide in T1DM mice, figureFileSmall=TWBxVXaZTozfVt7RM+gdiQ==, figureFileBig=1/AlkvrplwBp+Ocwox1QwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203005087082832127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, language=CN, label=图4, caption=BCG免疫对T1DM小鼠血清C-肽含量的影响

T1DM. 1型糖尿病;BCG. 卡介苗;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.001,(2)P<0.05;与T1DM组比较,(3)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=TWBxVXaZTozfVt7RM+gdiQ==, figureFileBig=1/AlkvrplwBp+Ocwox1QwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203005087183495427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effect of BCG immunization on cytokine mRNA level in spleen tissue of T1DM mice, figureFileSmall=G/Q1zszt4iQRQQtFTQdl9w==, figureFileBig=gmQCOKwMBOT4k1onoUrD7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203005087275770118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, language=CN, label=图5, caption=BCG免疫对T1DM小鼠脾组织细胞因子mRNA表达水平的影响

T1DM. 1型糖尿病;BCG. 卡介苗;IFN-γ. γ干扰素;IL-2. 白细胞介素-2;IL-10. 白细胞介素-10;TGF-β. 转化生长因子-β;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.0001;与T1DM组比较,(2)P<0.0001

, figureFileSmall=G/Q1zszt4iQRQQtFTQdl9w==, figureFileBig=gmQCOKwMBOT4k1onoUrD7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203005087351267591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Effect of BCG immunization on the number of Treg cells in T1DM mice, figureFileSmall=pLH1Er04pjoo8KIf1udx3g==, figureFileBig=A9OJ6MGI3Y6Qpw9TkCsA+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203005087414182154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, language=CN, label=图6, caption=BCG免疫对T1DM小鼠脾细胞中Treg细胞百分比的影响

T1DM. 1型糖尿病;BCG. 卡介苗;Foxp3. 叉头样转录因子3;A. 流式细胞术检测CD4+ T细胞百分比;B. 流式细胞术检测CD25+Foxp3+ Treg细胞百分比;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05;与T1DM组比较,(2)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=pLH1Er04pjoo8KIf1udx3g==, figureFileBig=A9OJ6MGI3Y6Qpw9TkCsA+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203005087502262541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Primer sequence of qRT-PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'→3')
GAPDH正义:ACAACTTTGGCATTGTGGAA
反义:GATGCAGGGATGATGTTCTG
IFN-γ正义:GCTCTGAGACAATGAACGCTAC
反义:TGCAGGATTTTCATGTCACC
IL-2正义:CTTGTGCCTTGTCAACAG
反义:TCCAAGTTCATCTTCTAGGC
IL-10正义:TGCTCTTACTGACTGGCAT
反义:CTGGCTCATTTCCGATAAGGC
TGF-β正义:CTGTCCAAACTAAGGCTCGC
反义:ACTGCTTCCCGAATGTCTTGA
), ArticleFig(id=1203005087594537233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1202979639737147970, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

qRT-PCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'→3')
GAPDH正义:ACAACTTTGGCATTGTGGAA
反义:GATGCAGGGATGATGTTCTG
IFN-γ正义:GCTCTGAGACAATGAACGCTAC
反义:TGCAGGATTTTCATGTCACC
IL-2正义:CTTGTGCCTTGTCAACAG
反义:TCCAAGTTCATCTTCTAGGC
IL-10正义:TGCTCTTACTGACTGGCAT
反义:CTGGCTCATTTCCGATAAGGC
TGF-β正义:CTGTCCAAACTAAGGCTCGC
反义:ACTGCTTCCCGAATGTCTTGA
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卡介苗对1型糖尿病小鼠的免疫治疗作用及其机制
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康亚莉 1, 2 , 扈启宽 1 , 宁唤唤 2 , 周洁 3 , 任瑞 2 , 康健 2 , 路延之 2 , 韦垠 1, 2 , 高晓菁 1, 2 , 张琳娜 1, * , 柏银兰 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 结核病的预防、诊断与治疗专题研究Ⅱ 2023,48(7): 768-775
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解放军医学杂志 | 结核病的预防、诊断与治疗专题研究Ⅱ 2023, 48(7): 768-775
卡介苗对1型糖尿病小鼠的免疫治疗作用及其机制
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康亚莉1, 2, 扈启宽1, 宁唤唤2, 周洁3, 任瑞2, 康健2, 路延之2, 韦垠1, 2, 高晓菁1, 2, 张琳娜1, * , 柏银兰2, *
作者信息
  • 1宁夏医科大学基础医学院,宁夏银川 750001
  • 2空军军医大学基础医学院微生物与病原生物学教研室,陕西西安 710032
  • 3空军军医大学西京医院内分泌科,陕西西安 710032
  • 康亚莉,硕士研究生,主要从事免疫与炎症机制方面的研究

通讯作者:

柏银兰,E-mail:
张琳娜,E-mail:
Immunotherapeutic effect of BCG on type 1 diabetes mice and its mechanism
Ya-Li Kang1, 2, Qi-Kuan Hu1, Huan-Huan Ning2, Jie Zhou3, Rui Ren2, Jian Kang2, Yan-Zhi Lu2, Yin Wei1, 2, Xiao-Jing Gao1, 2, Lin-Na Zhang1, * , Yin-Lan Bai2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
  • 2Department of Microbiology and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
  • 3Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
出版时间: 2023-07-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1521.2023.0221
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目的 评价卡介苗(BCG)对1型糖尿病(T1DM)小鼠的免疫治疗效果,并探索其作用机制。方法 将15只SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为造模组(n=10,腹腔注射50 mg/kg链尿佐菌素建立T1DM模型)与对照组(n=5,腹腔注射等量柠檬酸缓冲液);取造模成功即随机血糖≥16.7 mmol/L的10只小鼠分为T1DM组(n=5)与卡介苗(BCG)组(n=5)。随后BCG组小鼠经皮下注射BCG 1×106 cfu/只进行免疫治疗,4周后加强免疫治疗1次,T1DM组与对照组注射相同剂量磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。在实验周期(13周)内,每周监测小鼠体重和进食量变化,尾静脉采血检测各组小鼠血糖水平,采用口服葡萄糖耐量实验(OGTT)检测各组小鼠葡萄糖负荷后的血糖调节能力。采用HE染色观察各组小鼠胰腺组织病理变化,免疫组化染色检测胰腺胰岛素水平,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测各组小鼠血清C-肽含量,实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测各组小鼠脾组织细胞因子mRNA水平,流式细胞术检测各组小鼠脾细胞中调节性T细胞(Treg)比例。结果 BCG免疫治疗2次后(第13周),T1DM组小鼠血糖水平明显高于对照组(P<0.001),而BCG组血糖水平虽高于对照组(P<0.01),但明显低于T1DM组(P<0.01)。OGTT结果显示,3组小鼠在葡萄糖灌胃后血糖水平迅速升高,120 min时开始下降,到180 min时,对照组小鼠血糖水平降至正常水平;与对照组比较,T1DM组及BCG组小鼠在120 min后血糖水平虽有下降趋势,但在180 min时仍明显高于对照组(P<0.001),而BCG组与T1DM组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在初次免疫时(第5周),与对照组比较,T1DM组和BCG组小鼠体重增长百分比明显降低(P<0.0001),进食量明显增加(P<0.0001)。BCG免疫治疗2次后(第13周),与对照组比较,T1DM组小鼠体重增长百分比仍明显降低(P<0.0001),进食量明显增加(P<0.0001);与T1DM组比较,BCG组小鼠体重增长百分比增高(P<0.001),进食量减少(P<0.001),且与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HE染色结果显示,与对照组比较,T1DM组小鼠胰岛发生明显的萎缩,而BCG组小鼠胰岛形态与对照组接近,且胰岛内细胞数目明显多于T1DM组。免疫组化染色结果显示,与对照组比较,T1DM组小鼠胰腺中胰岛素阳性面积明显减少(P<0.01),而BCG组胰岛素阳性面积虽然少于对照组(P<0.05),但明显多于T1DM组(P<0.05)。ELISA检测结果显示,与对照组比较,T1DM组、BCG组血清C-肽含量明显降低(P<0.001,P<0.05),但BCG组血清C-肽含量明显高于T1DM组(P<0.05)。qRT-PCR结果显示,与对照组比较,T1DM组脾组织细胞因子mRNA水平无明显变化(P>0.05);BCG组白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、IL-10、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)mRNA水平与对照组和T1DM组比较均明显升高(P<0.0001),而γ干扰素(IFN-γ)mRNA水平无明显变化(P>0.05)。流式细胞术检测结果显示,与对照组比较,T1DM组小鼠体内Treg细胞百分比降低(P<0.05);与T1DM组比较,BCG组小鼠Treg细胞百分比明显增高(P<0.05),且与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 BCG免疫治疗可诱导Treg细胞增多,调节自身免疫应答,并通过减轻胰腺病理损伤、恢复胰岛细胞功能以促进胰岛素分泌,从而降低T1DM小鼠的血糖水平。

卡介苗  /  1型糖尿病  /  免疫治疗

Objective To evaluate the immunotherapeutic effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mice and explore its mechanism. Methods Fifteen SPF grade male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into molding group (n=10, established T1DM model by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 50 mg/kg)and control group (n=5, intraperitoneal injection of equivalent amount of citric acid buffer). Ten mice with random blood glucose≥16.7 mmol/L were divided into T1DM group and BCG group (5 each). Mice in BCG group were then subcutaneously injected with 1×106 cfu/mouse of BCG at an interval of 4 weeks for 2 times, and the other two groups were injected with the same dose of phosphate buffer solution (PBS). During the experimental period (13 weeks), the body weight and food consumption of mice were monitored weekly, and blood glucose levels were measured by tail vein sampling. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was used to detect the glucose regulation ability of mice after glucose load. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of pancreatic tissue. Pancreatic insulin level was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Serum C-peptide levels were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the transcription levels of cytokines in mice spleen. The proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg) in splenocytes was detected by flow cytometry. Results After twice immunization with BCG (13-week), the blood glucose level increased significantly of mice in T1DM group than that in control group (P<0.001); while in BCG group was still higher than that in control group, but was significantly lower than that in T1DM group (P<0.01). The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed that, the blood glucose levels of mice in the three groups increased rapidly after glucose load, and began to decline at 120 min, and decreased to normal level at 180 min in control group; Compared with control group, the blood glucose levels of mice in T1DM group and BCG group also decreased after 120 min, but were still higher significantly than in control group at 180 min (P<0.001), while the blood glucose level in BCG group was lower than that in T1DM group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). At initial immunization (5th-week), compared with control group, the percentage of weight gain decreased in T1DM group and BCG group (P<0.0001), and the food consumption increased significantly (P<0.0001); After twice immunization with BCG (13th-week), compared with control group, the percentage of weight gain in T1DM group was still lower significantly (P<0.0001), and the food consumption was significantly higher (P<0.001).Compared with T1DM group, the percentage of weight gain in BCG group increased (P<0.001), and the food consumption was lower (P<0.001), and there was no significant difference compared with control group (P>0.05). The results of HE staining showed that, compared with control group, the islets of mice in T1DM group had obvious atrophy, while the morphology of islets of mice in BCG group was similar to that in control group, and the number of cells in islets was significantly higher than that in T1DM group.The insulin immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining showed that, compared with control group, the insulin-positive area in pancreas of mice decreased significantly in T1DM group (P<0.01), and although the insulin positive area in BCG group was lower than that in control group (P<0.05), but was still significantly higher than that in T1DM group (P<0.05). ELISA test showed that the contents of serum C-peptide in T1DM group and BCG group decreased obviously than that in control group (P<0.001, P<0.05), however, the content of serum C-peptide in BCG group was significantly higher than that in T1DM group (P<0.05). qRT-PCR showed that, compared with control group, the level of cytokine mRNA in T1DM group did not change (P>0.05); Compared with T1DM group and control group, the mRNA levels of IL-2, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were significantly increased in BCG group (P<0.0001), but there was no change in mRNA level of γ-interferon (IFN-γ) (P>0.05). The results of flow cytometry showed that compared with control group, the percentage of Treg cells in T1DM group decreased (P<0.05), while compared with T1DM group, the percentage of Treg cells in BCG group increased obviously (P<0.05), and there was no statistical difference compared with control group (P>0.05). Conclusion BCG immunotherapy could induce the increase of Treg cells, regulate autoimmune response, and promotes insulin secretion by reducing pancreatic pathological damage and restoring islet cell function, thus reducing the blood glucose level of T1DM mice.

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)  /  diabetes mellitus, type 1  /  immunotherapy
康亚莉, 扈启宽, 宁唤唤, 周洁, 任瑞, 康健, 路延之, 韦垠, 高晓菁, 张琳娜, 柏银兰. 卡介苗对1型糖尿病小鼠的免疫治疗作用及其机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (7) : 768 -775 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1521.2023.0221
Ya-Li Kang, Qi-Kuan Hu, Huan-Huan Ning, Jie Zhou, Rui Ren, Jian Kang, Yan-Zhi Lu, Yin Wei, Xiao-Jing Gao, Lin-Na Zhang, Yin-Lan Bai. Immunotherapeutic effect of BCG on type 1 diabetes mice and its mechanism[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (7) : 768 -775 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1521.2023.0221
糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)是一组因胰岛素分泌不足或胰岛素抵抗导致的、以高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病。根据国际糖尿病联盟的最新报告,2021年全球约5.37亿成年人(20~79岁)患有糖尿病,预计到2045年将增加到7.83亿[1]。临床上将糖尿病分为1型糖尿病(type 1 diabetes mellitus,T1DM)、2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)及妊娠糖尿病等。T1DM是由于宿主免疫系统对胰岛自身抗原的反应性增强,引起胰岛炎症,破坏胰岛β细胞,使胰岛素缺乏或分泌不足所致[2],因此被认为是一种自身免疫性疾病[3]。目前T1DM的治疗依然以使用外源性胰岛素为主,但由于不能消除糖尿病带来的糖尿病肾病、心脑血管疾病等多种并发症,且临床上患者使用外源性胰岛素的依从性差,因此在治疗方面存在一些障碍。近年来,一些降低T1DM自身免疫水平的免疫疗法成为研究的热点。卡介苗(Bacillus Calmette-Guérin,BCG)是一种牛分枝杆菌减毒菌株,其诱导的非特异性免疫对非结核性细菌、病毒和寄生虫感染性疾病具有保护作用,对自身免疫性疾病如多发性硬化症、过敏等也具有保护效果[4],近年来受到了广泛关注。已有研究表明,BCG对T1DM具有免疫治疗作用[5-6],但其治疗效应和相关机制仍需进一步研究。本课题组前期研究发现,BCG静脉免疫小鼠后,可通过调节机体免疫应答,抑制T2DM的发生和发展[7]。本研究建立T1DM小鼠模型,采用BCG皮下注射进行免疫治疗,评价BCG对T1DM小鼠的免疫治疗作用并探索其可能机制,以期为BCG进一步用于T1DM的临床免疫治疗提供理论和实验依据。
6周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠20只,体重17~21 g,购自空军军医大学实验动物中心[动物许可证号:SYXK(陕)2019-001]。BCG菌株购自美国菌种保藏中心(ATCC编号35734),由本实验室传代保存。本研究已通过宁夏医科大学伦理委员会审查(宁医大伦理第2020-567号),实验过程符合国家及单位有关实验动物的管理及使用规定。
链脲佐菌素(Streptozotocin,STZ)购自美国MCE公司;C-肽ELISA试剂盒购自武汉云克隆公司;eBioscience Foxp3/转录因子染色缓冲液购自美国Thermo Fisher公司;抗小鼠CD16/32、PerCP-抗小鼠CD4、APC-抗小鼠CD25、PE-抗小鼠Foxp3抗体购自美国eBioscience公司;Total RNA Kit Ⅰ试剂盒购自美国Omega Bio-Tek公司;HiScript Ⅱ QRT SuperMix for qPCR、ChamQ SYBR qPCR Master Mix试剂盒购自南京诺唯赞生物科技公司;血糖仪和血糖试纸购自江苏鱼跃医疗设备有限公司。
20只SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠适应性喂养1周后,随机分为对照组(n=5)与造模组(n=10)。造模组小鼠禁食不禁水12 h后,腹腔注射50 mg/kg链脲佐菌素(STZ),连续5 d,建立T1DM模型(即为实验开始第1周),对照组小鼠腹腔注射同等剂量的柠檬酸缓冲液。第3周开始尾静脉采血检测小鼠血糖水平,连续3次随机血糖≥16.7 mmol/L表明T1DM模型建立成功。取T1DM模型建立成功的10只小鼠随机分为T1DM组(n=5)与BCG组(n=5)。于第5周开始,BCG组小鼠皮下注射BCG 1×106 cfu/只进行免疫治疗,4周后(即第9周)加强免疫治疗一次,对照组及T1DM组注射相同剂量磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。第13周开始进行各项指标检测。
小鼠一般状况观察:在实验周期(13周)内,每周称量各组5只小鼠体重及进食量。血糖检测:在实验周期内,每周采集3组小鼠尾静脉血,使用血糖仪检测小鼠随机血糖水平。口服葡萄糖耐量实验(oral glucose tolerance,OGTT):小鼠禁食、不禁水12 h,尾静脉采血测量3组小鼠空腹血糖(0 min)后,按2 g/kg体重给予葡萄糖溶液灌胃,记录30、60、120及180 min时的血糖值。C-肽含量检测:3组小鼠禁食、不禁水12 h,或进食2 h后尾静脉采血,取50 μl于含有450 μl PBS的EP管中37 ℃孵育30 min,5000 r/min离心5 min,收集血清。按照C-肽ELISA检测试剂盒说明书操作,检测小鼠空腹及进食2 h后的血清C-肽含量。
加强免疫治疗后4周处死各组小鼠,取出胰腺组织,用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定,常规石蜡包埋,连续切片,行常规HE染色(由空军军医大学基础医学院病理教研室完成),封片后于光学显微镜下观察胰腺的病理变化情况。
处死各组小鼠后取出胰腺,4%多聚甲醛溶液固定,按照包埋、切片、脱蜡至水、抗原修复、3%过氧化氢孵育、山羊血清封闭、一抗孵育、HRP标记二抗孵育、DAB显色、苏木精复染、脱水、透明、封片的顺序进行制片(由空军军医大学基础医学院病理教研室完成),显微镜下观察并拍照,并采用ImageJ软件分析胰腺中胰岛素阳性面积的大小。
第13周处死各组小鼠后,无菌分离小鼠脾脏,放入含有4 ml PBS的40 μm细胞筛网中,用研磨棒轻柔研磨脾脏,收集细胞悬液;离心后使用红细胞裂解液裂解红细胞;使用RPMI 1640完全培养基(含10%胎牛血清)重悬细胞,得到脾细胞悬液。
取1.2.5制备的脾细胞悬液,用完全培养基稀释至3×107个细胞/ml,加入流式管(100μl/管)。用Live/Dead Zombie NIRTM Dye室温避光染色15 min;加入Trustain FCXTM plus(抗小鼠CD16/32),冰上避光孵育10 min,封闭细胞表面Fc受体。用APC-抗小鼠CD25、PerCP-抗小鼠CD4抗体对细胞表面标记进行染色。以Foxp3固定/破膜工作溶液进行固定破膜处理;加入PE-抗小鼠Foxp3抗体进行核内因子染色,将细胞重悬于200 μl流式抗体标记缓冲液,并采用贝克曼流式细胞分析仪检测,FlowJo软件(安捷伦,美国)进行分析。
剪下小鼠脾脏1/4脾尾放入RNA保存液中,置于–80 ℃保存。Total RNA Kit Ⅰ试剂盒提取组织RNA。使用HiScript Ⅱ Q RT SuperMix for qPCR试剂进行反转录合成cDNA,按照ChamQ SYBR qPCR Master Mix试剂盒说明书进行实时荧光定量PCR。扩增反应条件:95 ℃ 30 s;95 ℃ 10 s、60 ℃ 30 s(40个循环),95 ℃ 15 s、60 ℃ 60 s、95 ℃ 15 s(1个循环)。采用2–ΔΔCt法进行相对定量分析。以GAPDH作为内参。引物序列见表1
采用GraphPad Prism 9.3.1软件进行统计分析。所有数据均行方差齐性检验,符合正态分布且方差齐时以$\bar{x}±s$表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验;方差不齐时采用非参数检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
T1DM小鼠模型建立方法和免疫治疗策略如图1A所示。小鼠连续5 d腹腔注射STZ后3周,尾静脉采血测量随机血糖≥16.7 mmol/L,判定为模型构建成功。第2次免疫(第9周)时BCG组、T1DM组小鼠血糖水平明显高于对照组,而BCG组与T1DM组间无明显差异;第2次加强免疫后(第13周),T1DM组、BCG组小鼠血糖水平仍明显高于对照组(P<0.001,P<0.01),但BCG组血糖水平明显低于T1DM组(P<0.01),且明显低于初次免疫(第5周)时(P<0.01)(图1B)。
第2次加强免疫后(第13周),OGTT结果显示,3组小鼠在葡萄糖灌胃后血糖水平均迅速升高,120 min时开始下降,到180 min时,对照组小鼠血糖水平降至正常水平;与对照组比较,T1DM组及BCG组小鼠在120 min后血糖水平虽有下降趋势,但在180 min时T1DM组及BCG组小鼠血糖水平仍明显高于对照组(P<0.001),而BCG组与T1DM组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(图1C)。
随着饲养时间的延长,小鼠体重逐渐增加。BCG初次免疫(第5周)时,T1DM组及BCG组小鼠体重增长百分比明显低于对照组(P<0.0001)。BCG免疫治疗2次后(第13周),T1DM组小鼠体重增长百分比仍明显低于对照组(P<0.0001),BCG组小鼠体重增长百分比也低于对照组(P<0.05),但明显高于T1DM组(P<0.001),且明显高于BCG初次免疫(第5周)时(P<0.01)(图2A)。BCG初次免疫(第5周)时,与对照组比较,T1DM组及BCG组小鼠进食量明显增加(P<0.0001),T1DM组与BCG组之间无明显差异(P>0.05);与T1DM组比较,BCG免疫治疗1次(第9周)后,BCG组小鼠进食量明显减少,第2次加强免疫治疗后(第13周),T1DM组小鼠进食量仍明显高于对照组(P<0.0001),BCG组小鼠进食量明显低于T1DM组(P<0.001),且与对照组比较无明显差异(P>0.05)(图2B)。
HE染色结果显示,与对照组比较,T1DM组小鼠胰岛出现明显萎缩,轮廓不规则,排列紊乱,且发生炎性浸润;BCG组小鼠胰岛形态与对照组相似,萎缩程度明显减轻,界限较清晰,胰岛内细胞数量明显高于T1DM组(图3A)。IHC染色结果显示,对照组小鼠胰岛素染色阳性区域占满整个胰岛,分布均匀;T1DM组小鼠胰岛素染色阳性面积明显缩小(P<0.01);BCG组小鼠胰岛素染色阳性区域占胰岛的大部分,且分布比较均匀,胰岛素染色阳性面积虽然小于对照组(P<0.05),但明显大于T1DM组(P<0.05)(图3A、B)。
与对照组比较,T1DM组小鼠空腹及进餐2h血清中C-肽含量明显降低(P<0.001)。与T1DM组比较,BCG组小鼠空腹及进餐2 h血清中C-肽含量均明显增高(P<0.05),但仍低于对照组(P<0.05)(图4)。
qRT-PCR检测结果显示,与对照组比较,T1DM组小鼠脾组织Th1型细胞因子IFN-γIL-2以及Th2型细胞因子IL-10TGF-β的mRNA表达水平均无明显变化(P>0.05);BCG组脾组织内Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ的mRNA表达水平与T1DM组和对照组比较均无明显变化(P>0.05),而Th1型细胞因子IL-2、Th2型细胞因子IL-10TGF-β的mRNA表达水平则明显高于对照组和T1DM组(P<0.0001)(图5)。
流式细胞术检测结果显示,各组小鼠脾细胞中CD4+ T细胞百分比无明显变化(P>0.05,图6A)。与对照组比较,T1DM组小鼠脾细胞中CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg细胞百分比明显降低(P<0.05);BCG组小鼠脾细胞中CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg细胞百分比明显高于T1DM组(P<0.05),而与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(图6B)。
迄今为止,T1DM仍然是一种不可治愈的自身免疫性疾病,其特征是胰腺细胞的进行性和不可逆性破坏。除了传统的胰岛素替代疗法,一些针对T1DM治疗的研究都聚焦在改变自身免疫反应上[8]。BCG被认为是一种免疫调节剂,可减少包括T1DM在内的自身免疫性疾病的发生[9]。临床研究表明,长期T1DM患者接种BCG后,血清中胰岛素分泌的标志物C-肽含量可短暂增多[10]。另一项针对晚期T1DM患者的Ⅰ期临床试验发现,BCG接种可选择性地清除胰岛素自身反应性T细胞,诱导Treg细胞数量增多[11]。目前关于BCG接种对T1DM治疗效果的报道不多,其机制的研究仍处于初级阶段。本研究通过建立小鼠T1DM模型,证实BCG接种对T1DM具有免疫治疗作用,且进一步发现BCG可通过调节T1DM小鼠Th1/Th2型免疫及诱导Treg细胞数量增多,减少小鼠胰岛免疫损伤,恢复胰岛细胞功能,从而促进胰岛素的分泌,最终降低T1DM小鼠的血糖水平。
本研究T1DM模型建立后,小鼠逐渐出现饮食、尿量增多及消瘦现象,与文献报道一致[12],而BCG免疫治疗可缓解T1DM小鼠体重减轻、饮食增多的临床症状。T1DM的病理变化主要表现为免疫细胞浸润胰岛周围和内部造成的胰岛炎性病变[13]。本研究结果显示,T1DM小鼠胰腺可出现胰岛萎缩、炎性浸润等病理损伤,而BCG免疫治疗后,T1DM小鼠的胰岛病理损伤明显减轻。
T1DM的免疫病理损伤机制涉及多种免疫细胞(包括T细胞、B细胞及各种固有免疫细胞等),这些细胞均参与了T1DM的发生发展[14]。Treg细胞可改变其他细胞如CD4+和CD8+ T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞、树突状细胞的功能特性,并能产生抑制免疫反应的细胞因子,如IL-10、IL-35和TGF-β等,因此在维持机体免疫耐受方面发挥着重要作用[15]。据报道,T1DM患者外周血Treg细胞百分比明显降低,且存在功能缺陷[16]。对2010-2021年PubMed数据库中的20个试验进行分析发现,Treg细胞在限制T1DM的发展中有着重要作用[17]。一项临床研究指出,BCG接种可促进TNF-α介导的自身反应性T细胞选择性死亡,增加Treg细胞比例,以恢复免疫平衡,并产生少量的胰岛素[11]。IL-2是效应T细胞扩增的重要细胞因子,在Treg的发育和稳定中起重要作用。IL-2可通过增加胰腺中Treg细胞的数量及其表面相关蛋白的表达,延缓T1DM早期病情的发展[18]。但此前的研究具有一定的局限性:多以糖尿病患者为研究对象,样本量少,且为非随机性的[8]。本研究中,T1DM小鼠IL-2IL-10TGF-β mRNA表达水平呈下降趋势;BCG免疫治疗后,T1DM小鼠脾组织中Th1/Th2型细胞因子IL-2IL-10 mRNA表达水平均升高,而由Treg细胞分泌的抑制性细胞因子TGF-β mRNA水平也明显升高,且T1DM小鼠体内Treg细胞比例明显增高。因此,BCG免疫治疗可能通过诱导多种细胞因子分泌,共同促进Treg细胞扩增及IL-10、TGF-β等抑制性细胞因子分泌,进而抑制自身免疫反应。
综上所述,本研究通过建立T1DM小鼠模型,证实BCG免疫治疗可降低T1DM小鼠血糖水平,其机制可能与BCG免疫可促进细胞因子释放、Treg细胞比例增高,并减轻T1DM小鼠的组织病理损伤有关。此外,BCG还可缓解T1DM造成的体重减轻、饮食增加等全身症状,显示出良好的应用潜能。本研究的不足之处在于缺乏对Treg细胞与胰岛功能恢复之间相互关系的验证,在今后的研究中还需进一步探讨BCG在T1DM免疫治疗中的作用机制,以为BCG用于T1DM的临床治疗提供理论和实验依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81971560)
  • 国家“十三五”重大传染病专项课题(2018ZX10302302002004)
  • 陕西省重点研发项目(2022ZDLSF01-07)
  • 宁夏自然科学基金(2021AAC03124)
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Bluestone JA, Buckner JH, Herold KC. Immunotherapy:Building a bridge to a cure for type 1 diabetes[J]. Science, 2021, 373(6554): 510-516.
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2023年第48卷第7期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1521.2023.0221
  • 接收时间:2022-07-12
  • 首发时间:2025-12-03
  • 出版时间:2023-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-12
  • 录用日期:2022-11-05
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81971560)
国家自然科学基金(81971560)
National Major Special Projects of 13th Five-Year Plan of China(2018ZX10302302002004)
国家“十三五”重大传染病专项课题(2018ZX10302302002004)
Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2022ZDLSF01-07)
陕西省重点研发项目(2022ZDLSF01-07)
Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(2021AAC03124)
宁夏自然科学基金(2021AAC03124)
作者信息
    1宁夏医科大学基础医学院,宁夏银川 750001
    2空军军医大学基础医学院微生物与病原生物学教研室,陕西西安 710032
    3空军军医大学西京医院内分泌科,陕西西安 710032

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种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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