Article(id=1200026646720901504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200026645001241395, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0053.2023.0414, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1673280000000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1678291200000, acceptedDateStr=2023-03-09, onlineDate=1764038247995, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1693152000000, pubDateStr=2023-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764038247995, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764038247995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038247995, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200026645001241395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='8', pageStart='871', pageEnd='992', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764038247584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038741950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200028718564474883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200026645001241395, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200028718564474884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200026645001241395, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=893, endPage=902, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200026647073223046, articleId=1200026646720901504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Comparison and evaluation of direct heat stroke method and stepwise heating method for establishing mouse model of multiple organ dysfunction in classic heat stroke, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To examine the differences between mouse models of classic heat stroke (CHS) with multiple organ dysfunction via two different rising strategies. Methods A total of 66 male C57BL/6J mice were divided into direct heat stroke (DHS) group (n=28), a stepwise heat stroke (SHS) group (n=28), and control group (n=10) using the random number table method. In the first two groups, animals received direct warming at 41 ℃ and stepwise warming from 25.0 ℃ to 39.5 ℃, using a simulated climate chamber, respectively. While the animals were in the climate chamber before reaching the endpoint, we constantly monitored the animal activity, animal consciousness, and rectal temperature. We randomly selected 4 animals from each group and collected the blood samples and organ tissues (liver, kidney, intestine, lung, and spleen) after 24 hours of recovery since the end of heat exposure. We used the automatic biochemical analyzer to measure the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CREA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB). We employed multifactorial test kits to detect the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. We analyzed the histological sections from each organ and then calculated the pathological injury scores. We saved the remaining mice for the 72 h survival analysis. Results Both heat stroke strategies can establish a stable CHS model of the mouse. In contrast with mice in DHS group, mice in SHS group exposed to heat for a longer time [(181.61±41.88) min vs. (104.72±18.68) min, P<0.001], had a higher percentage of dehydration [(11.59±1.52)% vs. (7.07±1.84)%, P<0.001] and higher 72 h mortality (73.68% vs. 22.22%, P<0.05). After 24 hours' recovery, biochemical indicators (ALT, AST, CREA, BUN) of SHS group were higher than those of DHS group [(875.63±241.24) U/L vs. (139.38±188.22) U/L, P<0.01; (2406.75±1008.69) U/L vs. (208.13±149.23) U/L, P<0.01; (79.88±41.39) U/L vs. (18.75±10.51) U/L, P<0.05; (134.33±52.54) U/L vs. (17.75±7.31) U/L, P<0.01]. The pathological injury scores of each organ tissue of the SHS group were higher than those of the DHS group (P<0.05). The levels of MCP-1 of the SHS group were higher than that of the DHS group [(22.89±1.97) pg/ml vs. (15.97±3.91) pg/ml, P<0.05], and TGF-β of SHS group was lower than that of DHS group [(936.46±30.17) pg/ml vs. (1453.50±129.81) pg/ml, P<0.001]. Conclusions The stepwise warming method had a higher success rate in developing the model, a higher mortality rate within 72 h, and more severe organ damage than the direct warming method. Thus it was a more stable and reliable modeling method that was more consistent with the pathophysiological state of CHS patients at the actual onset of illness.

, correspAuthors=Hong-Jun Kang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 比较两种温度策略建立的伴多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)经典型热射病(CHS)小鼠模型的差异。方法 将66只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠采用随机数字表法分为直接热打击(DHS)组(n=28)、逐步升温热打击(SHS)组(n=28)及对照组(n=10)。前两组分别使用41 ℃直接打击法及25.0~39.5 ℃逐步升温法建立CHS小鼠模型。将小鼠放入模拟气候舱,密切观察其活动规律及意识状态,并监测直肠温度(Tr),待达到造模终点后出舱。每组采用随机数字表法抽取4只小鼠,于热暴露结束后恢复24 h取其血样和肝、肾、肠、肺、脾组织,采用全自动生化分析仪检测血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、肌酐(CREA)、血尿素氮(BUN)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶同工酶MB(CK-MB)水平,采用多因子检测试剂盒测定白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、单核细胞趋化蛋白(MCP)-1及转化生长因子(TGF)-β水平,并对小鼠不同器官进行组织学观察及病理损伤评分;对剩余小鼠进行72 h生存分析。结果 两种热打击策略均可成功建立CHS小鼠模型,但与DHS组比较,SHS组小鼠热暴露的时间较长[(181.61±41.88) min vs. (104.72±18.68) min,P<0.001],脱水百分比较高[(11.59±1.52)% vs. (7.07±1.84)%,P<0.001],72 h内致死率较高(73.68% vs. 22.22%,P<0.05)。恢复24 h后,SHS组ALT、AST、CREA、BUN水平均明显高于DHS组[(875.63±241.24) U/L vs. (139.38±188.22) U/L,P<0.01;(2406.75±1008.69) U/L vs. (208.13±149.23)U/L,P<0.01;(79.88±41.39) U/L vs. (18.75±10.51) U/L,P<0.05;(134.33±52.54) U/Lvs. (17.75±7.31)U/L,P<0.01],各器官组织病理学评分均明显高于DHS组(P<0.05);此外,SHS组MCP-1水平明显高于DHS组[(22.89±1.97) pg/ml vs. (15.97±3.91) pg/ml,P<0.05],TGF-β水平明显低于DHS组[(936.46±30.17) pg/ml vs. (1453. 50±129.81) pg/ml,P<0.001]。结论 使用逐步升温法建立的CHS小鼠模型成功率及致死率均较高,各器官损伤较重,是一种更符合CHS病理生理状态的动物模型。

, correspAuthors=康红军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
康红军,E-mail:
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刘育妍,硕士研究生,主要从事急危重症疾病的相关研究

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刘育妍,硕士研究生,主要从事急危重症疾病的相关研究

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刘育妍,硕士研究生,主要从事急危重症疾病的相关研究

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label=图1, caption=小鼠热打击实验流程

DHS.直接热打击;SHS.逐步升温热打击;ALT.谷丙转氨酶;AST.谷草转氨酶;CREA.肌酐;BUN. 血尿素氮;ALP. 碱性磷酸酶;LDH. 乳酸脱氢酶;CK-MB. 肌酸激酶同工酶MB;MCP-1. 单核细胞趋化蛋白-1;TNF-α. 肿瘤坏死因子-α;IL-1β. 白细胞介素-1β;IL-6. 白细胞介素-6;TGF-β. 转化生长因子-β

, figureFileSmall=Zzl7lx3g0SYC824gcmZ1sw==, figureFileBig=W8CAJh+DrWuVLp1PemN9Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200074164188049483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026646720901504, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Kaplan-Meier survival curve of heat shock mice, figureFileSmall=ANphvMXKLdWg4sELQAmunA==, figureFileBig=dE7G1I0fT9XrPZF6biE/MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200074164271935566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026646720901504, language=CN, label=图2, caption=热打击小鼠Kaplan‑Meier生存曲线

DHS. 直接热打击;SHS. 逐步升温热打击;*P<0.05

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HS. 热射病;DHS. 直接热打击;SHS. 逐步升温热打击;ALT. 谷丙转氨酶;AST. 谷草转氨酶;CREA. 肌酐;BUN. 尿素氮;W/D. 肺湿/干重比;A. 肝脏;B. 肾脏;C. 肠组织;D. 肺组织;E. 脾组织;*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001

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HS. 热射病;DHS. 直接热打击;SHS. 逐步升温热打击;ALP. 碱性磷酸酶;LDH. 乳酸脱氢酶;CK-MB. 肌酸激酶同工酶MB;MCP-1. 单核细胞趋化蛋白-1;TNF-α. 肿瘤坏死因子-α;IL-1β. 白细胞介素-1β;IL-6. 白细胞介素-6;TGF-β. 转化生长因子-β;*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=Oj/xlWs8Zrq+iLZf32c/JA==, figureFileBig=GwETuskp5tJN9x0xi2pxXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200074164745891929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026646720901504, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of basic information between the two groups of mice before and after heat stroke

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标DHS组SHS组t/χ2P
pre-BW (g, $\bar{x}±s$)28.59±2.09(n=28)28.59±2.06(n=28)0.0060.995
post-BW (g, $\bar{x}±s$)26.44±1.83(n=25)25.17±2.01(n=23)2.3020.026
PD (%, $\bar{x}±s$)7.07±1.84(n=25)11.59±1.52(n=23)9.253<0.001
模拟舱中热暴露时长(min, $\bar{x}±s$)104.72±18.68(n=25)181.61±41.88(n=23)8.329<0.001
Tr (℃, $\bar{x}±s$)42.13±0.76(n=25)42.89±0.22(n=23)4.588<0.001
造模成功率[例(%)]13(46.4)23(82.1)7.7780.005
), ArticleFig(id=1200074164838166619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026646720901504, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两组小鼠热打击前后基本情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标DHS组SHS组t/χ2P
pre-BW (g, $\bar{x}±s$)28.59±2.09(n=28)28.59±2.06(n=28)0.0060.995
post-BW (g, $\bar{x}±s$)26.44±1.83(n=25)25.17±2.01(n=23)2.3020.026
PD (%, $\bar{x}±s$)7.07±1.84(n=25)11.59±1.52(n=23)9.253<0.001
模拟舱中热暴露时长(min, $\bar{x}±s$)104.72±18.68(n=25)181.61±41.88(n=23)8.329<0.001
Tr (℃, $\bar{x}±s$)42.13±0.76(n=25)42.89±0.22(n=23)4.588<0.001
造模成功率[例(%)]13(46.4)23(82.1)7.7780.005
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高温直接打击法与逐步升温法建立经典型热射病多器官功能障碍综合征小鼠模型的对比及评价
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刘育妍 1, 2 , 李云 1, 2 , 胡婕 2 , 宣律 3 , 王陆 1, 2 , 袁睿 1, 2 , 邓子辉 4 , 张玉想 5 , 康红军 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023,48(8): 893-902
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023, 48(8): 893-902
高温直接打击法与逐步升温法建立经典型热射病多器官功能障碍综合征小鼠模型的对比及评价
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刘育妍1, 2, 李云1, 2, 胡婕2, 宣律3, 王陆1, 2, 袁睿1, 2, 邓子辉4, 张玉想5, 康红军1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军医学院,北京 100853
  • 2解放军总医院第一医学中心重症医学科,北京 100853
  • 3河北北方学院研究生学院,河北张家口 075000
  • 4解放军总医院研究生院生物化学教研室,北京 100853
  • 5解放军总医院第八医学中心重症医学科,北京 100091
  • 刘育妍,硕士研究生,主要从事急危重症疾病的相关研究

通讯作者:

康红军,E-mail:
Comparison and evaluation of direct heat stroke method and stepwise heating method for establishing mouse model of multiple organ dysfunction in classic heat stroke
Yu-Yan Liu1, 2, Yun Li1, 2, Jie Hu2, Lv Xuan3, Lu Wang1, 2, Rui Yuan1, 2, Zi-Hui Deng4, Yu-Xiang Zhang5, Hong-Jun Kang1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
  • 3Graduate School of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China
  • 4Department of Biochemistry, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
  • 5Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
出版时间: 2023-08-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0053.2023.0414
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目的 比较两种温度策略建立的伴多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)经典型热射病(CHS)小鼠模型的差异。方法 将66只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠采用随机数字表法分为直接热打击(DHS)组(n=28)、逐步升温热打击(SHS)组(n=28)及对照组(n=10)。前两组分别使用41 ℃直接打击法及25.0~39.5 ℃逐步升温法建立CHS小鼠模型。将小鼠放入模拟气候舱,密切观察其活动规律及意识状态,并监测直肠温度(Tr),待达到造模终点后出舱。每组采用随机数字表法抽取4只小鼠,于热暴露结束后恢复24 h取其血样和肝、肾、肠、肺、脾组织,采用全自动生化分析仪检测血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、肌酐(CREA)、血尿素氮(BUN)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶同工酶MB(CK-MB)水平,采用多因子检测试剂盒测定白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、单核细胞趋化蛋白(MCP)-1及转化生长因子(TGF)-β水平,并对小鼠不同器官进行组织学观察及病理损伤评分;对剩余小鼠进行72 h生存分析。结果 两种热打击策略均可成功建立CHS小鼠模型,但与DHS组比较,SHS组小鼠热暴露的时间较长[(181.61±41.88) min vs. (104.72±18.68) min,P<0.001],脱水百分比较高[(11.59±1.52)% vs. (7.07±1.84)%,P<0.001],72 h内致死率较高(73.68% vs. 22.22%,P<0.05)。恢复24 h后,SHS组ALT、AST、CREA、BUN水平均明显高于DHS组[(875.63±241.24) U/L vs. (139.38±188.22) U/L,P<0.01;(2406.75±1008.69) U/L vs. (208.13±149.23)U/L,P<0.01;(79.88±41.39) U/L vs. (18.75±10.51) U/L,P<0.05;(134.33±52.54) U/Lvs. (17.75±7.31)U/L,P<0.01],各器官组织病理学评分均明显高于DHS组(P<0.05);此外,SHS组MCP-1水平明显高于DHS组[(22.89±1.97) pg/ml vs. (15.97±3.91) pg/ml,P<0.05],TGF-β水平明显低于DHS组[(936.46±30.17) pg/ml vs. (1453. 50±129.81) pg/ml,P<0.001]。结论 使用逐步升温法建立的CHS小鼠模型成功率及致死率均较高,各器官损伤较重,是一种更符合CHS病理生理状态的动物模型。

热射病  /  多器官功能障碍综合征  /  直接热打击  /  逐步升温热打击

Objective To examine the differences between mouse models of classic heat stroke (CHS) with multiple organ dysfunction via two different rising strategies. Methods A total of 66 male C57BL/6J mice were divided into direct heat stroke (DHS) group (n=28), a stepwise heat stroke (SHS) group (n=28), and control group (n=10) using the random number table method. In the first two groups, animals received direct warming at 41 ℃ and stepwise warming from 25.0 ℃ to 39.5 ℃, using a simulated climate chamber, respectively. While the animals were in the climate chamber before reaching the endpoint, we constantly monitored the animal activity, animal consciousness, and rectal temperature. We randomly selected 4 animals from each group and collected the blood samples and organ tissues (liver, kidney, intestine, lung, and spleen) after 24 hours of recovery since the end of heat exposure. We used the automatic biochemical analyzer to measure the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CREA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB). We employed multifactorial test kits to detect the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. We analyzed the histological sections from each organ and then calculated the pathological injury scores. We saved the remaining mice for the 72 h survival analysis. Results Both heat stroke strategies can establish a stable CHS model of the mouse. In contrast with mice in DHS group, mice in SHS group exposed to heat for a longer time [(181.61±41.88) min vs. (104.72±18.68) min, P<0.001], had a higher percentage of dehydration [(11.59±1.52)% vs. (7.07±1.84)%, P<0.001] and higher 72 h mortality (73.68% vs. 22.22%, P<0.05). After 24 hours' recovery, biochemical indicators (ALT, AST, CREA, BUN) of SHS group were higher than those of DHS group [(875.63±241.24) U/L vs. (139.38±188.22) U/L, P<0.01; (2406.75±1008.69) U/L vs. (208.13±149.23) U/L, P<0.01; (79.88±41.39) U/L vs. (18.75±10.51) U/L, P<0.05; (134.33±52.54) U/L vs. (17.75±7.31) U/L, P<0.01]. The pathological injury scores of each organ tissue of the SHS group were higher than those of the DHS group (P<0.05). The levels of MCP-1 of the SHS group were higher than that of the DHS group [(22.89±1.97) pg/ml vs. (15.97±3.91) pg/ml, P<0.05], and TGF-β of SHS group was lower than that of DHS group [(936.46±30.17) pg/ml vs. (1453.50±129.81) pg/ml, P<0.001]. Conclusions The stepwise warming method had a higher success rate in developing the model, a higher mortality rate within 72 h, and more severe organ damage than the direct warming method. Thus it was a more stable and reliable modeling method that was more consistent with the pathophysiological state of CHS patients at the actual onset of illness.

heatstroke  /  multiple organ dysfunction syndrome  /  experimental animal models
刘育妍, 李云, 胡婕, 宣律, 王陆, 袁睿, 邓子辉, 张玉想, 康红军. 高温直接打击法与逐步升温法建立经典型热射病多器官功能障碍综合征小鼠模型的对比及评价. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (8) : 893 -902 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0053.2023.0414
Yu-Yan Liu, Yun Li, Jie Hu, Lv Xuan, Lu Wang, Rui Yuan, Zi-Hui Deng, Yu-Xiang Zhang, Hong-Jun Kang. Comparison and evaluation of direct heat stroke method and stepwise heating method for establishing mouse model of multiple organ dysfunction in classic heat stroke[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (8) : 893 -902 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0053.2023.0414
热射病(heat stroke,HS)是一种危害性高且后果严重的热致疾病,其中伴有多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)的经典型热射病(classic heat stroke,CHS)是由热损伤因素直接作用于机体引发的、以核心体温(core temperature,Tc)升高及中枢神经系统异常为特征的临床危重症[1-2]。有数据显示,经过医院救治的CHS患者病死率仍高达63.2%[13]。合适的动物模型是深入研究HS损伤的重要基础,并可为临床救治工作的开展提供新思路。目前报道的CHS动物模型主要包括羊[4]、兔[5]、猪[6]、狒狒[7]、大鼠[8]及小鼠[9]等,其中大型动物往往因配合度及操作性差,需进行束缚、麻醉等处理。麻醉药物会影响动物的生理状态,包括改变机体在热环境中的体温调节机制[10],束缚也会影响动物自发的体温调节动作,如在腹部涂抹唾液促进蒸发降温等,上述因素均会影响自发CHS的实验研究。因此,体型小、易操作、清醒且可自由活动的小鼠成为近年来HS相关研究中最常使用的模型动物。既往实验研究中建立CHS小鼠模型的方法不尽相同,造模终点体温为35.0~43.5 ℃,热暴露时间为60~180 min[911-15]。有团队使用高热直接打击法建立CHS脑损伤[1216]、肝损伤[17]、肺损伤[18]、肠损伤模型[19],但该方法建立的CHS模型造成的全身器官损伤似乎并不严重,死亡事件只发生在24 h内。另有报道显示,采用逐步升温法建立CHS模型可导致包括神经系统在内的多器官严重受损,全身炎症反应水平较高,且24 h后仍持续有小鼠死亡事件发生[20-22],与伴MODS的CHS患者临床表现相似。但目前尚无研究比较两种热打击策略建立的CHS小鼠模型多器官损伤程度及全身炎症反应水平。本研究选择高热直接打击法及逐步升温法两种方法,在湿度为60%的环境中建立CHS小鼠模型,并使用多维评价指标比较CHS小鼠各器官损伤程度及全身炎症反应水平,以选择更符合CHS患者病理生理状态的动物模型,为HS后各器官损伤的研究及药物研发奠定基础。
SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠66只,体重(28.52±2.1) g,均由解放军总医院第一医学中心动物实验中心提供。动物实验方案均通过动物实验伦理委员会审查批准(编号:2022-X18-19),并按照《NIH实验动物护理和使用指南》(第4版,2008)饲养1周以上使其适应环境。饲养条件为每笼5只,室温(22±1.6)℃,空气相对湿度35%~45%,气压101.325 kPa,12 h昼/夜循环,自由进食及饮水。实验结束后,所有小鼠用戊巴比妥钠(60 mg/kg)腹腔注射麻醉,采用颈椎脱臼法处死。主要仪器和材料为HWS-350B模拟气候舱(北京市恒诺利兴科技有限公司),BB-XGJ小鼠肛温计(北京搏贝科技有限公司),ZG-TP101小动物电子秤(永康市松竫商贸有限公司),Cobas®8000全自动生化分析仪(日本株式会社日立制作所),ProcartaPlex多因子检测试剂盒(货号:PPX-07、EPX01A-20608-901,美国ThermoFisher Scientific公司),Pannoramic MIDI Case Viewer系统(匈牙利3DHISTECH有限公司)。
使用高温直接打击法及逐步升温打击法建立CHS小鼠模型。将66只C57BL/6J小鼠编号后,采用随机数字表法分为室温对照组(n=10)、直接热打击(DHS)组(n=28)及逐步升温热打击(SHS)组(n=28)。DHS、SHS组按照不同热打击策略处理达到CHS标准后恢复24 h时,每组随机抽取4只小鼠取材并检测各项指标。对照组在实验结束时随机抽取5只取材。剩余全部小鼠进行72 h生存分析。
实验期间小鼠禁食禁水,置于常规饲养笼中(3~5只/笼)。DHS组模拟气候舱温度、湿度设置为41 ℃、60%后稳定运行1 h以上,将小鼠饲养笼直接放入舱中进行热暴露。SHS则将模拟气候舱温度、湿度设置为25 ℃、60%,稳定运行1 h后将小鼠饲养笼放入舱中,在1 h内逐渐升温到39.5 ℃,升温速率约为0.25 ℃/min。对照组小鼠一直处于(22.0±1.6) ℃的室温环境中。在既往有关CHS动物模型的研究中,可能由于物种间的差异及研究方法不同,啮齿类动物的最低致死温度为40.4~46.0 ℃[23-24]。本研究终点体温主要参考CHS小鼠模型的国际公认标准42.7 ℃[1520],以满足高温对小鼠多器官产生损伤的最低体温要求。
将小鼠放入实验舱后密切观察其活动规律与意识状态,并监测直肠温度(rectal temperature,Tr)。当小鼠出现以下任意一种情况即视为造模终点,需立即转移出舱进一步处理:(1)Tr≥42.7 ℃;(2)出现意识障碍,即无自主活动(轻度无痛刺激不能驱赶动物爬行或改变位置)时间>5 s[25-26];(3)濒死,即出现明显抽搐,呼吸节律明显改变。
小鼠出舱后复测Tr并迅速转移至(22.0±1.6) ℃的通风环境中,腹腔注射生理盐水(30 ml/kg)。复测时若Tr<42.7 ℃则记录为造模失败;若小鼠在模拟舱中死亡或在出舱后30 min内死亡则记录为造模死亡;若Tr≥42.7 ℃,伴有意识障碍则判定为CHS造模成功。
Tc以Tr代替,将肛温计软头部位插入小鼠直肠2~3 cm后,按下开关(ON/OFF)键,“嘀”声后开始测量,当听到持续“嘀....”声后测量结束,取出肛温计记录结果。小鼠入实验舱后每30 min测量1次,热打击90 min后转为每10 min测量1次。
造模开始前,所有小鼠在精确到0.1 g的小动物电子秤上称重,得到热打击前体重(pre-heat stroke body weight,pre-BW)。达到造模终点后取出小鼠称重,得到热打击后体重(post-heat stroke body weight,post-BW)。采用脱水百分比(percent dehydration,PD)评估脱水程度,估算方法为:PD=(pre-BW-post-BW)/pre-BW×100%[27]
采用随机数字表法在DHS、SHS组造模成功的CHS小鼠中各抽取4只,在热打击结束后24 h腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠(60 mg/kg)进行快速麻醉,麻醉成功后颈椎脱臼处死,进行开胸及心内穿刺放血,置入1.5 ml微离心管中。全血室温(20~25 ℃)凝固20~30 min,1000 ×g离心10 min,取上层血清于-80 ℃冻存;分离肝、肾、肠、肺、脾组织,部分固定于4%多聚甲醛溶液,制作4 µm石蜡切片,苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色后,利用Case Viewer系统进行可视化及扫描;每只小鼠取固定的左上叶肺组织,称量并记录湿重(wet weight,W),然后于80 ℃干燥24 h至恒重,再次称量并记录干重(dry weigh,D),计算肺湿/干重比(W/D)。
为进一步评估HS造成的器官组织损伤程度,参照以往的评分标准,制定HS各器官损伤分级评分标准,将所有组织学切片打乱分组顺序后,由两位经验丰富的病理学医师阅读并评分。各器官评分标准如下。
根据急性肝损伤的病理情况[28]制定两项标准:肝实质变性坏死严重程度及炎症细胞浸润程度。每项按4分量表(0~3)进行评分,总分为两项评分之和。
根据急性肾损伤的病理情况[29]制定三项标准:肾小管损伤情况、肾小球损伤情况及微血栓含量。每项按4分量表(0~3)进行评分,总分为三项评分之和。
根据Chiu's评分[30]制定肠黏膜病变进展标准,评估肠损伤情况,按6分量表(0~5)进行评分。
根据McGuigan评分法[31]制定四项标准:肺泡间质水肿增厚、炎症细胞浸润、肺泡及间质出血以及透明膜形成。每项按4分量表(0~3)进行评分,总分为四项评分之和。
根据脾内易染体巨噬细胞占白髓的比例评估脾脏损伤情况[20],按4分量表(0~3)进行评分,其中<10%记0分,10%~15%记1分,15%~20%记2分,≥20%记3分。
使用全自动生化分析仪测定血清中谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、肌酐(creatinine,CREA)、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)及肌酸激酶同工酶MB(creatine kinase-MB,CK-MB)水平。使用多因子检测试剂盒测定血清中白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α、单核细胞趋化蛋白(monocyte chemotactic protein,MCP)-1及转化生长因子(transforming growth factor,TGF)-β的水平。
采用SPSS 21.0、GraphPad 8.0软件进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步组间两两比较采用LSD-t法;计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用Kaplan‑Meier曲线分析小鼠生存情况,组间比较采用Log-rank检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
实验流程见图1。两组小鼠对高温反应较激烈,表现为入舱后躁动不安、在舱内自发运动增多、向笼顶攀爬寻找通风口、在皮毛上涂抹唾液等。随着热暴露时间延长,小鼠自发运动减少,舱内运动轨迹从复杂绕路运动变为贴边缘或沿对角直线前进,攀爬笼顶的行为逐渐减少甚至消失,呼吸短促。DHS组及SHS组小鼠pre-BW差异无统计学意义,SHS组post-BW明显低于DHS组(P<0.05),PD明显高于DHS组(P<0.001),在模拟舱中热暴露时长明显高于DHS组(P<0.001),出舱时Tr也明显高于DHS组(P<0.001,表1)。终止实验时,DHS组有3只小鼠在模拟舱中死亡,15只(包括死亡的3只)出舱时Tr未达42.7 ℃;SHS组5只小鼠死亡,其余Tr均达到42.7 ℃。因此,DHS组成功造模13只,SHS组成功造模23只,SHS组造模成功率明显高于DHS组(82.1% vs. 46.4%,P<0.01)。对照组实验期间无小鼠死亡,DHS组造模成功小鼠24 h内死亡2只,SHS组24、48及72 h分别死亡8、4及2只。Kaplan‑Meier曲线显示,DHS组72 h生存率为77.78%,SHS组为26.32%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图2)。
对照组ALT、AST均处于较低水平,肝小叶结构清晰,无异常炎症细胞浸润。经热打击后,DHS组及SHS组ALT、AST均有上升,但DHS组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。SHS组ALT、AST均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义[(875.63±241.24) U/L vs. (39.67±9.54) U/L,P<0.05;(2406.75±1008.69) U/L vs. (179.00±130.44) U/L,P<0.001],且明显高于DHS组(P<0.05)。病理学检查结果显示,DHS组小鼠部分肝细胞水肿,有点状坏死,炎症细胞浸润较少,恢复24 h后生化指标改变并不明显;而SHS组部分沿肝小叶分布的肝细胞有明显变性坏死,且坏死部位伴有大量炎症细胞浸润,其余部分有明显的肝细胞水肿,病理损伤评分明显高于DHS组(3.93±1.16 vs. 2.73±1.34,P<0.05,图3A)。
对照组CREA、BUN均处于较低水平,肾小管上皮细胞排列有序,而热打击后DHS组和SHS组发生了明显的急性肾损伤改变。DHS组CREA、BUN变化不大,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义[(18.75±10.51) μmol/L vs. (17.00±7.00) μmol/L,P>0.05;(177.5±73.1) mg/L vs. (239.9±37.2) mg/L,P>0.05];病理学检查显示部分肾小管上皮细胞坏死,管腔内可见少量管型,肾小球充血,且出现包括皮、髓交界处肾小管上皮细胞坏死、肾小管扩张、大量管型,另外还可见肾小球毛细血管及肾间质血管扩张、血管内血栓及炎症细胞浸润。SHS组CREA、BUN分别为(79.88±41.39) μmol/L、(1343.3±525.4) mg/L,均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且明显高于DHS组(P<0.05)。SHS组肾损伤评分明显高于DHS组(5.53±1.06 vs. 3.60±0.83,P<0.001,图3B)。
对照组小鼠肠黏膜内壁平整,可见杯状细胞,未见明显损伤。在热打击之后,DHS组肠绒毛间隙增宽,绒毛顶端上皮下Gruenhagen空间增大,且伴有毛细血管充血。SHS组的损伤评分明显高于DHS组(1.60±0.74 vs. 0.27±0.46,P<0.001),损伤更严重,视野中已出现上皮下间隙明显增宽、固有层与上皮层分离、部分肠细胞脱落、绒毛中央乳质扩张以及毛细血管出血等改变,还可见中性粒细胞等炎症细胞浸润(图3C)。
三组间W/D差异无统计学意义(4.94±0.03 vs. 4.84±0.49 vs. 4.45±0.20,P>0.05)。对照组小鼠肺泡及间质结构清晰,未见明显病理损伤改变;经热打击后,部分肺泡间隔及肺泡中含有大量红细胞,可见炎症细胞浸润肺间质,肺间质增厚,部分肺泡结构无法辨认,且SHS组肺损伤组织病理学评分明显高于DHS组(3.00±1.13 vs. 1.33±0.98,P<0.001,图3D)。
对照组小鼠脾脏未见明显异常,白髓、红髓之间界限清晰。经热打击后,白髓内可见明显的、由易染体巨噬细胞吞噬的核碎裂淋巴细胞及部分细胞碎片。SHS组脾损伤病理评分明显高于DHS组(2.80±0.56 vs. 1.80±0.86,P<0.01),且发生坏死的淋巴细胞更多,易染体巨噬细胞占白髓的比例更高(图3E)。
DHS组IL-6明显高于对照组(P<0.01),IL-1β明显低于对照组(P<0.001)。SHS组ALP、LDH、CK-MB、MCP-1、IL-6明显高于对照组(P<0.05),IL-1β及TGF-β明显低于对照组(P<0.001);SHS组LDH、CK-MB、MCP-1明显高于DHS组(P<0.05),TGF-β明显低于DHS组(P<0.001,图4)。
HS是以Tc升高、中枢神经系统紊乱为典型特征,常造成多器官损伤的一种严重热相关疾病[32]。经过重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)救治后,CHS患者的病死率仍高于60%[3],且早期ICU患者的死因多为并发无法逆转的MODS,一旦MODS开始,临床常用治疗措施很难阻止这一过程[33]。因此,及早应对、阻止HS发病早期的器官损伤是降低病死率的重要手段。建立一个与HS患者实际情况相符且较稳定的动物模型,对HS发病机制及药物干预效果的研究具有重要意义。
目前,建立CHS动物模型主要包括3个要素:高温诱导条件、动物体温测量及动物种类选择[34]。本研究使用两种不同热打击策略建立CHS小鼠模型,通过比较多项指标发现,使用逐步升温法造模的小鼠在高温高湿环境中所受热打击时间较长,造模成功率较高,且造模成功的小鼠各器官损伤较重,72 h死亡率较高。造成两种热打击策略出现损伤程度差异的内在机制可能有以下几点。(1)体温调节中枢的反应及效应时间不同:小鼠皮肤无汗腺,降温的主要方法是扩张皮肤血管,增加对流散热及唾液分泌,加强蒸发散热。DHS组小鼠受到短期、剧烈的环境热刺激,会导致体温调节中枢迅速得到信号并及时做出降温反应,此时小鼠的Tc尚处于正常范围内,暂时处于“健康”状态,体温调节引起的自发动作多;SHS组小鼠在实验开始时环境温度无异常,并未激发降温反应,缓慢升温过程中体温调定点会随环境温度逐渐上调,待突破体温调定点的最高温度后,才开始进行被动的降温反应[35],此时小鼠已进入“病理状态”,分泌、涂抹唾液的自主活动明显减少,与CHS患者的少汗症相似。(2)与机体脱水程度有关:本研究中,SHS组小鼠较DHS组在热环境中的时间较长,出舱后体重较低,机体的脱水程度较高。严重脱水会造成循环血量明显降低,组织器官血液流量及灌注量不足,继发缺血-氧化应激反应。(3)与热应激反应有关:热应激是指机体受到超过自身体温调节能力的过高温度刺激时产生的非特异性应答反应的总和[3]。DHS组小鼠直接进入极端高温环境后,机体快速出现对高热的反射性调节,如机体自身产热减少、Tc及心率下降、呼吸加快,以及产生热休克蛋白等反应[36],对组织器官及细胞均有一定的保护作用,促进热量流失恢复至正常体温的保护性反应可能使DHS组小鼠各器官损伤较轻[37-38]。(4)与热负荷总量有关:由热负荷公式(℃·min)=核心体温≥39 ℃的热暴露时间×(最大Tc-39 ℃)[10]可知,热负荷总量与机体的热暴露时间及最大Tc密切相关。SHS组小鼠在≥39 ℃环境中的热暴露时间明显长于DHS组,出舱时最大Tc较高,这导致SHS组小鼠的热负荷总量高于DHS组,因此其各器官受损较严重。
由于小鼠皮肤没有汗腺,唾液分泌能力也有限,热量损失无法与高温环境被动输入的热量相匹配,持续一段时间后体温调节失败,小鼠Tc迅速上升,且血液重新分布时会导致器官血管持续收缩,造成组织缺血,上述持续性损伤会诱发全身炎症反应综合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS),并最终导致MODS。在不同的升温策略下,机体的体温调节反应不同,因此造成器官损伤的严重程度存在差异。大型动物往往因配合度、操作性差,需进行麻醉、束缚等处理,影响自发CHS的实验研究,本研究选用体型小、清醒且可自由活动的雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,排除了雌鼠体内雌激素水平波动对高温暴露的可能影响[39-40],且C57BL/6小鼠在空间学习记忆能力方面较其他品系小鼠更有优势[41],有利于后续开展CHS长期神经后遗症及其治疗的相关研究。
本研究在造模过程发现,两组小鼠出舱时达到的最高体温越高、热打击持续时间越长,各器官的损伤越重,后续死亡率也越高。Leon等[27]设置终点体温相差0.3 ℃的三组小鼠,生存率分别为100%、92%、46%,且小鼠出舱前达到的最高体温也越高,恢复低体温所需时间就越长,死亡风险也越高。因此对小鼠Tc的精准监测也是造模成功的要点。本实验中衡量造模终点的指标除Tr外,还综合了小鼠的意识状态及生命体征,避免了间断监测Tr时已达到出舱标准却漏判的情况。模拟气候舱的温度、湿度均可控,能够较好地模拟CHS发生时高温高湿的自然环境,且造模过程中小鼠处于清醒状态,与CHS患者自然发病的状态类似,从可视窗中还可以观察小鼠的精神及活动状态。
中枢神经系统功能障碍是HS的主要特征。神经细胞对高温损伤极为敏感,HS后神经损伤及长期神经后遗症的问题引起了广泛关注[1242-43]。本研究中DHS组及SHS组小鼠在出舱时均有严重意识障碍,对外界刺激几乎无反应,中枢神经系统严重受损。临床研究表明,急性肝损伤是HS后最严重的并发症,若发展为难治性肝衰竭并发多器官损伤,还需考虑肝移植治疗[44]。本研究结果显示,SHS组小鼠的肝脏损伤较DHS组更重;DHS组小鼠部分肝细胞水肿,出现点状坏死,其ALT、AST与对照组差异无统计学意义,提示该程度热打击造成的肝损伤较轻;而SHS组中沿肝小叶分布的肝细胞有明显大片坏死及大量炎症细胞浸润,病理损伤评分明显高于DHS组,肝功能指标较对照组明显升高,提示逐步升温造成的小鼠肝损伤较高热直接打击更严重。本研究发现,在恢复24 h后DHS组小鼠CREA、BUN水平与对照组差异无统计学意义,而SHS组小鼠较对照组明显增高,且BUN水平已达小鼠急性肾损伤的诊断标准[29]。病理检查结果显示,SHS组造模后小鼠肾脏皮、髓交界处肾小管上皮细胞大量坏死,肾小管明显扩张,可见大量管型形成,肾小球毛细血管及肾间质血管扩张,肾髓质内可见大量血栓及炎症细胞浸润,肾脏病理损伤评分明显高于DHS组,提示逐步升温造成的小鼠肾损伤更严重。肠道屏障损伤是引发CHS后SIRS的关键机制。高热首先破坏肠黏膜屏障,导致肠内各种细菌对肠细胞的损伤加重,细菌释放的毒素又从破坏的肠黏膜屏障处入血,造成继发性脓毒症。本研究热打击后DHS组、SHS组小鼠肠内有不同程度的损伤,但DHS组肠损伤评分明显低于SHS组。SHS组小鼠肠段明显水肿,不排便或排稀便,表明此时肠道炎症反应较强,肠黏膜受到过度刺激后全段充血水肿,甚至发生肠坏死,但DHS组小鼠肠道水肿不明显。经热打击后,DHS组及SHS组小鼠均出现肺损伤病理改变,但三组W/D差异无统计学意义,表明恢复24 h时HS小鼠未发生肺水肿。引发HS后急性肺损伤的原因既包含热打击直接损伤肺组织及细胞的结构与功能,也有继发的内毒素血症及炎性因子风暴对肺组织的间接损伤[45]。临床研究显示,CHS后免疫系统受损严重,外周血免疫球蛋白水平明显下降,常有继发感染[46],而脾脏作为促使B细胞成熟的关键器官,对产生具有正常功能的抗体非常重要。本研究表明,SHS组坏死淋巴细胞及易染体巨噬细胞比例明显高于DHS组。因此尽早控制CHS后脾脏损伤,防止免疫细胞进一步凋亡、坏死,对维持机体正常免疫功能至关重要。CHS小鼠在恢复24 h时全身多器官损伤较重,体内炎症反应明显失衡。本实验中DHS组、SHS组小鼠全身损伤指标ALP、趋化因子MCP-1及细胞因子IL-6水平较对照组均明显上升,抗炎因子TGF-β水平则明显下降。有研究表明,IL-6是判断HS患者临床危重程度的指标[47],在HS前低剂量使用外源性IL-6有利于保护肠黏膜屏障,可降低HS后的全身炎症水平[48]。IL-1β作为早期促炎因子,在本实验中却明显低于正常值,似乎与常规认为的HS后发生高炎症反应状态并不相同。事实上,IL-1β在HS发生时常呈现时相性变化趋势,其水平在恢复1 h时即快速上升,3~5 h达到峰值,后续内源性补充不足导致下降,到恢复24 h时已降至正常水平[49-50]。Leon等[20]的研究也观察到HS小鼠在恢复24 h后循环血浆内的TNF-α与IL-1β无法检测到或低于正常值,狒狒模型中也出现类似结果[7]。造成这种现象可能的机制是HS后骨骼肌(以及其他可能的实质细胞)为应对体温过高早期产生急性应激反应,导致小鼠血浆中IL-6及IL-10在体温升高阶段就已明显上升[51]。而这种应激诱导的细胞因子反应可能具有抑制随后局部或全身促炎症信号的功能,因为IL-6的抗炎作用能抑制TNF-α、IL-1β及刺激抗炎的IL-1ra、IL-10的产生[52-55]。TGF-β检测对HS患者的预后判断有重要价值,TGF-β越低,预后越差[56]。SHS组小鼠LDH、CK-MB、MCP-1水平均明显高于DHS组,TGF-β水平明显低于DHS组,表明采用逐步升温法造模的CHS小鼠较直接热打击法全身损伤更严重,全身炎症水平更高。
本研究仍存在局限性:只选择了恢复24 h这一个时间点来评价HS对小鼠的损伤,尚不能掌握损伤的时程规律,且HS对神经系统的损伤除需根据小鼠的精神及行为状态初步判定外,还应同时使用组织病理学检查及动物行为学实验进行判定。另外,SHS组中达到造模条件但出舱后死亡的小鼠呼吸节律改变、咯血、窒息等肺损伤表现更严重,也具有研究价值。
综上所述,无论是使用直接热打击法还是逐步升温法,均能成功构建CHS小鼠模型。但使用逐步升温法造模的小鼠更接近真实的CHS发生环境,后续可造成多器官功能损伤(特别是肝脏和肾脏的急性损伤)及体内炎症反应失衡的状态,两种造模方式结果的差异可能与小鼠体温调节能力有关,但具体的作用机制尚需进一步研究。
  • 军委科技委基础加强计划(军173)重点基础研究项目(2022-JCJQ-ZD-097-11)
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2023年第48卷第8期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0053.2023.0414
  • 接收时间:2023-01-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-10
  • 录用日期:2023-03-09
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Basic Strengthening Project of the Science and Technology Commission of the Military Commission(Military 173) Key Basic Research Projects(2022-JCJQ-ZD-097-11)
军委科技委基础加强计划(军173)重点基础研究项目(2022-JCJQ-ZD-097-11)
作者信息
    1解放军医学院,北京 100853
    2解放军总医院第一医学中心重症医学科,北京 100853
    3河北北方学院研究生学院,河北张家口 075000
    4解放军总医院研究生院生物化学教研室,北京 100853
    5解放军总医院第八医学中心重症医学科,北京 100091

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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