Article(id=1200026646196613496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200026645001241395, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2942.2022.0906, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1639238400000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1646236800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-03-03, onlineDate=1764038247869, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1693152000000, pubDateStr=2023-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764038247869, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764038247869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038247869, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200026645001241395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='8', pageStart='871', pageEnd='992', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764038247584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038741950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200028718564474883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200026645001241395, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200028718564474884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200026645001241395, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=978, endPage=982, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200026646490214779, articleId=1200026646196613496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Application of virtual reality technology in military medicine, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Virtual reality (VR) technology is a comprehensive multimedia technology. Since its development from the 1950s, VR technology has been widely applied in the field of military medicine. Armed forces around the world utilize VR technology to conduct psychological adjustment and skill training for front-line combat personnel and to educate health service personnel. Meanwhile, the high simulation of the real environment by VR enables rear medical personnel to carry out exposure therapy for patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other psychological trauma, in a reconstructed virtual environment which is extremely similar to battlefield but with far higher safety. It can also carry out rehabilitation training, health education or combat capability assessment for the wounded with brain injury or disability with higher efficiency. This paper reviews the origin and development of VR, expounds the development and application of VR technology in the field of military medicine, and prospects its possible development in near future.

, correspAuthors=Luo-Wei Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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虚拟现实(VR)技术是多媒体技术之集大成者。自20世纪50年代诞生以来,VR技术在军事医学领域得到了大量应用。各国军队利用VR技术,对前线作战人员进行心理调适与技能训练,对卫勤人员进行教育培训。同时,VR技术对现实环境的高度模拟使后方医务人员能够在安全的环境下重新构建作战场景,对罹患创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)等心理创伤的病员开展暴露疗法治疗,可更高效地对脑损伤及残疾伤员开展康复训练、健康教育或作战能力评估。本文回顾VR的起源与发展,阐述VR技术在军事医学领域的发展和应用,并对其未来可能的发展方向进行展望。

, correspAuthors=王洛伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王洛伟,E-mail:
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力光瑞,硕士研究生,主要从事军事医学方面的研究

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力光瑞,硕士研究生,主要从事军事医学方面的研究

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虚拟现实技术在军事医学领域中的应用
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力光瑞 , 高野 , 庞亚南 , 边岩 , 李兆申 , 王洛伟 *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(8): 978-982
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(8): 978-982
虚拟现实技术在军事医学领域中的应用
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力光瑞, 高野, 庞亚南, 边岩, 李兆申, 王洛伟*
作者信息
  • 海军军医大学第一附属医院消化内科,上海 200433
  • 力光瑞,硕士研究生,主要从事军事医学方面的研究

通讯作者:

王洛伟,E-mail:
Application of virtual reality technology in military medicine
Guang-Rui Li, Ye Gao, Ya-Nan Pang, Yan Bian, Zhao-Shen Li, Luo-Wei Wang*
Affiliations
  • Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
出版时间: 2023-08-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2942.2022.0906
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虚拟现实(VR)技术是多媒体技术之集大成者。自20世纪50年代诞生以来,VR技术在军事医学领域得到了大量应用。各国军队利用VR技术,对前线作战人员进行心理调适与技能训练,对卫勤人员进行教育培训。同时,VR技术对现实环境的高度模拟使后方医务人员能够在安全的环境下重新构建作战场景,对罹患创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)等心理创伤的病员开展暴露疗法治疗,可更高效地对脑损伤及残疾伤员开展康复训练、健康教育或作战能力评估。本文回顾VR的起源与发展,阐述VR技术在军事医学领域的发展和应用,并对其未来可能的发展方向进行展望。

虚拟现实技术  /  军事医学  /  应用  /  创伤后应激障碍

Virtual reality (VR) technology is a comprehensive multimedia technology. Since its development from the 1950s, VR technology has been widely applied in the field of military medicine. Armed forces around the world utilize VR technology to conduct psychological adjustment and skill training for front-line combat personnel and to educate health service personnel. Meanwhile, the high simulation of the real environment by VR enables rear medical personnel to carry out exposure therapy for patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other psychological trauma, in a reconstructed virtual environment which is extremely similar to battlefield but with far higher safety. It can also carry out rehabilitation training, health education or combat capability assessment for the wounded with brain injury or disability with higher efficiency. This paper reviews the origin and development of VR, expounds the development and application of VR technology in the field of military medicine, and prospects its possible development in near future.

virtual reality technology  /  military medicine  /  application  /  post-traumatic stress disorder
力光瑞, 高野, 庞亚南, 边岩, 李兆申, 王洛伟. 虚拟现实技术在军事医学领域中的应用. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (8) : 978 -982 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2942.2022.0906
Guang-Rui Li, Ye Gao, Ya-Nan Pang, Yan Bian, Zhao-Shen Li, Luo-Wei Wang. Application of virtual reality technology in military medicine[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (8) : 978 -982 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2942.2022.0906
虚拟现实(virtual reality,VR)技术是一种发展于20世纪的全新实用技术,融计算机软硬件技术、传感技术、仿真技术、语音识别与合成技术、人工智能技术、微电子技术、视觉生理学、行为心理学等诸多科学技术领域成果于一身,通过计算机模拟的虚拟环境及各类传感设备给使用者以身临其境的环境浸入感,并赋予使用者与虚拟物件实现信息交互的能力,是多媒体技术之集大成者。一般认为,VR技术具有沉浸性、交互性、构想性的特点[1-2]。VR技术对宏观现实世界强大的复现能力使得各国军方逐步将其应用于军事医学相关领域的理论研究与实践中,如火线救治、伤病员诊疗与康复、军事卫勤人员的教育培养等。
VR技术萌芽于20世纪50年代末。美国人Morton Heilig于1957年制造出首个VR产品Sensorama Simulator。1965年,美国科学家Ivan Sutherland发表了文章The Ultimate Display[3],提出“如果显示器的使命是作为一面镜子向使用者展示计算机生成的数字仙境,则其应当满足使用者更多的感官需求”,该文被认为是VR技术研究的开端。1984年,美国思想家、“VR之父”Jaron Lanier首先提出了“VR”的概念,从理论层面为VR技术的发展指明了方向。
VR技术在其发展早期就已被应用于国防军事领域。1983年,美国陆军开发了名为SIMulator NETwork project (SIMNET)的营级坦克训练模拟器网络。该网络模拟了真实M1主战坦克的内部设备、工作状态,确保参训车组能够在尽可能接近真实的战场条件下磨炼战斗技能[4]。进入新世纪后,随着计算机技术、人工智能技术等前置科技的飞速发展,VR技术迈入了一个新的发展阶段。随着一系列新的VR设备投放市场,VR技术开始真正贴近现实,力图向使用者展示一个“真实”的虚拟世界。与此同时,VR技术在国防军事领域,尤其是军事医学领域的应用更加普遍。
前线作战人员是战争的主角和决定性力量,也往往是战伤人员的第一施救者。面对残酷的战场环境,作战人员的心理调适能力、自救互救能力对战斗的结局有着不可忽视的影响。VR技术的问世,为维护战士心理健康、提高伤员救治水平提供了新的途径。
对于即将参战或已身处战场环境的作战人员,军事行动所带来的焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪削弱了其战斗意志和作战能力。为增强作战人员对不良情绪的调节能力,2011年,美军启动了综合士兵健康项目(the U.S. Army's Comprehensive Soldier Fitness Program,CSF)。时任美国陆军参谋长乔治·凯西上将指出,该项目的目的在于培养战士们的心理弹性(psychological resilience):“使我们的战士在部署前做更好的准备,而不是在归来后进行康复”[5]。在CSF指导下,美军开展了“Stress Resilience In Virtual Environments (STRIVE)”计划。STRIVE设计了一个30集(每集5~10 min)的交互式虚拟现实故事,每集末尾都会发生一件冲击性事件,如队友伤亡等,并导入针对此种情况应如何进行心理调适的教学[6]。加拿大军方同样进行了利用VR技术对军人进行心理调适的尝试。2012年,Bouchard等[7]将41名士兵随机分为两组,一组使用沉浸式游戏与视听觉生理反馈技术进行为期5 d的压力管理训练,另一组不进行特殊训练,结果显示,参加训练的士兵能够更加有效地应对作战压力,维持作战能力。
火线战伤救护是每个作战人员都应掌握的基本技能。在实战中,娴熟的救护技能能够有效降低伤员的死亡率。Howard等[8]对2001-2017年美军在阿富汗与伊拉克的战斗伤亡数据进行分析发现,熟练掌握止血带使用、输血、快速转运这三项基本的战伤救护技能,有望将伤员的死亡率降低44.2%。然而,火线战伤往往伤情凶险,抢救时间极为有限;前线作战人员在战场环境的强烈干扰下,在短时间内完成建立掩护—拖拽伤员至附近掩体—急救处理三步流程的难度极大。当伤员处于远洋航行的舰艇、医疗直升机等特殊环境中时,空间紧张、医疗资源有限且短时间内补充困难等问题进一步凸显,展开救治的难度显著增加。VR技术的发展为战伤救护训练提供了迄今为止最为逼真的环境。2001年,美军认识到课堂教学、模拟训练等传统方式不能很好地贴合实际需求,为此开发了基于VR技术的战伤救护模拟器,用于提高海军医疗救护人员的急救能力,如提升应急处理速度、优化抢救方案、减少人为失误等[9]。2014年,法军卫生部门在“战斗救援计划(Sauvetage au Combat Program,SC,类似于美军TCCC)”之下设立了“3D-SC1”项目,该项目使用名为Medusims的模拟器,借助VR技术构建了一个逼真的战场环境:一支侦察部队在受到IED袭击的同时被武装分子伏击,3名队员受到不同程度的创伤,参训人员需要经历火线战伤救护的整个流程:战术决策(立即反击或寻找掩体)—判断伤员伤情—确定救治优先级—展开战地急救(止血、包扎、镇痛等)—请求医疗后送。截至2016年,3D-SC1项目已推广至法军96个团级单位中的84个[10]
对于军队一线医疗救护人员,在军事行动中对伤员进行检伤分类是其卫勤保障任务的重要组成部分。然而,军事行动现场往往存在环境复杂多变、伤员数量大、伤情种类多的特点,且医疗条件简陋、医疗物资相对短缺。在此情形下,一线医疗救护人员要进行准确的检伤分类殊为不易。同时,在和平时期开展的检伤分类训练存在组织困难、真实性差的问题。为此,Vincent等[11]对利用VR技术进行批量伤员检伤分类训练这一方法进行了初步探索:20名医学生在接受了简单的检伤分类原则教学后,使用VR设备展开批量伤员检伤分类训练,结果表明,经过训练的医学生对批量伤员的分诊和干预能力都得到了显著提高。
近年来,随着低烈度地区性武装冲突出现频率不断增加,“不对称战争”取代世界大战成为现今主要的武装冲突形式,城市战、游击战、山地战等具有高度不确定性的作战样式在实战中大量出现,“安全”和“危险”的分野逐渐模糊,一线作战人员面对的潜在威胁来源明显增加。新的军事斗争形式使作战人员面临着较传统战争更大的心理压力以及更具不确定性的伤亡风险。对于后方医护人员,如何帮助前线归来的士兵尽可能恢复战斗力、维持正常的社会功能和生活质量已经成为一个必须面对的问题。VR技术的出现,为遭受精神心理创伤的患者提供了有效的心理干预手段,也为遭受物理损伤的伤员提供了全新的康复治疗方法。
自越南战争以来,PTSD越来越受到各国军方的重视[12]。2000年,美国国防部启动了“千年队列研究(the Millennium Cohort Study,MILCOHORT)”这一囊括超过20万名军人、时间跨度为2000-2067年的大规模前瞻性健康研究。截至2006年,MILCOHORT结果显示,美军中参与海外部署及实际作战的军人PTSD发病率为7.6%~8.7%,而未参与海外部署、未经实战的军人PTSD发病率仅为1.4%~3.0%[13-14]。由此可见,PTSD严重危害了军人特别是具有实战经验的老兵的心理健康,不仅损害了部队的作战能力,也对这些战士退出现役后回归正常社会生活造成了重大阻碍。因此,PTSD的诊治成为一个重要的研究课题[15]
近年来,VR技术已被作为一个新兴工具用于PTSD的预防、评估与治疗。1997年,美国进行了利用VR技术开展暴露疗法(virtual reality exposure therapy,VRET)治疗PTSD的首次尝试:佐治亚理工-埃默里大学的研究人员使用名为“Virtual Vietnam”的虚拟现实程序对确诊PTSD的越战老兵进行了试验性治疗。在该试验中,16名老兵通过VR技术“重返”越战战场,在5~7周的时间内进行了13次VRET治疗后,PTSD相关症状明显减少。2004年,南加州大学创新技术研究所开发了名为“Virtual Iraq”的VRET系统原型机。2005-2007年,美国海军研究办公室进一步资助开发了名为“Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan”的四场景VRET系统,在对该系统的测试中,参试的20名确诊PTSD的现役军人的PCL-M分值在接受VRET后均出现明显下降[16-17]。2011年,美军进一步推出了BRAVEMIND系统,该系统不仅能够提供虚拟视觉场面,还能同时提供3D环绕声、振动觉和嗅觉刺激,使VRET更加接近真实[17]。2019年,Kothgassner等[18]对使用VRET治疗PTSD的9篇报道(共296名受试者)进行荟萃分析发现,VRET治疗后,患者的PTSD症状得到明显缓解。2020年,Reger等[19]对162名患有PTSD的美军现役士兵进行研究发现,VRET治疗可减轻PTSD患者的羞耻感,使其能够以更为积极的态度寻求心理健康干预并接受心理治疗。
随着技术的不断发展,研究人员在VRET的基础上将VR治疗技术与眼动脱敏和再处理疗法(eye movement desensitization and reprocessing,EMDR)相结合,发展出了多模块运动辅助记忆脱敏和再巩固疗法(multi-modular motion-assisted memory desensitization and reconsolidation,3MDR)。2020年,van Gelderen等[20]对43名患有难治性PTSD的退役军人的诊疗结果提示,相较非创伤聚焦治疗等非特异性治疗,3MDR疗法能更明显地降低难治性PTSD患者的症状严重程度。同时,3MDR也被用于PTSD发生机制和治疗方法的探索。2019年,Rousseau等[21]通过PET成像研究患有PTSD的退伍军人在接受EMDR前后通过VR技术重返战场环境时大脑激活区域的变化,结果提示,PTSD患者的临床症状缓解与楔前叶代谢增高有关。2021年,van Deursen等[22]在对37名退伍军人进行3MDR治疗的过程中发现,患者接受治疗的过程中呼吸频率显著增加,提示未来应考虑将呼吸控制纳入PTSD的治疗目标。
轻度创伤性脑损伤(mild traumatic brain injury,mTBI)是军队中常见的ABI形式。Cameron等[23]的统计结果显示,1997-2007年美军mTBI的总发病率为6.55/1000人年,发病率逐年稳步上升,且患者以作战部队基层官兵为主。美国国防部的报告显示,2000-2017年美军中有379 519人被诊断为TBI[24]。庞大的TBI患者数量对美军各项军事行动的开展造成了不利影响。近年来,美军开始尝试使用VR技术辅助TBI的治疗。2019年,Buccellato等[25]使用名为Bright Brainer Virtual Rehabilitation (BBVR)的VR辅助治疗系统对21名确诊为ABI的军人进行治疗,结果显示,BBVR能够改善ABI患者的认知功能,且易于被ABI患者接受和使用。同年,Tefertiller等[26]研究发现,通过VR游戏系统进行平衡功能训练与传统的家庭平衡功能训练一样,都能够改善TBI患者的平衡能力。
伤残是战斗减员中最重要的一个部分。对于后方医护人员,尽快帮助伤员恢复战斗力,帮助残疾军人尽可能恢复劳动能力,是其战争时期面临的一项重大挑战。VR技术以其沉浸性和对现实世界较高的拟真程度,为医护人员应对此类挑战提供了一个有力的工具。
2019年,Oliver等[27]对30名在战争中受到包括截肢在内的多发性创伤的军人进行了VR环境下的步枪和手枪射击训练,结果表明,接受训练后,伤残军人射击精度较训练前得到改善。这一尝试不仅为解答“伤残士兵能否重返战场”这一问题提供了论据,也为评估伤残士兵的作战能力提供了一个可能的方法。
骨折、肌肉拉伤、韧带撕裂等外伤及其伴随的疼痛是军队医务人员需要解决的常见问题。2020年,Smith等[28]对18篇相关文献进行系统回顾,结果显示,VR疗法对急性疼痛可起到镇痛作用。2022年,Houston等[29]利用VR技术对遭受肌肉或骨损伤的军人进行步态教育时发现,基于VR的步态教育较传统康复方式能够更好地增进患者对自身伤情的认识,并减轻患者因疼痛所致的焦虑等不良情绪。
在人才培养领域,借助VR技术进行的教学活动在沉浸性、直观性方面实现了明显突破,在临床医学等对实践能力存在较高要求的学科领域有着传统教学方法无法比拟的优势。因此,VR技术已被各国应用于医学人才的培养。美军早在2005年就已着手研发名为“Pulse!!”的VR训练平台,以便于军队医疗人员方便快捷地学习所需的临床技能,更新治疗理念[30]。2014年,Proctor和Campbeil-Wynn[31]组织32名医疗兵对利用VR技术和利用医学模拟人进行环甲膜穿刺的训练效果进行比较,结果显示,在直观性和易学性方面,VR技术甚至优于传统的医学模拟人。2017年6月-2018年7月,Elessawy等[32]对VR技术在提高医师腹腔镜手术技术方面的研究显示,无论受训医师是否有腹腔镜手术相关经验,经过VR训练后,其在手术操作、手术时间、术后并发症发生率等指标方面均较受训前有明显进步。我国鄂少龙等[33]在2018年12月-2019年3月对VR技术用于泌尿道内镜手术教学的探索中发现,参与研究的52名实习医师中,接受VR教学的人员较接受传统幻灯方式教学的人员在实施经尿道前列腺电切术时,切除更加彻底,手术时间更短,术后并发症也明显减少。此外,马鸿杰等[34]对将VR技术用于中医诊断教学的前景进行了分析展望。
自20世纪50年代末诞生以来,VR技术已被越来越多地应用于人类生活的各个方面。由于在模拟现实世界方面所具有的独特优势,VR技术已被各国军队广泛应用于军事训练、医疗救护、人才培养等领域,但受限于当前的技术水平及设备成本,仍存在不少缺陷与不足。例如,现阶段的VR设备仍存在使用者出现眩晕和眼疲劳的问题;精确空间定位等关键定位的缺失,使VR技术在大范围多目标复杂融合方面仍未实现突破,开展虚拟环境下的大规模军事训练尚不可行;现有技术条件下,计算机的屏幕分辨率、CPU与GPU的运算能力尚不能实现“沉浸感”与“真实感”的平衡,VR技术的优势无法充分发挥[35];VR条件下进行的医疗救护演练不能很好地体现操作细节,受训者能够相对熟练地掌握救治流程,但对每一步骤的具体操作所需的“度”,如各部位按压止血应用多大力度、绞棒式止血带的绞棒应转几圈才能有效止血、气管插管应插多深才能保证通气质量等具体问题往往认识不够、判断不准;现阶段VR设备成本较高,无法普及至每名学员,不适用于大规模教学。这些缺陷限制了VR技术及其设备的更大规模应用。
随着人类社会的发展进步,VR技术有望在计算机、材料、网络技术等相关技术进步的支撑下向着“完美模拟真实世界”的目标更进一步,并实现更大范围的普及和互联互通。在未来战争联合化、体系化的大趋势下,基于VR技术的各类军事医学模拟器将有望作为一个子模块整合进虚拟战争这个大系统中。未来的军事医疗人员,从基层卫生员到各级军医,将有望在VR技术的帮助下,置身于最贴近真实的战场环境中磨炼技能、提高救治水平,为可能发生的战争做好最充分的准备。
  • 海军军医大学第一附属医院教育研究课题(CHJG2020003)
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2023年第48卷第8期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2942.2022.0906
  • 接收时间:2021-12-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-12
  • 录用日期:2022-03-03
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Educational Research Project of the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University(CHJG2020003)
海军军医大学第一附属医院教育研究课题(CHJG2020003)
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    海军军医大学第一附属医院消化内科,上海 200433

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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