Article(id=1200026645919789429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200026645001241395, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1970.2023.0217, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1663516800000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1667491200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-11-04, onlineDate=1764038247804, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1693152000000, pubDateStr=2023-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764038247804, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764038247804, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038247804, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200026645001241395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='8', pageStart='871', pageEnd='992', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764038247584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038741950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200028718564474883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200026645001241395, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200028718564474884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200026645001241395, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=921, endPage=928, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200026646179836279, articleId=1200026645919789429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effect of VCAN on immune infiltration and prognosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the effect of versican (VCAN) gene on immunocyte infiltration and prognosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC). Methods The high-throughput sequencing data and clinical data of BUC were downloaded from TCGA database. The correlation between the expression level of VCAN and clinical characteristics of BUC patients was analyzed using the Limma R package; univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed to analyze the effect of VCAN expression and clinical characteristics (including gender, age, tumor grade, tumor stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis) on the prognosis of BUC patients; TIMER database was used to analyze the correlation between VCAN expression level and immunocyte infiltration. T24 cells were divided into three groups: control group (cells transfected without any siRNA), NC siRNA group (cells transfected with negative control siRNA), and VCAN siRNA group (cells transfected with VCAN siRNA). After transfection, the proliferation, invasion and cell cycle proportion of T24 cells were determined by MTT assay, Transwell assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The protein expression levels of Cyclin E, Cyclin D1, E-cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were determined by Western blotting. Results Compared with normal bladder tissues, the expression level of VCAN mRNA in BUC tissues was significantly up-regulated, and was positively correlated with tumor grade, tumor stage and distant metastasis (P<0.01). High VCAN expression was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in BUC patients (P<0.05). The results of TIMER database analysis showed that the expression level of VCAN was significantly positively correlated with the infiltration degree of macrophages and regulatory T cells in BUC (P<0.001). Compared with control group, the proliferation and invasion ability of T24 cells in VCAN siRNA group decreased significantly and the cell proportion of G0/G1 phase increased significantly (P<0.05), the protein expression levels of Cyclin E, Cyclin D1 and MMP-9 were down-regulated significantly, and of E-cadherin was up-regulated significantly (P<0.05). Conclusions VCAN is highly expressed in BUC and correlated with immune infiltration and prognosis of BUC. Silencing the expression of VCAN may significantly inhibit the proliferation and invasion of T24 cells by regulating the protein expression levels of Cyclin E, Cyclin D1, E-cadherin and MMP-9.

, correspAuthors=Wei Wu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨多功能蛋白聚糖(VCAN)基因对膀胱尿路上皮癌(BUC)免疫细胞浸润及预后的影响。方法 从TCGA数据库下载BUC的高通量测序数据及临床数据,运用R语言Limma包分析VCAN表达水平与BUC患者临床特征的相关性;采用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析VCAN表达情况及患者临床特征(包括性别、年龄、肿瘤分级、肿瘤分期、淋巴转移和远处转移等)对预后的影响;基于肿瘤免疫浸润评分(TIMER)数据库分析VCAN表达水平与免疫细胞浸润的相关性。取T24细胞,设置对照组(未转染任何siRNA)、NC siRNA组(转染阴性对照siRNA)与VCAN siRNA组(转染VCAN siRNA),采用MTT法、细胞侵袭实验和流式细胞术分别检测各组细胞的增殖、侵袭能力和细胞周期比例,Western blotting检测Cyclin E、Cyclin D1、E-cadherin和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的表达水平。结果 与正常膀胱组织比较,BUC组织中VCAN mRNA表达水平明显上调,且与肿瘤分级、肿瘤分期及远处转移呈正相关(P<0.01);VCAN高表达是BUC患者预后不良的独立危险因素(P<0.05);TIMER数据库分析结果显示,BUC中VCAN表达水平与巨噬细胞及调节性T细胞的浸润程度呈明显正相关(P<0.001)。与对照组比较,VCAN siRNA组T24细胞的增殖和侵袭能力明显下降,G0/G1期细胞比例明显增高(P<0.05),Cyclin E、Cyclin D1和MMP-9蛋白表达水平明显下调,E-cadherin蛋白表达水平明显上调(P<0.05)。结论 VCAN在BUC中呈高表达,且与BUC的免疫浸润及预后相关。沉默VCAN可明显抑制T24细胞的增殖及侵袭,其机制可能与调控Cyclin E、Cyclin D1、E-cadherin及MMP-9蛋白的表达有关。

, correspAuthors=吴维, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吴维,E-mail:
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吕磊,博士研究生,副主任医师,主要从事泌尿系肿瘤发病机制等方面的研究

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吕磊,博士研究生,副主任医师,主要从事泌尿系肿瘤发病机制等方面的研究

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吕磊,博士研究生,副主任医师,主要从事泌尿系肿瘤发病机制等方面的研究

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VCAN. 多功能蛋白聚糖;BUC. 膀胱尿路上皮癌

, figureFileSmall=DL7NaUt3KEAch2vN/ZYjLw==, figureFileBig=jRi+oaAOfEo5wmEpBlRehg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200074162397081611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026645919789429, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of VCAN expression level on 3-, 5- and 10-year overall survival rate in patients with BUC, figureFileSmall=sgckkGcFeajCDRtjWzfohQ==, figureFileBig=hBDWHxNwhmY+dWSugwvEVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200074162464190478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026645919789429, language=CN, label=图2, caption=VCAN表达对BUC患者3年、5年和10年总生存率的影响

VCAN. 多功能蛋白聚糖;BUC. 膀胱尿路上皮癌

, figureFileSmall=sgckkGcFeajCDRtjWzfohQ==, figureFileBig=hBDWHxNwhmY+dWSugwvEVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200074162539687955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026645919789429, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Gene function enrichment analysis of potential biological functions of VCAN, figureFileSmall=pAIxt4yow4tQQeZg0QmC5A==, figureFileBig=mnUT1S8RC3EJ6L/sau7cYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200074162615185433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026645919789429, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基因功能富集分析VCAN基因的潜在生物学功能

VCAN. 多功能蛋白聚糖

, figureFileSmall=pAIxt4yow4tQQeZg0QmC5A==, figureFileBig=mnUT1S8RC3EJ6L/sau7cYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200074162745208861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026645919789429, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of VCAN siRNA on proliferation, invasion and cell cycle distribution of T24 cells, figureFileSmall=6GhttfvBwQfxSQg/j4Wftw==, figureFileBig=0NsSL8CVeyc/VB9N3lVXFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200074162845872162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026645919789429, language=CN, label=图4, caption=VCAN siRNA对T24细胞增殖、侵袭及细胞周期分布的影响

VCAN. 多功能蛋白聚糖;A. MTT法检测VCAN siRNA对T24细胞增殖能力的影响;B. Transwell实验检测VCAN siRNA对T24细胞侵袭能力的影响(结晶紫染色,×400);C. 流式细胞术检测VCAN siRNA对T24细胞周期分布的影响;与对照组比较, (1)P<0.05;与NC siRNA组比较,(2)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=6GhttfvBwQfxSQg/j4Wftw==, figureFileBig=0NsSL8CVeyc/VB9N3lVXFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200074162925563943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026645919789429, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of VCAN siRNA on the protein expression levels of Cyclin E, Cyclin D1, E-cadherin and MMP-9 in T24 cells (Western blotting), figureFileSmall=/6WnKB1lltzFL3XvERwVjA==, figureFileBig=73nRMMKGvWxH6gp2l0rxow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200074162992672809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026645919789429, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Western blotting检测VCAN siRNA对T24细胞中Cyclin E、Cyclin D1、E-cadherin和MMP-9蛋白表达水平的影响

VCAN. 多功能蛋白聚糖;与对照组比较,(1)P<0.05;与NC siRNA组比较,(2)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=/6WnKB1lltzFL3XvERwVjA==, figureFileBig=73nRMMKGvWxH6gp2l0rxow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200074163068170283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026645919789429, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of the effect of VCAN expression level and clinical characteristics on prognosis in patients with BUC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素单因素分析多因素Cox回归分析
HR(95%CI)PHR(95%CI)P
年龄(≤60岁/>60岁)1.425(1.275~1.674)0.0051.321(0.975~1.828)0.114
性别(男/女)1.021(0.812~1.207)0.6550.913(0.744~1.362)0.427
肿瘤分级(高级别/低级别)2.324(1.783~2.956)<0.0011.625(1.238~2.145)0.036
肿瘤分期(T1-T2/T3-T4)3.120(2.563~3.948)<0.0011.872(1.450~2.664)0.002
淋巴转移(N0/N1-N3)2.547(1.956~3.223)<0.0011.509(1.147~2.273)0.135
远处转移(M0/M1)4.272(2.956~5.255)<0.0012.353(1.655~4.357)0.001
VCAN(低表达/高表达)2.726(1.665~3.345)<0.0011.873(1.432~2.655)0.008
), ArticleFig(id=1200074163168833582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026645919789429, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单因素和多因素Cox回归分析VCAN表达水平和临床特征对BUC患者预后的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素单因素分析多因素Cox回归分析
HR(95%CI)PHR(95%CI)P
年龄(≤60岁/>60岁)1.425(1.275~1.674)0.0051.321(0.975~1.828)0.114
性别(男/女)1.021(0.812~1.207)0.6550.913(0.744~1.362)0.427
肿瘤分级(高级别/低级别)2.324(1.783~2.956)<0.0011.625(1.238~2.145)0.036
肿瘤分期(T1-T2/T3-T4)3.120(2.563~3.948)<0.0011.872(1.450~2.664)0.002
淋巴转移(N0/N1-N3)2.547(1.956~3.223)<0.0011.509(1.147~2.273)0.135
远处转移(M0/M1)4.272(2.956~5.255)<0.0012.353(1.655~4.357)0.001
VCAN(低表达/高表达)2.726(1.665~3.345)<0.0011.873(1.432~2.655)0.008
), ArticleFig(id=1200074163269496879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026645919789429, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Correlation analysis of VCAN and immune cell-related markers in BUC tissues

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
免疫细胞标志物VCAN表达
rP
CD4+ T细胞
IFN-γ0.0730.161
T-bet-0.0140.784
IL-130.0670.203
CD8+ T细胞
CD8A0.1310.012
CD8B0.1470.005
B细胞
CD400.1290.014
CD79A0.296<0.001
M1型巨噬细胞
INOS0.1280.014
IRF50.0010.998
COX20.189<0.001
M2型巨噬细胞
MS4A4A0.518<0.001
VSIG40.517<0.001
CD1630.525<0.001
调节性T细胞
CCR80.368<0.001
FOXP30.311<0.001
TGF-β0.324<0.001
中性粒细胞
CCR70.0810.123
CD440.223<0.001
CD550.1550.003
树突状细胞
HLA-DRA0.203<0.001
HLA-DQB10.189<0.001
BDCA-10.1640.002
耗竭性T细胞
PD-10.1660.001
CTLA40.196<0.001
自然杀伤T细胞
CD940.0010.997
CD1610.1030.049
), ArticleFig(id=1200074163344994355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200026645919789429, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

BUC组织中VCAN与免疫细胞相关标志物的相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
免疫细胞标志物VCAN表达
rP
CD4+ T细胞
IFN-γ0.0730.161
T-bet-0.0140.784
IL-130.0670.203
CD8+ T细胞
CD8A0.1310.012
CD8B0.1470.005
B细胞
CD400.1290.014
CD79A0.296<0.001
M1型巨噬细胞
INOS0.1280.014
IRF50.0010.998
COX20.189<0.001
M2型巨噬细胞
MS4A4A0.518<0.001
VSIG40.517<0.001
CD1630.525<0.001
调节性T细胞
CCR80.368<0.001
FOXP30.311<0.001
TGF-β0.324<0.001
中性粒细胞
CCR70.0810.123
CD440.223<0.001
CD550.1550.003
树突状细胞
HLA-DRA0.203<0.001
HLA-DQB10.189<0.001
BDCA-10.1640.002
耗竭性T细胞
PD-10.1660.001
CTLA40.196<0.001
自然杀伤T细胞
CD940.0010.997
CD1610.1030.049
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多功能蛋白聚糖基因对膀胱尿路上皮癌免疫浸润及预后的影响
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吕磊 , 郑福鑫 , 周高峰 , 吴维 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023,48(8): 921-928
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023, 48(8): 921-928
多功能蛋白聚糖基因对膀胱尿路上皮癌免疫浸润及预后的影响
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吕磊, 郑福鑫, 周高峰, 吴维*
作者信息
  • 武汉市第一医院泌尿外科,湖北武汉 430022
  • 吕磊,博士研究生,副主任医师,主要从事泌尿系肿瘤发病机制等方面的研究

通讯作者:

吴维,E-mail:
Effect of VCAN on immune infiltration and prognosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma
Lei Lv, Fu-Xin Zheng, Gao-Feng Zhou, Wei Wu*
Affiliations
  • Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
出版时间: 2023-08-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1970.2023.0217
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目的 探讨多功能蛋白聚糖(VCAN)基因对膀胱尿路上皮癌(BUC)免疫细胞浸润及预后的影响。方法 从TCGA数据库下载BUC的高通量测序数据及临床数据,运用R语言Limma包分析VCAN表达水平与BUC患者临床特征的相关性;采用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析VCAN表达情况及患者临床特征(包括性别、年龄、肿瘤分级、肿瘤分期、淋巴转移和远处转移等)对预后的影响;基于肿瘤免疫浸润评分(TIMER)数据库分析VCAN表达水平与免疫细胞浸润的相关性。取T24细胞,设置对照组(未转染任何siRNA)、NC siRNA组(转染阴性对照siRNA)与VCAN siRNA组(转染VCAN siRNA),采用MTT法、细胞侵袭实验和流式细胞术分别检测各组细胞的增殖、侵袭能力和细胞周期比例,Western blotting检测Cyclin E、Cyclin D1、E-cadherin和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的表达水平。结果 与正常膀胱组织比较,BUC组织中VCAN mRNA表达水平明显上调,且与肿瘤分级、肿瘤分期及远处转移呈正相关(P<0.01);VCAN高表达是BUC患者预后不良的独立危险因素(P<0.05);TIMER数据库分析结果显示,BUC中VCAN表达水平与巨噬细胞及调节性T细胞的浸润程度呈明显正相关(P<0.001)。与对照组比较,VCAN siRNA组T24细胞的增殖和侵袭能力明显下降,G0/G1期细胞比例明显增高(P<0.05),Cyclin E、Cyclin D1和MMP-9蛋白表达水平明显下调,E-cadherin蛋白表达水平明显上调(P<0.05)。结论 VCAN在BUC中呈高表达,且与BUC的免疫浸润及预后相关。沉默VCAN可明显抑制T24细胞的增殖及侵袭,其机制可能与调控Cyclin E、Cyclin D1、E-cadherin及MMP-9蛋白的表达有关。

膀胱尿路上皮癌  /  多功能蛋白聚糖  /  免疫浸润  /  预后

Objective To explore the effect of versican (VCAN) gene on immunocyte infiltration and prognosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC). Methods The high-throughput sequencing data and clinical data of BUC were downloaded from TCGA database. The correlation between the expression level of VCAN and clinical characteristics of BUC patients was analyzed using the Limma R package; univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed to analyze the effect of VCAN expression and clinical characteristics (including gender, age, tumor grade, tumor stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis) on the prognosis of BUC patients; TIMER database was used to analyze the correlation between VCAN expression level and immunocyte infiltration. T24 cells were divided into three groups: control group (cells transfected without any siRNA), NC siRNA group (cells transfected with negative control siRNA), and VCAN siRNA group (cells transfected with VCAN siRNA). After transfection, the proliferation, invasion and cell cycle proportion of T24 cells were determined by MTT assay, Transwell assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The protein expression levels of Cyclin E, Cyclin D1, E-cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were determined by Western blotting. Results Compared with normal bladder tissues, the expression level of VCAN mRNA in BUC tissues was significantly up-regulated, and was positively correlated with tumor grade, tumor stage and distant metastasis (P<0.01). High VCAN expression was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in BUC patients (P<0.05). The results of TIMER database analysis showed that the expression level of VCAN was significantly positively correlated with the infiltration degree of macrophages and regulatory T cells in BUC (P<0.001). Compared with control group, the proliferation and invasion ability of T24 cells in VCAN siRNA group decreased significantly and the cell proportion of G0/G1 phase increased significantly (P<0.05), the protein expression levels of Cyclin E, Cyclin D1 and MMP-9 were down-regulated significantly, and of E-cadherin was up-regulated significantly (P<0.05). Conclusions VCAN is highly expressed in BUC and correlated with immune infiltration and prognosis of BUC. Silencing the expression of VCAN may significantly inhibit the proliferation and invasion of T24 cells by regulating the protein expression levels of Cyclin E, Cyclin D1, E-cadherin and MMP-9.

bladder urothelial carcinoma  /  versican  /  immune infiltration  /  prognosis
吕磊, 郑福鑫, 周高峰, 吴维. 多功能蛋白聚糖基因对膀胱尿路上皮癌免疫浸润及预后的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (8) : 921 -928 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1970.2023.0217
Lei Lv, Fu-Xin Zheng, Gao-Feng Zhou, Wei Wu. Effect of VCAN on immune infiltration and prognosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (8) : 921 -928 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1970.2023.0217
膀胱癌是泌尿生殖系统常见的恶性肿瘤,其中90%以上为尿路上皮癌。由于膀胱尿路上皮癌(bladder urothelial carcinoma,BUC)具有起源多中心性及易复发、转移、耐药等生物学特性,其临床治疗存在诸多挑战,尤其是局部进展及转移性BUC的治疗效果仍不理想[1-2]。近年来,以程序性死亡受体-1(programmed deateh-1,PD-1)及其配体(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)抑制剂、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4,CTLA-4)抑制剂为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂的应用,使晚期BUC患者的生存预后得到了显著改善[3]。免疫相关基因的筛选及鉴定已成为BUC预防和治疗的研究热点。多功能蛋白聚糖(versican,VCAN)是外源凝集素蛋白聚糖家族成员,参与肿瘤细胞的黏附、增殖、侵袭和血管形成等[4]。最近研究发现,VCAN的促肿瘤活性可能与恶性肿瘤的免疫微环境调控有关[5]。VCAN可通过形成对肿瘤生长有利的炎症环境,导致肿瘤免疫逃逸,从而促进间皮瘤的进展[6]。VCAN衍生的基质因子可通过调节Batf3相关的树突状细胞分化和促进T细胞浸润,导致结直肠癌发生转移[7]。然而,目前VCAN在BUC免疫微环境调节及预后中的作用研究鲜见。本研究利用生物信息数据库分析VCAN基因表达与BUC中免疫细胞浸润及BUC患者生存预后的关系,并通过体外细胞实验探讨VCAN基因表达对BUC细胞增殖和侵袭的影响。
2021年10月,收集癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)数据库(https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/)中405例BUC患者的转录组数据,运用R语言Limma包分析BUC组织中VCAN基因表达与BUC患者临床特征的关系。
基于TCGA数据库,以VCAN基因表达水平的中位值作为界值,将BUC患者分为VCAN高表达组(n=202)与VCAN低表达组(n=202),采用Kaplan-Meier法分析VCAN表达水平与BUC患者生存率的相关性。采用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析VCAN表达水平和临床特征对BUC患者预后的影响。
基于TCGA数据库,采用Spearman相关分析筛选BUC组织中与VCAN表达相关(|r|≥0.4,P<0.001)的基因,采用Metascape软件中的KEGG Pathway和Reactome Gene Sets功能基因集,通过基因富集分析预测VCAN相关基因的潜在生物学功能。
基于TCGA数据库中BUC患者的转录组数据,通过肿瘤免疫浸润评分(Tumor Immune Estimation Resource,TIMER)数据库,对肿瘤纯度进行校正后采用Spearman检验分析BUC组织中VCAN表达水平与免疫细胞[CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞、B细胞、巨噬细胞、调节性T细胞(Treg细胞)、中性粒细胞、树突状细胞、自然杀伤T细胞]浸润及免疫细胞标志物表达水平的相关性,以|r|≥0.3且P<0.001为明显相关。
细胞总RNA提取Trizol、脂质体LipofectamineTM 2000转染试剂盒(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司);NC siRNA、VCAN siRNA(上海吉凯生物技术有限公司);兔抗人GAPDH、Cyclin E、Cyclin D1、E-cadherin、基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)多克隆抗体及辣根过氧化物酶标记的IgG二抗(美国SantCruz公司);蛋白提取试剂盒、Western blotting检测试剂盒、MTT检测试剂盒、细胞周期检测试剂盒(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司)。
人BUC T24细胞株由本实验室保存,用含10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养液培养于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中。取融合度为70%的细胞,设置对照组(不作处理)、NC siRNA组(转染NC siRNA)与VCAN siRNA组(转染VCAN siRNA)。参照LipofectamineTM 2000说明书,将NC siRNA和VCAN siRNA转染至T24细胞中,转染24 h后进行后续实验。VCAN siRNA序列:5'-GGCCAAGATGTTCATAAATATAA-3'。NC siRNA序列:5'-CGTTAGCTTACGCTTATGCTCAA-3'。
收集各组细胞,以5×103个/孔接种于96孔板(100 μl/孔),设置3个复孔。继续培养24、48、72 h后终止培养,采用MTT法检测490 nm处每孔的吸光度(A)值。细胞增殖活性=实验组A490 nm/对照组A490 nm
收集各组细胞,调整细胞浓度为2×105个/ml,于Transwell上室加入200 μl细胞悬液,下室加入含10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养液。继续培养24 h后取出上室,去除底部膜表面的细胞,用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定后,加入1%结晶紫染色,镜下随机选取5个高倍视野拍照计数。
收集各组细胞,加入1 ml预冷的70%乙醇,4 ℃固定1 h。离心弃上清,加入0.5 ml碘化丙啶染色液,37 ℃避光温浴30 min。采用流式细胞仪在激发波长488 nm处检测红色荧光并分析细胞DNA含量,检测细胞周期。
收集各组细胞,提取细胞总蛋白,取30 μg蛋白上样,行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,转膜后,加入5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭1 h,加入Cyclin E、Cyclin D1、E-cadherin、MMP-9一抗(稀释倍数1∶500)封闭过夜。次日洗膜后,加入相应二抗(稀释倍数1∶1000),采用化学发光法显色。使用AlphaEase FC图像分析软件进行蛋白半定量分析,以目的蛋白/内参GAPDH条带灰度值的比值代表目的蛋白的相对表达水平。
使用SPSS 22.0软件和R语言进行统计分析。计量数据均符合正态分布,以$\bar{x}±s$表示。两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法和log-rank检验。BUC患者预后风险因素评估采用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
TCGA数据库分析结果显示,405例BUC患者中,男300例,女105例;年龄≤60岁106例,>60岁299例;低级别21例,高级别381例,肿瘤分级未确定3例;T1-T2期123例,T3-T4期250例,肿瘤分期未确定32例;N0期235例,N1-N3期129例,无法评估淋巴结转移情况41例;M0期194例,M1期11例,无法评估远处转移情况200例;生存225例,死亡179例,生存状态未知1例。
与正常膀胱组织比较,BUC组织中VCAN mRNA表达水平明显上调(P<0.01);VCAN mRNA表达水平与肿瘤分级、肿瘤分期及远处转移呈正相关(P<0.01),而与BUC患者的性别、年龄、淋巴转移无明显相关性(P>0.05) (图1)。
Kaplan-Meier生存分析结果显示,VCAN高表达组患者的3年、5年及10年总生存率明显低于VCAN低表达组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图2)。
单因素分析结果显示,年龄、肿瘤分级、肿瘤分期、淋巴转移、远处转移及VCAN表达水平与BUC患者的预后有关(P<0.01,表1);多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,肿瘤分级为低级别、肿瘤分期为T3-T4期、有远处转移及VCAN高表达是BUC患者预后不良的独立危险因素(P<0.05,表1)。
Spearman相关分析结果显示,共1710个基因与VCAN表达高度相关,其中正相关基因1689个(r≥0.4),负相关基因21个(r≤-0.4)。
基因富集分析结果显示,在BUC组织中VCAN与细胞外基质构成、淋巴细胞与非淋巴细胞免疫调节相互作用、免疫系统细胞因子信号通路、细胞黏附分子、癌症相关通路等密切相关(图3)。
TIMER数据库分析结果显示,在BUC免疫微环境中,VCAN表达水平与巨噬细胞(r=0.527,P<0.001)和Treg细胞(r=0.304,P<0.001)浸润程度呈明显正相关,而与CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞、B细胞、中性粒细胞、树突状细胞和自然杀伤T细胞的浸润程度无明显相关性(P>0.05);VCAN表达水平与M2型巨噬细胞标志物MS4A4A(r=0.518,P<0.001)、VSIG4(r=0.517,P<0.001)、CD163(r=0.525,P<0.001)及Treg细胞标志物CCR8(r=0.368,P<0.001)、FOXP3(r=0.311,P<0.001)、TGF-β(r=0.324,P<0.001)表达水平呈明显正相关(表2)。
与对照组比较,NC siRNA组T24细胞的增殖活性、侵袭能力及细胞周期分布差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),VCAN siRNA组T24细胞的增殖活性及侵袭能力明显降低,G0/G1期细胞比例明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图4)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与对照组比较,NC siRNA组T24细胞中Cyclin E、Cyclin D1、MMP-9和E-cadherin蛋白表达水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),VCAN siRNA组T24细胞中Cyclin E、Cyclin D1和MMP-9蛋白表达水平明显降低,E-cadherin蛋白表达水平明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图5)。
VCAN基因位于人类5号染色体的12-14区带,含15个外显子,编码3396个氨基酸残基[8]VCAN基因在恶性肿瘤中异常高表达,可通过调控PAPSS2/Snail[9]、TGF-β/cPML/Smad[10]、EGFR/PI3K/AKT[11]等信号通路,促进肿瘤的发生发展。本研究发现,VCAN mRNA在BUC组织中表达明显升高,且VCAN高表达是BUC患者预后不良的独立危险因素。VCAN在BUC组织中的潜在生物学功能与免疫调节、免疫系统炎症信号通路、细胞黏附及癌症相关通路等密切相关,提示其可能通过调控肿瘤免疫微环境而影响BUC患者的预后。
肿瘤微环境中免疫细胞之间及免疫细胞与其他细胞的相互作用在很大程度上决定了抗肿瘤免疫应答的强度,与肿瘤进展和临床预后密切相关[12-13]。既往研究发现,BUC作为免疫原性的实体肿瘤,其免疫微环境具有免疫细胞高度浸润的特性[14]。多种免疫浸润细胞在BUC中展现出重要的免疫抑制功能,如髓样抑制细胞、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞、调节性T细胞和肿瘤相关中性粒细胞等[15]。针对BUC免疫检查点分子的鉴定及免疫检查点抑制剂的应用,为晚期BUC患者的治疗带来了曙光[16]。多中心临床研究显示,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂及CTLA-4抑制剂可显著提高晚期转移性及化疗不耐受BUC患者的生存率[17-18]。靶向CD73的药物可抑制BUC的进展,且与PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联用可产生协同效应[19]。为探讨VCAN是否参与了BUC免疫微环境的调控,本研究进一步通过TIMER数据库分析BUC中VCAN基因表达与免疫细胞浸润的相关性,发现VCAN表达水平与BUC微环境中M2型巨噬细胞及Treg细胞的浸润程度呈明显正相关。巨噬细胞在不同刺激因子(如炎性细胞因子、趋化因子、缺氧等)作用下可极化成具有抗肿瘤活性的M1型巨噬细胞或具有促肿瘤活性的M2型巨噬细胞。在肿瘤早期阶段,肿瘤微环境中存在大量的M1型巨噬细胞,其主要功能是抑制肿瘤的快速增殖;而在肿瘤的中晚期阶段,M2型巨噬细胞则起主导作用,导致肿瘤细胞发生免疫逃逸,促进肿瘤的侵袭和转移[20]。Treg细胞介导的肿瘤免疫监视逃逸是肿瘤免疫治疗的主要障碍。研究发现,Treg细胞在肝癌、小细胞肺癌、乳腺癌等患者的肿瘤组织和外周血中明显增多,其浸润程度与肿瘤患者的预后不良呈正相关[21-22]。本研究发现,VCAN表达水平与BUC免疫微环境中M2型巨噬细胞标志物MS4A4A、VSIG4、CD163及Treg细胞标志物CCR8、FOXP3、TGF-β表达水平呈明显正相关。VSIG4可作为免疫检查点分子,其表达水平与进展期胃癌患者的不良预后相关[23]。在肿瘤微环境中,VSIG4在M2型巨噬细胞中呈高表达,与CD8+ T细胞上的配体结合后,可抑制T细胞的细胞毒作用,从而促进肿瘤进展[24]。CD163+ M2型巨噬细胞浸润与PD-L1表达高度相关,靶向CD163的免疫治疗可改善宫颈癌患者的预后[25]。FOXP3在Treg细胞分化发育及其介导的肿瘤免疫逃逸中发挥了关键作用,是鉴别肿瘤微环境中Treg细胞的有效靶标。研究发现,VCAN可通过上调Treg细胞相关转录因子FOXP3的表达,增加TGF-β的分泌并抑制T细胞增殖,从而诱导肺癌及直肠癌细胞的增殖和转移[26]。CCR8+ Treg细胞是免疫抑制的驱动因子,通过与趋化因子1(CCL1)相互作用招募FOXP3+CCR8+ Treg细胞浸润到肿瘤组织,诱导STAT3依赖的FOXP3、CD39、IL-10和颗粒酶B表达上调,从而导致肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸[27]。由此推测,由于BUC中VCAN表达上调,导致M2型巨噬细胞和Treg细胞向肿瘤组织浸润及免疫相关标志物表达上调,致使癌细胞发生免疫逃逸,从而促进了BUC的进展。
本研究体外细胞实验证实,沉默VCAN的表达能够抑制T24细胞的增殖和侵袭,导致细胞G0/G1期阻滞,其机制可能与调控Cylin D1、Cyclin E、MMP-9和E-cadherin蛋白的表达有关。Cyclin D1和Cyclin E是G1/S期特异性周期蛋白,分别通过与细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶CDK4和CDK2形成复合物,启动DNA复制,促进细胞从G1期进入S期,导致细胞恶性增殖[28]。E-cadherin属于上皮细胞钙离子依赖的黏附分子家族,在组织的生长发育中发挥着重要作用。E-cadherin表达缺失是上皮-间质转化(EMT)的标志,与癌症的侵袭、转移风险增加相关[29]。MMP-9属于基质金属蛋白酶家族,可降解破坏细胞外基质成分,在介导肿瘤新生血管生成、肿瘤转移和侵袭过程中发挥着重要作用[30]。下调MMP-9的表达可逆转TGF-β诱导的EMT,抑制肿瘤的侵袭和转移[31]。本研究Western blotting检测结果显示,沉默VCAN的表达可导致T24细胞中Cyclin D1、Cyclin E和MMP-9表达下调,E-cadherin表达上调,表明VCAN在调控BUC的增殖和侵袭方面可能发挥了重要作用。然而,本研究仅初步探讨了VCAN作为癌基因与BUC预后及免疫应答调节的关系,其具体作用机制有待进一步研究。
综上所述,VCAN在BUC中呈高表达,其表达水平与BUC患者的免疫应答及预后密切相关,有望为晚期BUC患者的治疗提供新的靶点。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81902593)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金(2020CFB732)
  • 武汉市科技计划项目(2020020601012325)
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2023年第48卷第8期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1970.2023.0217
  • 接收时间:2022-09-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-19
  • 录用日期:2022-11-04
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81902593)
国家自然科学基金(81902593)
Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2020CFB732)
湖北省自然科学基金(2020CFB732)
Wuhan Science and Technology Project(2020020601012325)
武汉市科技计划项目(2020020601012325)
作者信息
    武汉市第一医院泌尿外科,湖北武汉 430022

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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