Article(id=1200024249395151109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200024241572770746, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1426.2022.0915, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1656259200000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1656950400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-07-05, onlineDate=1764037676427, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1695830400000, pubDateStr=2023-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764037676427, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764037676427, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764037676427, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200024241572770746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='9', pageStart='993', pageEnd='1112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764037674563, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038723302, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200028640353288193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200024241572770746, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200028640353288194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200024241572770746, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1107, endPage=1112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200024249881690394, articleId=1200024249395151109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on phenotyping of adult sepsis, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sepsis is a serious disease with high incidence and mortality. The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and multiple organ dysfunction of sepsis are complex and diverse, and this high heterogeneity leads to many challenges in the treatment of sepsis. The ideal treatment of sepsis should be based on its subphenotypes and targeted to the specific one. This review summarizes the research progress on phenotyping of adult sepsis from the relevant definitions, research methods, existing subtypes (such as based on molecular mechanism, pathophysiological mechanism, clinical manifestations, etc.), and the possible new subtypes in the future. We expect to flash a light on the discovery of new subtypes and the basic clinical research for the treatment of septic subtypes through this paper.

, correspAuthors=Guo-Dong Lin, Zhi-Guo Pan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Pan Zhi-Guo, E-mail:
Lin Guo-Dong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hai-Lun Peng, Yue-Li Zhao, Chong-Xiao Xu, Guo-Dong Lin, Zhi-Guo Pan), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200024250322092340, articleId=1200024249395151109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=CN, title=成人脓毒症分型研究进展, columnId=1190243276029530637, journalTitle=解放军医学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

脓毒症是一种严重的高发疾病,整体病死率偏高。脓毒症的临床表现存在高度异质性,且通常合并全身多脏器功能障碍,因此其救治仍存在诸多挑战。理想的脓毒症治疗应该基于患者的疾病分型,对其具体分型进行针对性治疗。本文将国内外涉及脓毒症分型的研究进行归纳,从相关定义、研究方法、现有的分型依据(如基于分子机制、病理生理机制、临床表现等),以及未来可能出现的新分型等方面概述脓毒症分型的研究进展,以期为将来新亚型的发现及针对脓毒症亚型救治的基础和临床研究提供思路。

, correspAuthors=林国东, 潘志国, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
潘志国,E-mail:
林国东,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=WE4geG+hUPsthG37jyLX7w==, magXml=BSsBcv2QdQ5ZCDWm3Oxarg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=klBj8FA76fr17OvqUQZ9KQ==, pdfFileSize=886125, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dWiZq0idV4dzhSIUK3XzbA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

彭海伦,医学硕士,主要从事脓毒症及重症中暑方面的研究

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彭海伦,医学硕士,主要从事脓毒症及重症中暑方面的研究

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彭海伦,医学硕士,主要从事脓毒症及重症中暑方面的研究

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成人脓毒症分型研究进展
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彭海伦 1 , 赵月丽 2 , 徐崇孝 1 , 林国东 3, * , 潘志国 2, 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(9): 1107-1112
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(9): 1107-1112
成人脓毒症分型研究进展
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彭海伦1, 赵月丽2, 徐崇孝1, 林国东3, * , 潘志国2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1南方医科大学第一临床医学院,广东广州 510515
  • 2广州中医药大学研究生院,广东广州 510006
  • 3南部战区总医院重症医学科,广东广州 510010
  • 彭海伦,医学硕士,主要从事脓毒症及重症中暑方面的研究

通讯作者:

潘志国,E-mail:
林国东,E-mail:
Research progress on phenotyping of adult sepsis
Hai-Lun Peng1, Yue-Li Zhao2, Chong-Xiao Xu1, Guo-Dong Lin3, * , Zhi-Guo Pan2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
  • 2Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
  • 3Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of People's Liberation Army, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
出版时间: 2023-09-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1426.2022.0915
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脓毒症是一种严重的高发疾病,整体病死率偏高。脓毒症的临床表现存在高度异质性,且通常合并全身多脏器功能障碍,因此其救治仍存在诸多挑战。理想的脓毒症治疗应该基于患者的疾病分型,对其具体分型进行针对性治疗。本文将国内外涉及脓毒症分型的研究进行归纳,从相关定义、研究方法、现有的分型依据(如基于分子机制、病理生理机制、临床表现等),以及未来可能出现的新分型等方面概述脓毒症分型的研究进展,以期为将来新亚型的发现及针对脓毒症亚型救治的基础和临床研究提供思路。

脓毒症  /  脓毒症休克  /  分型  /  机器学习

Sepsis is a serious disease with high incidence and mortality. The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and multiple organ dysfunction of sepsis are complex and diverse, and this high heterogeneity leads to many challenges in the treatment of sepsis. The ideal treatment of sepsis should be based on its subphenotypes and targeted to the specific one. This review summarizes the research progress on phenotyping of adult sepsis from the relevant definitions, research methods, existing subtypes (such as based on molecular mechanism, pathophysiological mechanism, clinical manifestations, etc.), and the possible new subtypes in the future. We expect to flash a light on the discovery of new subtypes and the basic clinical research for the treatment of septic subtypes through this paper.

sepsis  /  septic shock  /  phenotyping  /  machine learning
彭海伦, 赵月丽, 徐崇孝, 林国东, 潘志国. 成人脓毒症分型研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (9) : 1107 -1112 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1426.2022.0915
Hai-Lun Peng, Yue-Li Zhao, Chong-Xiao Xu, Guo-Dong Lin, Zhi-Guo Pan. Research progress on phenotyping of adult sepsis[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (9) : 1107 -1112 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1426.2022.0915
脓毒症是重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)中的高发疾病,其病死率、致残率居高不下。据统计,ICU中因脓毒症致死的人数占所有ICU病死人数的30%~50%,而脓毒症相关死亡病例占全球所有死亡病例的比例高达19.7%[1-3]。目前脓毒症的治疗仍存在诸多问题,也是ICU医师面临的一个重要挑战。临床上脓毒症的高度异质性是其救治困难的重要原因之一。宿主的不同状态(年龄、性别、基础疾病、营养状态、遗传背景、生活环境等)、不同的病原体(细菌、真菌、病毒等)或同一病原体在相同或不同部位感染、宿主免疫反应过度增强或麻痹、不同的器官相继出现或多个器官同时出现不同程度的功能障碍等,这些差异均会导致脓毒症的临床表现呈多样性[4]。其次,患者对脓毒症治疗方案的敏感性、治疗时间轨迹等方面也表现出高度异质性,如部分患者在脓毒症休克早期对类固醇激素治疗敏感,但部分患者使用类固醇激素后病死率增高[5]。脓毒症以上各方面的高度异质性决定了其预后存在巨大差异,同时不同预后也是其高度异质性的一种体现。一项量化脓毒症治疗异质性的研究发现,脓毒症的治疗异质性在患者个体及群体水平上表现明显,机器学习方法可捕捉到脓毒症早期住院治疗患者及人群水平的显著异质性[6]
面对居高不下的病死率,临床医师们不得不重新审视脓毒症指南“一刀切”的综合治疗方案。脓毒症患者的高度异质性决定了其治疗方案的差异,故而针对具备某一特征的个体或群体进行个性化治疗具有重要意义。在基于机器学习方法实现精准医疗的大趋势下[7],针对脓毒症异质性进行分型,识别高危患者及对靶向治疗有良好反应的高概率患者,进而更好地指导个体化、精准治疗,进行预后预测,对于降低脓毒症患者病死率、改善预后具有重要意义。
目前国际上关于脓毒症分型研究的术语尚未形成共识。Reddy等[8]在其研究中提出,表型是指具有共同综合征或症状的一组临床特征;亚表型是指具有相同表型患者的一组共同特征,如共同的危险因素、诊断特征及对治疗的反应结果等;内型则是指疾病特有的生物学机制。当合理的治疗可使某一内型人群获得治愈或明显缓解,则该内型将有望成为一种可治疗的特征。
富集方法指根据共同特征或相似程度将研究对象分为若干组的方法,如生物学家通过富集方法来识别在给定的基因中明显过多的基因特性。机器学习法指基于大量数据或经验,优化计算机算法,实现类人工智能,可大致分为监督学习、无监督学习及强化学习三类,监督学习用于解决回归分类问题等,无监督学习用于降维、聚类等。机器学习在分析大量复杂的高维数据方面具有明显优势,目前已广泛用于医疗数据的深度分析及挖掘,如疾病预测、影像学分析及医学数据特征挖掘等领域[79-11]。机器学习是研究脓毒症分型的重要方法,现已被广泛应用。
宿主基因组变异在脓毒症患者的异质性中起重要作用,研究发现存在与脓毒症易感性及预后相关的基因[12-13]。由于全血基因表达反映了循环白细胞的时间状态,较多回顾性或前瞻性研究将无监督聚类应用于脓毒症患者的全血转录组谱,通过分析脓毒症患者的全血基因组来确定亚型。Davenport等[14]发现两种转录型脓毒症反应信号(sepsis response signatures,SRS)与脓毒症患者的免疫功能及预后相关,SRS1表现为免疫抑制,而SRS2表现为具有免疫活性[15-16]。同时,研究表明在脓毒症休克患者中,SRS内型与氢化可的松治疗之间存在明显的交互作用,具有免疫活性的SRS2内型患者在服用皮质类固醇时病死率明显升高[517]。在Sweeney等[18]研究得到的3个脓毒症亚型中,当给予皮质类固醇时,对凝血功能障碍亚型(coagulopathic endotype,CE)有生存益处,而适应性亚型(adaptive endotype,AE)及炎症性亚型(inflammatory endotype,IE)没有明显的生存获益。还有研究发现CE患者的病死率最高(40%),AE患者的病死率最低(5%)[19]。尽管《拯救脓毒症运动:脓毒症与脓毒症休克治疗国际指南(2021)》(以下简称“2021版SSC指南”)推荐所有脓毒症休克均使用氢化可的松治疗[20],但根据Sweeney等[18]的分型方法,不同脓毒症亚型对激素的反应不尽相同,或许上述这两种脓毒症分型可用于未来糖皮质激素治疗脓毒症休克的引导试验。另外,针对新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)危重患者的研究再次证实了AE、CE、IE内型的存在及其与病死率的关系[21],将细菌性脓毒症的亚型建立方法应用于病毒性脓毒症患者也能得到类似的临床表型[22]
通过基因组学、转录组学特征结合临床数据、死亡风险及器官功能障碍的传统临床评估,如序贯器官衰竭评分(sequential organ failure assessment,SOFA)、急性生理学和慢性健康状态评价Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)等评分方法,或许能够加强识别具有不同病理生理学特征的脓毒症患者并对其进行分层。进一步根据这些亚型的死亡率进行风险分层,可增加个体化死亡风险分层的精度,进而改善患者对治疗干预的反应性。一项前瞻性研究通过无监督共识聚类及机器学习分析脓毒症患者全基因组血液基因表达谱,共识别出4种分子内型:脓毒症分子诊断和风险分层(molecular diagnosis and risk stratification of sepsis,MARS)1-4[23]。其中,MARS1因固有免疫及获得性免疫功能的基因表达明显减少,导致免疫麻痹,生存结果最差,病死率最高,对不良预后的预测具有稳健性。在最近一项研究中,Baghela等[24]通过结合脓毒症患者全血RNA序列及临床数据分析发现了5个与发病机制相关的内型,在脓毒症患者出现临床表现的初期识别这5个内型可预测病情进展的严重程度,使临床医师能够识别最危险的患者群体并给予恰当的治疗。然而,基因及转录组学检测不是临床常用的检测手段,其更多的临床应用有待进一步研究。
由于大多数脓毒症患者均涉及相似的病理生理过程,2016年波哥大(BOGOTA)共识[25]归纳了脓毒症的病理生理机制并将其对应于5个分型,分别为线粒体功能障碍、血管生物学异常(包括内皮功能障碍及凝血功能障碍)、上皮功能障碍、免疫抑制及免疫失调。部分学者进一步根据脓毒症患者某方面的特征(如免疫特征、凝血功能障碍)将其分为不同的内型。如Zhang等[15]通过分析转录组学数据建立免疫模型,将脓毒症分为免疫麻痹内型及免疫活性内型;Cummings等[26]通过机器学习方法在脓毒症患者中识别出病原体驱动的高炎症亚型及低免疫亚型;Kudo等[27]通过机器学习方法分析凝血功能障碍的脓毒症患者,得到A~D共4种特征重叠的内型。此外,近年来在炎症失衡、神经内分泌免疫网络异常、内质网应激及自噬等方面的研究也加深了对脓毒症发病机制的认识[28]
脓毒症的病理生理演变是一个复杂的动态过程,病原体、宿主反应的特异性及宿主反应的组成和方向可能会随着时间的推移而变化,导致每个病例的病理生理过程差异很大。临床上,实现基于病理生理机制的脓毒症分型困难重重,但亦尤其重要。这类分型可指导临床医师早做决策,及时干预脓毒症的发生发展过程,进而降低病死率。
体温是临床上易获得的无创数据,可能揭示患者潜在的免疫状态,体温异常可能提示感染患者的预后信息。Bhavani等[29]通过分析急诊科脓毒症患者的动态体温变化将其分为4个温度轨迹组(亚型),各组间人口统计学数据、生理状态及病死率等方面均存在明显差异。“低体温组”的平均、最低及最高体温在4个组中均最低,患者年龄最大,合并症最多,炎性标志物水平最低,住院病死率最高(9.5%);“正常体温组”中约79%的患者无发热,病死率(5.3%)仅次于“低体温组”;“高热,快速消退组”的患者多为高热,但体温下降最快,病死率最低(2.9%);“高热,缓慢消退组”的平均、最低及最高体温在4个组中均最高,患者最年轻,并发症最少,炎性标志物水平最高,病死率为5.1%。Bhavani等[30]进一步研究验证了体温轨迹亚型与持续细胞因子亚型之间的相关性,通过在床边使用体温轨迹亚型对患者进行免疫表型分析,对脓毒症进行个性化的免疫调节治疗。由于体温轨迹具有良好的可获得性,有望成为鉴定脓毒症亚型的辅助工具。
脓毒症患者在合并的脏器损害及其严重程度方面存在明显差异,这提示多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)在脓毒症患者分型中可能起重要作用。Knox等[31]采用Kohonen自组织映射算法(self organizing maps,SOM),根据SOFA评分对严重脓毒症/脓毒症休克患者进行分型,确定了4个不同的MODS组(分型):休克伴肌酐升高组、轻度MODS组、休克伴低氧血症及精神状态改变组、肝病及凝血功能障碍组(凝血功能障碍与肝功能障碍同时发生,包括慢性肝病及各种原因引起的脓毒症急性肝损伤患者)。某些器官功能障碍在特定分型中占主导地位,被单独列为导致严重脓毒症/脓毒症休克病死率升高的原因,治疗上对这些亚型的特定器官应有针对性地加强支持力度,或许能降低脓毒症患者的病死率。Ibrahim等[32]使用机器学习算法对MIMIC-Ⅲ(Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care Ⅲ)数据库中的脓毒症患者进行分型,得到了与Knox等[31]相似的分型结果,但其分型结果与脓毒症的严重程度或病因无关,而是与生命体征变化密切相关。
Seymour等[33]通过对脓毒症患者的常规临床数据进行分析得到4种(α、β、γ、δ)衍生表型。其中α表型最常见,病死率最低;β表型多存在慢性疾病及肾功能不全;γ表型炎性因子水平较高,存在肺功能障碍;δ表型腹腔内感染比例最高,多出现肝功能障碍及循环障碍,病死率最高。Zhang等[34]通过分析MIMIC-Ⅲ数据库中脓毒症患者的临床变量亦得到相似的4个分型。这些多维的表型在人口统计学数据、实验室指标异常、器官功能障碍模式方面有别于传统的脓毒症患者分组(如感染部位、器官功能障碍模式或疾病严重程度)。这4种脓毒症表型与宿主免疫反应模式、病死率及其他临床结果密切相关,可通过识别不良结果的风险来预测患者对特定治疗(如拮抗内毒素的依立托仑及早期目标导向性治疗)的反应。在患者到急诊室就诊时即识别脓毒症表型可能有助于早期治疗及临床试验登记。同时,亚型的早期识别可能有助于决策是否使用预防性抗生素、是否早期干预及确定目标导向治疗的较低阈值,从而改善脓毒症患者的预后。
在使用临床数据对脓毒症分型的回顾性研究中,多通过人口统计学数据、疾病急性程度、临床表现及感染特征等对脓毒症患者进行聚类分析[35]。但最近有学者将电子病历数据的时间因素、患者基础多病组合状态等应用于脓毒症分型及治疗效果的研究中[36-37]。使用临床数据进行分型的益处是方便研究结果服务于临床,但分型是否有利于治疗仍有待大型的多中心前瞻性研究确定。
由于每个解剖学部位的保护屏障及防御机制相对独特,不同感染部位对免疫反应、器官功能障碍进展的影响尚不明确,导致感染部位在脓毒症中的作用目前仍不清楚。Stortz等[38]根据腹部、肺部、皮肤/软组织、血管及泌尿生殖系统5个常见的感染部位对外科脓毒症患者进行分型。其中,大部分腹型脓毒症患者的腹部感染出现在入院时,有更长时间的持续炎症、免疫抑制及持续性器官功能障碍,患者的长期预后不良,37%发展至慢性危重病(chronic critically ill,CCI)。肺型脓毒症患者多为医院获得性肺炎,有相似的长期促炎及器官功能障碍,虽然免疫抑制不明显,但长期结果较差。皮肤/软组织型脓毒症多发生在年轻患者,共病较少,免疫抑制较轻,器官功能障碍恢复较快,一般治疗的效果可,预后好。血管型脓毒症患者多为老年男性,合并症多,基线免疫抑制及持续的器官功能障碍减弱了促炎作用,长期结果最差。而泌尿生殖系统型脓毒症在5个类型中的长期结果最好。这5个临床表型在感染部位的基线易感性、宿主反应及临床结果方面有明显差异。针对脓毒症或脓毒症休克患者,2021版SSC指南亦推荐快速识别或排除需要紧急控制感染源的特定解剖诊断,以尽快实施任何所需的感染源控制措施[20]。同时,国内一项前瞻性研究表明,感染部位可能是脓毒症异质性的原因之一,未来在关于脓毒症分型的研究中,感染部位或许是不可忽视的重要因素[39]
微生物的类别、数量、分布等是导致脓毒症异质性的重要因素。Prescott等[40]研究发现,肠道菌群紊乱与脓毒症存在强烈且一致的剂量-反应关系。失血性休克动物模型研究也证实肠道中的微生物含量决定了多器官衰竭的严重程度及死亡风险[41-44]。在微生物层面,Dickson[44]认为微生物群是预防及治疗危重疾病的关键目标,是危重疾病生物学的核心,或许未来关于脓毒症分型的研究应以微生物群为重点。
Mellhammar等[45]基于是否为社区或院内获得性感染、是否检出病原体,同时结合感染部位确定了8个亚表型,各表型间器官功能障碍发生率及病死率等都有明显差异,而且脓毒症的严重程度与血液中的细菌负荷有关。但在脓毒症患者中,细菌培养的阳性率较低,只有15%~30%,该研究中30%的患者为无菌脓毒症(所有微生物样本均为阴性),但其病死率高达44%。无菌脓毒症作为重要的发病原因,随着脓毒症的高发病率及新出现的抗生素耐药性,需要进一步完善检查来发现。微生物阴性是脓毒症亚表型的一个重要因素,具有降低脓毒症人群异质性及治疗异质性并改善试验结果的潜力。
无论是感染部位还是微生物学本身都不应该单一地用于分型,合并感染、免疫抑制及乳酸性酸中毒对分型及结果都很重要。
脓毒症休克定义为尽管对脓毒症患者进行液体复苏仍存在持续的低血压或高乳酸血症[46]。Ranzani等[47]根据血浆乳酸水平及血压对脓毒症患者进行分型研究,根据其预后分为4组:严重脓毒症组、隐匿性休克组(高乳酸血症而无持续性低血压)、血管麻痹性休克组(持续性低血压,无高乳酸血症)及缺氧性休克组(以高乳酸血症、持续性低血压为特征;病情最严重,APACHEⅡ评分及SOFA评分最高,存活率最低,病死率最高)。乳酸水平可反映机体的缺氧程度,评估危重患者的组织灌注情况,已有证据表明靶向降低血清乳酸浓度可用于指导复苏,且已得到2021版SSC指南推荐[20]。乳酸水平升高的预后价值可能反映患者病情的内在严重性,但高乳酸血症并非组织低灌注独有的特征[48]。此外,迄今为止发表的研究还没有发现一个可以直接影响血清乳酸浓度的治疗方案。
Gårdlund等[49]在对脓毒症休克的基线数据、临床表现及实验室变量的分析中发现了6个脓毒症休克亚表型,分别是无并发症型、肺炎并成人呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)型、术后腹部感染型、严重型、肺炎伴ARDS+MODS型及晚期型,病死率最高的为肺炎伴ARDS+MODS型及晚期型。这6个亚表型最显著的差异是感染部位、器官衰竭及严重程度评分。该研究中严格定义了主要感染部位并将其作为纳入标准,然而肺部感染发生在几个亚型中,可见仅根据感染部位将脓毒症患者细分为不同的组似乎是一种过于简化的方法。由于脓毒症休克时循环衰竭的机制常常错综复杂,目前通过对脓毒症休克进行亚型分型以指导治疗的研究较多,如Geri等[50]发现结合临床常规变量及超声心动图参数对脓毒症休克进行分型能够表征5种不同的血流动力学亚型,只有一种亚型对静脉输液有反应,并将其定义为持续低血容量状态。
现有的分型存在互相重叠且普遍不稳定,重叠方面如炎症型与内型B及SRS1、适应型与SRS2、SRS2内型与MARS3高度相关,凝血功能障碍亚型与多器官功能障碍亚型出现重叠,适应性亚型等同于基线型;在临床特征方面,δ表型与炎症型、SRS1、MARS2极为相似,α表型与MARS3、SRS2内型相似[141823]。儿童脓毒症分型的内型A与成人脓毒症分型SRS1相结合可能识别出免疫抑制程度较高的人群,提示这两种分型方法结合似乎可以提供互补的、年龄相关的生物学及预后方面的信息[18]。识别这些亚型有助于确定最可能受益于特定免疫调节策略的脓毒症人群,在治疗上侧重加强免疫支持或使用糖皮质激素抗炎。理想的脓毒症分型应特征明显,各型辨识度高,在临床患者中识别度高,其生物标志物可通过临床上常规的检测获得,各型均存在敏感的治疗方案,均可预测预后,且各分型应该具有稳定性。
综上所述,脓毒症因其高度异质性,导致传统的脓毒症治疗方案在不同患者身上展现的疗效存在明显的差异,目前使用较多的分类方法如机器学习可以实现基于其异质性的脓毒症分型。此外,由于脓毒症诊断标准的变迁,在筛选脓毒症患者数据时,即使用同一个数据库,使用不同的诊断标准也会增加数据异质性;同样的数据通过不同统计方法得到的分型结果差异之大,以至于实现分型的统计学方法其实也是一种异质性;不同研究者对统计分析得到的聚类个数的选择会增加主观影响等,这些因素都不可避免地给脓毒症分型增加了阻碍。尽管实现脓毒症分型如此困难,但由于其有助于快速识别脓毒症患者,综合评估患者的病情及预测预后,实现分型而治,对提高临床治愈率、降低病死率及减轻经济负担具有重要意义。
未来的脓毒症分型应更多地基于临床疾病特征展开,需具备高度一致性、强稳定性、低重叠性及普遍适用性等特点,从宿主免疫反应、病理生理机制、分子组学、代谢组学、感染微生物群、临床数据等方面综合形成复合的脓毒症分型模型可能是一种新的分型方向,并最终构建“临床数据汇总-快速分型-个性化方案”的一体化诊疗规范。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81873116)
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2023年第48卷第9期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1426.2022.0915
  • 接收时间:2022-06-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-27
  • 录用日期:2022-07-05
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81873116)
国家自然科学基金(81873116)
作者信息
    1南方医科大学第一临床医学院,广东广州 510515
    2广州中医药大学研究生院,广东广州 510006
    3南部战区总医院重症医学科,广东广州 510010

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潘志国,E-mail:
林国东,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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