Article(id=1200024244575892440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200024241572770746, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0681.2022.0401, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1648396800000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1648396800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-03-28, onlineDate=1764037675278, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1695830400000, pubDateStr=2023-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764037675278, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764037675278, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764037675278, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200024241572770746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='9', pageStart='993', pageEnd='1112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764037674563, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038723302, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200028640353288193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200024241572770746, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200028640353288194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200024241572770746, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=993, endPage=999, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200024244877882350, articleId=1200024244575892440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Consensus of Chinese experts on navigation guided transbronchial interventional diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules, columnId=1190310109461971339, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the improvement of people's health awareness and the popularization of low-dose spiral CT (LDCT) screening, more and more pulmonary nodules have been found. Pulmonary nodules gradually become a common and frequently occurring disease. The diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules has also become a clinical problem. The rise of transbronchial pulmonary nodule diagnosis and treatment technology guided by various navigation technologies provides possibility for more minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules. Navigation guided bronchoscopy is in a rapid development stage both at home and abroad. In order to standardize and promote the development of navigation bronchoscopy technology in China, Committee for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Tumors of the CSCO organized domestic experts with rich experience in this field to jointly agree and write the consensus.

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Hu Yi, E-mail:
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近年来,随着人们健康意识的提高以及低剂量螺旋CT(LDCT)筛查的普及,肺结节的检出率越来越高,并逐渐成为常见病、多发病,肺结节的诊断与治疗也成为临床面临的难题。各种导航技术引导下的经支气管肺结节诊断与治疗技术的兴起,为肺结节的微创诊断及治疗提供了可能,且在国内外均处于快速发展阶段。为了更规范地推进导航气管镜技术在中国的发展,中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)老年肿瘤防治专家委员会组织国内在该领域经验丰富的专家,共同商定并撰写了《导航引导下经支气管肺结节介入诊断与治疗中国专家共识》。该共识包括导航气管镜技术的分类及代表设备、手术室建设、操作流程及麻醉管理等四个部分,以期为相关临床工作提供指导。

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胡毅,E-mail:
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导航引导下经支气管肺结节介入诊断与治疗中国专家共识
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中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)老年肿瘤防治专家委员会
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2023,48(9): 993-999
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解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2023, 48(9): 993-999
导航引导下经支气管肺结节介入诊断与治疗中国专家共识
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中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)老年肿瘤防治专家委员会
作者信息

通讯作者:

胡毅,E-mail:
Consensus of Chinese experts on navigation guided transbronchial interventional diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules
Committee for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Tumors, Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO)
Affiliations
出版时间: 2023-09-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0681.2022.0401
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近年来,随着人们健康意识的提高以及低剂量螺旋CT(LDCT)筛查的普及,肺结节的检出率越来越高,并逐渐成为常见病、多发病,肺结节的诊断与治疗也成为临床面临的难题。各种导航技术引导下的经支气管肺结节诊断与治疗技术的兴起,为肺结节的微创诊断及治疗提供了可能,且在国内外均处于快速发展阶段。为了更规范地推进导航气管镜技术在中国的发展,中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)老年肿瘤防治专家委员会组织国内在该领域经验丰富的专家,共同商定并撰写了《导航引导下经支气管肺结节介入诊断与治疗中国专家共识》。该共识包括导航气管镜技术的分类及代表设备、手术室建设、操作流程及麻醉管理等四个部分,以期为相关临床工作提供指导。

肺结节  /  支气管镜检查  /  外科手术,计算机辅助  /  最小侵入性外科手术

With the improvement of people's health awareness and the popularization of low-dose spiral CT (LDCT) screening, more and more pulmonary nodules have been found. Pulmonary nodules gradually become a common and frequently occurring disease. The diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules has also become a clinical problem. The rise of transbronchial pulmonary nodule diagnosis and treatment technology guided by various navigation technologies provides possibility for more minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules. Navigation guided bronchoscopy is in a rapid development stage both at home and abroad. In order to standardize and promote the development of navigation bronchoscopy technology in China, Committee for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Tumors of the CSCO organized domestic experts with rich experience in this field to jointly agree and write the consensus.

pulmonary nodule  /  bronchoscopy  /  surgery, computer-assisted  /  minimally invasive surgical procedures
中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)老年肿瘤防治专家委员会. 导航引导下经支气管肺结节介入诊断与治疗中国专家共识. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (9) : 993 -999 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0681.2022.0401
Committee for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Tumors, Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO). Consensus of Chinese experts on navigation guided transbronchial interventional diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (9) : 993 -999 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0681.2022.0401
肺癌是全球范围内死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤,也是中国发病率及死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤[1-2],严重威胁着人类健康。胸部低剂量螺旋CT(low-dose CT,LDCT)筛查可发现早期肺癌,使肺癌患者病死率下降[3-4]。LDCT肺癌筛查在改善高危患者预后的同时,也提高了肺结节的检出率,使其成为临床常见病、多发病。国家肺癌筛查试验(national lung screening trial,NLST)研究发现,39.1%的参与者至少有1个直径>4 mm的非钙化结节,其中恶性结节约占1.0%[5]。我国肺结节的检出率为20%~80%[6],但肺癌的检出率仅为0.7%~2.3%[7-8]
CT影像特征是区分肺结节良恶性的重要依据,目前肺结节的大小、形态仍然是判断良恶性最重要的因素。然而,单纯无创影像技术很难对病变的良恶性进行准确定性,尤其对于亚厘米级的肺结节,影像检查的诊断效能有限。有些患者需要长期的影像随访、定期监测病变,有些患者则需要接受侵入式操作对肺结节进行鉴别诊断或治疗。对于判定周围型肺结节的最佳诊断及治疗方法,目前尚无定论。因此,肺结节的诊断与治疗已成为临床亟待解决的问题。
支气管镜可通过天然气道进入肺部,对病灶进行活检,具有创伤小、安全性好的优点,且更加符合“无瘤原则”,是肺癌首选的诊断手段。然而,常规支气管镜因不能到达肺部周围,仅适用于中央型肺癌的诊断及治疗,对周围型肺病变(peripheral pulmonary lesions,PPLs)的诊治价值极其有限[9]。导航技术的应用如同给肺部安装了GPS定位系统,可引导特定的工具到达常规支气管镜不能探及的区域,使支气管镜的诊治范围由肺部中央扩展至周围,几乎可实现全肺到达。随着各种导航技术的不断发展,相应诊疗附件及技术的成熟,导航气管镜在PPLs诊治中发挥了越来越重要的作用,已成为呼吸介入领域的研究热点。然而,作为一门新兴的诊疗技术,导航气管镜技术对特定的导航设备、配套的辅助设备及操作人员的经验等都有较高的要求,故而目前在国内尚未普及。为了更规范地推进导航气管镜技术的发展,中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)老年肿瘤防治专家委员会组织国内在该领域经验丰富的专家,共同商定并撰写了《导航引导下经支气管肺结节介入诊断及治疗中国专家共识》。
按照导航技术分类,导航气管镜技术分为虚拟支气管镜导航技术(virtual bronchoscopic navigation,VBN)及实时支气管镜导航技术(real-time bronchoscopy navigation,RBN);按照操作方式分类,导航气管镜技术分为人工操作及机器人辅助支气管镜(robot-assisted bronchoscopy,RAB)。本共识包括VBN、RBN及RAB 3个部分。
VBN基于CT三维成像技术,将患者的CT成像数据导入导航系统,形成类似支气管镜直视观察效果的动态模拟图像,从而建立虚拟支气管路径,同时可进行肺部病灶标定,制定活检路径及手术规划,引导支气管镜到达目标病灶进行活检。1998年,Higgins等[10]对VBN进行了报道。最新荟萃分析研究表明,与非导航技术相比,应用VBN可明显缩短检查时间,且对直径小于2 cm的肺部病灶更具优势[11]
目前,VBN设备主要有奥林巴斯的Directpath系统及堃博的LungPoint系统。LungPoint系统又被称为LungPro系统或Archimede系统(阿基米德系统),是一个增强现实/虚拟气管镜导航系统。对于有支气管相通的PPLs,LungPoint系统可以实时引导诊疗工具到达病变位置,但需要在支气管镜可视范围内,常需结合超细支气管镜使用;对于更远端的病变,需结合径向支气管腔内超声(radical endobronchial ultrasound,R-EBUS)或X线辅助到达远端病变进行操作。对于没有支气管相通的PPLs,LungPoint系统特有的支气管镜下经肺实质结节抵达术(bronchoscopic transparenchymal nodule access,BTPNA)可使经支气管镜肺外周病变活检不依赖自然支气管管腔,理论上做到肺外周病变的“全肺抵达”,但该技术需要在X线辅助下完成。
RBN即电磁导航支气管镜(electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy,ENB),是将虚拟的支气管镜与电磁定位技术相结合,其中虚拟的支气管镜提供支气管树地图,电磁定位技术则类似肺部的GPS系统,可实时引导诊疗工具到达PPLs。1998年,Solomon等[12]首次于动物实验中应用ENB,报道了实时支气管定位技术的可行性。2006年,Schwarz等[13]首次开展了临床研究,证实ENB是一种安全、有效的检查技术。2019年,大样本量的NAVIGATE研究结果显示,ENB对肺外周病变的组织获取率为94%,诊断率为73%[14]。目前,ENB是临床上使用最广泛的支气管镜导航系统。
EBN的操作主要包括3步:(1)术前规划。将DICOM格式的CT原始数据导入电磁导航规划软件,经三维重建生成虚拟支气管树图像,标记目标病灶,优先选择通向靶病灶的目标支气管,生成导航路径。(2)注册匹配。术中通过气管镜活检通道置入定位导管,按照虚拟气管镜图像上选定的标记与体内探头位置进行匹配。(3)术中导航。根据术前规划路径到达病灶,抵达后取出导航探头,经工作孔道置入活检器械,进行活检、刷检及针吸等。目前获得认证的ENB主要有美敦力的SuperDimension、朗开的LungCare系统[15]及Veran的Spin系统。
SuperDimension系统目前已发展到第七代,前端预弯的定位导管及延长鞘管是该系统的特色,预弯角度有45°、90°及180° 3种。操作过程中,通过左右旋转预弯导管可改变导管前进的方向,理论上能够实现全肺到达。由于其延长鞘管外径为2.6 mm,所以只能配合活检管道3.0 mm的治疗型支气管镜使用。
LungCare系统定位导丝有4种不同外径(0.75 mm、1.15 mm、1.45 mm、1.95 mm),可与不同型号的导管鞘(guide sheath,GS)及支气管镜配合使用。细支气管镜检查结合ENB、R-EBUS及导管鞘(ENB-EBUS-GS),或超细支气管镜检查结合ENB、R-EBUS是LungCare系统常用的操作模式。根据所用定位导丝型号的不同,《国产电磁导航支气管镜系统引导下诊断、定位及治疗技术规范专家共识》[15]建议以两种不同的导管鞘,比如一种细导管鞘(SG-200C,奥林巴斯)及一种粗导管鞘(SG-201C,奥林巴斯),外径分别为1.95 mm及2.55 mm,配合相应活检管道的支气管镜使用。两种类型的R-EBUS探头建议与ENB联合使用,包括外径分别为1.7 mm及1.4 mm的UM-S20-20R及UM-S20-17S(奥林巴斯)。
Spin系统的活检钳、细胞刷及穿刺针尖端均具有电磁定位功能,电磁导航下可实时显示活检等操作过程,理论上可以不依赖X线及R-EBUS。Spin系统也带有预弯导管,包括90°和180°两种,外径为2.6 mm,一般配合消融工具使用,但目前尚无国内注册证。Spin系统还同时具备支气管腔内导航功能及经皮肺穿刺导航功能,倡导“all in one”一站式诊疗,同一台手术期间操作方式可在经支气管与经皮之间转换。
RAB通过机械臂控制导管进退及角度变化等进行操作。与传统4.0 mm的细支气管镜相比,RAB直径更小,能够进入更远端的气道,且具有更好的可视性、稳定性及灵活性,进而提高诊断率,同时可减少操作时间、辐射及感染暴露。目前,获得FDA批准上市的RAB主要有Auris Health研发的Monarch系统(2018年3月获批)及Intuitive Surgical研发的Ion系统(2019年2月获批)。国内尚无RAB获批上市。
2021年,Chen等[16]开展的第一个Monarch系统的多中心、前瞻性、可行性研究(BENEFIT),定位成功率为96.2%。目前,有一项关于Monarch系统的多中心、前瞻性、上市后研究(TARGET)正在招募患者,拟在30个中心登记1 200例接受RAB活检的患者,将于2023年12月完成。另一项关于Ion系统的单臂、多中心、前瞻性上市后研究(PRECIsE)也正在进行中,预计纳入360例患者,目前尚无最终研究结果报道。
目前,RAB尚处于发展的初步阶段,研究数据有限,且在镜头清理、触觉反馈、自动驾驶、防碰撞及紧急出血控制等方面仍存在一些问题[17-18]。根据现阶段的研究结果,RAB在很长一段时间内仍将作为一种人工智能辅助工具应用于临床,为后续使用提供适用性的重要参考指标,其安全性也是关注的重点。
操作间的大小应保证内镜操作者及助手有充分的操作空间,根据国家卫生健康委员会发布的《呼吸内镜诊疗技术临床应用管理规范(2019年版)》,每个气管镜操作间的面积原则上不小于20 m2
在开展各种导航技术辅助气管镜诊疗操作时,由于操作间设备较多,应考虑使用针对内镜设备、麻醉设备的吊塔,使操作间布局更合理,便于临床操作。
(1)操作间需配备常规支气管镜的设备,包括带径向超声功能的内镜主机、各种型号的气管镜、图像采集设备、监护设备、供氧装置及负压吸引装置等。(2)需要配备麻醉设备,主要包括麻醉机及麻醉车。(3)根据临床需要配置不同的导航设备及相应的耗材和配件。(4)开展导航技术辅助经支气管治疗技术的操作间还需配备放射影像辅助设备,首先须根据配备的设备增加操作间面积,还须满足放射设备环评的要求。(5)开展导航技术辅助经支气管诊治技术的操作间,还可配备球囊及双腔气管插管等,必要时用于出血患者的抢救。
按照《呼吸内镜诊疗技术临床应用管理规范(2019年版)》,支气管镜导航活检术属于三级手术,经支气管微波消融、射频消融及冷冻活检等手术属于四级手术。因此,导航辅助气管镜诊疗操作应由接受过系统培训、经验丰富的术者及助手完成。
术者要求具有主治医师及以上专业技术职务任职资格。应当接受至少6个月的系统培训。在上级医师指导下,参与完成不少于100例按四级手术管理的呼吸内镜诊疗操作全过程的管理,并经考核合格。
对于需要在麻醉下完成的操作,需配备具有气道麻醉经验的麻醉医师。
(1)对于普通气管镜不能直视的肺外周单发或多发病灶,可多病灶同步取材,其中有支气管征像的PPLs更加适合导航取材。(2)对于近纵隔病灶,有伴行血管、穿刺取材风险大的病灶,或一些弥漫淡薄的病灶,因其CT引导下穿刺活检风险大且阳性率低,可优先考虑导航气管镜进行取材活检。
对于拟接受胸腔镜下肺亚段或楔形切除的PPLs,且外科医师评估术中难以依靠直视或触摸定位结节者,可应用导航气管镜技术进行定位。
对于一些特殊部位的小结节,如位于纵隔面、膈顶及心脏边缘等部位的结节,CT引导定位风险大,更适用于导航气管镜下定位[19-20]
根据现有证据及专家共识[15],导航气管镜下PPLs根治性消融的主要适应证包括:(1)不适合或患者拒绝手术治疗的恶性或临床高度可疑恶性的PPLs。(2)肿瘤直径≤3 cm,距离胸膜1 cm以上,距离大血管2 cm以上。(3)肿瘤结节数量单肺≤3个、双肺≤5个。姑息性消融的适应证可根据具体情况适当调整。
导航气管镜禁忌证与常规气管镜类似,具体可参照《成人诊断性可弯曲支气管镜检查术应用指南(2019年版)》[21]
由于涉及非直视下活检取材,且常需在镇静下完成操作,其部分禁忌证相对常规气管镜存在特殊性,主要包括:(1)增强CT提示活检入路有明确血管包绕的病灶;(2)CT提示严重肺气肿、纵隔气肿或气胸者;(3)存在麻醉、镇静类药物禁忌证;(4)经评估存在不适合接受导航气管镜检查的情况,如气道解剖结构异常不适合导航气管镜检查。
此外,碘过敏者不宜使用含碘的染剂,如吲哚菁绿。安装心脏起搏器的患者不宜接受导航气管镜下射频消融治疗。
目前国内上市的主流导航系统术前影像要求基本一致,主要要求为层厚≤1.25 mm的高分辨胸部CT影像数据,需以Dicom格式上传至导航路径规划系统。胸部CT建议在操作前2周内拍摄,具体可根据预估的病变变化速度掌握。
Veran的Spin电磁导航系统由于在气道重建及术中导航时考虑了呼吸气相的干扰,除上述基本要求外,采集CT数据还需分别采集呼、吸气相的CT数据,具体要求包括:(1)患者双手抱头深吸气末采集高分辨CT影像数据;(2)患者双手放于身体两侧平静呼气末采集高分辨CT影像数据。
详细询问患者病史,完善术前相关检验及检查,根据要求停用抗凝药物,评估患者气管镜及麻醉相关风险。具体可参照《成人诊断性可弯曲支气管镜检查术应用指南(2019年版)》[21]
术前仔细阅片,充分了解患者靶病灶的分布、大小、质地及与周围血管、邻近组织的关系。术前规划路径,需重点关注进入路径的角度、邻近病灶的气道直径、血管及是否紧邻胸膜等细节,评估路径实施的可行性及可靠性,必要时需根据术前CT数据人工干预并调整路径。
评估术中可能出现的风险并制订相应预案,向患者及家属进行术前宣教,详细告知术中可能出现的风险,患者及家属充分知情同意并签字。
(1)支气管镜。根据所用导航系统及病变情况选用不同的支气管镜。LungPro虚拟导航系统无配套耗材,原则上对气管镜无特殊要求。从精准导航的角度,建议配备超细支气管镜设备,以尽可能接近病灶,保证术中取材精准。推荐配备先端部外径≤4.0 mm、工作孔径≥1.8 mm的超细支气管镜,如奥林巴斯BP-P290。条件允许的单位还可配备外径3.0 mm的极细支气管镜,需同时配备外径1.0~1.2 mm的细活检钳。Spin电磁导航系统与LungCare国产电磁导航系统术中需插入特定电磁定位工具进行导航定位,要求配备工作孔道≥2.0 mm的气管镜,奥林巴斯的常规支气管系列及治疗镜系列均适用。SuperDimension电磁导航系统需配合治疗镜进行操作,工作孔道2.8 mm。(2)活检工具。根据选用的支气管镜型号及配套的导航工具配备活检工具。通常需要配备常规活检钳(外径1.5~1.8 mm)、细活检钳(外径1.0~1.2 mm)、穿刺针(18~20 G,外径1.8~2.0 mm,如Lung Pro配套的用于BTPNA技术的Flex-needle 18 G穿刺针,外径1.9 mm)及一次性细胞刷等。Veran的Spin导航系统配备自带磁定位信号的活检钳、细胞刷及穿刺针。也可根据需要配备引导鞘管套装,如奥林巴斯K201套装,包括外径1.95 mm的引导鞘管、外径1.5 mm的活检钳及外径1.4 mm的细胞刷。有条件的单位也可配备冷冻探头进行活检,如德国爱尔博公司的细冷冻探头,外径分别为1.1、1.4、1.8 mm,可根据具体需要选择相应的外径。(3)导航相关耗材。虚拟导航无特殊耗材,电磁导航根据品牌略有不同,常规物品包括电磁导航定位贴片、电磁定位板、磁定位导管、延长鞘管及规划笔记本等。(4)导航辅助设备。可根据具体情况配备,包括快速现场评价(rapid on-site evaluation,ROSE)染色材料及显微镜、R-EBUS(常用外径有1.4 mm及1.7 mm)、放射辅助设备(如移动式C形臂、类CT功能的C形臂等)、共聚焦显微探头及光学干涉断层成像设备等。(5)其他。根据具体的操作配备。定位需配备相应的定位耗材,如弹簧圈、吲哚菁绿等;导航引导消融需配备相应的射频或微波消融针及设备。
目前国内主流的导航系统包括VBN和ENB,其操作的基本原理及流程相似,仅在一些具体注册或引导细节上有所差异。
患者平卧于检查床,先进行常规气管镜检查,观察气道黏膜及管腔走行,吸除多余气道分泌物;按照术前路径规划,进入靶病灶区域,随时观察虚拟导航的虚拟路径并进行匹配;预计到达靶病灶后,可通过辅助定位设备(如R-EBUS或C形臂等)进行确认后取材或直接取材。
ENB操作流程与VBN基本一致,概述如下:患者平卧于检查床,先进行常规气管镜检查,观察气道黏膜及管腔走行,吸除多余气道分泌物;将磁定位导管插入工作孔道并外露5 mm左右,在中央气道走行,进行气道内注册,并与术前规划影像匹配;匹配校准结束后按照术前规划的路径进入靶病灶区域,并根据定位探头引导调整方向逐次进入相应气道,当系统确定到达靶病灶后,可通过辅助定位设备(如R-EBUS或C形臂等)进行确认后取材或直接取材。
Veran导航系统术中会同步监测患者的呼吸气相,并通过磁定位探头进行反馈,实时调整导管进入的方位及深浅,操作及取材时需关注呼吸门控提示,常规建议在到达靶病灶后的呼气状态下(双绿提示)取材。
导航气管镜沿人体自然腔道进入,其取材的风险明显低于经皮肺穿刺。术后并发症最常见的是气胸及出血,其次是胸痛、发热及胸腔积液等[22]
出血是最常见并发症。若支气管镜能确认出血来源,可通过支气管镜压迫或阻塞出血的小气道以止血。局部渗血可通过镜下喷洒稀释肾上腺素、凝血酶、止血粉或冷冻生理盐水等进行止血。持续出血需静脉使用止血药物,包括垂体后叶素、凝血酶原或氨甲环酸等,严重大咯血时还需考虑介入血管栓塞或外科手术止血。对术前出血风险较高的患者,操作前可于所在叶支气管开口附近预置相应型号的止血球囊,一旦发生严重出血,可球囊压迫止血或隔离出血气道。
气胸常见于对近胸膜部位病变的操作。对于无症状或症状不明显的患者,可通过吸氧、卧床等处理后自行改善。当患者出现明显的气胸时,需要接受胸腔闭式引流干预。有研究显示,导航气管镜后气胸的发生率为3.1%~5.9%,仅有2.0%需要接受胸腔闭式引流干预[22]
无痛诊疗是导航辅助支气管镜的发展趋势,需根据导航辅助支气管镜操作的性质与要求、麻醉设备配置以及麻醉医师的经验选择合适的麻醉方法。通常选择全身麻醉,包括气管内插管或喉罩下全麻以及硬质气管镜全麻,对于操作时间较短的导航辅助支气管镜检查,也可考虑适度镇静联合表面麻醉[23]。具体操作如下。
选择合适的镇静及适量镇痛药物,使患者处于轻、中度镇静水平,并保留自主呼吸。通常选择咪达唑仑,联合舒芬太尼或芬太尼。
在适度镇静镇痛的基础上,行口咽部、气管内表面麻醉。2%利多卡因喷洒是最常用的表面麻醉方式[24]。也可使用丁卡因进行表面麻醉,1%丁卡因喷雾法麻醉口咽部,2%丁卡因环甲膜穿刺法用于气管内表面麻醉。
在导航辅助下经支气管肺结节介入诊疗中,麻醉医师与内镜医师共用气道,呼吸管理难度大,采取恰当的通气策略、维持有效的呼吸功能至关重要[21]。主要包括:(1)去氮给氧。患者在麻醉前自主呼吸下充分去氮给氧(8~10 L/min,3~5 min)。(2)气管导管通气。建议常规使用7.5号及以上型号气管导管,全身麻醉下经气管导管通气的效果确切可靠,适用于较复杂、时间较长的操作。(3)喉罩通气。利用Y型接口进行喉罩通气,便于医师观察声门及气管内病变。喉罩通气也适用于较复杂、时间较长的导航支气管镜诊疗操作。(4)高频通气。高频通气适用于硬质气管镜的诊疗操作。高频通气与硬质气管镜连接提供氧气,需选择合适的通气参数,以降低低氧血症的发生率,减少并发症的发生[21]
患者接受导航辅助气管镜诊疗,其麻醉通常选用慢诱导方法,尤其对于合并困难气道、并存病较多及体质较差的患者。对于麻醉维持,麻醉医师可根据患者病情、导航支气管镜操作性质选择全身静脉麻醉、吸入麻醉或静吸复合麻醉。
具体内容与常规支气管镜检查相同,可参见《成人诊断性可弯曲支气管镜检查术应用指南(2019年版)》[21]及《(支)气管镜诊疗镇静/麻醉专家共识(2020版)》[25]
综上所述,导航辅助支气管镜介入诊疗技术在周围型肺结节的介入诊断及治疗中发挥着重要作用,但相关技术国内尚未普及。基于现有的临床实践及相关研究报道,经专家组讨论制定本共识,从气管镜导航辅助技术的分类及常见导航设备特点、开展导航气管镜操作间的相关要求、导航辅助气管镜临床应用注意事项及麻醉管理方面进行了探讨,旨在为从事导航辅助气管镜操作的相关人员提供参考。因相关技术的临床数据尚不充足,本共识不设证据类别及推荐等级。随着导航气管镜技术的进一步推广及相关临床资料的积累,本共识将进一步更新。
主持:胡毅(解放军总医院第五医学中心)
执笔李晓燕(解放军总医院第五医学中心),公茂伟(解放军总医院第一医学中心),李金凤(解放军总医院第五医学中心),李蒙(国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院),欧阳海峰(西安国际医学中心医院胸科医院),王峰(首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院),张冀松(浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院),张蕾(国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院),周云芝(应急总医院)
指导:陈恩国(浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院),李强(上海同济大学附属东方医院),米卫东(解放军总医院第一医学中心),孙加源(上海市胸科医院/上海交通大学附属胸科医院),闫小龙(空军军医大学唐都医院),张杰(首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院),赵绍宏(解放军总医院第一医学中心)
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2023年第48卷第9期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0681.2022.0401
  • 接收时间:2022-03-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-28
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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