Article(id=1200023158842552672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200023152219746543, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0079.2022.0923, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1641744000000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1649520000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-10, onlineDate=1764037416419, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1698422400000, pubDateStr=2023-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764037416419, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764037416419, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764037416419, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200023152219746543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='10', pageStart='1115', pageEnd='1236', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764037414841, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038706792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200028571126301693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200023152219746543, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200028571126301694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200023152219746543, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1229, endPage=1236, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200023159282954611, articleId=1200023158842552672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research advances in nipple-areola complex-sparing mastectomy combined with prosthetic breast reconstruction, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Breast reconstruction is an important cosmetic repair after total mastectomy. Nipple-areola complex-sparing mastectomy (NSM) avoids such problems as nipples loss, poor nipple reconstruction, and complicated surgical procedures during breast reconstruction after total mastectomy, resulting in higher patient satisfaction. Prosthetic breast reconstruction is the most widely used breast reconstruction method with no donor injury, little trauma, low complication rate and re-operation rate. NSM combined with prosthetic breast reconstruction is safe, aesthetically pleasing, highly satisfied after surgery, and can significantly improve the patient's social mental health and quality of life. This article reviews NSM, implant breast reconstruction and the effects of adjuvant therapy on NSM combined with prosthetic breast reconstruction.

, correspAuthors=Xi-Ru Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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乳房重建是全乳切除术后重要的美容修复手段。保留乳头乳晕复合体乳房切除术(NSM)避免了全乳切除术后乳房重建时乳头缺失、乳头重建效果差、手术操作复杂等问题,患者满意度更高。假体乳房重建不涉及供区损伤,对机体创伤小,并发症发生率和再次手术率低,是目前临床使用最广泛的重建方法之一。NSM联合假体乳房重建安全、美观、术后满意度高,可显著改善患者的社会心理健康和生活质量。本文就NSM、假体乳房重建及辅助治疗对NSM联合假体乳房重建的影响进行综述。

, correspAuthors=李席如, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李席如,E-mail:
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刘小涵,硕士研究生,主要从事乳腺良恶性疾病的诊治、乳腺癌临床与基础研究、乳腺整形及美容方面的研究

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刘小涵,硕士研究生,主要从事乳腺良恶性疾病的诊治、乳腺癌临床与基础研究、乳腺整形及美容方面的研究

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A. 皮下假体植入;B. 全肌肉后假体植入;C. 部分肌肉后假体植入

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保留乳头乳晕复合体乳房切除术联合假体乳房重建的研究进展
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刘小涵 1 , 闵柠柠 1 , 白雪 2 , 李席如 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(10): 1229-1236
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(10): 1229-1236
保留乳头乳晕复合体乳房切除术联合假体乳房重建的研究进展
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刘小涵1, 闵柠柠1, 白雪2, 李席如2, *
作者信息
  • 1南开大学医学院,天津 300071
  • 2解放军总医院第一医学中心普通外科,北京 100853
  • 刘小涵,硕士研究生,主要从事乳腺良恶性疾病的诊治、乳腺癌临床与基础研究、乳腺整形及美容方面的研究

通讯作者:

李席如,E-mail:
Research advances in nipple-areola complex-sparing mastectomy combined with prosthetic breast reconstruction
Xiao-Han Liu1, Ning-Ning Min1, Xue Bai2, Xi-Ru Li2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
  • 2Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2023-10-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0079.2022.0923
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乳房重建是全乳切除术后重要的美容修复手段。保留乳头乳晕复合体乳房切除术(NSM)避免了全乳切除术后乳房重建时乳头缺失、乳头重建效果差、手术操作复杂等问题,患者满意度更高。假体乳房重建不涉及供区损伤,对机体创伤小,并发症发生率和再次手术率低,是目前临床使用最广泛的重建方法之一。NSM联合假体乳房重建安全、美观、术后满意度高,可显著改善患者的社会心理健康和生活质量。本文就NSM、假体乳房重建及辅助治疗对NSM联合假体乳房重建的影响进行综述。

乳腺癌  /  保留乳头乳晕复合体乳房切除术  /  假体乳房重建

Breast reconstruction is an important cosmetic repair after total mastectomy. Nipple-areola complex-sparing mastectomy (NSM) avoids such problems as nipples loss, poor nipple reconstruction, and complicated surgical procedures during breast reconstruction after total mastectomy, resulting in higher patient satisfaction. Prosthetic breast reconstruction is the most widely used breast reconstruction method with no donor injury, little trauma, low complication rate and re-operation rate. NSM combined with prosthetic breast reconstruction is safe, aesthetically pleasing, highly satisfied after surgery, and can significantly improve the patient's social mental health and quality of life. This article reviews NSM, implant breast reconstruction and the effects of adjuvant therapy on NSM combined with prosthetic breast reconstruction.

breast cancer  /  nipple-areola complex-sparing mastectomy  /  implant breast reconstruction
刘小涵, 闵柠柠, 白雪, 李席如. 保留乳头乳晕复合体乳房切除术联合假体乳房重建的研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (10) : 1229 -1236 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0079.2022.0923
Xiao-Han Liu, Ning-Ning Min, Xue Bai, Xi-Ru Li. Research advances in nipple-areola complex-sparing mastectomy combined with prosthetic breast reconstruction[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (10) : 1229 -1236 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0079.2022.0923
乳房重建是全乳切除术后重要的美容修复手段[1]。2005-2014年,美国全乳切除术后接受乳房重建的患者比例从33.2%上升至60.0%[2]。对于传统乳房全切术(total mastectomy,TM),乳头乳晕复合体(nipple areola complex,NAC)重建是术后乳房重建的重要组成部分,36%的乳房重建患者对乳头重建满意度欠佳[3]。为解决NAC重建操作复杂、重建效果差、患者因乳头缺失产生心理疾病等问题,Freeman[4]于1962年首次提出保留乳头乳晕复合体乳房切除术(nipple-sparing mastectomy,NSM)。SEER数据显示,1998-2016年接受NSM治疗的乳腺癌患者比例从0.058%上升至3.106%[5]。通过严格的患者筛选及严谨的手术操作,NSM联合术后乳房重建可在保留NAC、提高重建乳房美观度的同时,保证长期的肿瘤学安全性[6-8]。乳房重建又可分为自体乳房重建、假体乳房重建及自体联合假体乳房重建。接受乳房重建的患者中,70%为假体乳房重建[9]。相较自体乳房重建需要进行自体组织移植,假体乳房重建不涉及供区损伤,对机体创伤小,并发症发生率和再次手术率低,是目前使用最广泛的重建方法[10]。NSM联合假体乳房重建安全、美观、术后满意度高,可显著改善患者的社会心理健康和生活质量[11-13]。本文就NSM、假体乳房重建及辅助治疗对NSM联合假体乳房重建的影响进行综述。
NSM是指行乳房切除术时保留乳头乳晕区皮肤的一种手术方式,通过保留乳房外形轮廓的完整性,为之后的乳房重建手术创造条件[14]。保留NAC既可避免患者因乳头缺失产生心理问题,又可在乳房重建时达到较乳头重建更好的美学效果,获得更高的患者满意度。然而,NSM用于乳腺癌治疗的肿瘤学安全性仍存在争议。通过术前评估筛选出更适合进行NSM手术的患者、严格把握手术适应证与禁忌证是提高手术肿瘤学安全性的关键[15]
绝大多数研究不推荐患有累及NAC的乳腺癌、炎性乳腺癌及乳头派杰氏病的患者接受NSM手术。肿瘤到乳头的距离(tumor-to-nipple distance,TND)是评估患者有无NSM手术适应证的重要指标,可通过术前超声、核磁共振成像等影像学检查测量肿瘤边缘到NAC边缘的最短距离而获得。一般认为,TND≥2 cm时NSM手术是安全的[16]。也有研究认为,TND的安全临界值可缩小至1 cm[17]。此外,肿瘤的大小、单发/多发,淋巴结状态,以及肿瘤的组织学分级和病理类型均是判断乳腺癌患者能否进行NSM手术的重要因素,对乳头后切缘组织的病理活检是确定NSM手术能否成功的关键[18]
为了提高肿瘤学安全性,NSM手术应在切除乳腺组织的同时,严格切除乳头内部及其后方的大导管,并避免真皮层血管网的破坏,以免血供不足导致术后乳头坏死[19]。此外,考虑到术前穿刺活检时针道可能被癌细胞污染,NSM手术应将穿刺活检的针道一并切除。
Headon等[20]对接受NSM或TM患者的局部区域复发率(LRR)进行Meta分析,结果显示,随访38个月,12 358例接受NSM患者的术后总LRR仅为2.38%,与TM无明显差别。Fu等[5]利用SEER数据库进行统计分析发现,1998-2016年,接受NSM与TM患者的5年及10年总生存期(OS)和乳腺癌特异性生存期(BCSS)均无明显差异(P=0.058、P=0.870)。此外,Yamashita等[11]将接受NSM与保留皮肤乳房切除术(skin-sparing mastectomies,SSM)患者的LRR、无病生存期(DFS)和OS进行对比,结果显示,联合一期重建的NSM与SSM在局部控制和改善总体生存方面无明显差异。值得注意的是,Wu等[12]发现,在NSM联合一期乳房重建的乳腺癌患者中,是否发生乳头乳晕区局部复发对患者的远处无转移生存期(DMS;P=0.95)和OS(P=0.21)无明显影响,可见严格把握手术适应证,保证严谨、规范的手术操作,可将NSM的肿瘤学安全性控制在与TM、SSM相当的水平。
假体乳房重建是指通过植入人工假体重建乳房,是目前应用最广泛的乳房重建方法。假体乳房重建具有手术简单、创伤小,并发症发生率和手术失败率低,以及术后满意度高的特点,虽然在重建乳房形态、手感和放疗耐受性等方面逊于自体乳房重建,但仍具有较高的美观度,可显著改善患者的社会心理健康和生活质量,是乳腺切除术后常用的一种美容手段。根据重建时机可分为一步法(直接乳房重建)和二步法(扩张器-假体乳房重建)。
又称直接植入法,即在乳房切除后直接将假体植入到重建位置,一期手术即完成永久假体植入,适用于乳房切除术后皮瓣面积充足和血供分布良好的患者,多用于NSM术后。一步法乳房重建的优点在于手术次数少、恢复时间短、重建成本低,无须频繁的门诊扩张[21-22]。但一步法对乳房切除术后皮瓣的要求较高,对重建乳房的调整机会少,重建可预测性较差,发生并发症和手术失败的风险更高[23-25]
又称扩张器-假体植入法,即在乳房切除后暂时放置组织扩张器,在组织扩张器经定期逐步扩张达到理想体积后,对患者进行二期重建手术,取出组织扩张器的同时植入永久假体[26]。二步法乳房重建可通过扩张器的逐步扩张减轻皮瓣压力,更精确地控制假体位置,满足双侧乳房对称的要求。此外二步法乳房重建还能在二期手术中进行自体脂肪移植,进一步完善乳房形态,其重建结果可预测性更高,由于尺寸变化和异位而导致的额外操作更少,并发症发生率和重建失败率更低[27]。对于乳房体积变化显著,原始乳房过大、过小、不对称,或者术后皮肤包膜的血管分布不足以支撑整个假体,以及需要延期重建的患者更推荐应用二步法进行乳房重建。
与一步法相比,二步法重建的适用范围更广泛,应用率更高。Kamali等[28]对美国1998-2012年接受假体乳房重建的患者进行统计分析,结果显示,194 377例接受假体乳房重建的患者中,仅13.6%进行一步法直接重建,绝大部分患者(86.4%)为二步法重建。随着医用材料的开发,人工补片的应用打破了一步法假体重建对皮瓣大小要求的限制,一步法乳房重建应用逐渐广泛[29-30]
一步法与二步法假体乳房重建的优劣尚无定论[31-32]。Naoum等[32]对一步法、二步法假体乳房重建与自体乳房重建的术后并发症进行比较,发现在未接受术后放疗的患者中,自体组织重建、一步法、二步法假体乳房重建术后5年并发症发生率分别为11.1%、12.6%和19.5%,在术后放疗患者中则分别为15.1%、18.2%和36.8%。无论患者是否接受术后放疗,一步法假体重建的并发症发生率均明显低于二步法假体重建(P<0.05),但与自体重建无明显差异(P>0.05)。这种现象在接受术后放疗的患者中更显著。因此,一步法可能为术后放疗患者的优先选择[32]。然而,Srinivasa等[33]的前瞻性多中心研究结果显示,一步法与二步法假体乳房重建术后2年并发症发生率无明显差异(32.3% vs. 26.2%,P=0.41),两种手术术后2年的患者满意度和生活质量同样无明显差异(P>0.05)。值得注意的是,该研究中一步法假体重建联合使用脱细胞真皮(acellular dermal matrix,ADM)生物补片的频率明显高于二步法(92.9% vs. 51.7%,P<0.001)。然而,Dikmans等[34]对一步法假体重建联合ADM生物补片和二步法假体重建的安全性进行比较,结果显示,一步法联合ADM生物补片的并发症发生率、再次操作风险、假体或补片取出风险、严重不良事件的发生率均明显高于二步法假体重建。Negenborn等[24]研究发现,一步法假体重建联合ADM生物补片与二步法假体重建患者的术后满意度和生活质量没有明显差异。以上结果提示,与二步法假体重建相比,一步法假体重建联合ADM生物补片不仅在患者生活质量和满意度方面无明显优势,且可能与更高的并发症风险相关,应谨慎选择联合ADM的一步法假体重建。但Dikmans等[34]的研究因为参与的外科医师技术经验有限、没有体现出学习曲线效应而受到质疑[35]
笔者认为,虽然一步法假体重建具有手术更为简单方便、省时省力的优势,但乳房假体重建手术仍应以安全和美观为第一原则。目前二步法假体重建作为长期以来的标准重建方法,具有适用范围广、重建结果可预测性高、应用成熟的优势,仍是一步法不可替代的一线重建方法。
假体乳房重建并没有绝对禁忌证。2020年美国国家综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)乳腺癌临床实践指南推荐所有正在接受乳腺癌治疗的女性接受乳房重建方案的宣教,任何接受乳腺癌手术治疗的患者都可以选择接受乳房重建[36]。然而乳腺癌术后的乳房重建应首先保证肿瘤学安全性,乳房重建不能干扰正常的乳腺癌手术治疗及其他综合治疗措施。对于可选择保乳手术的患者推荐优先选择保乳手术。炎性乳腺癌乳房切除术是即刻乳房重建的禁忌证,如有重建需求更推荐延迟乳房重建。此外,假体乳房重建应综合考虑乳腺癌手术治疗术式、综合治疗措施、患者身体条件及诉求等影响因素,以确定患者是否可以进行假体乳房重建。吸烟、肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、放疗史、高龄、双侧乳房重建等都是增加假体重建手术风险的危险因素[37-38]。其中,吸烟、肥胖、放疗与假体乳房重建并发症风险增加密切相关,是假体乳房重建的相对禁忌证[36]。局部晚期乳腺癌并非即刻乳房重建的绝对禁忌证,但应综合考虑乳房切除术后需要接受放疗的影响。因此,尽管假体乳房重建没有绝对禁忌证,考虑到假体乳房重建对安全性和美观度的要求,仍应谨慎选择接受假体乳房重建的患者。
人工假体根据材料可分为硅胶假体、PVP-水凝胶假体与盐水填充假体。其中,硅胶假体应用最为广泛[39]。目前尚无可靠证据证实,硅胶假体会增加任何人类已知疾病包括结缔组织病、免疫系统疾病及癌症的患病风险[40-42]。与硅胶假体相比,盐水填充假体偏液态,乳房重建效果不自然,患者再次手术风险高,但包膜挛缩风险低。
根据形状,人工假体又可分为圆形假体和解剖形假体。由于NSM术后进行乳房重建时组织覆盖少、解剖间隙大,与圆形假体相比,解剖形假体的美学效果更佳[43-44]。然而,解剖形假体发生假体转位时对外观的影响更大。
根据体积,人工假体还可分为固定体积假体和可变体积假体。与固定体积假体相比,可变体积假体可能与更高的患者满意度和更低的再手术率相关。
根据纹路,人工假体又可分为毛面假体和光面假体。与光面假体相比,毛面假体术后包膜挛缩、假体破裂、移位及再次手术等并发症发生率较低,但乳房假体相关的间变性大细胞淋巴瘤(breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma,BIA-ALCL)的发生风险较高[45]。目前仍缺乏高质量的随机对照研究证明不同类型的假体用于乳房重建术后患者的并发症和满意度是否存在显著差异[43-46]
充分的组织覆盖是假体乳房重建的重要条件。当假体过大、皮瓣不足,或进行胸大肌前乳房重建时,外科医师常面临假体材料组织覆盖不足的困境。人工补片可用于辅助假体重建以减少皮肤张力,增加重建后的乳房对称性[47]。人工补片根据材料可分为生物补片和合成补片。
生物补片以ADM补片为代表。ADM补片是一种利用人或猪、牛等动物的异体或异种真皮脱去表皮细胞成分而制成的生物补片,目前占主导地位的是人源性脱细胞真皮(hADM)。猪源性ADM已被证实与人源性ADM在组织学结构和生物相容性方面具有很大相似性,同时成本更低、可用性更高[48-49]。ADM补片的应用为外科医师更好地重建乳房下皱襞创造了条件,在减少重建后包膜挛缩、减轻术后放疗损伤、带来更好的美观度的同时,并未增加术后并发症的发生风险[50-52]。此外,联合ADM补片可为一步法假体重建提供更多的软组织覆盖,表现出与传统的二步法假体重建相似的并发症发生率和再次手术修复率,包膜挛缩发生率也更低[53]。Kearney等[54]报告了一种新型的与ADM相关的并发症——ADM相关挛缩,即由于植入的ADM增厚、僵硬引起的类似于包膜挛缩的乳房变形,但其中并没有真正的包膜形成,他们认为该现象可能与皮肤与ADM补片之间的无效腔、炎症、乳房切除术后皮瓣灌注减少有关。
合成补片包括钛化物包裹的聚丙烯网片、乙交酯-碳酸环丙烷共聚物、丙交酯双聚合物等。钛网补片是应用最多的合成补片,其中Tiloop® Bra网片在中国应用最为广泛[55]。研究发现,Tiloop® Bra网片作为假体乳房重建的辅助补片安全有效。Gschwantler-Kaulich等[56]对Tiloop® Bra网片与ADM联合假体重建的效果进行比较,结果显示,尽管两组患者均可达到理想的美学效果和术后患者满意度,但Tiloop® Bra植入患者由于严重并发症(如假体取出)而重建失败的发生率明显低于ADM植入组。
目前人工补片已广泛用于假体乳房重建,尽管其虽可能导致重建术后并发症发生率及重建失败率增高[57],但在减少包膜挛缩、减轻术后放疗损伤、重建自然的乳房下皱襞、增加软组织覆盖等方面有一定作用。
假体乳房重建中,人工假体植入的位置包括皮下肌肉前、全肌肉后及部分肌肉后(图1)。最早使用人工假体进行乳房重建时,外科医师将假体直接植入在乳房皮肤下层,此法简单快速,且保留了胸肌的完整性。然而,由于假体表面软组织覆盖不足,患者术后发生假体暴露、假体可触及、乳房畸形等并发症的风险较高。为克服这一难题,人工假体的植入位置从皮下转移到了肌肉后方,即将假体放置在胸大肌后方,在不离断肌肉下端的情况下,通过移植周围肌肉(前锯肌和腹直肌鞘)来达到假体的完全覆盖。胸大肌后假体植入虽然提供了足够的软组织覆盖,但胸大肌下缘限制假体下极扩张,导致重建后的乳房外观不自然、形状不清晰。此外,对前锯肌、腹直肌鞘等肌肉瓣的移植存在损伤供体肌肉功能的风险[58]。相较皮下假体植入,胸大肌后假体重建发生动态畸形的风险显著增加[59]。当假体与胸部肌肉发生粘连时,肌肉的收缩及舒张运动可带动假体移动,导致重建后的乳房形态随胸部肌肉运动而改变,严重影响术后美观度,并伴随一定程度的疼痛[58]。Becker等[60]发现,在接受胸大肌后假体重建的患者中,100%的患者具有主观或临床观察到的动态畸形,80%的患者在不同程度上受到动态畸形的困扰。动态畸形的有效避免依赖于对肌肉的固定和减少肌肉离断。
为解决全肌肉覆盖中存在的假体下极扩张受限,研究人员提出了部分肌肉覆盖技术,通过离断胸大肌下缘的部分肌纤维,使假体上极被胸大肌覆盖,而下极直接被皮瓣覆盖,从而提高了假体下极的扩张灵活度,重建后的乳房下皱襞更清晰、外观更自然。然而,假体下极的皮瓣覆盖可能导致患者术后发生假体暴露等皮下并发症的风险增加。人工补片的应用弥补了皮瓣覆盖假体存在的软组织覆盖不足问题,同时为假体提供了下极支撑,且不会限制假体下极扩张,可降低部分肌肉后假体植入时下极皮下覆盖的并发症发生风险。
人工补片的应用使得皮下假体植入重新进入考虑范围。联合人工补片将假体植入到皮下肌肉前,可避免对胸部肌肉自然解剖结构的额外破坏,有效预防动态畸形的发生,手术损伤小[58-59]。Wormer等[61]和Tasoulis等[62]研究发现,与胸大肌后假体植入相比,联合人工补片的皮下胸大肌前假体植入具有成本低、长期美学效果好、安全性高、并发症发生风险低等优点,提示联合人工补片的胸大肌前假体植入可能成为标准胸大肌后假体植入的有效替代。Casella等[63]的前瞻性研究对钛网完全包裹假体进行胸肌前植入的并发症和患者满意度进行评估,结果发现,仅2.4%的患者发生了需要再次干预的并发症,使用Breast-Q问卷(百分制评分)调查的患者总体满意度(73.8分)、对乳房的整体满意度(72.5分)、社会心理幸福感(77.7分)和性幸福感(57.9分)均较术前明显提高(P<0.05)。尽管联合使用ADM或钛网等人工补片后,胸大肌前假体植入的包膜挛缩风险有所下降[64],但组织覆盖较薄引起的相关并发症及重建后的乳房形态不够美观问题尚未得到完全解决[52]
部分肌肉后假体重建作为目前应用最广泛的假体重建方式,虽然仍会不可避免地破坏肌肉组织,但并发症发生风险相对较低、重建效果好、患者满意度高。因此,笔者认为目前部分肌肉后仍是首选的假体植入位置。但皮下假体重建作为更符合人体乳房正常解剖位置的选择,对肌肉功能的损伤小,具有广阔的发展前景,可能随着手术技术和科学技术的发展成为替代部分肌肉后假体重建的重建方式。
假体乳房重建的并发症可分为手术相关并发症和假体植入相关并发症,前者包括感染、血肿、积液、皮瓣坏死、切口裂开等;后者包括假体移位或异位、假体转位(解剖型假体)、假体皱褶或波纹、假体外露、假体可触及、假体破裂或渗漏、包膜挛缩、假体取出及BIA-ALCL等[65]。其中,BIA-ALCL是假体乳房重建特有的一种并发症。与自体组织重建相比,假体重建的手术范围小、不涉及供区相关并发症,总体并发症发生风险低,但重建失败和感染发生的风险相对更高[65-66]
感染是增加假体乳房重建术后并发症发生风险的重要因素,很多假体植入术后并发症均与感染的发生密切相关。假体作为异物植入人体后,其周围形成一层透明包膜,当包膜受到各种因素影响收缩时会引起乳房变形,严重影响重建乳房的整体美观度,并伴有不同程度的疼痛。这种假体周围包膜收缩引起的乳房变形即包膜挛缩。研究发现,包膜挛缩的发生与放疗和感染密切相关[67-68]。此外,Hu等[69]研究发现,BIA-ALCL也可能与植入物的细菌感染有关。充分的术区消毒、有效的手术室层流及超洁净通风系统、适当的保暖措施、术中减少术者位置变动、使用双层手套及更换清洁手套接触假体、消毒剂浸泡假体及补片、植入假体前消毒剂及抗生素冲洗植入腔、缩短手术持续时间、围手术期预防性使用抗生素等均可有效降低细菌感染的风险,从而减少感染相关并发症的发生[68,70]
ALCL是一种常见的外周T细胞淋巴瘤,一般较少原发于乳腺组织,而在假体乳房植入的患者中,其发病率大幅增高[71]。BIA-ALCL的发生与毛面硅胶假体的植入明显相关[45]。BIA-ALCL常发生于假体植入后1~28年,中位发病时间为7~10年,病灶主要位于邻近假体的瘢痕部位,66%的患者以孤立的迟发血清肿为首发症状[45,72]。超声和MRI是诊断BIA-ALCL的常用影像学手段,影像学可疑阳性的血清肿可通过穿刺抽吸渗液的细胞学检查来进一步明确。与其他原发部位的ALCL相比,BIA-ALCL的临床表现更具惰性;治疗上,NCCN发布的BIA-ALCL诊治指南推荐完全切除包囊和假体,术后无须系统性治疗即可获得长期的无病生存。对于晚期播散性病例还需进行化疗、放疗和干细胞移植等综合治疗[73]
针对手术相关并发症可对症治疗,如针对伤口延迟愈合,根据严重程度予以清创换药或再次切开缝合等措施治疗;针对假体相关并发症可根据严重程度选择再次手术调整、取出假体、重新植入假体、自体脂肪植入等措施修复。
乳腺癌辅助治疗对NSM术后的假体重建具有显著影响。术后放疗是发生假体重建术后并发症的独立危险因素。对于已接受术后放疗或术后计划进行放疗的患者,更推荐延期乳房重建和自体组织重建[74]。Chetta等[75]的研究显示,全乳切除术后接受放疗的假体重建患者的并发症总体发生率高达45.3%,重建失败率达29.4%,分别是自体组织重建的2倍和11倍。此外,乳腺癌患者术后放疗时机的选择对重建效果的影响尚无定论。Cordeiro等[76]和El-Sabawi等[77]研究发现,扩张器阶段放疗的重建失败率明显高于永久假体阶段放疗。然而,Lee等[78]的研究发现,扩张器阶段放疗较假体阶段放疗的包膜挛缩风险降低,重建美容效果提高。Yoon等[79]的研究发现,扩张器阶段与永久假体阶段接受放疗的患者在并发症发生率、术后生存质量方面并无统计学差异。值得注意的是,对于扩张器阶段放疗的患者,延长放疗结束到假体植入的时间间隔可有效降低植入失败的风险,在放疗结束超过6个月后植入假体的患者,其并发症发生率明显低于放疗结束6个月内植入假体的患者[80]
尽管化疗可引起白细胞降低、免疫力下降等多种全身不良反应,但目前尚无有效证据表明其对假体乳房重建存在显著影响[81]。El-Sabawi等[77]研究发现,术前、术后辅助化疗与假体乳房重建之间无显著关联。然而,Dolen等[82]的研究发现,新辅助化疗组和辅助化疗组的患者因切口延迟愈合或感染而移除扩张器的发生率均较未接受化疗患者明显增高。目前仍无高质量证据表明化疗对假体乳房重建存在不良影响,仍需大样本研究进一步探讨。
靶向治疗及内分泌治疗对于假体乳房重建的影响尚不明确。
随着乳腺癌诊疗技术的进步,患者术后复发率和病死率逐年降低,生存率不断提高。生存时间的延长降低了患者对乳腺癌的恐惧,显著提高了对术后生活质量的要求[83]。近年来,接受NSM手术和乳房重建术的患者数量持续上升。相较保乳手术和全乳切除术,NSM联合乳房重建可最大程度切除病变组织,完好保留乳房的外形,美容效果好,患者满意度高。相较自体组织重建,假体乳房重建不损伤机体其他部位的功能,手术并发症少,是目前应用广泛的重建方式。一步法假体乳房重建一次手术即可完成对缺损乳房的重建,操作简单,术后并发症发生率较低,但适用范围窄,对患者要求高;二步法假体乳房重建应用更广泛。随着新型人工补片的应用、假体材料的创新以及手术操作技术的进步,假体重建的并发症发生率、重建失败率逐渐下降,患者满意度和接受度逐步提高。此外,NSM联合假体乳房重建在改善乳腺癌患者的生活质量的同时,也提高了乳腺癌高危女性对预防性乳房切除术的接受度,具有广阔的发展前景。
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2023年第48卷第10期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0079.2022.0923
  • 接收时间:2022-01-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-10
  • 录用日期:2022-04-10
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    1南开大学医学院,天津 300071
    2解放军总医院第一医学中心普通外科,北京 100853

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李席如,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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