Article(id=1200023158104359482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200023152219746543, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0080.2022.1024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1641744000000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1650816000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-25, onlineDate=1764037416244, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1698422400000, pubDateStr=2023-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764037416244, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764037416244, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764037416244, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200023152219746543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='10', pageStart='1115', pageEnd='1236', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764037414841, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038706792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200028571126301693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200023152219746543, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200028571126301694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200023152219746543, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1221, endPage=1228, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200023158469263945, articleId=1200023158104359482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the regulatory role and mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells in pyroptosis, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pyroptosis is a caspase-dependent, gasdermin protein mediated inflammatory programmed cell death mode, which is involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult pluripotent stem cells derived from the mesoderm and widely distributed in various tissues of human body and show strong secretory capacity. Exosomes, microvesicles, cytokines and other substances secreted by MSCs can regulate microglia phenotypic transformation, promote mitochondrial autophagy, protect mitochondrial function, regulate endoplasmic reticulum stress and calcium homeostasis, thereby inhibiting the pyroptosis mediated by inflammasome and improving the progression and prognosis of related diseases. In addition, pyroptosis has also been reported in MSCs itself. In present paper, the research progress has been reviewed on the role and mechanism of MSCs in regulating pyroptosis, so as to deepen people's understanding on the relationship between MSCs and cell pyroptosis.

, correspAuthors=Liang Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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细胞焦亡是一种胱天蛋白酶(caspase)依赖的、Gasdermin蛋白介导的炎症性程序性细胞死亡方式,参与多种疾病的发生和发展。间充质干细胞(MSCs)是来源于中胚层的一类成体多能干细胞,广泛分布于人体多种组织中,具有较强的分泌能力,可以通过分泌外泌体、微泡、细胞因子等物质调节小胶质细胞表型的转变、促进线粒体自噬、保护线粒体的功能、调控内质网应激及钙稳态,从而抑制炎性小体介导的细胞焦亡,延缓疾病进展及改善预后。此外,有文献报道MSCs本身也可发生焦亡。本文对MSCs对细胞焦亡的调控作用及机制研究进展进行综述,以加深人们对MSCs与细胞焦亡关系的了解。

, correspAuthors=张亮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张亮,E-mail:
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杨盛,硕士研究生,主要从事脊柱外科疾病相关研究

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杨盛,硕士研究生,主要从事脊柱外科疾病相关研究

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杨盛,硕士研究生,主要从事脊柱外科疾病相关研究

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Caspase. 胱天蛋白酶;Pro-caspase. 胱天蛋白酶前体;ASC. 凋亡相关斑点样蛋白;GSDMD. Gasdermin D;GSDMD-C. Gasdermin D C-末端;GSDMD-N. Gasdermin D N-末端;LPS. 脂多糖;pro-IL-1β. 白细胞介素-1β前体;pro-IL-18. 白细胞介素-18前体;IL-1β. 白细胞介素-1β;IL-18. 白细胞介素-18

, figureFileSmall=o68cWD+xAsQK3bMID2eLpQ==, figureFileBig=UU1OYmZ5mWmpB5cmxC5qqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023169932297120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023158104359482, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Researches on the inhibition of pyroptosis by MSCs-Exos

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
外泌体相关机制焦亡细胞相关疾病参考文献
BMSCs-Exos小胶质细胞表型转换/NLRP3相关通路神经元脑IRI[29]
BMSCs-ExosNLRP3相关通路N2a细胞、神经元脑IRI[30]
BMSCs-ExosAMPK/NLRP3相关通路PC12细胞脑IRI[31]
BMSCs-ExosTLR4/NLRP3/caspase-1/NF-κB p-p65通路血管内皮细胞脑IRI[32]
hucMSCs-ExosFOXO3a依赖的线粒体自噬BV2细胞脑IRI[33]
AdMSCs-ExosmiR-188-3p/CDK5/NLRP3黑质细胞PD[34]
BMSCs-Exos抑制NOD1炎性小体激活周细胞SCI[17]
hMSCs-ExosmiR-410/NLRP3相关通路髓核细胞IVDD[35]
hucMSCs-ExosmiR-26a-5p/METTL14/NLRP3髓核细胞IVDD[36]
AdMSCs-ExosNLRP3相关通路髓核细胞IVDD[37]
hucMSCs-ExosmiR-378a-5p/NLRP3相关通路结肠巨噬细胞结肠炎[38]
iMSCs-ExosNLRP3相关通路肺泡巨噬细胞ALI/ARDS[39]
), ArticleFig(id=1200023170058126245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023158104359482, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MSCs-Exos抑制细胞焦亡的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
外泌体相关机制焦亡细胞相关疾病参考文献
BMSCs-Exos小胶质细胞表型转换/NLRP3相关通路神经元脑IRI[29]
BMSCs-ExosNLRP3相关通路N2a细胞、神经元脑IRI[30]
BMSCs-ExosAMPK/NLRP3相关通路PC12细胞脑IRI[31]
BMSCs-ExosTLR4/NLRP3/caspase-1/NF-κB p-p65通路血管内皮细胞脑IRI[32]
hucMSCs-ExosFOXO3a依赖的线粒体自噬BV2细胞脑IRI[33]
AdMSCs-ExosmiR-188-3p/CDK5/NLRP3黑质细胞PD[34]
BMSCs-Exos抑制NOD1炎性小体激活周细胞SCI[17]
hMSCs-ExosmiR-410/NLRP3相关通路髓核细胞IVDD[35]
hucMSCs-ExosmiR-26a-5p/METTL14/NLRP3髓核细胞IVDD[36]
AdMSCs-ExosNLRP3相关通路髓核细胞IVDD[37]
hucMSCs-ExosmiR-378a-5p/NLRP3相关通路结肠巨噬细胞结肠炎[38]
iMSCs-ExosNLRP3相关通路肺泡巨噬细胞ALI/ARDS[39]
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间充质干细胞对细胞焦亡的调控作用及机制研究进展
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杨盛 1 , 孟博 1 , 彭晴 2 , 赵文杰 1 , 胡满 1 , 张钰 2 , 张亮 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(10): 1221-1228
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(10): 1221-1228
间充质干细胞对细胞焦亡的调控作用及机制研究进展
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杨盛1, 孟博1, 彭晴2, 赵文杰1, 胡满1, 张钰2, 张亮2, *
作者信息
  • 1大连医科大学研究生院,辽宁大连 116044
  • 2扬州大学临床医学院,江苏扬州 225001
  • 杨盛,硕士研究生,主要从事脊柱外科疾病相关研究

通讯作者:

张亮,E-mail:
Research progress on the regulatory role and mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells in pyroptosis
Sheng Yang1, Bo Meng1, Qing Peng2, Wen-Jie Zhao1, Man Hu1, Yu Zhang2, Liang Zhang2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
  • 2Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
出版时间: 2023-10-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0080.2022.1024
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细胞焦亡是一种胱天蛋白酶(caspase)依赖的、Gasdermin蛋白介导的炎症性程序性细胞死亡方式,参与多种疾病的发生和发展。间充质干细胞(MSCs)是来源于中胚层的一类成体多能干细胞,广泛分布于人体多种组织中,具有较强的分泌能力,可以通过分泌外泌体、微泡、细胞因子等物质调节小胶质细胞表型的转变、促进线粒体自噬、保护线粒体的功能、调控内质网应激及钙稳态,从而抑制炎性小体介导的细胞焦亡,延缓疾病进展及改善预后。此外,有文献报道MSCs本身也可发生焦亡。本文对MSCs对细胞焦亡的调控作用及机制研究进展进行综述,以加深人们对MSCs与细胞焦亡关系的了解。

间充质干细胞  /  细胞焦亡  /  外泌体  /  研究进展

Pyroptosis is a caspase-dependent, gasdermin protein mediated inflammatory programmed cell death mode, which is involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult pluripotent stem cells derived from the mesoderm and widely distributed in various tissues of human body and show strong secretory capacity. Exosomes, microvesicles, cytokines and other substances secreted by MSCs can regulate microglia phenotypic transformation, promote mitochondrial autophagy, protect mitochondrial function, regulate endoplasmic reticulum stress and calcium homeostasis, thereby inhibiting the pyroptosis mediated by inflammasome and improving the progression and prognosis of related diseases. In addition, pyroptosis has also been reported in MSCs itself. In present paper, the research progress has been reviewed on the role and mechanism of MSCs in regulating pyroptosis, so as to deepen people's understanding on the relationship between MSCs and cell pyroptosis.

mesenchymal stem cells  /  pyroptosis  /  exosomes  /  research progress
杨盛, 孟博, 彭晴, 赵文杰, 胡满, 张钰, 张亮. 间充质干细胞对细胞焦亡的调控作用及机制研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (10) : 1221 -1228 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0080.2022.1024
Sheng Yang, Bo Meng, Qing Peng, Wen-Jie Zhao, Man Hu, Yu Zhang, Liang Zhang. Research progress on the regulatory role and mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells in pyroptosis[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (10) : 1221 -1228 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0080.2022.1024
据统计,截至2018年底,我国60岁以上人口达2.49亿,占比高达17.9%[1]。随着年龄增长,退变性疾病的发生不可避免,给家庭和社会带来沉重负担。间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)在炎症性疾病、退变性疾病和肿瘤的治疗中具有重要意义[2-3]。细胞死亡是生命的基本过程之一,对人体正常发育和内环境稳态的维持具有重要意义。根据是否受基因或相关信号通路控制,细胞死亡可以分为程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)和非程序性细胞死亡(non-programmed cell death,NPCD)[4-5]。细胞焦亡(pyroptosis)是一种细胞死亡方式,属于PCD的一种,目前研究发现其广泛参与感染性疾病、神经系统疾病、免疫炎症性疾病、退变性疾病和肿瘤等多种疾病的发生和发展[6-10]。细胞焦亡的发生可能受到MSCs调控,而MSCs与其他细胞一样也会发生衰老和死亡,其中细胞焦亡可能参与MSCs的死亡,但目前关于MSCs与细胞焦亡关系的研究较少。本文对MSCs调控细胞焦亡的作用及机制研究进展进行综述。
MSCs在1970年由Friedenstein等首次描述,是来源于人体中胚层的一类成体多能干细胞,广泛存在于骨髓、胎盘、脐带、脐带血、脂肪组织、骨骼肌、肌腱、滑膜、皮肤、唾液腺、牙髓、牙周韧带、外周血、经血、子宫内膜、羊水和羊膜等多种人体组织中,其中骨髓是最先发现的也是最主要的MSCs来源[11-12]
MSCs是一类贴壁生长的纺锤形细胞,具有高度的多向分化和自我更新潜能,可在一定条件下分化为多种终末期细胞。根据国际细胞治疗协会(International Society for Cellular Therapy,ISCT)的标准,MSCs需至少具备以下特征:(1)在标准培养条件下贴壁生长;(2)CD73、CD90及CD105等细胞表面标志物表达阳性(≥95%阳性),CD14、CD34、CD45或CD11b、CD79α或CD19、人类白细胞抗原DR(human leukocyte antigen-DR,HLA-DR)等细胞表面标志物表达阴性(≤2%阳性);(3)可在体外诱导分化为成骨细胞、脂肪细胞和软骨细胞[13]
MSCs具有强大的分泌能力,可表达和分泌一系列调控免疫炎症反应、血管生成及影响细胞存活、增殖和迁移的生物活性物质,使其具有抗炎、免疫调节和组织修复等功能,因此在细胞治疗、再生医学及组织工程等领域具有不可忽视的应用前景[14-16]。但由于MSCs自身用于治疗存在细胞存活率低、可能形成肿瘤、免疫排斥和遗传变异等局限性,目前MSCs的治疗作用主要依赖于其旁分泌可溶性因子的释放,而不是直接分化为受损细胞类型[17]。在MSCs的分泌功能中,通过旁分泌功能分泌细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)是重要的一种分泌形式,而EVs包括外泌体(exosomes)、微泡(microvesicles,MVs)和凋亡小体(apopotic bodies)[18]。其中,MSCs来源的外泌体(MSCs-derived exosomes,MSCs-Exos)对细胞焦亡具有重要的调控作用,可通过调控相关细胞焦亡来减缓神经系统退变和损伤、脊髓损伤及椎间盘退变等疾病的发生与发展。
细胞焦亡是近年发现的一种胱天蛋白酶(caspase)依赖的、Gasdermin蛋白介导的炎症性PCD方式[19]。当发生细胞内感染时,焦亡可通过清除受损细胞来清除细胞内的病原体,从而发挥抗感染作用[20];此外,焦亡还可清除非感染原因导致的异常或受损细胞,从而参与多种疾病的发生发展。
作为一种炎症性PCD方式,细胞焦亡兼具细胞凋亡和细胞坏死的特征:Annexin V染色阳性、TUNEL染色阳性、DNA碎片化、染色质凝缩、多聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶1(poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1,PARP1)裂解、细胞膜完整性缺失导致细胞内容物释放到胞外,释放炎性因子引发炎症反应等[21]
炎性小体是一种大分子量的多分子复合物,经典的炎性小体由胞质感受器、接头蛋白和效应caspase组成。其中胞质感受器即模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs),接头蛋白是凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD,ASC),效应caspase是caspase-1前体(pro-caspase-1)。目前发现的炎性小体家族成员有NOD样受体(NLRs,包括NLRP1、NLRP3、NLRP6、NLRP12、NLRC4等)、PYRIN(pyrin and HIN domaintein)和AIM2(absent in melanoma 2)等,他们可以识别不同的病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)和危险/损伤相关分子模式(danger/damage-associated molecular patterns,DAMPs)从而被激活,激活后通过ASC募集pro-caspase-1,使pro-caspase-1寡聚化产生成熟的caspase-1,从而启动细胞焦亡程序[22-23]
Caspase是一种进化保守的半胱氨酸蛋白酶家族,主要参与细胞死亡和炎症反应。目前在哺乳动物中已经发现的caspase家族成员有caspase-1-14,其中caspase-1、-4、-5、-11与细胞焦亡关系较为密切,caspase-1与经典细胞焦亡途径有关,caspase-4、-5、-11与非经典细胞焦亡途径有关[24]
Gasdermin是一个保守的具有成孔活性的蛋白家族,由Gasdermin A(GSDMA)、Gasdermin B(GSDMB)、Gasdermin C(GSDMC)、Gasdermin D(GSDMD/DFNA5L)、Gasdermin E(GSDME/DFNA5)和DFNB59(PJVK)等组成。Gasdermins均由一个N-末端、一个C-末端及两者间的肽链连接构成,N-末端具有亲脂性,可被整合到细胞膜上形成非离子选择性孔道,而C-末端可抑制其成孔活性。其中,GSDMD既是caspase-1的底物,又是caspase-4、-5、-11的底物,因此在细胞焦亡发生的两条途径中都发挥关键作用[19-20,25]
当细胞受到病原体侵袭或损伤时,胞质内PRRs识别相应的PAMPs或DAMPs而被激活,从而通过ASC募集pro-caspase-1,产生成熟的caspase-1;caspase-1切割GSDMD的肽链连接结构,释放GSDMD-N,导致细胞质膜形成10~15 nm的孔道,最终使细胞发生渗透性裂解;同时,caspase-1水解白细胞介素-1β前体(pro-interleukin1β,pro-IL-1β)和白细胞介素-18前体(pro-interleukin 18,pro-IL-18),形成IL-1β和IL-18并被释放到胞外,募集并激活炎性细胞,引发炎症反应[26]
在非经典细胞焦亡途径中,由于caspase-4、-5、-11缺乏上游的胞质感受器,不能组装成炎性小体启动细胞焦亡程序。但caspase-4、-5、-11可通过其N-末端的CARD结构域直接与胞质内LPS的保守结构脂质A结合而被激活,激活的caspase-4、-5、-11同样可裂解GSDMD,释放GSDMD-N在细胞质膜上形成孔道。与caspase-1不同,caspase-4、-5、-11无法裂解pro-IL-1β和pro-IL-18,但形成的孔道导致K+外流,诱导NLRP3的组装,通过NLRP3/caspase-1通路介导IL-1β和IL-18的成熟和分泌,引发炎症反应。此外,受到LPS刺激后,激活的caspase-11可特异性剪切修饰Pannexin-1,导致细胞内ATP释放,刺激P2X7受体,使P2X7通道开放,导致细胞内容物外流,从而发生焦亡[25-26]。细胞焦亡的经典与非经典途径如图1所示。
目前国内外关于MSCs与细胞焦亡关系的研究较少,主要集中于MSCs分泌物对细胞焦亡的影响。MSCs可以通过分泌EVs、细胞因子、负载相关效应分子、人为基因修饰等调控细胞焦亡,从而延缓或改善神经系统退变和损伤、脊髓损伤、脊柱退变、动脉粥样硬化、急性肝衰竭及脓毒症诱导的急性肾损伤等多种疾病的进展及预后。
外泌体可来源于人体内绝大部分细胞,在生物发生上起源于内吞途径,直径大小为30~150 nm,其功能主要取决于所包裹的物质,不同细胞来源的外泌体包含不同含量和种类的蛋白质、多糖、脂质、代谢物、RNA和DNA等生物分子[27-28]。大量研究显示,MSCs-Exos可抑制多种细胞焦亡从而调控多种疾病的发生及发展(表1[17,29-39])。
神经系统细胞焦亡是神经系统退变和损伤的重要机制之一。NLRP3炎性小体及其介导的神经炎症和神经元焦亡在脑缺血再灌注损伤(ischemia/reperfusion injury,IRI)中发挥关键作用,而骨髓MSCs来源的外泌体(bone marrow MSCs-derived exosomes,BMSCs-Exos)能通过促使小胶质细胞由具有促炎效应的M1表型向具有抗炎效应的M2表型转化,抑制NLRP3介导的神经炎症和神经元焦亡,从而发挥神经保护作用,改善脑IRI[29]。但BMSCs-Exos调控小胶质细胞表型转化的具体机制仍需进一步研究。采用氧-葡萄糖剥夺(oxygen-glucose deprivation,OGD)法处理小鼠神经母细胞瘤N2a细胞和大鼠原代皮层神经元可使两种细胞焦亡比例明显上升,而与BMSCs-Exos共培养后可使两种细胞中NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1及GSDMD-N表达明显下降[30]。由此可见,BMSCs-Exos可抑制缺血缺氧导致的NLRP3炎性小体介导的N2a细胞和大鼠原代皮层神经元焦亡,其具体机制可能与增加腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK)依赖的自噬通量从而抑制NLRP3炎性小体激活有关[31]。除直接抑制神经系统细胞焦亡外,BMSCs-Exos还可通过抑制TLR4/NLRP3/caspase-1/NF-κB p-p65炎性信号通路而抑制OGD诱导的大鼠脑血管内皮细胞焦亡[32]。而通过抑制脑血管内皮细胞焦亡,可能使脑血管损伤减轻,从而改善脑血流量,减轻脑细胞的缺血缺氧性损伤,减少DAMPs释放,抑制炎性小体依赖的神经系统细胞焦亡。
线粒体在细胞焦亡过程中发挥重要作用。线粒体外膜透化作用(mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization,MOMP)可能参与细胞焦亡的发生,MOMP可使细胞色素C从线粒体向胞质渗透,从而激活caspase蛋白[40]。人脐带MSCs来源的外泌体(human umbilical cord MSCs-derived exosomes,hucMSCs-Exos)可通过上调BV2小胶质细胞中叉头框蛋白O3a(forkhead box O3a,FOXO3a)的表达而促进FOXO3a依赖的线粒体自噬,进而抑制OGD/再灌注诱导的BV2细胞焦亡[33]。而缺血缺氧预处理的嗅黏膜MSCs(olfactory mucosa dereived-MSCs,OM-MSCs)可通过miR-181a上调下游靶基因GRP78Bcl-2的表达,从而保护线粒体功能,抑制IRI引起的神经元焦亡[41]
MSCs-Exos通过调控细胞焦亡,可减轻缺血缺氧性神经系统损伤,还可延缓神经系统退行性疾病的进展。帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)是一种常见的慢性进行性神经退行性疾病,其导致的残疾和生活质量下降已成为家庭和社会的重要负担。PD的重要病理特征是多巴胺神经元的不可逆损伤,这与黑质自噬和神经炎症有关。miR-188-3p修饰的脂肪MSCs来源的外泌体(adipose MSCs-derived exosomes,AdMSCs-Exos)通过miR-188-3p/CDK5/NLRP3途径可以抑制PD小鼠黑质细胞的自噬和焦亡,从而延缓PD进展[34]
综上所述,神经系统细胞焦亡的发生与NLRP3炎性小体和线粒体密切相关,而MSCs-Exos可能通过促进小胶质细胞M1/M2表型转变、增加AMPK依赖的自噬通量及抑制血管内皮细胞焦亡等方式抑制NLRP3相关通路,同时减轻线粒体损伤,从而抑制细胞焦亡,减轻神经系统损伤和退变。
脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是一种可危及生命的损伤,常导致截瘫、神经系统并发症甚至死亡。在原发性损伤发生后,包括缺血、出血、血脊髓屏障(blood-spinal cord barrier,BSCB)破坏、水肿、神经炎症和氧化应激等在内的一系列继发性损伤开始发生,加速神经元丧失和轴突变性,使脊髓功能恢复更加困难。在一系列继发性损伤中,BSCB破坏在SCI的发生中发挥关键作用。而周细胞(pericytes)是BSCB的重要组成部分,具有调节BSCB的通透性和毛细血管血流、血管系统的发展与维护、清除有毒分子,以及调节免疫细胞进入中枢神经系统等重要功能。周细胞减少可导致BSCB通透性增加,微循环中断,血液中的有害成分进入中枢神经系统,加重神经功能障碍。MSCs-Exos通过抑制NOD1炎性小体激活,可抑制周细胞焦亡,从而维持BSCB的完整性,促进脊髓损伤恢复[17]。然而,MSCs-Exos内包含多种成分,具体哪种成分参与调节周细胞焦亡仍有待进一步深入研究。
椎间盘退变(intervertebral disc degeneration,IVDD)是指椎间盘自然退变和老化的病理生理过程,其与脊柱不稳定、椎间盘突出和椎管狭窄等疾病的发生密切相关,是引起腰痛的重要原因,会导致巨大的社会和经济负担[42]。然而目前对于这些疾病只能通过药物或手术治疗缓解症状,难以预防或延缓其进展[43],因此需要进一步研究IVDD的发病机制以探索新的治疗方案。髓核是椎间盘的重要结构,研究发现,IVDD过程中髓核细胞发生NLRP3炎性小体介导的细胞焦亡,而MSCs-Exos可以通过多种途径抑制髓核细胞焦亡[35-37]。人MSCs来源的外泌体(human MSCs-derived exosomes,hMSCs-Exos)可通过miR-410直接与NLRP3结合并抑制其激活,从而抑制髓核细胞焦亡[35]。另外,hucMSCs-Exos可通过miR-26a-5p/METTL14/NLRP3信号通路抑制髓核细胞焦亡[36]。AdMSCs-Exos还可通过调节基质金属蛋白酶来调控细胞外基质的合成与降解,同时通过抑制NLRP3激活和炎性因子释放来抑制髓核细胞焦亡,从而延缓IVDD进展[37]
除髓核细胞外,巨噬细胞也与IVDD存在一定关联。研究发现,巨噬细胞是唯一能渗透进入椎间盘内部的炎性细胞,且退变程度越高的椎间盘内巨噬细胞越多,因此IVDD可能与巨噬细胞功能失调引发炎症级联效应导致的椎间盘细胞外基质降解有关[44]。MSCs及其外泌体对巨噬细胞焦亡具有调控作用:低氧预处理的OM-MSCs可抑制脑缺血缺氧和脑出血导致的小胶质细胞(即神经系统中的巨噬细胞)焦亡[45-46];hucMSCs-Exos可通过其携带的miR-378a-5p抑制结肠巨噬细胞NLRP3炎性小体激活,从而抑制结肠巨噬细胞焦亡[38];人诱导多能MSCs来源的外泌体(exosomes derived from human-induced pluripotent MSCs,iMSCs-Exos)可能通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体激活来抑制LPS/ATP诱导的大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞焦亡[39]。但巨噬细胞焦亡是否在IVDD中发挥一定作用,能否通过MSCs及其外泌体调控椎间盘中的巨噬细胞焦亡从而预防和延缓IVDD,仍需深入研究。
综上所述,MSCs及其外泌体可通过抑制周细胞焦亡而促进SCI后脊髓功能恢复,也可通过抑制髓核细胞焦亡而延缓IVDD进展,但是否可通过调控椎间盘中巨噬细胞焦亡延缓IVDD进展仍需进一步研究。
MVs是通过质膜出芽方式产生的、直径100~1000 nm的一种EVs,与外泌体一样可携带蛋白质和核酸等多种生物活性物质[28]。研究发现,MSCs来源的MVs对细胞焦亡具有调控作用:BMSCs来源的MVs可通过其携带的microRNA-223抑制NLRP3炎性小体表达,减少巨噬细胞焦亡,从而稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块,减少动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂导致的血栓形成和急性缺血性冠状动脉综合征的发生[47]。相较外泌体,MSCs来源的MVs影响细胞焦亡的研究较少,而MVs具有更大的容量,其所含效应分子的量可能较外泌体多,对细胞焦亡的调控作用可能更强,因此,MSCs来源的MVs对细胞焦亡的调控作用值得深入研究。
急性肝衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)以突发性严重肝损伤为特征,伴有大量肝细胞功能障碍,死亡率高达90%。肝移植是ALF最有效的治疗方法,但由于供肝不足、术后并发症多及需终身免疫抑制剂治疗等原因,无法在临床上广泛应用。近年来,MSCs用于治疗ALF的优势受到广泛关注。MSCs可以通过分泌IL-10抑制NLRP3介导的肝细胞焦亡,从而减轻ALF[48]。长期高脂饮食或棕榈酸处理可分别使体内、体外肝细胞发生焦亡,这可能是非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)中肝细胞死亡和肝功能障碍的原因之一,而MSCs可以通过增强肝细胞肌浆/内质网钙ATP酶(sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase,SERCA)的活性调控内质网应激和钙稳态,从而抑制NAFLD导致的肝细胞焦亡[49]。hucMSCs则可通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体激活而抑制D-半乳糖胺和LPS诱导的肝细胞焦亡,从而减轻ALF[50]。然而,IL-10和hucMSCs抑制NLRP3激活以及MSCs调控SERCA活性的机制尚未阐明,仍需要深入研究。
脓毒症是危重患者急性肾损伤的最常见原因,而脓毒症诱导的急性肾损伤(sepsis induced acute kidney injury,SI-AKI)是重症监护室患者常见的临床综合征,病死率高,患者存活率依赖于肾功能的恢复。MSCs可通过上调SIRT1/Parkin轴促进肾小管上皮细胞的线粒体自噬,从而抑制肾小管上皮细胞焦亡,减轻SI-AKI[51]
MSCs来源的EVs除通过自身携带的相关分子调控细胞焦亡外,还可作为运载工具通过人为转染相关分子调控细胞焦亡。负载lncRNA XIST的脂肪MSCs来源的EVs可抑制房颤导致的心肌细胞焦亡[52];负载miR-22的MSCs来源的EVs则可抑制SCI导致的大鼠小胶质细胞焦亡[53]。此外,对MSCs进行基因修饰上调某些分子的表达可能也是增强MSCs对细胞焦亡调控作用的另一路径[54]
除调控其他细胞发生焦亡外,MSCs自身也可发生焦亡。尼日利亚霉素和LPS可通过激活典型NLRP3炎性小体途径和非典型caspase-11炎性小体途径诱导骨相关MSCs(bone-associated MSCs,BA-MSCs)发生焦亡,而小分子化合物66PR可抑制BA-MSCs焦亡[55]。此外,与活细胞或凋亡细胞比较,经历细胞裂解形式死亡的细胞能产生更多的EVs[56]。因此,MSCs发生焦亡后可能通过释放大量的EVs对其周围细胞的生理活动产生更大影响,调控MSCs焦亡可能对一些疾病的治疗起到意想不到的效果。
综上所述,MSCs主要通过其旁分泌功能(尤其是外泌体)抑制细胞焦亡,从而抑制炎症反应,维持组织器官的正常功能。
细胞焦亡作为一种新近发现的细胞死亡方式,可发生于多种细胞,从而参与多种疾病的发生和发展。而MSCs及其分泌物可通过直接抑制NLRP3炎性小体表达、调节小胶质细胞表型转变、促进线粒体自噬、保护线粒体功能、调控内质网应激及钙稳态等方式抑制细胞焦亡,从而延缓神经系统退变和损伤、脊髓损伤、脊柱退变、动脉粥样硬化、急性肝衰竭、SI-AKI等疾病的进展及改善预后。笔者认为,目前对于MSCs与细胞焦亡关系的研究仍处于起步阶段,仍存在以下问题值得探索:(1)MSCs-Exos内含多种物质,且不同细胞来源的MSCs-Exos所含物质的量和种类不同,其调控细胞焦亡的具体效应成分尚不明确;(2)MSCs调控细胞焦亡的相关研究中,MSCs-Exos研究较多,但MSCs-MVs及其他分泌物应用前景不明确;(3)目前所涉及的焦亡途径绝大多数与NLRP3炎性小体有关,MSCs能否通过其他炎性小体或非经典焦亡途径调控细胞焦亡;(4)目前MSCs对细胞焦亡主要表现为抑制作用,然而,细胞焦亡对于机体未必毫无益处,MSCs是否可以通过促进细胞焦亡(如肿瘤细胞焦亡)而改善相关疾病预后;(5)目前对于MSCs自身发生焦亡的研究鲜见,在疾病和损伤状态下,是否存在MSCs的自身焦亡从而影响机体的自我修复,细胞治疗中人工移植的MSCs存活率低是否与MSCs焦亡有关;(6)当原生MSCs没有调控细胞焦亡的作用或作用较弱时,通过人为修饰MSCs及MSC-EVs增强其调控作用也是一个有前景的研究方向。相信随着对MSCs及细胞焦亡的研究不断深入,MSCs将能更好地应用于细胞治疗、再生医学及组织工程等领域,临床应用前景将更加广阔。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82172462)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81972136)
  • 江苏省中医药科技发展计划项目(YB2020085)
  • 江苏省高层次卫生人才“六个一工程”拔尖人才科研项目(LGY2019035)
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2023年第48卷第10期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0080.2022.1024
  • 接收时间:2022-01-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-10
  • 录用日期:2022-04-25
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82172462)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82172462)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81972136)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81972136)
Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jiangsu Province(YB2020085)
江苏省中医药科技发展计划项目(YB2020085)
High-level Health Professionals "Six ONE Projects" Top-notch Talent Research Program of Jiangsu Province(LGY2019035)
江苏省高层次卫生人才“六个一工程”拔尖人才科研项目(LGY2019035)
作者信息
    1大连医科大学研究生院,辽宁大连 116044
    2扬州大学临床医学院,江苏扬州 225001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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