Article(id=1200023154404983344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200023152219746543, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0360.2023.0324, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1645113600000, receivedDateStr=2022-02-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1649779200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-13, onlineDate=1764037415361, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1698422400000, pubDateStr=2023-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764037415361, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764037415361, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764037415361, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200023152219746543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='10', pageStart='1115', pageEnd='1236', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764037414841, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038706792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200028571126301693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200023152219746543, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200028571126301694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200023152219746543, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1214, endPage=1220, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200023154769887797, articleId=1200023154404983344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the role of exosomes in Parkinson's disease, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, and its incidence increases with age. The incorrect folding and abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein are the key neuropathological markers of PD. Recent studies have shown that exosomes may also promote the pathological α-synuclein spreads in brain through their transport and transfer functions, further promoting the development of PD, thus participating in the pathogenesis of PD. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles, the advantage of its smaller diameter is expected to play a significant role in treatment of PD. This article reviews the related research progress on the role of exosome and its potential clinical application in PD.

, correspAuthors=Zhi Chai, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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帕金森病(PD)是一种常见的神经退行性疾病,其发病率随年龄增长而增高。α-突触核蛋白的错误折叠和异常聚集是帕金森病关键的神经病理标志。近期研究显示,外泌体也可能通过其运输与转载功能推动病理性α-突触核蛋白在大脑中传播,进一步促进帕金森病的发展,从而参与帕金森病的致病机制。外泌体是一种纳米级囊泡,其直径较小的优势在帕金森病治疗中有望发挥较大作用。本文综述了外泌体在帕金森病发生中的作用和具有潜在临床应用价值的研究进展。

, correspAuthors=柴智, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
柴智,E-mail:
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范丽珊,硕士研究生,主要从事中西医结合防治神经炎性变性疾病方面的研究

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范丽珊,硕士研究生,主要从事中西医结合防治神经炎性变性疾病方面的研究

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范丽珊,硕士研究生,主要从事中西医结合防治神经炎性变性疾病方面的研究

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外泌体在帕金森病发病中的作用研究进展
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范丽珊 1 , 樊慧杰 1 , 李艳荣 1 , 肖琪 1 , 贾璐 1 , 秦劭晨 2 , 王利然 3 , 肖保国 4 , 马存根 1 , 柴智 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(10): 1214-1220
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(10): 1214-1220
外泌体在帕金森病发病中的作用研究进展
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范丽珊1, 樊慧杰1, 李艳荣1, 肖琪1, 贾璐1, 秦劭晨2, 王利然3, 肖保国4, 马存根1, 柴智1, *
作者信息
  • 1山西中医药大学多发性硬化益气活血重点研究室/神经生物学研究中心,山西晋中 030619
  • 2山西中医药大学第一临床学院,山西太原 030024
  • 3山西中医药大学第二临床学院,山西太原 030012
  • 4复旦大学华山医院神经病学研究所,上海 200025
  • 范丽珊,硕士研究生,主要从事中西医结合防治神经炎性变性疾病方面的研究

通讯作者:

柴智,E-mail:
Research progress on the role of exosomes in Parkinson's disease
Li-Shan Fan1, Hui-Jie Fan1, Yan-Rong Li1, Qi Xiao1, Lu Jia1, Shao-Chen Qin2, Li-Ran Wang3, Bao-Guo Xiao4, Cun-Gen Ma1, Zhi Chai1, *
Affiliations
  • 1The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Neurobiology Research Center, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, China
  • 2The First Clinical College of Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
  • 3The Second Clinical College of Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China
  • 4Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200025, China
出版时间: 2023-10-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0360.2023.0324
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帕金森病(PD)是一种常见的神经退行性疾病,其发病率随年龄增长而增高。α-突触核蛋白的错误折叠和异常聚集是帕金森病关键的神经病理标志。近期研究显示,外泌体也可能通过其运输与转载功能推动病理性α-突触核蛋白在大脑中传播,进一步促进帕金森病的发展,从而参与帕金森病的致病机制。外泌体是一种纳米级囊泡,其直径较小的优势在帕金森病治疗中有望发挥较大作用。本文综述了外泌体在帕金森病发生中的作用和具有潜在临床应用价值的研究进展。

外泌体  /  帕金森病  /  α-突触核蛋白

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, and its incidence increases with age. The incorrect folding and abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein are the key neuropathological markers of PD. Recent studies have shown that exosomes may also promote the pathological α-synuclein spreads in brain through their transport and transfer functions, further promoting the development of PD, thus participating in the pathogenesis of PD. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles, the advantage of its smaller diameter is expected to play a significant role in treatment of PD. This article reviews the related research progress on the role of exosome and its potential clinical application in PD.

exosomes  /  Parkinson's disease  /  α-synuclein
范丽珊, 樊慧杰, 李艳荣, 肖琪, 贾璐, 秦劭晨, 王利然, 肖保国, 马存根, 柴智. 外泌体在帕金森病发病中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (10) : 1214 -1220 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0360.2023.0324
Li-Shan Fan, Hui-Jie Fan, Yan-Rong Li, Qi Xiao, Lu Jia, Shao-Chen Qin, Li-Ran Wang, Bao-Guo Xiao, Cun-Gen Ma, Zhi Chai. Research progress on the role of exosomes in Parkinson's disease[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (10) : 1214 -1220 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0360.2023.0324
帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)是全球患病率居第二位的神经系统退行性疾病[1-2],被PD困扰者约1000万[3-4]。PD是一种以黑质纹状体多巴胺能神经元变性、丢失作为病理特征的进行性运动障碍。其临床表现以运动迟缓、静止性震颤、肌僵直和姿势步态障碍等运动症状为主,并伴随一些相应的非运动症状;非运动症状一般出现在运动异常发生前的前驱期,早期症状包括精神抑郁、睡眠障碍、便秘等[5]。PD的临床表现源自基底节区运动核的多巴胺能神经元支配丧失。PD的潜在诱发因素较多,遗传因素和老龄化增大了该病的风险。SNCA基因是最早被发现的PD遗传风险因素[6]SNCA编码的α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein,α-syn)是路易小体的主要蛋白成分,在家族性和散发性PD患者大脑中均存在,支持了其在PD中的重要病理作用。α-syn可以多种形式存在于大脑中,如可溶的、未展开的单低聚合形式,多项研究发现α-syn能够在细胞间传播[7]。α-syn在细胞间的传递机制包括胞内作用、胞外作用、细胞外囊泡及隧穿纳米管等[8]。外泌体等细胞外囊泡可在细胞间传递遗传物质和蛋白质,且对起源细胞的近端及远端产生一定影响。外泌体广泛存在于多种体液中,且来源于多种细胞。大脑释放外泌体的细胞有神经元、星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞和间充质干细胞等。本文对外泌体在PD发生中的作用及靶向外泌体作为PD治疗工具的相关研究进展进行综述,旨在为PD的发病机制和临床诊治研究提供参考。
外泌体产生于大多数真核细胞的核内体[9-10]。外泌体形成机制的相关报道较多,其中被研究最多的是转运依赖途径所需的核内体分选复合体(endosomal sorting complex required transport,ESCRT)[11]。ESCRT是一个蛋白家族,它通过在多泡体膜上连续结合复合物,介导了一种泛素化途径,该途径将泛素化蛋白识别并保留在晚期核内体膜上[11]。ESCRT-0亚基保留泛素化蛋白,随着ESCRT Ⅰ/Ⅱ对ESCRT-0的下游识别,将会创建一个核内体膜内陷,开始管腔内囊泡(intralumenal vesicle,ILV)的形成[11-12]。ESCRT Ⅲ形成螺旋状结构收缩ILV颈部,而ATPase酶的VPS4蛋白则负责膜的切断[11],这导致了多囊泡体(multivesicular bodies,MVBs)的形成。MVBs可与细胞质膜融合,释放ILV作为外泌体进入细胞外空间[13](图1)。
外泌体能够在细胞间传递遗传物质和蛋白质成分,促进细胞间的通信和信息传递[14-15]。外泌体直径通常为40~160 nm[16],已被证明可在免疫应答中发挥沟通作用,含有MHC Ⅱ类分子的B淋巴细胞的外泌体可在体外激活T淋巴细胞[17]。进一步研究显示,树突状细胞的外泌体在免疫反应启动时专门激活T细胞。除免疫反应功能外,还有外泌体传播致病性朊病毒和淀粉样蛋白聚集物的报告[18-21]
越来越多的证据显示,α-syn能够在细胞间传播,已提出了多种促进其传播的机制,如非经典胞外作用、外泌体释放、胞内作用和纳米管运输等,这些方式都为α-syn在细胞间的传递搭建了桥梁[22],而α-syn可传递性的发现也为PD的发展提供了关键的视角。根据PD病理进展的Braak分期假说[23-26],嗅球和肠道是α-syn传播的初始来源,注入纤维α-syn进入嗅球[27]和肠道[28]的小鼠可发生跨神经元(trans-neuronal)传递,传播病理α-syn到其他大脑区域。
此外,截尾迷走神经切断和α-syn缺乏的小鼠可阻止这种肠-脑蛋白的传递,支持肠道作为α-syn的最初来源[28]。Arotcarena等[29]将PD患者含有α-syn的路易小体提取物注射到非人灵长类动物的肠道,也验证了神经毒性的α-syn可从肠道扩散到大脑。早期PD患者的肠道系统中也发现了错误折叠的α-syn[30-32],进一步支持肠道是α-syn传播的起始位点。还有研究显示,肌内注射[33]和腹膜内注射[34]
α-syn也会引起广泛的脑部病理变化。上述研究提示,α-syn可从多个外周位点传播到中枢神经系统。
α-syn的积累是PD的显著病理特征之一,因此了解其聚集和细胞间传递的机制可能增进对PD病理的理解,从而促进更有效的治疗方法的开发。外泌体已被证实可将α-syn转移到正常的神经元,并可形成寡聚物而诱导受体细胞死亡(图2)。与外泌体相关的α-syn寡聚物可使其更容易被细胞摄取,且具有比游离α-syn寡聚物更强的后续神经毒性[35]。PD模型中外泌体的研究包括对其在胶质细胞和神经元之间扩散的研究,其中神经元间传递α-syn研究较多的是相互作用。
在SH-SY5Y神经母细胞瘤细胞中,野生型α-syn的过度表达导致其外泌体释放,在收集的条件培养基中可检测到单体和寡聚α-syn结构[36]。这一结果提示,无论是大的α-syn结构,还是小的α-syn结构,都能够在外泌体内进行细胞间传递,并可能导致不同的下游过程介导神经毒性。
PD的致病因素包括环境因素,而个人则可能在日常生活中接触锰元素。近年的研究显示,PD的风险因子锰可在体外上调含α-syn的外泌体释放。这些外泌体应用于原代小胶质细胞后,通过微泡被内吞,可触发神经炎症变化,支持α-syn传递在小胶质细胞激活中的作用[37]。在人类多巴胺能细胞模型中,这些外泌体也发挥了神经毒性作用,锰元素被证实能加速α-syn的传递,导致在锰暴露的小鼠模型中产生多巴胺能神经毒性。
外泌体具有用于PD临床诊治的潜力,包括作为治疗载体和检测血清外泌体中特定蛋白的诊断工具的潜力。外泌体具有运输神经毒性蛋白的能力,可通过大脑传播PD,提示如果细胞能够靶向释放或摄取外泌体,那么其可能成为抑制PD进展的合适靶点。外泌体还被确定为药物或基因治疗的潜在载体,可能用于劫持细胞间运输的遗传物质和蛋白质成分,以达到治疗目的。此外,外泌体是细胞天然转运机制的组成部分,有可能避免或减轻细胞免疫原性反应。
目前PD的诊断主要依据其临床表现[38];然而,前驱性非运动症状普遍存在,甚至在运动变性发病前几十年就已经开始[39-40]。PD的早期诊断和治疗还缺少可靠的方法,如果能够减缓或减少引起运动功能障碍的黑质纹状体多巴胺能变性,则有利于延缓PD的进展。因此,开发早期诊断和识别PD的生物标志物将是一个重要突破。
α-syn被认为是一种低效的PD生物标志物,尽管其存在于血液和脑脊液中。部分研究显示,PD患者血液和脑脊液中α-syn水平较高,但也有部分研究的结论相反。例如,有报道PD患者脑脊液α-syn水平低于健康对照组[41-44];Stuendl等[45]报道,PD患者脑脊液样本中细胞外囊泡包含的α-syn水平也较低。检测血清和血浆α-syn也被证明难以用作PD的生物标志物。对从PD患者血液或脑脊液中分离的细胞外囊泡成分的分析显示,细胞外囊泡可能成为PD的有效生物标志物[46]。Shi等[47]报道α-syn可从脑脊液运输到血液中,其中一些被包装在细胞外囊泡中,表达中枢神经系统特异性L1细胞黏附分子;PD患者血浆中中枢神经系统来源的细胞外囊泡包含的α-syn水平显著升高,且与PD的严重程度相关,提示其可能成为PD的生物标志物,且特异度和敏感度较高。Rani等[48]的研究显示,与健康对照组比较,从PD患者分离的唾液细胞外囊泡中α-syn寡聚物水平更高,且α-syn寡聚物/总α-syn比值也有所增高。Tau蛋白是一种参与阿尔茨海默病发病进程的蛋白,从人血浆中分离的中枢神经源性细胞外囊泡中也检测到Tau蛋白水平升高;与阿尔茨海默病患者比较,PD患者Tau蛋白水平显著升高[47]。与对照组比较,PD患者血浆中枢神经源性细胞外囊泡的DJ-1蛋白水平以及细胞外囊泡包含的DJ-1与中枢神经源性总DJ-1的比值显著升高[49]。Fraser等[50]的研究显示,尿液细胞外囊泡中磷酸化Ser(P)-1292 LRRK2与总LRRK2的比值升高可预测LRRK2突变携带者患PD的风险。
Chung等[51]的研究显示,外泌体对PD可能具有治疗潜力,与其他细胞间传递机制相比,外泌体可介导更长距离的α-syn传递。目前PD的治疗方法侧重于消除症状表现,尤其是侧重于运动功能障碍的控制,还缺乏根治PD的方法。因此,有必要制定新的治疗策略控制PD的进展。开发治疗神经退行性疾病新药物的一个主要障碍是药物跨越血脑屏障的能力有限[52]。外泌体是纳米级的细胞外囊泡,可穿过包括血脑屏障在内的细胞膜,提示其可能成为将药物输送到大脑的有效载体[53-54]。使用外泌体进行治疗的另一个好处是可降低免疫原性。人工外泌体可装载治疗用的活性分子,如药物化合物、小干扰核糖核酸或蛋白质,并将其传递到大脑,因此,利用外泌体可能将治疗性活性分子介导到适当的受体细胞。已知天然外泌体可将核酸转运至靶细胞,因此可考虑将其作为修饰的治疗性遗传物质的传递工具,从而调节基因表达,改变PD的预后或进展。
根据体内和体外研究结果,从血液中分离出来的人体外泌体负载饱和多巴胺溶液,可通过转铁蛋白和转铁蛋白受体的相互作用穿过血脑屏障,将多巴胺传递到大脑[55]。在小鼠模型中,负载多巴胺的外泌体显示出比全身静脉注射多巴胺更好的治疗效果和更低的毒性。Haney等[56]研究了由神经元吸收的载有过氧化氢酶的外泌体对PD神经炎症衰减的治疗作用,发现过氧化氢酶被外泌体摄取后释放到神经元中,可在体外和体内PD模型中发挥抗氧化作用,促进神经元存活并缓解神经炎症。Kojima等[57]还对可将外泌体转移至细胞的设备进行了研究,这些设备在哺乳动物细胞中产生外泌体,可将治疗性过氧化氢酶mRNA传递到大脑。
间充质干细胞来源的外泌体已被认为是治疗疾病的有效工具[58],在PD、多发性硬化和骨关节炎等多种疾病中显示出有益的效果[59-60]。在6-OHDA小鼠PD模型中,间充质干细胞来源的外泌体被证实可有效地拯救多巴胺能神经元[61],还可携带miRNAs,并与神经元细胞相互作用,减轻小鼠PD模型中的神经炎症和促进神经再生。虽然还需要深入研究并加强临床试验进一步验证外泌体对PD的治疗作用,但越来越多的证据支持将外泌体从各种类型细胞分离出来,将其修饰后可到达特定的大脑区域,这可能对PD治疗具有良好的应用前景[62]
外泌体相关研究在过去十年中进展迅速,其可通过携带蛋白质、mRNA或miRNA等成分,影响受体细胞中的基因表达和蛋白活性[63-64],也可通过自身的运输功能促进错误折叠蛋白的传播。作为α-syn在大脑中传递的载体,外泌体在PD的发生和进展中起到了重要作用。此外,外泌体也为开发新的治疗和诊断工具提供了潜在目标(图3)。
未来,外泌体可能作为诊断工具,用于检测包裹的生物标记物,或作为药物、基因治疗药物的前瞻性载体递送到特定脑区或细胞类型,用于PD的治疗。然而,尽管外泌体存在明显的优势,也有其局限性。例如,分离和纯化外泌体的程序需要改进和标准化;分离的部分外泌体可能被其他类似外泌体的细胞外囊泡或蛋白污染。另一个挑战是对一种通用的外泌体标记缺乏普遍共识。为了确定可能的不良反应,应进一步研究不同来源外泌体的差异反应性,以确定用于特定治疗的外泌体的最佳细胞来源[65]。此外,还需要更多研究确定膜标记物如何将外泌体靶向特定细胞类型,以及外泌体的含量对终末靶标的影响。了解细胞间外泌体是如何靶向的,可为外泌体抑制剂的发展提供参考。总之,近年来有关外泌体与PD和其他神经退行性疾病的相关研究已引起业界关注,但在外泌体调控疾病的作用机制方面仍有部分核心问题有待解答。随着对外泌体和其他细胞外囊泡的进一步研究,以及实验技术的进步,操纵它们在细胞间传递和治疗PD的能力有望逐步提高,这将推进对PD发病机制的认识和诊断、治疗方法的革新。
  • 山西省青年拔尖人才支持计划项目(2019年)
  • 山西省省筹资金资助回国留学人员科研项目(2021-142)
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2023年第48卷第10期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0360.2023.0324
  • 接收时间:2022-02-18
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-02-18
  • 录用日期:2022-04-13
基金
Outstanding Youth Talents Program of Shanxi Province (2019)
山西省青年拔尖人才支持计划项目(2019年)
Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2021-142)
山西省省筹资金资助回国留学人员科研项目(2021-142)
Leading Talents Project of Medical Science and Technology of Shanxi Province(2020RC05)
山西省“四个一批”科技兴医创新计划医学科技领军人才项目(2020RC05)
Key Science and Technology R and D Project of Jinzhong(Y213004)
山西省晋中市科技重点研发计划(社会发展)项目(Y213004)
作者信息
    1山西中医药大学多发性硬化益气活血重点研究室/神经生物学研究中心,山西晋中 030619
    2山西中医药大学第一临床学院,山西太原 030024
    3山西中医药大学第二临床学院,山西太原 030012
    4复旦大学华山医院神经病学研究所,上海 200025

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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