Article(id=1200023153029247215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200023152219746543, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2382.2023.0326, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668096000000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1675353600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-02-03, onlineDate=1764037415034, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1698422400000, pubDateStr=2023-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764037415034, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764037415034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764037415034, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200023152219746543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='10', pageStart='1115', pageEnd='1236', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1764037414841, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764038706792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200028571126301693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200023152219746543, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200028571126301694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1200023152219746543, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1153, endPage=1161, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200023153389957363, articleId=1200023153029247215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effects and mechanism of seawater immersion on transcriptome profiles in mice with traumatic brain injury, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To observe the changes of motor function and brain tissue transcriptomic profiles in mice with traumatic brain inury (TBI) by seawater immersion, and to explore its potential mechanism. Methods A total of 51 male C57/BL adult mice were randomly divided into sham surgery group, TBI group and TBI+seawater group (17 mice in each group). Behavior tests (rotating bar and balance beam tests) were performed at 1 d, 3 d and 7 d after injury to detect the changes of endurance and motor coordination ability in mice. Blood-brain barrier permeability (Evans blue staining) and brain tissue pathological changes (HE staining) were detected at 12 h and 24 h after injury. The expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins BCL-2 and Bax in brain tissues were detected with Western blotting 24 h after injury, and carry out brain tissue transcriptomics detection and analyze the related differentially expressed genes and signal pathways. Results Behavior tests showed that compared with the sham surgery group and TBI group, mice in TBI+seawater group had a significantly shortened time on the rotating bar (P<0.001) and spend a significantly prolonged time to pass through the balance beam (P<0.001) on 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d after injury. Evans blue staining showed that the EB permeation area of TBI+seawater group was significantly larger than that of the TBI group (P<0.05), and the EB permeation area at 24 h after injury was significantly smaller than that at 12 h after injury in both groups (P<0.05). HE staining results showed that the pathological damage in TBI+seawater group was worsened compared with TBI group. Western blotting results showed that 24 h after injury, the expression of Bax in TBI+seawater group was significantly increased (P<0.05) while the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in injured brain tissue compared with TBI group. Transcriptomic analysis showed that there were 625 differentially expressed genes in the injured brain tissue of TBI+seawater group compared with TBI group (P<0.05), and the expression levels of p53-related genes and natural killer cell-related genes were significantly increased (P<0.05). Pathway enrichment analysis showed that natural killer cell immune regulation, lymphocyte immune regulation, and cytokine-cytokine receptor binding pathways were significantly enriched (P<0.05). Conclusions Seawater immersion can promote apoptosis of damaged neural cells in TBI mice, leading to impaired motor coordination and endurance in mice. Endogenous apoptosis mediated by p53 and immune regulation mediated by natural killer cells may be associated with this phenomenon.

, correspAuthors=Jian-Ning Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 观察海水浸泡后创伤性脑损伤(TBI)小鼠运动功能和脑组织转录组学图谱的变化,探讨海水浸泡对TBI的影响及其潜在机制。方法 将51只雄性C57/BL成年小鼠随机分为假手术组、TBI组和TBI+海水组,每组17只。在损伤后1 d、3 d和7 d采用行为学测试(转棒和平衡木试验)检测小鼠耐力及运动协调能力的变化;于损伤后12 h和24 h进行血脑屏障通透性检测[伊文思蓝(EB)染色]、脑组织病理检测(HE染色);损伤后24 h采用Western blotting检测脑组织凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2和Bax的表达水平,进行脑组织转录组学检测并分析差异表达基因及其相关的信号通路。结果 损伤后1、3、7 d的行为学测试显示,与假手术组和TBI组比较,TBI+海水组小鼠在转棒仪上的停留时间均明显缩短(P<0.001),通过平衡木的时间均明显延长(P<0.001)。EB染色结果显示,TBI+海水组EB渗透面积明显大于TBI组(P<0.05);两组组内比较,损伤后24 h EB渗透面积均明显小于损伤后12 h(P<0.05)。HE染色结果显示,与TBI组比较,TBI+海水组病理损伤加重。Western blotting检测结果显示,与TBI组比较,损伤后24 h,TBI+海水组小鼠损伤区域脑组织Bax表达水平明显增高(P<0.05),而Bcl-2表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。转录组学分析显示,与TBI组比较,TBI+海水组损伤区域脑组织有625个基因存在差异表达(P<0.05),且p53相关基因和自然杀伤细胞相关基因的表达量均明显增高(P<0.05);自然杀伤细胞免疫调节、淋巴细胞免疫调节和细胞因子-细胞因子受体结合等通路显著富集(P<0.05)。结论 海水浸泡可促进TBI小鼠受损神经细胞凋亡,导致小鼠运动协调能力和耐力受损,其机制可能与p53介导的内源性凋亡和自然杀伤细胞介导的免疫调节有关。

, correspAuthors=张剑宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张剑宁,E-mail:
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谢胜强,硕士研究生,主要从事创伤性脑损伤方面的研究

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谢胜强,硕士研究生,主要从事创伤性脑损伤方面的研究

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谢胜强,硕士研究生,主要从事创伤性脑损伤方面的研究

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2解放军总医院第六医学中心神经外科,北京 100048
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of seawater immersion on motor coordination and endurance of TBI mice, figureFileSmall=pUr+qEPikcwC4t1VjqjVZg==, figureFileBig=eqcr7z+8SS+buETm/2Qphw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023169479307904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=CN, label=图1, caption=海水浸泡对TBI小鼠运动协调能力和耐力的影响

TBI. 创伤性脑损伤;A.平衡木实验;B.转棒实验;与假手术组比较,(1)P<0.001;与TBI组比较,(2)P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=pUr+qEPikcwC4t1VjqjVZg==, figureFileBig=eqcr7z+8SS+buETm/2Qphw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023169823240845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of seawater immersion on the expression of neuronal apoptosis related proteins (Bcl-2 and Bax) in TBI mice (n=3), figureFileSmall=gUdBFXbF+HLVR8pz0EROQQ==, figureFileBig=28hXHrcmo/1cCeFd9OVQtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023169919709843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=CN, label=图2, caption=海水浸泡对TBI小鼠神经元凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax表达的影响(n=3)

TBI. 创伤性脑损伤;Bcl-2. B细胞淋巴瘤-2蛋白;Bax. Bcl-2相关X蛋白;A. Bax、Bcl-2表达水平;B. Bax与Bcl-2的比值;与假手术组比较,(1)P<0.05;与TBI组比较,(2)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=gUdBFXbF+HLVR8pz0EROQQ==, figureFileBig=28hXHrcmo/1cCeFd9OVQtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023170070704792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of seawater immersion on the pathological damage of brain tissue in TBI mice, figureFileSmall=zGtoKpY+PCNIr1VaxoAICg==, figureFileBig=mpVTicyzDMvSBQETpvh9cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023170179756701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=CN, label=图3, caption=海水浸泡对TBI小鼠脑组织病理损伤的影响

TBI. 创伤性脑损伤;A. 伊文思蓝染色结果(n=3);B. 损伤后24 h 脑组织病理损伤情况(HE,n=3);与损伤后12 h比较,(1)P<0.05;与TBI组比较,(2)P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=zGtoKpY+PCNIr1VaxoAICg==, figureFileBig=mpVTicyzDMvSBQETpvh9cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023170330751648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Differential gene expression in brain tissues of TBI mice caused by seawater immersion, figureFileSmall=OVxjb6b0Qh7B3g25pSmHSA==, figureFileBig=qS7XlUK0AhlqBmF/PGB7aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023170473357990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=CN, label=图4, caption=海水浸泡后TBI小鼠脑组织差异表达基因

TBI. 创伤性脑损伤;A. 差异表达基因的火山图(黄色代表上调的基因,蓝色代表下调的基因);B. 差异表达基因的聚类分析热图(|log2 fold change|>1,P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=OVxjb6b0Qh7B3g25pSmHSA==, figureFileBig=qS7XlUK0AhlqBmF/PGB7aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023170611770028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in brain tissues of TBI mice caused by seawater immersion, figureFileSmall=lm94+Jllyk8BHGxOJK0YAQ==, figureFileBig=RklmD3jszSA06Gx6Knmo5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023170750182065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=CN, label=图5, caption=海水浸泡TBI小鼠脑组织差异表达基因的GO和KEGG富集分析

A. GO富集分析结果;B. KEGG富集分析结果(下方连线示存在基因集共表达基因)

, figureFileSmall=lm94+Jllyk8BHGxOJK0YAQ==, figureFileBig=RklmD3jszSA06Gx6Knmo5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023170938925751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Endogenous apoptotic pathways regulated by p53 family in neurons of TBI mice with seawater immersion, figureFileSmall=ayl4odZMQsDzTL9kljcvAg==, figureFileBig=IKhh+jEdyx2t/z0kmN4DCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023171043783354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=CN, label=图6, caption=p53家族对海水浸泡致TBI小鼠神经元内源性凋亡通路的调节

TBI. 创伤性脑损伤;A. 基因集富集分析(FDR<0.05,P<0.05);B. p53家族相关差异基因表达量(|log2fold change|>1,P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=ayl4odZMQsDzTL9kljcvAg==, figureFileBig=IKhh+jEdyx2t/z0kmN4DCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023171198972610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Natural killer cells participates in immune regulation in brain tissues of TBI mice with seawater immersion, figureFileSmall=VtrFBptq6l0pW40wzDx4fg==, figureFileBig=NKMiVcn3wPqopbhw8fVEpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200023171295441606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1200023153029247215, language=CN, label=图7, caption=自然杀伤细胞在海水浸泡TBI小鼠脑组织中参与免疫调节

TBI. 创伤性脑损伤;A. 基因集富集分析(FDR<0.05,P<0.05);B. 自然杀伤细胞相关差异基因表达量(|log2fold change|>1,P<0.05)

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海水浸泡对创伤性脑损伤小鼠转录组学图谱的影响及其机制
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谢胜强 1, 2 , 阿迪莱·阿卜杜热西提 1, 2 , 黑俊如 3 , 宋梦文 4, 5 , 王翠 4 , 程岗 1, 2, 3 , 刘志强 4 , 袁增强 4 , 张剑宁 1, 2, 3, *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023,48(10): 1153-1161
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023, 48(10): 1153-1161
海水浸泡对创伤性脑损伤小鼠转录组学图谱的影响及其机制
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谢胜强1, 2, 阿迪莱·阿卜杜热西提1, 2, 黑俊如3, 宋梦文4, 5, 王翠4, 程岗1, 2, 3, 刘志强4, 袁增强4, 张剑宁1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1华南理工大学医学院,广东广州 510006
  • 2解放军总医院第六医学中心神经外科,北京 100048
  • 3解放军总医院第一医学中心神经外科医学部,北京 100853
  • 4军事科学院军事医学研究院军事认知与脑科学研究所,北京 100850
  • 5南华大学药学院,湖南衡阳 421001
  • 谢胜强,硕士研究生,主要从事创伤性脑损伤方面的研究

通讯作者:

张剑宁,E-mail:
Effects and mechanism of seawater immersion on transcriptome profiles in mice with traumatic brain injury
Sheng-Qiang Xie1, 2, Adile S. Abduljesit1, 2, Jun-Ru Hei3, Meng-Wen Song4, 5, Cui Wang4, Gang Cheng1, 2, 3, Zhi-Qiang Liu4, Zeng-Qiang Yuan4, Jian-Ning Zhang1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
  • 2Department of Neurosurgery, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048,China
  • 3Department of Neurosurgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
  • 4Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
  • 5School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
出版时间: 2023-10-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2382.2023.0326
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目的 观察海水浸泡后创伤性脑损伤(TBI)小鼠运动功能和脑组织转录组学图谱的变化,探讨海水浸泡对TBI的影响及其潜在机制。方法 将51只雄性C57/BL成年小鼠随机分为假手术组、TBI组和TBI+海水组,每组17只。在损伤后1 d、3 d和7 d采用行为学测试(转棒和平衡木试验)检测小鼠耐力及运动协调能力的变化;于损伤后12 h和24 h进行血脑屏障通透性检测[伊文思蓝(EB)染色]、脑组织病理检测(HE染色);损伤后24 h采用Western blotting检测脑组织凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2和Bax的表达水平,进行脑组织转录组学检测并分析差异表达基因及其相关的信号通路。结果 损伤后1、3、7 d的行为学测试显示,与假手术组和TBI组比较,TBI+海水组小鼠在转棒仪上的停留时间均明显缩短(P<0.001),通过平衡木的时间均明显延长(P<0.001)。EB染色结果显示,TBI+海水组EB渗透面积明显大于TBI组(P<0.05);两组组内比较,损伤后24 h EB渗透面积均明显小于损伤后12 h(P<0.05)。HE染色结果显示,与TBI组比较,TBI+海水组病理损伤加重。Western blotting检测结果显示,与TBI组比较,损伤后24 h,TBI+海水组小鼠损伤区域脑组织Bax表达水平明显增高(P<0.05),而Bcl-2表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。转录组学分析显示,与TBI组比较,TBI+海水组损伤区域脑组织有625个基因存在差异表达(P<0.05),且p53相关基因和自然杀伤细胞相关基因的表达量均明显增高(P<0.05);自然杀伤细胞免疫调节、淋巴细胞免疫调节和细胞因子-细胞因子受体结合等通路显著富集(P<0.05)。结论 海水浸泡可促进TBI小鼠受损神经细胞凋亡,导致小鼠运动协调能力和耐力受损,其机制可能与p53介导的内源性凋亡和自然杀伤细胞介导的免疫调节有关。

创伤性脑损伤  /  海水  /  转录组  /  自然杀伤细胞  /  p53蛋白

Objective To observe the changes of motor function and brain tissue transcriptomic profiles in mice with traumatic brain inury (TBI) by seawater immersion, and to explore its potential mechanism. Methods A total of 51 male C57/BL adult mice were randomly divided into sham surgery group, TBI group and TBI+seawater group (17 mice in each group). Behavior tests (rotating bar and balance beam tests) were performed at 1 d, 3 d and 7 d after injury to detect the changes of endurance and motor coordination ability in mice. Blood-brain barrier permeability (Evans blue staining) and brain tissue pathological changes (HE staining) were detected at 12 h and 24 h after injury. The expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins BCL-2 and Bax in brain tissues were detected with Western blotting 24 h after injury, and carry out brain tissue transcriptomics detection and analyze the related differentially expressed genes and signal pathways. Results Behavior tests showed that compared with the sham surgery group and TBI group, mice in TBI+seawater group had a significantly shortened time on the rotating bar (P<0.001) and spend a significantly prolonged time to pass through the balance beam (P<0.001) on 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d after injury. Evans blue staining showed that the EB permeation area of TBI+seawater group was significantly larger than that of the TBI group (P<0.05), and the EB permeation area at 24 h after injury was significantly smaller than that at 12 h after injury in both groups (P<0.05). HE staining results showed that the pathological damage in TBI+seawater group was worsened compared with TBI group. Western blotting results showed that 24 h after injury, the expression of Bax in TBI+seawater group was significantly increased (P<0.05) while the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in injured brain tissue compared with TBI group. Transcriptomic analysis showed that there were 625 differentially expressed genes in the injured brain tissue of TBI+seawater group compared with TBI group (P<0.05), and the expression levels of p53-related genes and natural killer cell-related genes were significantly increased (P<0.05). Pathway enrichment analysis showed that natural killer cell immune regulation, lymphocyte immune regulation, and cytokine-cytokine receptor binding pathways were significantly enriched (P<0.05). Conclusions Seawater immersion can promote apoptosis of damaged neural cells in TBI mice, leading to impaired motor coordination and endurance in mice. Endogenous apoptosis mediated by p53 and immune regulation mediated by natural killer cells may be associated with this phenomenon.

traumatic brain injury  /  seawater  /  transcriptome  /  natural killer cell  /  tumor protein 53
谢胜强, 阿迪莱·阿卜杜热西提, 黑俊如, 宋梦文, 王翠, 程岗, 刘志强, 袁增强, 张剑宁. 海水浸泡对创伤性脑损伤小鼠转录组学图谱的影响及其机制. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (10) : 1153 -1161 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2382.2023.0326
Sheng-Qiang Xie, Adile S. Abduljesit, Jun-Ru Hei, Meng-Wen Song, Cui Wang, Gang Cheng, Zhi-Qiang Liu, Zeng-Qiang Yuan, Jian-Ning Zhang. Effects and mechanism of seawater immersion on transcriptome profiles in mice with traumatic brain injury[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (10) : 1153 -1161 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2382.2023.0326
创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)是一种急性发展并可造成中枢神经系统不可逆性损伤的全球性疾病,发病率约700/10万,并呈逐年上升趋势[1-3]。在海上作业及海战条件下,TBI伤员可能面对海水浸泡的环境。由于海水的特殊作用,如低温、高盐(3.1%~3.4%)、高pH(8.0~8.4)及高渗透压(1250~1350 mOsm/L)等,导致TBI的病理生理过程更为复杂,使其防治面临更多难题[4-7]。以往针对海水浸泡+TBI的研究显示,细胞凋亡的发生可使神经功能显著下降[8-10]。本研究以神经科学领域广泛应用的C57小鼠作为研究对象,观察海水浸泡对TBI小鼠运动协调性、耐力以及脑神经组织病理损伤的影响,并基于基因转录组图谱的变化特征探讨其潜在靶点与作用机制,为海上环境TBI的救治研究提供参考。
转棒仪(意大利Ugo Basile公司);控制性脑皮质损伤(controlled cortical impact,CCI)仪,KCl、CaCl2、NaCl、MgSO4、MgCl2、NaBr、NaHCO3(分析纯)(美国Sigma Aldrich公司);电泳仪(美国Bio-Rad公司)。
51只10周龄SPF级雄性C57BL/6J野生型小鼠,体重20~22 g,购自斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(京)2019-0010]。随机分为假手术组、TBI组和TBI+海水组,每组17只。实验动物饲养于SPF级动物实验室内鼠笼架[苏州猴皇动物实验设备科技有限公司(规格:PEI),SYXK(军):2019-0004]中。实验动物饲养单位为军事医学研究院军事认知与脑科学研究所,研究方案经军事医学研究院实验动物中心动物实验室实验动物管理与使用委员会审查批准(IACUC-DWZX-2022-566)。动物饲养和实验过程中均按照实验动物使用的3R原则给予人道关怀。
按照国家海洋局第三海洋研究所提供的海水配方,配制的海水盐浓度为3.00%~3.55%。实验所用海水的主要指标:渗透压(1250.00±11.52) mOsm/L,钾离子浓度(10.88±0.68) mmol/L,钠离子浓度(630.00±5.33) mmol/L,氯离子浓度(658.80±5.25) mmol/L。主要成分(mmol/L):NaCl 443.66,CaCl2 12.70,MgSO4 27.54,NaBr 0.81,MgCl2 25.76,KCl 9.73,NaHCO3 2.40。pH值约为 8.2。
小鼠按序号标注,完全麻醉后进行去骨瓣手术,在此过程中持续监测其体温,确保维持在37 ℃。若需要,将动物置于恒温毯上以保持体温稳定。去骨瓣手术完成后,缝合头皮切口,待生命体征平稳后,将小鼠放回其所在动物房继续饲养。
小鼠按顺序编号,完全麻醉后实施去骨瓣手术,持续监测体温并使其维持在37 ℃。使小鼠呈俯卧位,头部固定于小动物立体定向仪上,备皮后乙醇消毒,沿中线剪开1 cm头皮,分离骨膜,暴露出人字缝、冠状缝和矢状缝。于冠状缝后方2 mm、中线旁开左侧2 mm处用牙科钻开出直径5 mm的骨窗,注意勿伤及下方组织。然后转移固定至CCI仪中进行TBI损伤制备,以深度1 mm、速度3.5 m/s、滞留时间500 ms进行TBI造模。需要时置小鼠于复温毯上以保持体温恒定。缝合头皮切口,待生命体征平稳后,放回动物房继续饲养。
TBI+海水组小鼠在TBI组处置的基础上,暴露一侧大脑半球皮质,将输液器导管末端部分用剪刀剪两个侧孔,侧孔面向损伤区域脑组织,缝合皮肤切口中间部分,于脑表面形成两端开放的皮下隧道,人工海水流经隧道,使损伤区域脑组织持续浸泡30 min。余处置与TBI组相同。
每组取8只小鼠进行行为学测试。
在实验前3 d,先将转棒仪以10 r/min恒速运行,对小鼠进行训练,3次/d,每次间隔1 h,每次运行300 s。训练起始时,小鼠易掉落,将小鼠再次放回转棒仪上,直至训练结束。第3天训练时,将可在转棒仪上停留150 s左右的小鼠入组。小鼠在转棒仪上停留的时间越长,提示其耐力越强。
取一根长1 m、直径17 mm的圆柱状平衡木,将小鼠置于平衡木起始段,其后放一强光束发射器,根据小鼠喜阴暗的特点,诱导其爬行至终点暗箱;之后让其休息30 s,开始下一段训练。每天训练3次,直至小鼠可以0.2~0.3 m/s的速度自行无停顿地通过平衡木。TBI伤后1 d、3 d和7 d验收结果,记录小鼠从平衡木起始段到达终端所需的时间。耗时越短,提示小鼠运动协调能力越好。
每组取3只小鼠用于EB染色,检测损伤后12 h及24 h血脑屏障通透性的变化。于小鼠死亡前1 h尾静脉注射100 μl EB染液,处死后取脑组织,采用Image J软件分析损伤区域EB染料浸润面积。
取损伤后24 h小鼠脑组织,每组3只,通过4%组织固定液固定、蔗糖梯度脱水、石蜡包埋等步骤制备石蜡切片,然后行HE染色,于全景扫描机下进行扫描,观察小鼠脑组织病理形态学改变。
取损伤后24 h小鼠,每组3只,收集脑损伤区域组织(1 g左右),用裂解液裂解后置于匀浆机上匀浆,冰上静置15 min,待反应充分后离心,取蛋白上清液以BCA法测定各蛋白总浓度,加6×上样缓冲液,金属浴10 min变性。每条泳道上样30 μg进行SDS-PAGE电泳,转膜2 h,封闭1 h。用兔抗Bcl-2、Bax和β-actin一抗(1∶1000)4 °C孵育过夜,次日用HRP标记的二抗(1∶5000)室温孵育1 h,采用ECL化学发光法显色。显影后,对原始胶片进行扫描,通过ImageJ定量分析Bax、Bcl-2的相对表达量,取Bax/Bcl-2的比值衡量样本间的凋亡情况。
损伤后24 h,取4只TBI组小鼠和5只TBI+海水组小鼠的脑组织于液氮中保存,送至北京青莲百奥生物科技有限公司进行转录组学检测。获取结果后,通过R-package DEseq2以P<0.05和|log2变化倍数|>1为标准对其进行差异性分析。随后使用ClusterProfiler对差异基因进行基因本体(Gene Ontology,GO)和KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)富集分析,筛选出差异明显(P<0.05)的信号通路。基因集富集分析(Gene Set Enrichment Analysis,GSEA)采用Broad Institute开发的GSEA软件完成,nPerm=1000。
采用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行统计分析并制图。计量资料均符合正态分布,以$\bar{x}±s$表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),进一步两两比较采用Turkey检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
平衡木实验与转棒实验结果显示,与假手术组和TBI组比较,损伤后1、3、7 d,TBI+海水组小鼠通过平衡木的时间均明显延长(P<0.001,图1A),在转棒仪上停留的时间均明显缩短(P<0.001,图1B)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,与TBI组比较,损伤后24 h,TBI+海水组小鼠脑组织中促凋亡蛋白Bax与抑凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2表达量的比值明显升高(P<0.05,图2)。
EB染色结果显示,TBI+海水组EB渗透面积明显大于TBI组(P<0.05);两组组内比较,损伤后24 h EB渗透区域的面积均明显小于损伤后12 h(P<0.05,图3A)。
HE染色结果显示,损伤后24 h,TBI组和TBI+海水组小鼠损伤区域脑组织缺损,蛛网膜和皮质连续性破坏;与TBI组比较,TBI+海水组小鼠脑组织结构损伤明显加重,坏死面积明显增大,胞周出现大量空泡,呈弥漫性分布,伴有严重的神经元死亡缺失和反应性胶质化,神经元结构排列紊乱,血管周围间隙明显扩大(图3B)。
比较TBI组和TBI+海水组小鼠脑组织转录组学图谱的差异,得到625 个差异表达基因(312个基因上调,313个基因下调,P<0.05),其中所标注的基因参与了细胞凋亡或自身免疫调节(图4A)。基因聚类结果有明显差异(P<0.05,图4B)。GO富集结果显示,自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞免疫调节、细胞死亡及淋巴细胞免疫调节等免疫功能相关的通路显著上调,基因丝组装、微管运动调节及纤毛运动调节等与细胞增殖相关的通路显著下调(P<0.05,图5A)。KEGG富集结果显示,差异表达基因主要参与了补体与凝血级联反应、细胞因子-细胞因子受体结合和神经激活配体-受体结合等通路,且这些通路之间有着共同的基因差异表达,发生相互作用(图5B)。
采用GSEA软件(Broad Institude)进行基因组学分析显示,海水浸泡后TBI小鼠的脑神经细胞凋亡过程受p53家族调控(图6A)。对其相关基因表达量进行聚类分析,结果显示,TBI+海水组的脑神经组织p53相关基因表达明显增高(P<0.05,图6B)。
通过MsigDB数据库筛选出免疫相关的基因通路进行基因集富集分析,结果显示,NK细胞相关的免疫调节与TBI+海水组关系更密切(P<0.05,图7A)。对各组小鼠脑组织中NK细胞相关的基因表达量进行聚类分析,结果显示TBI+海水组表达水平明显高于TBI组(P<0.05,图7B)。
TBI+海水浸泡常见于海战、海上作业等特殊环境下,因海水独特的理化性质,可使TBI的病理生理过程更加复杂。海水高渗、高钾、高钠的特点可使TBI损伤区域离子通道异常开放,进而导致神经细胞水肿,释放毒性神经递质,加剧脑组织的损伤程度[6];高pH的特点可加重TBI损伤组织血管上皮的损伤,引发内皮细胞胞质晶体渗透压增高,进而诱发钙超载,激发神经系统的炎性反应,加速神经细胞的死亡进程,导致神经功能缺损。本研究结果显示,海水浸泡可明显降低TBI小鼠的运动协调能力和耐力,破坏血脑屏障的完整性和通透性,加重浸泡区域脑组织的病理损伤,而p53蛋白相关的凋亡通路与NK细胞介导的免疫调节可能参与了海水浸泡诱发的损伤过程。
海水浸泡可导致TBI的伤死率和致残率增高。既往研究显示,TBI后神经功能缺失是神经元凋亡的结果,而海水浸泡加重神经功能缺失是否是由凋亡介导尚不清楚。Bax是细胞质中的凋亡相关蛋白,可诱导线粒体膜通透性增高,释放c-fos等凋亡相关因子,促进细胞凋亡的发生;Bax可与抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2结合形成异二聚体,影响其发挥清除氧自由基、恢复线粒体膜电势等功效。Bax和Bcl-2是p53家族介导凋亡的常见标志物。本研究的平衡木试验和转棒试验结果显示,海水浸泡可明显降低TBI小鼠的运动协调能力和耐力,Western blotting检测结果也显示海水浸泡可显著增加凋亡相关蛋白Bax/Bcl-2的比值,提示海水浸泡后神经功能缺损可能是由于细胞凋亡加重所致。p53基因是一种抑癌基因,与神经元凋亡有重要关联[11]。Xu等[12]在TBI中发现,p53的表达呈时间依赖性增高,且p53的激活可诱发线粒体代谢异常,释放细胞色素C等,促进胱天蛋白酶(Caspase)的级联反应,诱导神经元发生凋亡。肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α等炎性因子与p53关系密切,Shao等[13]发现,p53家族是TNF-α作用于TBI的关键枢纽。本研究转录组学结果显示,p53介导的内源性凋亡参与了海水浸泡后的TBI,提示p53可能是海水浸泡促进TBI神经细胞凋亡的关键分子,可激活凋亡相关通路,促进受损神经元发生凋亡,进而导致机体神经功能受损。
血脑屏障是由脑微血管内皮细胞(brain micro-vascular endothelial cell,BMEC)之间的紧密连接等构成的天然免疫屏障,可阻挡外周免疫细胞的流入,维持中枢神经系统的免疫稳态[14]。NK细胞是一种天然免疫细胞,既往研究显示其主要在抗感染方面发挥作用,近年来随着对TBI研究的深入,发现其与TBI也有重要联系[15-16]。Kong 等[17]报道,人体外周循环的NK细胞数量与TBI的严重程度呈负相关;Al Nimer等[18]报道,相比于正常对照组,TBI组损伤区域脑组织NK细胞数量显著增高,提示TBI早期NK细胞可释放促炎因子,趋化同类免疫细胞穿过血脑屏障到达损伤区域,发挥炎症效应,对中枢神经系统造成损害。在本研究中,经海水浸泡后TBI小鼠血脑屏障通透性在损伤早期明显增高,导致外周免疫细胞进入中枢神经系统发挥免疫效应,破坏中枢神经系统的免疫稳态,进一步加重了损伤区域脑组织的病理损伤;脑组织的转录组中NK细胞免疫调节通路显著富集,提示海水浸泡后外周NK细胞可透过血脑屏障促进炎性效应。此外,本研究还显示,凋亡和免疫相关富集通路的基因表达产物水通道蛋白11(aquaporin 11,AQP11)上调,提示其可能是海水浸泡TBI早期脑水肿发生的关键调节因子之一。
综上所述,本研究结果显示,海水浸泡可增加TBI小鼠血脑屏障的通透性,加重损伤区域脑组织的病理损伤,导致机体神经功能下降;p53介导的内源性凋亡和NK细胞介导的神经系统免疫调节可能与之相关。海水浸泡加重TBI小鼠神经细胞损伤的关键靶点和相关机制及免疫微环境的组成尚待进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81971168)
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2023年第48卷第10期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2382.2023.0326
  • 接收时间:2022-11-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-11
  • 录用日期:2023-02-03
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(81971168)
国家自然科学基金(81971168)
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    1华南理工大学医学院,广东广州 510006
    2解放军总医院第六医学中心神经外科,北京 100048
    3解放军总医院第一医学中心神经外科医学部,北京 100853
    4军事科学院军事医学研究院军事认知与脑科学研究所,北京 100850
    5南华大学药学院,湖南衡阳 421001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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