Article(id=1199703042074439999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199703037368430831, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2542.2023.0920, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1670256000000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1689696000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-07-19, onlineDate=1763961094634, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1701100800000, pubDateStr=2023-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763961094634, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763961094634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763961094634, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199703037368430831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='11', pageStart='1237', pageEnd='1358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763961093513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763961140964, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199703236451070744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199703037368430831, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199703236451070745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199703037368430831, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1276, endPage=1286, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199703042372235595, articleId=1199703042074439999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Key issues of lung protective ventilation strategies and diaphragm protection, columnId=1199703038400234259, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Special issue, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous development and progress of medicine, the total number of general anesthetic surgery is increasing, and postoperative complications are also on the rise, especially postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) caused by perioperative lung injury. PPCs are the main cause of prolonged hospitalization, increased morbidity and mortality, poor prognosis, and increased medical burden in patients undergoing general anesthesia. With the enhancement of awareness of mechanical ventilation and the implementation of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) concept, lung-protective ventilation strategies (LPVS) are receiving more and more attention. However, the debate continues on how to apply the LPVS effectively. The recent introduction of diaphragm-protective ventilation as a novel concept has led to the realization that the application of protective ventilation strategies should limit the adverse effects of mechanical ventilation on diaphragm function within the context of lung protective ventilation. How to apply protective ventilation strategies effectively to prevent the development of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD), reduce the incidence of PPCs, improve patient prognosis, and reduce the medical burden is an important challenge in the management of mechanically ventilated patients. In this paper, we will focus on ventilation strategies of lung and diaphragm combined with the latest progress of LPVS, to elaborate the research on the application of individualized ventilation strategies and the mechanisms of VILI and VIDD occurrence. Finally, prospecting the future research direction of protective ventilation strategies.

, correspAuthors=Hua-Ping Xiao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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随着医学的不断发展与进步,全麻手术总量日益增加,术后并发症的发生也不断增多,尤其是围手术期肺损伤导致的术后肺部并发症(PPCs)。PPCs是导致全麻手术患者住院时间延长、病死率增高、预后不良及医疗负担加重的主要原因。随着对机械通气认识的加深及加速康复外科(ERAS)理念的实施,肺保护性通气策略(LPVS)越来越受到人们的重视。然而,关于如何有效应用LPVS仍存在争议。最近,膈肌保护性通气作为一个新颖的概念被提出并使人们意识到,保护性通气策略的应用应该在肺保护性通气的范围内限制机械通气对膈肌功能的不利影响。如何有效应用保护性通气策略来预防呼吸机相关性肺损伤(VILI)、呼吸机相关性膈肌功能障碍(VIDD),降低PPCs的发生率,改善患者的预后,并减轻医疗负担是机械通气患者管理中的重要挑战。本文就肺和膈肌联合保护的通气策略,结合LPVS的最新进展,对个体化通气策略的应用研究及VILI、VIDD的发生机制进行阐述,并对未来保护性通气策略的研究方向进行展望。

, correspAuthors=肖华平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
肖华平,E-mail:
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叶婷,硕士研究生,主要从事围手术期器官保护方面的研究

肖华平,医学博士,主任医师,江西省肿瘤医院麻醉科主任,硕士研究生导师,耶鲁大学医学院访问学者。兼任中国抗癌协会肿瘤麻醉与镇痛专业委员会委员,中国药理学会麻醉药理学专委会委员,江西抗癌协会肿瘤麻醉与镇痛专业委员会候任主任委员,江西省医学会日间手术学分会常委,江西省医学会麻醉学分会委员,江西省医师学会麻醉学分会委员,江西省整合医学麻醉学分会常委,江西省研究型医院麻醉学分会常委。目前主持江西省重点研发计划一般项目、江西省卫生厅课题各一项,完成江西省自然科学基金和江西省科技厅、江西省卫生厅课题各一项,先后发表论文20余篇,主编专著2部。主要研究方向为器官保护、术后患者认知功能障碍机制以及围手术期干预对肿瘤患者预后的影响。

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叶婷,硕士研究生,主要从事围手术期器官保护方面的研究

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肖华平,医学博士,主任医师,江西省肿瘤医院麻醉科主任,硕士研究生导师,耶鲁大学医学院访问学者。兼任中国抗癌协会肿瘤麻醉与镇痛专业委员会委员,中国药理学会麻醉药理学专委会委员,江西抗癌协会肿瘤麻醉与镇痛专业委员会候任主任委员,江西省医学会日间手术学分会常委,江西省医学会麻醉学分会委员,江西省医师学会麻醉学分会委员,江西省整合医学麻醉学分会常委,江西省研究型医院麻醉学分会常委。目前主持江西省重点研发计划一般项目、江西省卫生厅课题各一项,完成江西省自然科学基金和江西省科技厅、江西省卫生厅课题各一项,先后发表论文20余篇,主编专著2部。主要研究方向为器官保护、术后患者认知功能障碍机制以及围手术期干预对肿瘤患者预后的影响。

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肖华平,医学博士,主任医师,江西省肿瘤医院麻醉科主任,硕士研究生导师,耶鲁大学医学院访问学者。兼任中国抗癌协会肿瘤麻醉与镇痛专业委员会委员,中国药理学会麻醉药理学专委会委员,江西抗癌协会肿瘤麻醉与镇痛专业委员会候任主任委员,江西省医学会日间手术学分会常委,江西省医学会麻醉学分会委员,江西省医师学会麻醉学分会委员,江西省整合医学麻醉学分会常委,江西省研究型医院麻醉学分会常委。目前主持江西省重点研发计划一般项目、江西省卫生厅课题各一项,完成江西省自然科学基金和江西省科技厅、江西省卫生厅课题各一项,先后发表论文20余篇,主编专著2部。主要研究方向为器官保护、术后患者认知功能障碍机制以及围手术期干预对肿瘤患者预后的影响。

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New progresses in lung protective ventilation strategies (LPVS)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略 方法 优点 缺点
小潮气量联合PEEP 潮气量4~8 ml/PBW联合PEEP (5~10 cmH2O) 抵消单独使用小潮气量导致的肺不张,可降低肺部感染风险 能产生肺保护作用的联合小潮气量通气的PEEP较难确定
最佳PEEP
EIT滴定PEEP 通过测量呼吸时肺组织的相对阻抗变化,生成床旁局部通气分布的图像,并通过该图像来优化PEEP设置 可连续显示肺组织过度膨胀或塌陷动态影像、实时评估肺复张,提高肺顺应性 暂无强有力的数据支持EIT的应用优于其他成像技术,且价格较高,其普及存在困难
驱动压滴定PEEP 通过最大呼吸系统顺应性(最低驱动压力)来确定最佳PEEP 最佳PEEP是最低驱动压力水平的PEEP,可降低PPCs的发生率 驱动压值也会受胸壁顺应性的影响,个体化PEEP具有可变性
肺复张 在一定吸气压力(通常为40~45 cmH2O)下持续20~30 s的吸气状态 可逆转肺塌陷及肺内分流,减少肺内死腔,从而改善氧合和容量分布,提高肺顺应性 可能导致肺应变、血流动力学不稳定以及肺淋巴引流减少等不利影响
), ArticleFig(id=1199711033137922095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703042074439999, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

肺保护性通气策略(LPVS)新的进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略 方法 优点 缺点
小潮气量联合PEEP 潮气量4~8 ml/PBW联合PEEP (5~10 cmH2O) 抵消单独使用小潮气量导致的肺不张,可降低肺部感染风险 能产生肺保护作用的联合小潮气量通气的PEEP较难确定
最佳PEEP
EIT滴定PEEP 通过测量呼吸时肺组织的相对阻抗变化,生成床旁局部通气分布的图像,并通过该图像来优化PEEP设置 可连续显示肺组织过度膨胀或塌陷动态影像、实时评估肺复张,提高肺顺应性 暂无强有力的数据支持EIT的应用优于其他成像技术,且价格较高,其普及存在困难
驱动压滴定PEEP 通过最大呼吸系统顺应性(最低驱动压力)来确定最佳PEEP 最佳PEEP是最低驱动压力水平的PEEP,可降低PPCs的发生率 驱动压值也会受胸壁顺应性的影响,个体化PEEP具有可变性
肺复张 在一定吸气压力(通常为40~45 cmH2O)下持续20~30 s的吸气状态 可逆转肺塌陷及肺内分流,减少肺内死腔,从而改善氧合和容量分布,提高肺顺应性 可能导致肺应变、血流动力学不稳定以及肺淋巴引流减少等不利影响
), ArticleFig(id=1199711033238585396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703042074439999, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Lung and diaphragm protective ventilation (LDPV) strategies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略 方法 优点 缺点
监测技术 监测肺或膈肌的活动和功能,测量呼吸驱动压,评估床旁呼吸努力 监测呼吸努力,可促进人机同步,并保持适度的自主呼吸活动 目前尚未广泛实施,有待临床研究确定
比例通气模式 基于生理学的辅助通气技术,提供与患者吸气努力或膈肌电活动成比例的吸气辅助 在整个吸气周期内提供患者-呼吸机同步,降低无效努力和过度辅助的风险,促进患者脱机 需要进一步研究其在临床中的使用情况
镇静策略 利用镇静药物解决过度呼吸驱动或呼吸机不同步的情况 促进人机同步,减少呼吸努力,防止肺过度膨胀 可能发生镇静过度的情况,抑制呼吸驱动,增高无效触发的发生率,导致膈肌废用性萎缩
辅助疗法
体外CO2清除技术 通过静脉-静脉旁路体外膜肺,清除CO2 降低体内CO2分压,改善氧合,减弱呼吸驱动,并降低镇静需求 干扰了正常循环的血液分配,需要更多的研究来评估其长期疗效
部分神经肌肉阻滞 应用神经肌肉阻滞剂(NMB)来松弛平滑肌,实现更好的人机同步 控制呼吸努力的同时,维持适当水平的自主呼吸 可能增加膈肌废用性萎缩的风险并增加镇静需求
膈神经刺激 通过外科植入电极或经其他途径刺激膈神经 可预防膈肌萎缩和无力,减少肺不张,改善肺泡的气体交换和气体分布 可能发生呃逆,需要更多的研究来确定其疗效
), ArticleFig(id=1199711033339248698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703042074439999, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

肺与膈肌保护性通气(LDPV)策略

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略 方法 优点 缺点
监测技术 监测肺或膈肌的活动和功能,测量呼吸驱动压,评估床旁呼吸努力 监测呼吸努力,可促进人机同步,并保持适度的自主呼吸活动 目前尚未广泛实施,有待临床研究确定
比例通气模式 基于生理学的辅助通气技术,提供与患者吸气努力或膈肌电活动成比例的吸气辅助 在整个吸气周期内提供患者-呼吸机同步,降低无效努力和过度辅助的风险,促进患者脱机 需要进一步研究其在临床中的使用情况
镇静策略 利用镇静药物解决过度呼吸驱动或呼吸机不同步的情况 促进人机同步,减少呼吸努力,防止肺过度膨胀 可能发生镇静过度的情况,抑制呼吸驱动,增高无效触发的发生率,导致膈肌废用性萎缩
辅助疗法
体外CO2清除技术 通过静脉-静脉旁路体外膜肺,清除CO2 降低体内CO2分压,改善氧合,减弱呼吸驱动,并降低镇静需求 干扰了正常循环的血液分配,需要更多的研究来评估其长期疗效
部分神经肌肉阻滞 应用神经肌肉阻滞剂(NMB)来松弛平滑肌,实现更好的人机同步 控制呼吸努力的同时,维持适当水平的自主呼吸 可能增加膈肌废用性萎缩的风险并增加镇静需求
膈神经刺激 通过外科植入电极或经其他途径刺激膈神经 可预防膈肌萎缩和无力,减少肺不张,改善肺泡的气体交换和气体分布 可能发生呃逆,需要更多的研究来确定其疗效
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肺保护性通气策略及膈肌保护的关键问题
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叶婷 1 , 肖华平 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 专题研究 2023,48(11): 1276-1286
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解放军医学杂志 | 专题研究 2023, 48(11): 1276-1286
肺保护性通气策略及膈肌保护的关键问题
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叶婷1, 肖华平2, *
作者信息
  • 1南昌大学医学院麻醉系,江西南昌 330006
  • 2江西省肿瘤医院麻醉科,江西南昌 330029
  • 叶婷,硕士研究生,主要从事围手术期器官保护方面的研究

    肖华平,医学博士,主任医师,江西省肿瘤医院麻醉科主任,硕士研究生导师,耶鲁大学医学院访问学者。兼任中国抗癌协会肿瘤麻醉与镇痛专业委员会委员,中国药理学会麻醉药理学专委会委员,江西抗癌协会肿瘤麻醉与镇痛专业委员会候任主任委员,江西省医学会日间手术学分会常委,江西省医学会麻醉学分会委员,江西省医师学会麻醉学分会委员,江西省整合医学麻醉学分会常委,江西省研究型医院麻醉学分会常委。目前主持江西省重点研发计划一般项目、江西省卫生厅课题各一项,完成江西省自然科学基金和江西省科技厅、江西省卫生厅课题各一项,先后发表论文20余篇,主编专著2部。主要研究方向为器官保护、术后患者认知功能障碍机制以及围手术期干预对肿瘤患者预后的影响。

通讯作者:

肖华平,E-mail:
Key issues of lung protective ventilation strategies and diaphragm protection
Ting Ye1, Hua-Ping Xiao2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
  • 2Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, China
出版时间: 2023-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2542.2023.0920
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随着医学的不断发展与进步,全麻手术总量日益增加,术后并发症的发生也不断增多,尤其是围手术期肺损伤导致的术后肺部并发症(PPCs)。PPCs是导致全麻手术患者住院时间延长、病死率增高、预后不良及医疗负担加重的主要原因。随着对机械通气认识的加深及加速康复外科(ERAS)理念的实施,肺保护性通气策略(LPVS)越来越受到人们的重视。然而,关于如何有效应用LPVS仍存在争议。最近,膈肌保护性通气作为一个新颖的概念被提出并使人们意识到,保护性通气策略的应用应该在肺保护性通气的范围内限制机械通气对膈肌功能的不利影响。如何有效应用保护性通气策略来预防呼吸机相关性肺损伤(VILI)、呼吸机相关性膈肌功能障碍(VIDD),降低PPCs的发生率,改善患者的预后,并减轻医疗负担是机械通气患者管理中的重要挑战。本文就肺和膈肌联合保护的通气策略,结合LPVS的最新进展,对个体化通气策略的应用研究及VILI、VIDD的发生机制进行阐述,并对未来保护性通气策略的研究方向进行展望。

全麻  /  机械通气  /  肺部并发症  /  肺保护  /  膈肌保护

With the continuous development and progress of medicine, the total number of general anesthetic surgery is increasing, and postoperative complications are also on the rise, especially postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) caused by perioperative lung injury. PPCs are the main cause of prolonged hospitalization, increased morbidity and mortality, poor prognosis, and increased medical burden in patients undergoing general anesthesia. With the enhancement of awareness of mechanical ventilation and the implementation of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) concept, lung-protective ventilation strategies (LPVS) are receiving more and more attention. However, the debate continues on how to apply the LPVS effectively. The recent introduction of diaphragm-protective ventilation as a novel concept has led to the realization that the application of protective ventilation strategies should limit the adverse effects of mechanical ventilation on diaphragm function within the context of lung protective ventilation. How to apply protective ventilation strategies effectively to prevent the development of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD), reduce the incidence of PPCs, improve patient prognosis, and reduce the medical burden is an important challenge in the management of mechanically ventilated patients. In this paper, we will focus on ventilation strategies of lung and diaphragm combined with the latest progress of LPVS, to elaborate the research on the application of individualized ventilation strategies and the mechanisms of VILI and VIDD occurrence. Finally, prospecting the future research direction of protective ventilation strategies.

general anesthesia  /  mechanical ventilation  /  pulmonary complications  /  lung-protective  /  diaphragm-protective
叶婷, 肖华平. 肺保护性通气策略及膈肌保护的关键问题. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (11) : 1276 -1286 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2542.2023.0920
Ting Ye, Hua-Ping Xiao. Key issues of lung protective ventilation strategies and diaphragm protection[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (11) : 1276 -1286 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2542.2023.0920
统计显示,全球每年约有3亿人接受大手术[1]。在全麻手术过程中,机械通气是不可缺少的呼吸支持手段[2]。机械通气相关的术后肺部并发症(postoperative pulmonary complications,PPCs)如急性肺损伤、肺不张、肺炎和肺部感染等,是导致全麻手术患者住院时间延长、病死率增高、预后不良及医疗负担加重的主要原因[3]。有研究发现,PPCs的发生率在非心胸大手术中为2%~39%,在胸外科大手术中为14%~59%,若发生术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS),则围手术期病死率会增高近50倍[4]。呼吸机相关性肺损伤(ventilator-induced lung injury,VILI)是机械通气造成的急性肺损伤。随着人们对VILI认识的不断深入,促进了机械通气领域的历史性发展,产生了多种有效的肺保护性通气策略(lung protective ventilations,LPVS)。近年来,越来越多的研究发现,机械通气会引起膈肌损伤,这种现象被称为呼吸机相关性膈肌功能障碍(ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction,VIDD)[5-6]。近50%的通气患者在机械通气3~4 d出现明显的膈肌萎缩和膈肌收缩能力下降[7]。VIDD已被证实与ICU患者更高的脱机和拔管失败率以及更高的住院病死率相关[8]。肺保护性通气(LPV)被认为可最大限地降低呼吸机诱导的肺损伤的发生风险,然而,其是否能够减轻呼吸机诱导的膈肌功能障碍仍然未知。事实上,肺保护有时与膈肌保护背道而驰[9]。LPV的应用与改善呼吸力学、减少肺部并发症和降低病死率等临床结局相关[10]。为了实现肺保护,患者通常需要进行镇静或神经肌肉阻滞等处理,而这些处理会导致患者呼吸和膈肌收缩力处于亚生理水平。Goligher等[11]发现,LPV≥6 h可引起膈肌失用性萎缩和无力。与LPVS改善患者预后的结果一致,膈肌保护性通气策略代表了加速康复和改善预后的新机会。
气压伤(高气道压力介导的肺损伤)和容积伤(大潮气量介导的肺损伤)是两个不同但相关的概念。有研究发现,大潮气量(潮气量>10 ml/kg)通气可增加多器官衰竭的风险[12]。大潮气量和高气道压力均可导致局部肺泡过度紧张,若这种机械应力超过了肺泡单元的弹性能力和应变,则会使肺泡-毛细血管界面断裂从而促进局部炎症反应,最终导致肺泡和间质水肿[13-14]。肺应力是指肺组织单位面积上受到的压力,目前认为其等同于跨肺压。跨肺压是呼吸运动过程中扩张肺组织的真正力量。当气体流速为0(如吸气末)时,维持肺膨胀的压力即为跨肺压,因此肺容量和跨肺压本质上是相关的。应用高气道压力或大潮气量通气可能通过产生超过弹性的跨肺压(应力)而导致肺泡上皮细胞的损伤或破坏[15]。Young等[16]发现,在没有相应大潮气量的情况下,高气道压力本身不会引起VILI,因为引起肺泡破坏的关键因素是局部肺组织的过度膨胀,而非气道压力本身。
机械通气常导致肺泡单位反复塌陷和重新张开,这种张开-萎陷过程中产生的剪切力造成的损伤,称为肺不张伤。肺不张通过肺实质受压、肺泡气体再吸收和表面活性剂功能受损而发展。在ARDS中,肺表面活性物质功能障碍是导致局部肺不张的原因[17]。在肺不张期间,不均匀通气的区域肺组织中重复和快速的肺泡张开和萎陷可损伤肺泡-毛细血管屏障并使周围的细胞外基质破碎[18]。肺不张造成的损伤甚至超过了气压伤和容积伤,肺不张有许多不利的生理学后果,包括肺内分流、顺应性降低、肺血管阻力增加,以及对炎性肺损伤的易感性增加[19]。围手术期显著肺不张的形成可能是PPCs发展的重要危险因素,肺不张可导致功能残气量(functional residual capacity,FRC)减少、肺扩张的异质性增加、周期性肺过度应激和驱动压增加等[20]
生物伤是肺组织在机械通气过程中由于机械力应激而激活炎症反应,释放炎性介质,导致肺泡上皮和毛细血管损伤,随后发生的细胞凋亡和纤维增殖过程。这种肺损伤可触发广泛的生物反应,激活促炎细胞因子级联反应[21],尤其是在大潮气量通气的情况下,可导致肺泡毛细血管通透性增加,加重炎性渗出[13]。有研究显示,细菌、脂多糖和促炎介质可进入体循环,导致肺外器官损伤,最终导致多器官衰竭,从而增加死亡风险[19]。此外,肺泡-毛细血管膜在肺损伤中也起着重要作用。研究发现,在肺损伤中,糖萼可调节血浆-内皮细胞的相互作用,并在非激活状态下防止白细胞和血小板与内皮细胞的黏附,这是炎症、毛细血管渗漏和水肿形成的一个组成部分;此外,所有类型的肺损伤中都存在糖萼分解[22]
VILI是一种医源性继发性肺损伤,可增强全身炎症反应,导致一系列损害。目前尚不清楚气压伤与容积伤、肺不张伤及生物伤等发病机制之间的相互关系,但可以确定的是,肺泡扩张和机械损伤可导致肺泡通透性增加、肺泡和间质水肿、肺泡出血和透明膜形成、肺泡表面活性物质减少,最终导致肺泡塌陷。为了预防VILI,最重要的措施是选择个体化的LPVS设置,以防止肺泡过度膨胀,导致机械损伤、生物伤及肺不张。
膈肌是主要的吸气肌,机械通气导致膈肌功能障碍的最重要生理机制是由于抑制患者吸气努力而导致的废用性萎缩。VIDD是将膈肌无力与肌肉纤维萎缩、重构和损伤结合在一起的概念[23],其机制包括蛋白质合成减少、分解增加,氧化应激增加,以及线粒体功能障碍等[24]。当膈肌不活动时会触发蛋白水解途径,导致肌原纤维萎缩和线粒体功能障碍,从而导致收缩功能障碍[25-26]。膈肌萎缩也会随着膈肌不活动(被动通气)时间的推移而进展,并且萎缩的速度和幅度与呼吸努力受抑制的程度密切相关[27-28];患者自身因素也可导致膈肌功能损害,如营养不良、电解质缺乏、长时间卧床和高血糖等[29]。此外,脓毒症感染被认为是机械通气患者出现明显膈肌无力和萎缩的主要危险因素,脓毒症可导致促炎细胞因子释放、氧化应激和蛋白水解途径激活进而促进膈肌代谢紊乱和收缩功能障碍[30]
肌肉在缩短(向心负荷)时因过度负荷而收缩,这种持续的高吸气阻力负荷会导致急性膈肌损伤、炎症和虚弱,受损的膈肌则表现出肌节的破坏和肌原纤维对降解的敏感性[31]。危重患者因过度负荷而诱发膈肌损伤的风险增加,因为脓毒症和全身炎症反应可使肌细胞膜(肌膜)变得更加脆弱。当承受高吸气阻力时,发炎的肌膜发生破裂,导致肌原纤维水肿、炎症和收缩功能障碍[32]。研究发现,在机械通气过程中减轻吸气负荷可减轻肌纤维损伤和膈肌无力[33]。另有研究发现,气管插管控制通气会减轻因吸气负荷过高引起的全身炎症反应[34]
离心负荷是指肌肉在延长(离心负荷)时因过度负荷而收缩,较向心负荷更具伤害性。Schreiber等[35]发现,离心负荷可导致显著的急性膈肌损伤,因为离心收缩增加了施加在肌肉上的压力。当“离心负荷”发生在患有急性肺损伤和肺不张的患者中,为了防止呼气末肺容积的减小以及减轻肺不张的恶化,膈肌会在呼气期间收缩,这种现象被称为“呼气制动”。某些形式的人机不同步也会导致膈肌在呼吸机呼气阶段收缩。理论上容易产生这种离心负荷的人机不同步类型包括无效努力、反向触发和过早(短)循环[36]
由于膈肌是圆顶形状的平滑肌,当机械通气期间施加的呼气末压力过大时,随着呼气末正压(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP)作用于肺部且呼气末肺容积的增加,增加的PEEP和呼气末肺容积会使膈肌纤维缩短以维持每个肌节的最佳长度,此时在收缩期间致使肌肉的长度-张力关系会处于机械劣势,甚至导致肌节脱落(纵向萎缩)[37]。然而当脱机期间PEEP急剧降低时,反过来又会导致膈肌因“过度拉伸”超过其最佳长度而进一步损害膈肌的生物力学功能[38]
呼吸机的使用是一把双刃剑,当完全被动通气时由于膈肌不活动而导致膈肌萎缩;相反,呼吸机辅助不足也会导致膈肌损伤[39]。有临床研究显示,机械通气24 h后,64%的患者出现膈肌无力[40],而在脱机时,高达80%的患者存在脱机困难[31]。多项研究发现,通过在机械通气期间保持一定水平的吸气努力,可减轻膈肌萎缩。随着人们对膈肌损伤各种机制的深入了解,为设计这种膈肌保护性通气方法提供了合理的基础[11]。膈肌功能障碍被认为在开始通气后的短短几小时内即出现,膈肌功能是患者预后的关键决定因素[7],因此需要早期干预以保护膈肌。
LPVS是指在维持机体充分氧合的前提下,防止肺泡过度扩张和萎陷,改善低氧血症的同时降低VILI的发生率,从而保护和改善肺功能,减少肺部并发症,降低病死率的呼吸支持策略。传统的LPVS主要包括小潮气量、最佳PEEP、间断肺复张、低吸入氧浓度(fraction of inspiration O2,FiO2)、允许性高碳酸血症等。近年来,LPVS取得了一些进展,并被广泛应用于临床,主要包括在传统机械通气的基础上将小潮气量通气与PEEP联合应用,并在探索个体化最佳PEEP的过程中提出了一系列滴定PEEP的方法,以及肺复张的合理应用等(表1)。目前,传统的和新兴的保护性通气策略在临床应用上仍存在争议。
与传统通气相比,使用小潮气量而没有伴随PEEP和肺复张在一些情况下会导致肺不张和肺损伤加重。理论上,单独使用小潮气量会增加依赖肺区域的周期性肺泡塌陷,从而增加肺不张的风险。这种负面影响可通过同时使用PEEP来抵消。越来越多的证据表明,保护性机械通气应在小潮气量的基础上应用PEEP(5~10 cmH2O)[41]。如无一定水平的PEEP,小潮气量通气的保护性益处可能丧失,据调查显示,同时使用小潮气量和零或低PEEP会增高肺部炎症发生率及30 d病死率[16]。一项针对1019例接受单肺通气的胸外科手术患者的回顾性队列研究发现,若无足够的PEEP,小潮气量通气并不能预防PPCs[42]。单独使用低PEEP引起的术中允许性肺不张,其塌陷的肺区被认为对呼吸机引起的肺损伤具有保护作用,但对手术人群来说有害无益[43]。小潮气量通气和PEEP(5 cmH2O)的组合似乎能保护肺部免受感染,不同水平的PEEP或肺复张策略被纳入这些小潮气量通气策略中[44]。然而,除小潮气量外,很难确定什么水平的PEEP和肺复张策略具有肺保护作用。小潮气量、PEEP和肺复张策略的联合应用称为保护性肺通气策略(protective lung ventilation,PLV),可抵消单独使用小潮气量机械通气所产生的肺不张及其潜在的有害影响,但纳入小潮气量通气的最佳PEEP水平和肺复张策略仍不清楚。
近年来,随着围手术期精准医学的发展,个性化的最佳PEEP逐渐引起临床麻醉医师的关注。低水平的PEEP不足以维持肺泡开放状态,导致肺泡萎陷、肺不张,而高水平的PEEP又会导致气道压增高,肺组织过度膨胀,血流动力学不稳定,加重肺损伤。因此必须在PEEP诱导的肺泡复张与过度膨胀之间找到平衡方案[45]
PEEP是LPVS的重要组成部分,其主要通过增加FRC、防止肺泡塌陷从而减少肺内分流,改善通气血流比值,进而改善动脉氧合。然而,由于个体特征(如胸壁尺寸和形状、腹部内容物、肺重量和胸膜压)不同导致PEEP需求存在很大差异,固定的PEEP可能并不适合所有患者[46-47]。一项涉及欧洲、美洲30个中心的RCT研究将900例全身麻醉下接受开腹手术且有中等或更高PPCs风险的患者随机分为PEEP(12 cmH2O)结合肺复张组与PEEP(≤2 cmH2O)不结合肺复张组,两组潮气量均为8 ml/kg,主要结局为术后5 d肺部并发症,结果显示,12 cmH2O的高PEEP较≤2 cmH2O的低PEEP没有益处,且其危害包括血流动力学不稳定和增加补液需求[48]。另有研究发现,与固定5 cmH2O PEEP相比,个性化PEEP能更好地维持术中氧合,改善单肺通气时的呼吸力学参数,减少PPCs[49]。“最佳PEEP”是能达到最佳气体交换和最小循环影响的PEEP,其以维持适当呼气末肺容积的同时避免肺过度膨胀为目标。目前滴定最佳PEEP的方法中,电阻抗断层成像(electrical impedance tomography,EIT)滴定PEEP和驱动压滴定PEEP受到较多关注。
EIT是一种非侵入性的功能成像技术,可分层次识别肺组织不同区域的肺不张和过度通气[50]。通过测量呼吸时肺组织的相对阻抗变化,可生成床旁局部通气分布图像[EIT图像被细分为4个不重叠的腹侧到背侧导向层,定义为感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI),分别命名为胸侧、近胸侧、近背侧、背侧ROI],并通过该图像来优化LPV和PEEP设置。与传统CT和超声相比,EIT具有显示区域肺组织过度膨胀或塌陷、连续显示动态影像以及实时评估肺复张等优点。EIT指导的PEEP滴定,即在递增或递减PEEP的过程中结合EIT监测参数确定最佳PEEP[51]。EIT的参数有多种,因此使用EIT滴定PEEP的方法也有多种。有研究横向比较了不同EIT参数滴定的PEEP与呼吸系统顺应性(compliance of the respiratory system,CRS)滴定的PEEP,结果显示,在床边短暂递减PEEP试验中,由个体最大CRS确定的“最佳”PEEP低于通过EIT参数确定的最佳PEEP[52-53]。与CRS方法相比,大部分EIT衍生参数更能够改善患者氧合,提高肺顺应性。然而,临床上应结合患者个体化状态,并根据EIT图像及衍生参数进行调整,来优化PEEP设置。
PEEP水平的变化还应考虑驱动压的影响,最佳PEEP是导致最大CRS(最低驱动压力)的PEEP[54-55]。与潮气量和PEEP相比,驱动压被认为与ARDS患者的生存率的关系更密切。Amato等[56]发现,潮气量、PEEP或平台压的个体变化与生存率无关,只有当它们是导致驱动压降低的变化之一时,才与生存率相关。一项纳入17项随机对照试验的Meta分析显示,在接受手术的患者中,术中高驱动压和导致驱动压升高的PEEP水平变化与更多的PPCs相关,且驱动压每增加1 cmH2O,PPCs的发生率增高1.16倍[57]。另一项前瞻性研究发现,当驱动压高于10 cmH2O时,ARDS患者的病死率明显增高[58]
近年来,以最低驱动压力为指导进行个性化PEEP滴定是一种相对新颖的优化PEEP的策略。目前,对于驱动压滴定个体化最佳PEEP从而达到改善氧合、减少术后PPCs的作用尚未明确。一项正在进行的国际性、多中心、双盲随机对照试验纳入1468例计划进行开腹手术且有PPCs风险的患者,比较了驱动压滴定的个体化PEEP联合肺复张的通气策略与固定5 cmH2O PEEP不联合肺复张的通气策略,其中个体化PEEP组中的PEEP设定为驱动压最低水平。该试验结果为在开腹手术中设置个体化PEEP提供了指导依据[59]。另一项大型双盲、随机、对照研究发现,即使接受相同的潮气量和肺复张操作,但个体化的PEEP会在单肺通气期间产生最低的驱动压(平台压-PEEP)[54]。最低驱动压力下的通气是根据患者的“肺功能大小”进行通气,同时避免过度扩张或扩张不足。该研究证实了在单肺通气期间以驱动压为指导的通气可减少PPCs。Ferrando等[60]也发现,与标准的肺保护性机械通气相比,个体化高PEEP和肺复张并未减少术后并发症,然而,个体化的PEEP策略确实降低了PPCs的发生率。
以上研究均证实了驱动压力指导个体化PEEP滴定相较固定PEEP的优势。值得注意的是,驱动压的值也会受胸壁顺应性的影响,高驱动压可能与低胸壁顺应性有关,而不是与肺过度劳损有关。然而,个体化PEEP的可变性在0~87%,持续的PEEP即使在手术开始时个体化地优化呼吸系统力学,也不足以在整个手术的动态条件下保持这种优化。因此,仍需根据手术进展进一步优化PEEP的设置。
肺复张操作被认为是LPVS的一个组成部分,通常定义为在一定吸气压力(通常为40~45 cmH2O)下持续20~30 s的吸气状态,一直用于逆转麻醉诱导后的肺不张,可暂时增加气道压力以逆转肺塌陷及分流,减少肺内死腔,从而改善氧合和容量分布,提高肺顺应性。围手术期肺复张的方法主要包括手法肺复张和呼吸机驱动的肺复张。手法肺复张是通过打开麻醉机上的可调节限压阀(APL阀)设置所需的充气压力,挤压储气囊进行肺充气。然而,当通气模式切换回呼吸机回路进行机械通气时,会导致正压短暂丧失,从而导致肺泡再次塌陷。因此,虽然手法肺复张简单易行,但目前多推荐呼吸机驱动的肺复张。根据2019年国际专家小组的共识建议,呼吸机驱动的肺复张可分为3种类型:肺活量法、压力控制法及容量控制法[16]
肺复张操作通常被认为是有益的,应用肺泡复张操作可减少PPCs,改善患者预后。一篇包含6项RCT研究的系统综述显示,进行肺泡复张的受试者术中血氧分压(partial pressure of oxygen,PaO2)、肺顺应性以及氧合指数(oxygenation index,OI)更高,与对照组相比,所有类型的肺泡复张手法在术中均有益处[61]。肺泡复张操作应在全麻诱导后进行,并尽可能在血氧饱和度下降的情况下常规维持。在腹腔镜手术中,与未使用PEEP或单独使用PEEP相比,肺复张操作已被证实可增加呼气末肺容积,提高肺顺应性;在腹部手术、胸部单肺通气(one-lung ventilation,OLV)手术、体外循环手术和需要采取Trendelenberg体位的手术中,肺复张操作可改善术中氧合[62-63]。但这些益处是短期的,因为肺不张被认为在40 min内复发[19]
当仅作为常规通气的辅助手段时,肺复张策略可能不会带来益处,甚至可能有害。一项针对接受手术的肥胖患者的研究显示,与较低水平PEEP的策略相比,滴定PEEP联合肺复张的术中机械通气策略并未减少PPCs[64]。在术中,随机分配到滴定(高水平)PEEP组的患者低血压更常见,而随机分配到低水平PEEP组的患者低氧血症更常见。使用滴定PEEP联合肺泡复张操作可防止肺不张的发展,降低驱动压力并最大限度地减少肺单元的重复打开和塌陷,减少肺部并发症,然而可能产生增加肺应变、血流动力学不稳定以及肺淋巴引流减少等不利影响,并且由于肺毛细血管的静水压力增加可能导致胸腔积液发生率增高。另一项纳入1010例患者的多中心随机对照试验发现,与低PEEP相比,滴定PEEP联合肺复张的策略增高了中至重度ARDS患者的28 d全因死亡率[65]。该研究结果不支持在中至重度ARDS患者中常规使用肺复张操作和PEEP滴定。由于肺复张操作证据混杂,专家建议在肺复张之前和肺复张期间持续监测血流动力学和SpO2,确保足够的血流动力学稳定性[16]
LDPV策略已被提议作为一种新型保护性通气的方法,旨在同时解决呼吸机引起的肺损伤和膈肌功能障碍的风险。该策略通过保持合适的呼吸努力、滴定呼吸驱动来维持或恢复机械通气期间的膈肌活动;保证足够的膈肌活动以避免出现膈肌萎缩;防止负荷过大引起膈肌损伤和肥大;此外还提供安全的肺扩张压力以最大限度地减少人机不同步[66]。与静息呼吸相似的呼吸努力水平可能是肺和膈肌保护的最佳选择(呼吸肌压力为5~10 cmH2O)[67]。有研究显示,基于呼吸努力[由跨膈压(transdiaphragmatic pressure,Pdi)引导]的吸气支持滴定显著增加了患者在预定义的“膈肌保护”范围内进行膈肌做功的时间,但不会影响潮气量和跨肺压[68]。Pdi是膈肌收缩期间胸腔与腹腔之间产生的压力梯度,是衡量膈肌功能的指标[69]。LDPV策略(表2)为改善危重患者的临床结局提供了一个新的机会,但在保护肺的同时保护膈肌无疑是一项具有挑战性和紧迫性的工作[8]
在机械通气期间监测呼吸努力已成为LDPV策略中的重要元素[70]。为了实现人机同步和最佳呼吸努力,并在辅助通气期间保持适度的自主呼吸活动,需要直接监测膈肌活动和功能。目前已有多种监测技术应用于临床,包括膈肌电活动(electrical activity of the diaphragm,EAdi)监测、膈超声、平台压力测量、气道阻塞压力、呼气末气道阻塞、食道球囊测压和EIT等[71]。使用食管球囊测压估计胸腔压力似乎是量化肺压力和呼吸努力的首选技术,但该技术对患者结局的潜在影响仍有待临床研究进一步明确[31]。电阻抗断层扫描是一种很有前途的监测技术,可实现由自主呼吸努力引起通气分布的可视化[72]。气道闭合压(airway occlusion pressure,P0.1)和全呼吸闭塞时的气道压力摆动(airway pressure swing during a whole breath occlusion,ΔPocc)是评估床旁呼吸努力的有效方法[73]。P0.1定义为气道阻塞0.1 s时气道压力的负偏转,提供了呼吸驱动的测量数值[74]。Lindqvist等[37]建议使用<1.0 cmH2O和>3.5 cmH2O的阈值压力分别检测呼吸努力不足或过度。ΔPocc是在整个呼吸过程中气道被阻塞时呼吸肌产生的气道压力波动,可估计呼吸肌压力(Pmus)和吸气跨肺压力波动(ΔPL),建议目标动态跨肺驱动压应<15 cmH2O以保护肺[75]。这些监测技术各有优缺点,目前尚未广泛实施。目前研究正在积极探讨每一项监测技术的目标值,力求从肺和膈肌保护的角度促进“安全”自主呼吸努力。Goligher等[31]建议常规监测潮气量、吸气平台压和气道驱动压以限制肺损伤。
肺和膈肌保护通气的目的是减少肺部应力,同时限制膈肌萎缩和损伤。为了实现这些目标,可以调整患者的呼吸努力、减小动态肺压力,并纠正人机不同步。比例通气模式为膈肌保护性通气提供了依据。有研究表明,比例通气模式可促进患者脱机[76]。在临床中,人机不同步和呼吸机过度辅助较常见,人机不同步可能分别通过增加动态肺应力和有害的膈肌收缩而导致肺和膈肌损伤,并且在传统模式[如压力支持通气模式(pressure support ventilation,PSV)]中经常被忽视。比例通气模式可提供与患者吸气努力呈正比的吸气辅助,因此直接响应通气需求的变化,可减少人机不同步,防止呼吸机过度辅助、膈肌废用性萎缩,较PSV更具生理性[77]
目前有两种比例通气模式[神经调节通气辅助(neurally adjusted ventilatory assist,NAVA)和具有负载可调增益因子的比例辅助通气(proportional assist ventilation,PAV+)]较常见。EAdi是呼吸驱动最精确的替代指标[78]。而NAVA提供与EAdi成比例的吸气辅助,可反映中枢呼吸驱动[79]。多项研究显示,NAVA可改善患者-呼吸机的相互作用,特别是降低无效努力和过度辅助的风险;PAV+则提供与患者吸气努力或肌肉压力(Pmus)产生的瞬时流量和体积成比例的辅助[80]。比例通气模式在整个吸气周期内可提供患者-呼吸机同步,改善患者与呼吸机之间的匹配性,为LDPV提供了可能性[81]。当然,减少人机不同步的方法还有使用神经肌肉阻滞剂(neuromuscular blocking agent,NMBA)避免反向触发或者降低通气辅助力度避免无效努力等[82]
部分患者中,PEEP可能具有重要的保护作用。应用较高的PEEP可通过激活肺不张依赖区域来减少整体和局部循环肺顺应性而降低肺和膈肌损伤的风险,减弱吸气努力并缓解呼气制动[83]。然而,不同患者对不同PEEP的反应差异显著[84]。较高的PEEP会通过增加呼气末肺容积,迫使膈肌以更短的长度运行,从而损害膈肌神经肌肉耦合,导致“纵向萎缩”。个体化的PEEP滴定是实现LDPV策略所必需的[70]
镇静是LDPV策略的关键组成部分,可改善患者-呼吸机的同步性,减少呼吸努力,防止肺过度膨胀[84]。然而镇静过度则会抑制呼吸驱动,增高无效触发的发生率,导致膈肌废用性萎缩[85]。因此,Demoule等[86]建议在实施镇静以解决过度呼吸驱动或呼吸机不同步问题之前,应调整呼吸机设置并解决其他增加呼吸驱动的因素,仅依靠镇静来增强患者与呼吸机的相互作用而不解决这些问题可能会加剧不同步、延长机械通气时间,并加重膈肌功能障碍。
异丙酚和苯二氮䓬类药物是已知的会引起呼吸抑制的γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyrate,GABA)激动剂,可降低呼吸用力的幅度[87],但苯二氮䓬类药物会增加谵妄的风险并延长机械通气时间[88]。右美托咪定是一种选择性α2受体激动剂,可在不降低呼吸驱动的情况下发挥镇静、抗焦虑和镇痛作用,且不会引发谵妄[89-90]。这一特性使其成为一种潜在的药物选择。
然而,镇静评分与呼吸驱动和呼吸努力的相关性较差,且对人机不同步的存在不敏感[91],因此需要进一步的研究来建立最佳的镇静策略,并根据呼吸努力的强度来滴定镇静,同时密切监测患者-呼吸机相互作用。
ECCO2R已被提议作为另一种通过降低通气需求来减少自主呼吸驱动的策略[92]。体外CO2清除可降低通气需求,从而减弱呼吸驱动,在促进安全自主呼吸方面发挥重要作用,同时减少了增加镇静以控制呼吸努力的需要[93]。有研究表明,接受静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合(veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,VV-ECMO)与实现LDPV的目标相关[94]。在临床实践中利用ECCO2R可将呼吸努力和跨肺驱动压维持在安全范围内,但需要更多的研究来评估其长期疗效。
重症患者可能需要重度镇静来控制呼吸努力,而镇静会显著影响呼吸努力和呼吸模式(如丙泊酚可抑制吸气肌的努力并导致快速的浅呼吸模式,阿片类药物可导致呼吸缓慢等),并可能改变通气对呼吸努力的影响[95]。适当水平的自主呼吸可保护膈肌免受损伤,因而临床中常减少镇静需求并促进膈肌活动。完全的神经肌肉阻滞可能增加膈肌废用性萎缩的风险并增加镇静需求,pNMBA是重度镇静和剧烈呼吸努力之间的一种折衷方案[96]。Doorduin等[97]发现,对于接受镇静的肺损伤患者,pNMBA有助于在部分通气支持期间进行肺保护性通气,同时维持膈肌活动。Dianti等[84]亦发现,对难治性过度呼吸努力的患者给予pNMBA可有效实现肺和膈肌保护的目标。
由于小潮气量通气,ARDS患者具有较高的炎症负荷、较高的代谢率和高碳酸血症,这些因素均可能增加呼吸驱动,导致人机不同步的风险增加,NMBA可通过松弛平滑肌来实现更好的人机同步。有研究发现,中至重度ARDS患者应用NMBA可改善氧合,减轻全身炎症反应[98-99]。一项多中心、双盲研究显示,早期使用NMBA可改善重度ARDS患者的预后[100];另一项纳入1006例中至重度ARDS患者的随机对照试验显示,持续神经肌肉阻滞组与轻度镇静组的病死率无明显差异。因此,对于接受机械通气的ARDS患者早期持续神经肌肉阻滞的益处仍不清楚[101]
PNS对实现LDPV具有潜在作用。有动物研究发现,机械通气期间的PNS可减轻VIDD,表明PNS可能实现保护肺和膈肌这两个通常相互冲突的目标[102]。滴定PNS将膈肌活动维持在肺保护的目标内,可能是急性呼吸衰竭患者机械通气的最佳策略[96]。通过PNS诱导膈肌收缩可能减缓机械通气时的膈肌萎缩速度,还可能增加膈肌厚度,维持膈肌收缩强度。将PNS与机械通气结合,可恢复更符合生理情况的潮气量分布,并减少呼气末肺容积的损失。与单独机械通气相比,PNS联合机械通气可提高OI,降低肺不张的发生率,减轻肺泡不均匀性[103]。PNS为同时保护膈肌和肺的通气策略提供了一种潜在的解决方案。
急性呼吸衰竭导致患者依赖呼吸机,有害的机械通气会削弱呼吸肌,从而使呼吸机依赖持续存在,未来需要尽一切努力将机械通气的不利影响降到最低。然而实现LDPV目标具有重大挑战性。对于ARDS患者,肺保护仍然是首要任务[104]。当膈肌保护与肺保护之间发生冲突时,肺保护必须优先于膈肌保护。LDPV是否可在临床环境中有效实施,其能否改善危重患者的预后,尚待证实。未来的研究应侧重于:(1)寻找新的通气方法,综合保护肺和膈肌。另外,仍需要更多的研究确定比例通气模式在LDPV中的作用。(2)进一步评估ECCO2R、pNMBA及PNS等辅助策略的益处。(3)寻找减轻氧化应激和线粒体功能障碍的药物,进而减轻肺和膈肌的损伤。(4)联合基于生理的临床决策支持系统(clinical decision support system,CDSS)优化呼吸机设置,以实现个体化患者安全、预测各种保护性通气策略的效果及监测患者的整体生理状态。
正如医学发展的趋势一样,机械通气的应用也将趋于个体化。临床上,由于机械通气使用不当造成的肺损伤和膈肌损伤严重影响了患者的预后,显著增加了患者家庭甚至是社会的医疗负担。因此,在机械通气过程中,应当充分评估患者的肺部情况,选择个体化、可控的通气策略,并动态监测呼吸功能指标和血流动力学指标,根据不同情况进行参数调整。当然,VILI和VIDD的发生是多种机制共同作用的结果,只考虑单一的机械通气策略往往难以获益。在“加速康复外科”的大环境下,联合考虑肺和膈肌的保护性通气策略应该综合各项因素,在维持机体充分氧合的前提下,防止肺泡过度膨胀和萎陷,减少PPCs的发生;同时优化呼吸努力,监测呼吸动力,防止膈肌萎缩和损伤,从而达到改善患者预后的目的。该通气策略的合理应用可为改善危重患者的临床结局提供新的机会,是未来临床医学发展的需要,但仍需一系列研究来探索其可行性、安全性和获益。
  • 江西省重点研发计划项目(S2020ZPYFB1754)
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2023年第48卷第11期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2542.2023.0920
  • 接收时间:2022-12-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-06
  • 录用日期:2023-07-19
基金
Key Research and Development Plan Projects of Jiangxi Province(S2020ZPYFB1754)
江西省重点研发计划项目(S2020ZPYFB1754)
作者信息
    1南昌大学医学院麻醉系,江西南昌 330006
    2江西省肿瘤医院麻醉科,江西南昌 330029

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肖华平,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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