Article(id=1199703041072001329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199703037368430831, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2484.2023.0804, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1669737600000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1678204800000, acceptedDateStr=2023-03-08, onlineDate=1763961094396, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1701100800000, pubDateStr=2023-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763961094396, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763961094396, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763961094396, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199703037368430831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='11', pageStart='1237', pageEnd='1358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763961093513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763961140964, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199703236451070744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199703037368430831, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199703236451070745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199703037368430831, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1314, endPage=1320, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199703042024108347, articleId=1199703041072001329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Expression of high-mobility group B1 released by exosome in nonalcoholic fatty liver disorder and regulated by TLR4 signal, columnId=1190310110212751762, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the release of enterogenic and hepatogenic high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) through exosomes and its regulatory pathway. Methods We used wild-type (WT) and ASC-/- mice for this study. We randomly selected five mice per group from each strain and fed them either a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for eight weeks. The control group consisted of WT mice fed with the normal diet; the HFD group were WT mice with the HFD; the microflora disturbance (MD) group were ASC-/- mice fed with the normal diet; the high-lipid microflora disturbance (HLMD) group were ASC-/- mice with HFD. We used confocal microscopy to detect the co-localization of liver and intestinal exosome markers with HMGB1. We then measured the expression level of HMGB1 content in exosomes by Western blotting and PCR. The AML12 cells were treated with palmitic acid (PA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h to build an in vitro model. We also detected HMGB1/CD63 levels using Western blotting. To understand the regulatory mechanism of exosome release, we employed siRNA intervention. Results The secretion of exosomes increased significantly in HFD group compared with control group [(3.5±0.2) ng/ml vs. (1.1±0.3) ng/ml, P<0.05], HLMD group compared with those in MD group [(3.2±0.2) ng/ml vs. (1.9±0.4) ng/ml, P<0.05]. Using immunofluorescence detection, we observed increased co-localization of exosome markers (ALP or VPS16) with HMGB1 in HFD group compared with control group. We also observed this in AML12 cells treated with PA and LPS compared with blank control. The PCR data showed that HMGB1 in hepatocyte exosomes was higher in HFD group compared with control group (41.5±10.2 vs. 1.3±0.3, P<0.05), HLMD group was significantly higher than that in MD group (48.6±7.2 vs. 1.5±0.5, P<0.05). TLR4 expression was higher in HFD group compared with control group (13.8±6.2 vs. 2.8±0.9, P<0.05), HLMD group compared with MD group (22.6±4.1 vs. 2.5±1.5, P<0.05). In intestinal mucosal cells, the co-location of HMGB1 and exosome marker CD63 was significantly higher in HFD group compared with control group (0.6±0.2 vs. 0.4±0.1, P<0.05), and HLMD group compared with MD group (0.9±0.2 vs. 0.5±0.1, P<0.05). In vitro, the HMGB1 of exosomes was increased in endotoxin group (5.1±0.8) and high lipid endotoxin group (5.5±0.7) compared with control group (3.8±0.6, P<0.05). On the other hand, the HMGB1 of exosomes in the cell siRNA intervention group was not increased compared with control group (3.7±0.6 vs. 3.8±0.6, P>0.05). Conclusion HMGB1 is released by exosomes in hepatocytes and intestinal cells, and regulated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) under a high-fat diet and intestinal flora disorder, which may be one of the contributing factors in promoting the development of steatohepatitis.

, correspAuthors=Shui-Xiang He, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探讨非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)小鼠中肠源性及肝源性高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)经外泌体的释放情况及其调控途径。方法 15只雄性8周龄野生型C57BL/6J小鼠及10只合并肠道菌群紊乱的NAFLD小鼠(ASC-/-)模型。10只野生型小鼠喂食正常饲料(ND)为正常对照组、喂养高脂饮食(HFD)为高脂饮食组,每组5只,另外5只用于了解造模情况。10只ASC-/-小鼠分别喂养ND(菌群紊乱组)及HFD(高脂菌群紊乱组),每组5只。共喂养8周。采用共聚焦显微镜检测肝脏及肠黏膜外泌体标志物与HMGB1共定位情况;采用Western blotting及PCR等方法检测外泌体中HMGB1含量。通过棕榈酸(PA)及脂多糖(LPS)处理AML12细胞24 h构建体外模型,采用Western blotting检测HMGB1/CD63水平,并通过siRNA干预探讨经外泌体释放的调控机制。结果 高脂饮食组的外泌体分泌较正常对照组增多[(3.5±0.2) ng/ml vs. (1.1±0.3) ng/ml,P<0.05],高脂菌群紊乱组的外泌体亦高于菌群紊乱组[(3.2±0.2)ng/ml vs. (1.9±0.4) ng/ml,P<0.05]。免疫荧光检测结果显示,体内实验高脂饮食组与正常对照组比较,体外实验高脂内毒素组与空白对照组比较,外泌体标记物(ALP或VPS16)与HMGB1的共定位增加。PCR检测发现,高脂饮食组肝细胞外泌体中的HMGB1较正常对照组升高(41.5±10.2 vs. 1.3±0.3,P<0.05),高脂菌群紊乱组较菌群紊乱组升高(48.6±7.2 vs. 1.5±0.5,P<0.05);高脂饮食组TLR4较正常对照组升高(13.8±6.2 vs. 2.8±0.9,P<0.05),高脂菌群紊乱组较菌群紊乱组升高(22.6±4.1 vs. 2.5±1.5,P<0.05)。在肠黏膜细胞中,高脂饮食组较正常对照组(0.6±0.2 vs. 0.4±0.1,P<0.05)及高脂菌群紊乱组较菌群紊乱组(0.9±0.2 vs. 0.5±0.1,P<0.05)中HMGB1与外泌体标记物(CD63)共显影增加。在体外实验中,内毒素组、高脂内毒素组外泌体的HMGB1(5.1±0.8,5.5±0.7)均较空白对照组(3.8±0.6)增加(P<0.05),而siRNA干预组与空白对照组比较无明显差异(3.7±0.6 vs. 3.8±0.6,P>0.05)。结论 在高脂饮食及肠道菌群紊乱环境下,HMGB1在肝细胞及肠细胞中经外泌体释放,并受TLR4调控,可能是促进脂肪性肝炎发展的因素之一。

, correspAuthors=和水祥, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
和水祥,E-mail:
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孙焕焕,医学博士,助理研究员,主要从事非酒精性脂肪性肝病等的基础及临床研究

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孙焕焕,医学博士,助理研究员,主要从事非酒精性脂肪性肝病等的基础及临床研究

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Redox Biol, 2017, 13: 8-19., articleTitle=HMGB1-RAGE pathway drives peroxynitrite signaling-induced IBD-like inflammation in murine nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199711038468882650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=893617, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Zhang BB, Zhao JN, Jiang MJ, journalName=Front Immunol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang BB, Zhao JN, Jiang MJ, et al. The potential role of gut microbial-derived exosomes in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: implications for treatment[J]. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 893617., articleTitle=The potential role of gut microbial-derived exosomes in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: implications for treatment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199711038573740253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=23, pageStart=11938, pageEnd=11955, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Chen P, Chen FC, Lei JX, journalName=Food Funct, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen P, Chen FC, Lei JX, et al. Gut microbial metabolite urolithin B attenuates intestinal immunity function in vivo in aging mice and in vitro in HT29 cells by regulating oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling[J]. Food Funct, 2021, 12(23): 11938-11955., articleTitle=Gut microbial metabolite urolithin B attenuates intestinal immunity function in vivo in aging mice and in vitro in HT29 cells by regulating oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199711038762483939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=4, issue=1, pageStart=92, pageEnd=108, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Gaskell H, Ge XD, Desert R, journalName=Hepatol Commun, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gaskell H, Ge XD, Desert R, et al. Ablation of Hmgb1 in intestinal epithelial cells causes intestinal lipid accumulation and reduces NASH in mice[J]. Hepatol Commun, 2020, 4(1): 92-108., articleTitle=Ablation of Hmgb1 in intestinal epithelial cells causes intestinal lipid accumulation and reduces NASH in mice, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1199711034454933606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, awardId=2019SF-171, language=EN, fundingSource=Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2019SF-171), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1199711034555596908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, awardId=2019SF-171, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划(2019SF-171), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1199711034681426032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, awardId=2018SF-051, language=EN, fundingSource=Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2018SF-051), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1199711034790477941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, awardId=2018SF-051, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划(2018SF-051), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1199711028461273989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199711028469662598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, companyId=1199711028461273989, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199711028482245511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, companyId=1199711028461273989, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院消化内科,陕西西安 710061)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1199711033158893618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes in liver steatosis, inflammation, HMGB1 and serum exosomes in high-fat diet mice, figureFileSmall=Es/PifugDsEfl/KGcllJyQ==, figureFileBig=YHzPIN+XuVx2GrfnDLVriQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199711033255362614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, language=CN, label=图1, caption=高脂饮食小鼠肝脏脂肪变、炎症、HMGB1及血清外泌体数量变化

A. 高脂饮食野生型小鼠病理学检验结果(HE ×40)及NAFLD活动指数;B. 免疫组织化学染色观察肝细胞IL-1β及HMGB1的核外表达(×40);C.正常饲料与高脂饲料组小鼠外泌体数量比较(n=5);*P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=Es/PifugDsEfl/KGcllJyQ==, figureFileBig=YHzPIN+XuVx2GrfnDLVriQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199711033368608829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Immunofluorescence detection of co-localization of HMGB1/ALP and HMGB1/VPS 16 in liver cells, figureFileSmall=VORrSRWpm1LRv/VehB/ACw==, figureFileBig=zn9yryZtUVp63MEq2LU2Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199711033494437954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, language=CN, label=图2, caption=免疫荧光检测HMGB1/ALP及HMGB1/VPS 16在肝细胞中的共定位

HMGB1. 高迁移率族蛋白B1;ALP. 碱性磷酸酶;VPS. 空泡分选相关蛋白;OL. 共定位;A. 共聚焦显微镜检测高脂饮食组与正常对照组小鼠肝脏细胞中HMGB1与外泌体标记物(ALP或VPS16)的共定位情况;B. 经高脂处理后肝脏细胞胞质中HMGB1及外泌体标记物(ALP或VPS16)共定位情况

, figureFileSmall=VORrSRWpm1LRv/VehB/ACw==, figureFileBig=zn9yryZtUVp63MEq2LU2Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199711033578324036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The expression levels of HMGB1 and TLR4 genes in liver cells detected by PCR, figureFileSmall=f7QWZqtWkfssSC4ynnLc1w==, figureFileBig=5TEIQWdMk8bkS1HeYKebEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199711033779650633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PCR检测肝细胞外泌体HMGB1TLR4 mRNA表达水平

A. HMGB1 mRNA水平(n=5);B. TLR4 mRNA水平(n=5);*P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=f7QWZqtWkfssSC4ynnLc1w==, figureFileBig=5TEIQWdMk8bkS1HeYKebEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199711033871925326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Immunofluorescence detection of co-localization of HMGB1 and CD63 in mouse intestinal mucosal cells, figureFileSmall=E3bD7LOBTEulJLj/onVM4g==, figureFileBig=I3xDEoaZEbpytHpzGwLCAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199711033993560146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041072001329, language=CN, label=图4, caption=免疫荧光检测小鼠肠黏膜细胞中HMGB1及CD63的共定位情况

A. 免疫荧光检测肠黏膜细胞外泌体的标志物CD63与HMGB1的共定位情况;B. 各组小鼠CD63/HMGB1比值的皮尔森相关系数比较(n=5);*P<0.05

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经外泌体释放的高迁移率族蛋白B1在菌群紊乱非酒精性脂肪性肝病小鼠中的表达及Toll样受体4信号的调控作用
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孙焕焕 , 李培杰 , 冯云 , 刘梦莹 , 师文 , 马富权 , 和水祥 *
解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023,48(11): 1314-1320
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解放军医学杂志 | 基础研究 2023, 48(11): 1314-1320
经外泌体释放的高迁移率族蛋白B1在菌群紊乱非酒精性脂肪性肝病小鼠中的表达及Toll样受体4信号的调控作用
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孙焕焕, 李培杰, 冯云, 刘梦莹, 师文, 马富权, 和水祥*
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院消化内科,陕西西安 710061
  • 孙焕焕,医学博士,助理研究员,主要从事非酒精性脂肪性肝病等的基础及临床研究

通讯作者:

和水祥,E-mail:
Expression of high-mobility group B1 released by exosome in nonalcoholic fatty liver disorder and regulated by TLR4 signal
Huan-Huan Sun, Pei-Jie Li, Yun Feng, Meng-Ying Liu, Wen Shi, Fu-Quan Ma, Shui-Xiang He*
Affiliations
  • Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
出版时间: 2023-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2484.2023.0804
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目的 探讨非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)小鼠中肠源性及肝源性高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)经外泌体的释放情况及其调控途径。方法 15只雄性8周龄野生型C57BL/6J小鼠及10只合并肠道菌群紊乱的NAFLD小鼠(ASC-/-)模型。10只野生型小鼠喂食正常饲料(ND)为正常对照组、喂养高脂饮食(HFD)为高脂饮食组,每组5只,另外5只用于了解造模情况。10只ASC-/-小鼠分别喂养ND(菌群紊乱组)及HFD(高脂菌群紊乱组),每组5只。共喂养8周。采用共聚焦显微镜检测肝脏及肠黏膜外泌体标志物与HMGB1共定位情况;采用Western blotting及PCR等方法检测外泌体中HMGB1含量。通过棕榈酸(PA)及脂多糖(LPS)处理AML12细胞24 h构建体外模型,采用Western blotting检测HMGB1/CD63水平,并通过siRNA干预探讨经外泌体释放的调控机制。结果 高脂饮食组的外泌体分泌较正常对照组增多[(3.5±0.2) ng/ml vs. (1.1±0.3) ng/ml,P<0.05],高脂菌群紊乱组的外泌体亦高于菌群紊乱组[(3.2±0.2)ng/ml vs. (1.9±0.4) ng/ml,P<0.05]。免疫荧光检测结果显示,体内实验高脂饮食组与正常对照组比较,体外实验高脂内毒素组与空白对照组比较,外泌体标记物(ALP或VPS16)与HMGB1的共定位增加。PCR检测发现,高脂饮食组肝细胞外泌体中的HMGB1较正常对照组升高(41.5±10.2 vs. 1.3±0.3,P<0.05),高脂菌群紊乱组较菌群紊乱组升高(48.6±7.2 vs. 1.5±0.5,P<0.05);高脂饮食组TLR4较正常对照组升高(13.8±6.2 vs. 2.8±0.9,P<0.05),高脂菌群紊乱组较菌群紊乱组升高(22.6±4.1 vs. 2.5±1.5,P<0.05)。在肠黏膜细胞中,高脂饮食组较正常对照组(0.6±0.2 vs. 0.4±0.1,P<0.05)及高脂菌群紊乱组较菌群紊乱组(0.9±0.2 vs. 0.5±0.1,P<0.05)中HMGB1与外泌体标记物(CD63)共显影增加。在体外实验中,内毒素组、高脂内毒素组外泌体的HMGB1(5.1±0.8,5.5±0.7)均较空白对照组(3.8±0.6)增加(P<0.05),而siRNA干预组与空白对照组比较无明显差异(3.7±0.6 vs. 3.8±0.6,P>0.05)。结论 在高脂饮食及肠道菌群紊乱环境下,HMGB1在肝细胞及肠细胞中经外泌体释放,并受TLR4调控,可能是促进脂肪性肝炎发展的因素之一。

非酒精性脂肪性肝病  /  脂肪性肝炎  /  高迁移率族蛋白B1  /  外泌体  /  Toll样受体4

Objective To investigate the release of enterogenic and hepatogenic high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) through exosomes and its regulatory pathway. Methods We used wild-type (WT) and ASC-/- mice for this study. We randomly selected five mice per group from each strain and fed them either a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for eight weeks. The control group consisted of WT mice fed with the normal diet; the HFD group were WT mice with the HFD; the microflora disturbance (MD) group were ASC-/- mice fed with the normal diet; the high-lipid microflora disturbance (HLMD) group were ASC-/- mice with HFD. We used confocal microscopy to detect the co-localization of liver and intestinal exosome markers with HMGB1. We then measured the expression level of HMGB1 content in exosomes by Western blotting and PCR. The AML12 cells were treated with palmitic acid (PA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h to build an in vitro model. We also detected HMGB1/CD63 levels using Western blotting. To understand the regulatory mechanism of exosome release, we employed siRNA intervention. Results The secretion of exosomes increased significantly in HFD group compared with control group [(3.5±0.2) ng/ml vs. (1.1±0.3) ng/ml, P<0.05], HLMD group compared with those in MD group [(3.2±0.2) ng/ml vs. (1.9±0.4) ng/ml, P<0.05]. Using immunofluorescence detection, we observed increased co-localization of exosome markers (ALP or VPS16) with HMGB1 in HFD group compared with control group. We also observed this in AML12 cells treated with PA and LPS compared with blank control. The PCR data showed that HMGB1 in hepatocyte exosomes was higher in HFD group compared with control group (41.5±10.2 vs. 1.3±0.3, P<0.05), HLMD group was significantly higher than that in MD group (48.6±7.2 vs. 1.5±0.5, P<0.05). TLR4 expression was higher in HFD group compared with control group (13.8±6.2 vs. 2.8±0.9, P<0.05), HLMD group compared with MD group (22.6±4.1 vs. 2.5±1.5, P<0.05). In intestinal mucosal cells, the co-location of HMGB1 and exosome marker CD63 was significantly higher in HFD group compared with control group (0.6±0.2 vs. 0.4±0.1, P<0.05), and HLMD group compared with MD group (0.9±0.2 vs. 0.5±0.1, P<0.05). In vitro, the HMGB1 of exosomes was increased in endotoxin group (5.1±0.8) and high lipid endotoxin group (5.5±0.7) compared with control group (3.8±0.6, P<0.05). On the other hand, the HMGB1 of exosomes in the cell siRNA intervention group was not increased compared with control group (3.7±0.6 vs. 3.8±0.6, P>0.05). Conclusion HMGB1 is released by exosomes in hepatocytes and intestinal cells, and regulated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) under a high-fat diet and intestinal flora disorder, which may be one of the contributing factors in promoting the development of steatohepatitis.

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease  /  steatohepatitis  /  high mobility group protein B1  /  exosome  /  Toll-like receptor 4
孙焕焕, 李培杰, 冯云, 刘梦莹, 师文, 马富权, 和水祥. 经外泌体释放的高迁移率族蛋白B1在菌群紊乱非酒精性脂肪性肝病小鼠中的表达及Toll样受体4信号的调控作用. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (11) : 1314 -1320 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2484.2023.0804
Huan-Huan Sun, Pei-Jie Li, Yun Feng, Meng-Ying Liu, Wen Shi, Fu-Quan Ma, Shui-Xiang He. Expression of high-mobility group B1 released by exosome in nonalcoholic fatty liver disorder and regulated by TLR4 signal[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (11) : 1314 -1320 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2484.2023.0804
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是全球范围内的主要慢性肝病之一,目前全球25%的人口被诊断为NAFLD[1],中国NAFLD的患病率在过去20年内增加了1倍。NAFLD包括单纯性脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatty liver,NAFL)及由其演变的脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)和肝硬化,会进一步发展为肝细胞癌。研究表明,炎症及肠道菌群紊乱可能在NAFLD的进展中发挥关键作用[2]。在NAFLD发病的“多重打击”学说中,第一个打击是肝脏脂肪水平的增高,其次包括胰岛素抵抗、肠道微生物群、遗传及环境等多种因素的影响。这些因素影响肝细胞炎症环境,并与氧化应激及内质网应激相关过程共同作用,导致线粒体功能障碍[3]。然而,炎症及肠道菌群紊乱在NAFLD进展过程中的具体机制尚不清楚[4]
高迁移率族蛋白B1(high-mobility group box 1,HMGB1)多存在于细胞核内,发挥着重要的细胞生物学作用,NAFLD中的HMGB1被分泌至胞浆甚至胞外,在疾病的发生发展中起重要作用[5],但HMGB1在肝细胞脂肪变性中的细胞分泌机制尚不清楚。外泌体是细胞间信号转导囊泡,当细胞暴露于某些环境污染物中,可能诱导外泌体分泌增加,参与细胞损伤及炎症反应[6]。近期有研究发现,外泌体是炎症微环境与脂代谢之间一种新的细胞间通信,促进了NAFLD的进展,可作为NAFLD诊断及治疗靶点的潜在生物标志物[7]。有研究发现,甘草次酸可阻断HMGB1的表达,并通过抑制Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)通路而增强间充质干细胞来源的外泌体对肝损伤的治疗作用[8]。研究发现,外泌体来源的HMGB1可通过TLR 2/4信号通路激活免疫细胞[9]。另有研究发现,细菌内毒素脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)通过TLR4及半胱天冬酶(caspase)-11途径诱导肝细胞释放HMGB1[10]。本课题组前期研究通过敲除ASC基因(ASC-/-)及予高脂饮食(high fat diet,HFD)喂养构建了合并肠道菌群紊乱的脂肪肝小鼠模型,并发现该小鼠血清中HMGB1异常升高[11]。有研究发现,肝细胞来源的外泌体可通过抑制巨噬细胞活化及细胞因子分泌而促进炎症及纤维化的发生[12]。上述研究提示HMGB1在“多重打击”学说机制中起重要作用,但目前尚不清楚HMGB1的来源及其分泌方式。本研究旨在探讨高脂饮食及肠道菌群紊乱条件下肝细胞、肠细胞源性的HMGB1分泌途径及其在脂肪性肝炎中的调控机制。
雄性8周龄野生型C57BL/6J小鼠15只及ASC-/-小鼠10只购自西安交通大学实验动物中心。AML12小鼠肝实质细胞系购自美国ATCC中心。Optima MAX-XP型超高速离心机购自美国Beckman Coulter公司,Fluoview FV1000共聚焦激光扫描显微镜购自日本Olympus公司,聚合酶链反应(PCR)系统购自美国Bio-Rad公司。10%胎牛血清购自美国Gibco公司,HMGB1抗体及碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)抗体购自英国Abcam公司,空泡分选相关蛋白(vacuolar protein sorting,VPS)16抗体、分化抗原(cluster of differentiation,CD)63抗体及山羊抗兔IgG等购自美国Santa Cruz公司,反转录酶试剂盒购自日本TaKaRa公司。
5只雄性8周龄野生型小鼠喂食高脂饲料(HFD,#D12492,研究饲料),分别于第1、2、3、5、7周处死1只用于了解造模情况。10只雄性8周龄野生型小鼠随机分组:喂食正常饲料(ND)为正常对照组(n=5),喂养HFD为高脂饮食组(n=5),10只雄性8周龄ASC-/-小鼠随机分组:喂养ND为菌群紊乱组(n=5),喂养HFD为高脂菌群紊乱组(n=5)。喂养8周后,自尾静脉取血并处死小鼠,取其肝组织。本研究获西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院动物保护及使用委员会批准(审批号:2020529)。
将AML12小鼠肝细胞系培养于含10%胎牛血清的细胞培养基中(95%空气及5%CO2,37 ℃)。待AML12细胞存活率为90%时,将细胞分组如下:未给予任何干预为空白对照组,使用棕榈酸(palmitic acid,PA)处理24 h为内毒素组,经200 μmol/ml PA及10 μg/ml LPS处理24 h为高脂内毒素组,TLR4 siRNA预处理并经200 μmol/ml PA及10 μg/ml LPS处理24 h为siRNA干预组。
通过超速离心从培养基上清液中纯化及分离外泌体。将1 ml血清外泌体以300×g离心10 min,用无菌磷酸缓冲盐溶液(PBS)按1︰1比例稀释血清,10 000×g离心30 min,200 000×g超速离心2 h。将外泌体在PBS中洗涤1次,0.2 mm过滤器过滤,200 000×g离心1 h,然后在PBS中重悬获取外泌体。所有离心均在4 ℃下进行。通过Nanosight仪观察外泌体数量。
通过肝脏组织HE染色观察NAFLD活动指数,包括脂肪变性(0~3分)、肝小叶炎症(0~3分)、气球样变性(0~2分),是目前病理评估NAFLD病变程度的金标准。
将小鼠肝组织载玻片分别用抗HMGB1抗体(1︰200)及抗IL-1β(1︰200)孵育后,于4 ℃条件下过夜,用3%过氧化氢洗涤20 min,10%血清阻断30 min,然后用二抗孵育,染色固定后,使用Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件计算阳性染色的面积百分比。
将冷冻的肝、肠组织在4% PFA/PBS中处理15 min,用Triton X-100及PBS冲洗后,分别经抗HMGB1、抗CD63、抗ALP或抗VPS16抗体孵育后,于4 ℃条件下过夜。洗涤后,将载玻片与Alexa-488(绿色)或Alexa-555(红色)标记的二抗在室温下孵育1 h,使用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜对载玻片进行检测并拍照,使用Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件通过皮尔森相关系数分析共定位(黄色)。
用Trizol从小鼠血清中分离RNA,按反转录试剂盒说明书反转录成cDNA,以cDNA为模板进行PCR扩增,在Bio-Rad PCR系统上对HMGB1、TLR4进行SYBR绿色荧光定量PCR。HMGB1上游引物:5'-TTGTCGGGAGGAGCATAA-3', 下游引物:5'-GGGCGATACTCAGAGCAGAA-3', 扩增产物长度为267 bp。TLR4上游引物:5'-AATTTGGACGAGCTCATGATGCCTCCCTGGCTCCT-3', 下游引物:5'-AACCTTGGCTGGTACCCGTCAGGTCCAAGTTGCCGTTTCT-3', 扩增产物长度为2508 bp。
将来自外泌体的蛋白质用SDS缓冲液变性并煮沸5 min;在SDS凝胶上电转移至PVDF膜上,用5%牛奶封闭;加入兔抗HMGB1(1∶5000)及兔抗CD63(1∶10 000),在4 ℃下与探针膜过夜;与山羊抗兔IgG(1∶5000)在室温下孵育1 h;洗涤3次后,用化学发光技术检测免疫反应条带,然后在X线下曝光。使用ImageJ软件计算其表达水平,CD63为内参照,结果以HMGB1与CD63的比值表示。
采用GraphPad Prism软件进行统计分析。计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,两组间比较采用t检验,多组比较采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),进一步行Turkey检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
将高脂饮食组小鼠分别于1、2、3、5及7周各处死1只,以确认脂肪肝小鼠造模成功。HE染色发现,小鼠肝脏NAFLD活动指数中的脂肪变性、肝小叶炎症及气球样变性等各子项评估分值均逐渐升高(图1A)。IHC染色发现,随着小鼠脂肪变性、炎症指数及相关指标(IL-1β)的升高,HMGB1的核内表达数量增多,并于第3周出现胞质内表达(图1B)。HMGB1在脂肪性肝炎的发生发展过程中逐渐增多,并由细胞核分泌至胞质。Nanosight检测发现,高脂饮食组的外泌体水平高于正常对照组[(3.5±0.2) ng/ml vs. (1.1±0.3) ng/ml,P<0.05];高脂菌群紊乱组的外泌体亦高于菌群紊乱组[(3.2±0.2) ng/ml vs. (1.9±0.4) ng/ml,P<0.05,图1C]。
共聚焦显微镜检测发现,在高脂饮食组小鼠的肝脏细胞中,HMGB1与外泌体标志物(ALP或VPS16)可发生共定位,而正常对照组几乎没有(图2A)。在体外实验中,细胞高脂内毒素组中HMGB1与外泌体标志物(ALP或VPS16)在胞质中富集并发生共定位,较细胞空白对照组明显增多(图2B)。
小鼠肝细胞外泌体中HMGB1 mRNA在高脂饮食组较正常对照组(41.5±10.2 vs. 1.3±0.3,P<0.05)、高脂菌群紊乱组较菌群紊乱组(48.6±7.2 vs. 1.5±0.5,P<0.05,图3A)均升高。同样TLR4 mRNA在高脂饮食组(13.8±6.2 vs. 2.8±0.9,P<0.05)和高脂菌群紊乱组(22.6±4.1 vs. 2.5±1.5,P<0.05,图3B)中亦升高。
通过免疫荧光检测肠黏膜细胞标记了绿色荧光的CD63(外泌体标志物),以及标记了红色荧光的HMGB1之间的共定位情况,结果显示(图4A),高脂饮食普通小鼠高于正常饮食普通小鼠(P<0.05),高脂菌群紊乱小鼠高于正常饮食菌群紊乱小鼠(0.9±0.2 vs. 0.5±0.1,P<0.05,图4B)。
Western blotting检测结果显示,细胞内毒素组(5.1±0.8 vs. 3.8±0.6,P<0.05)及细胞高脂内毒素组(5.5±0.7 vs. 3.8±0.6,P<0.05)外泌体HMGB1蛋白表达水平均高于空白对照组;而经TLR4 siRNA预干预的细胞siRNA干预组与空白对照组比较差异无统计学意义(3.7±0.6 vs. 3.8±0.6,P>0.05,图5)。
NAFLD是全球慢性肝病的主要病因之一,是一种与胰岛素抵抗及遗传易感性密切相关的代谢应激性肝损伤,脂肪毒性、炎性细胞因子、趋化因子及肠道菌群失衡等可触发肝脏及全身炎症级联反应,是NAFLD“多重打击”学说的理论基础[13]。近年来,对NAFLD病理生物学的研究发现,免疫介导炎症是NAFLD的关键因素之一[14]。在高脂饮食和肠道菌群紊乱下,均可加重NAFLD中肝脏细胞的炎症状态,本研究也观察到同样的现象。肝脏细胞与肠黏膜细胞的相关炎性因子及其调控机制是目前研究的热点。
HMGB1是一种高度保守的核蛋白,当转移至胞质或胞外后,具有促进细胞迁移、影响免疫功能及诱导炎性反应等作用。HMGB1是肝损伤后巨噬细胞产生的炎性因子,在促进非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)进展并进一步发展为肝纤维化和肝硬化中起关键作用。研究发现,高脂饮食可导致小鼠血清中HMGB1含量上升[15]。有研究发现,通过siRNA沉默HMGB1蛋白表达后具有治疗NASH的作用[16]。近期一项研究发现,炎症状态下可造成血清中外泌体源性的HMGB1含量增多[10]。本研究分别通过蛋白和基因表达层面检测发现,在脂肪肝小鼠及合并肠道菌群紊乱的脂肪肝小鼠中均出现HMGB1和外泌体含量增多的现象。
外泌体是指包含了复杂RNA和(或)蛋白质的小膜泡,目前特指直径为40~100 nm的盘状囊泡。1983年,外泌体首次于绵羊网织红细胞中被发现,近年已被证实外泌体为细胞间有效的通讯器,可把源细胞的因子带到靶细胞,并参与正常或病理状态下细胞间的交流。外泌体可能参与NAFLD、肥胖等代谢异常的细胞间交流,并可能成为检测标志物或干预的方式[17]。外泌体介导的细胞间通信参与NAFLD的发展,受损的肝细胞或非实质细胞释放大量外泌体,通过与邻近细胞的相互作用促进炎症和纤维化的进展[18]。本研究发现,高脂饮食组及高脂菌群紊乱组外泌体中HMGB1水平较正常对照组升高,且肝细胞的免疫荧光共定位结果也提示HMGB1是通过外泌体分泌到胞外的途径。近期有研究发现,给予短期的高脂或高糖饮食后,可诱发血清中外泌体相关mRNA增加[19]。另有研究发现,持续食用高能量饲料可诱导由肝源性外泌体介导的脂质累积增加[20]。上述研究均与本研究结果相似,进一步明确了HMGB1经外泌体分泌的途径,进而促进NAFLD疾病的进程。
代谢紊乱及肠道菌群失衡可导致NAFLD进展为脂肪性肝炎[21]。然而,其具体机制仍不甚清楚。本研究发现,高脂饮食组肠黏膜细胞源性外泌体标志物CD63与HMGB1共显影增加,并在肠道菌群紊乱组升高更为明显,证实了HMGB1在代谢紊乱及菌群紊乱下经外泌体途径从肠黏膜中分泌的现象。文献报道了HMGB1依赖于晚期糖基化终产物(receptor of advanced glycation endproducts,RAGE)及氧化还原信号介导的炎症的新途径,该途径可促进NAFLD下肠黏膜的炎症进展[22]。近期一篇综述阐明了微生物源性外泌体与NAFLD发病机制存在密切联系,提示在菌群紊乱下可能通过微生物源性外泌体加重炎症、肠道屏障损伤等,因此发掘外泌体的特性将为临床治疗及创新药物研发提供理论框架[23]。随着本研究进一步证实HMGB1在肠黏膜的分泌途径,将为HMGB1在NAFLD的药物研发工作中发挥一定作用。
本研究的体外实验通过在PA及LPS的刺激下,观察到肝细胞分泌的外泌体中HMGB1水平升高,并在敲除TLR4后降低,提示HMGB1经外泌体分泌的途径受TLR4调控。由此推断,HMGB1可能是在TLR4调控下通过外泌体途径释放,且在肠道菌群失衡下释放增加,参与并加剧了NAFLD的疾病进程。有研究同样发现LPS可通过TLR4及Caspase-11/GSDMD信号通路诱导肝细胞源性的外泌体释放增加[24]。另一项研究提示敲除HMGB1基因可使肠道脂质吸收减少,并可减轻小鼠脂肪性肝炎的严重程度[25]。上述多个研究证实了TLR4通路与HMGB1的相关性,本研究进一步证实了HMGB1的外泌体分泌途径也经TLR4调控。但本研究数据均来自动物实验,仍需临床研究证实HMGB1作为无创筛查分子标志物的可行性。同时,若能进一步得到分子机制的研究证实,将可能为脂肪肝靶向药物的研究提供理论基础。
综上所述,在伴肠道菌群紊乱的脂肪性肝炎中,肝细胞及肠黏膜细胞受TLR4信号通路调控将含HMGB1的外泌体分泌入血,进而导致肝脏脂肪性变及炎症的加重。
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2019SF-171)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2018SF-051)
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2023年第48卷第11期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2484.2023.0804
  • 接收时间:2022-11-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-30
  • 录用日期:2023-03-08
基金
Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2019SF-171)
陕西省重点研发计划(2019SF-171)
Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2018SF-051)
陕西省重点研发计划(2018SF-051)
作者信息
    西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院消化内科,陕西西安 710061

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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