Article(id=1199703041025868616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199703037368430831, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1509.2023.0525, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1657468800000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1669564800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-11-28, onlineDate=1763961094385, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1701100800000, pubDateStr=2023-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763961094385, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763961094385, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763961094385, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199703037368430831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='11', pageStart='1237', pageEnd='1358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763961093513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763961140964, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199703236451070744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199703037368430831, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199703236451070745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199703037368430831, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1338, endPage=1343, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199703042460320618, articleId=1199703041025868616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Effectiveness and safety of modified decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury and its impact on inflammatory mediators and prognosis, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of modified decompressive craniectomy in treatment of traumatic brain injury and its impact on the serum levels of inflammatory mediators and prognosis. Methods According to different surgical methods, 82 patients with traumatic brain injury admitted to the department of neurosurgery of Nanyang Central Hospital from June 2020 to January 2022 were divided into standard group (n=41) and modified group (n=41). The standard group was given standard decompressive craniectomy, and the modified group was given modified decompressive craniectomy. The intraoperative blood loss, operation time and hospital stay, the levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S-100 calcium binding protein B (S-100β), C-reaction protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) before operation, 6 hours after operation, and 3 days after operation, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), incidence of complications, and incision healing grade 1 month after operation were compared between two groups. Results Compared with standard group, the hospital stay was significant shorter in modified group (P<0.05), and intraoperative blood loss and operation time were no significant difference in modified group (P>0.05). At 6 hours and 3 days after operation, the levels of NSE, S-100β, CRP, PCT and IL-6 in modified group were lower than those in standard group (P<0.05). Compared with standard group, the good prognosis rate based of GOS was higher in modified group [82.9% (34/41) vs. 63.4% (26/41), P<0.05]; the total incidence of complications was lower in modified group [2.4%(1/41) vs. 19.5%(26/41), P<0.05]; and the grade of incision healing was better in modified group (P<0.05). Conclusions Modified decompressive craniectomy in the treatment of traumatic brain injury could reduce stress of brain injury and surgical trauma, and the incidence of complications, help to speed up the postoperative recovery process, improve the rate of good prognosis and the grade of incision healing. Its efficacy and safety is better than standard decompressive craniectomy.

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目的 评估改良去骨瓣减压术处理创伤性脑损伤的有效性和安全性及对患者血清炎性介质水平与预后的影响。方法 选择2020年6月-2022年1月南阳市中心医院神经外科收治的82例创伤性脑损伤患者,根据去骨瓣减压手术方式不同分为标准组与改良组,各41例。标准组给予标准去骨瓣减压术,改良组给予改良去骨瓣减压术。比较两组术中出血量,手术时间,住院时间,术前、术后6 h、术后3 d的血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、S-100钙结合蛋白B(S-100β)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平,术后1个月格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分、并发症发生情况及切口愈合等级。结果 与标准组比较,改良组住院时间明显缩短(P<0.05),术中出血量、手术时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);改良组术后6 h、术后3 d 血清NSE、S-100β和炎性因子CRP、PCT、IL-6水平明显低于标准组(P<0.05)。术后1个月改良组GOS评分预后良好率高于标准组[82.9%(34/41)vs. 63.4%(26/41),P<0.05],并发症发生率低于标准组[2.4%(1/41) vs. 19.5%(8/41),P<0.05],切口愈合分级优于标准组(P<0.05)。结论 改良去骨瓣减压术处理创伤性脑损伤,可减轻脑损伤与手术创伤应激,减少并发症发生,加快患者术后康复进程,提高预后良好率,改善切口愈合分级,有效性与安全性较好。

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王明国,医学硕士,主治医师,主要从事神经重症外科基础与临床方面的研究

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王明国,医学硕士,主治医师,主要从事神经重症外科基础与临床方面的研究

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王明国,医学硕士,主治医师,主要从事神经重症外科基础与临床方面的研究

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Major differences in decompressive craniectomy between two groups of patients with traumatic brain injury

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要区别 标准组 改良组
切口 起于颧弓上耳屏前10 mm的弧形切口 起于发际内10 mm新型的T形切口
减压 标准去骨瓣减压 分步骤减压
颞浅动脉 起源于颈外动脉系统的颞浅动脉因切口缘故被损伤 保留起源于颈外动脉系统的颞浅动脉
), ArticleFig(id=1199711034245214782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041025868616, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两组创伤性脑损伤患者去骨瓣减压手术的主要区别

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要区别 标准组 改良组
切口 起于颧弓上耳屏前10 mm的弧形切口 起于发际内10 mm新型的T形切口
减压 标准去骨瓣减压 分步骤减压
颞浅动脉 起源于颈外动脉系统的颞浅动脉因切口缘故被损伤 保留起源于颈外动脉系统的颞浅动脉
), ArticleFig(id=1199711034341683780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041025868616, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of baseline data between two groups of patients with traumatic brain injury (n=41)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 标准组 改良组 t/χ2 P
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$) 45.3±9.1 46.0±9.4 0.363 0.718
体重指数(kg/m², $\bar{x}±s$) 23.91±1.02 23.87±0.86 0.192 0.848
男/女(例) 26/15 31/10 1.439 0.230
受伤至入院时间(h, $\bar{x}±s$) 2.01±0.72 1.94±0.68 0.453 0.652
受伤原因[例(%)] 0.630 0.730
交通事故 28(68.3) 31(75.6)
坠落伤 7(17.1) 6(14.6)
打击伤 6(14.6) 4(9.8)
入院时格拉斯哥昏迷评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$) 6.14±0.85 6.22±0.79 0.441 0.660
脑损伤情况[例(%)]
硬膜下血肿 8(19.5) 10(24.4) 0.285 0.594
硬膜外血肿 5(12.2) 6(14.6) 0.105 0.746
脑挫裂伤 8(19.5) 9(22.0) 0.074 0.785
脑内血肿 4(9.8) 2(4.9) 0.180 0.672
基底池及侧裂池变窄或闭塞 18(43.9) 19(46.3) 0.049 0.824
), ArticleFig(id=1199711034454929995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041025868616, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两组创伤性脑损伤患者基线资料比较(n=41)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 标准组 改良组 t/χ2 P
年龄(岁, $\bar{x}±s$) 45.3±9.1 46.0±9.4 0.363 0.718
体重指数(kg/m², $\bar{x}±s$) 23.91±1.02 23.87±0.86 0.192 0.848
男/女(例) 26/15 31/10 1.439 0.230
受伤至入院时间(h, $\bar{x}±s$) 2.01±0.72 1.94±0.68 0.453 0.652
受伤原因[例(%)] 0.630 0.730
交通事故 28(68.3) 31(75.6)
坠落伤 7(17.1) 6(14.6)
打击伤 6(14.6) 4(9.8)
入院时格拉斯哥昏迷评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$) 6.14±0.85 6.22±0.79 0.441 0.660
脑损伤情况[例(%)]
硬膜下血肿 8(19.5) 10(24.4) 0.285 0.594
硬膜外血肿 5(12.2) 6(14.6) 0.105 0.746
脑挫裂伤 8(19.5) 9(22.0) 0.074 0.785
脑内血肿 4(9.8) 2(4.9) 0.180 0.672
基底池及侧裂池变窄或闭塞 18(43.9) 19(46.3) 0.049 0.824
), ArticleFig(id=1199711034563981903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041025868616, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of general surgical conditions between the two groups of patients with traumatic brain injury ($\bar{x}±s$, n=41)

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组别 术中出血量(ml) 手术时间(min) 住院时间(d)
改良组 128.79±32.45 143.65±28.74 18.97±4.66(1)
标准组 119.35±38.26 138.91±33.05 23.40±4.28
), ArticleFig(id=1199711034689811027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041025868616, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两组创伤性脑损伤患者去骨瓣减压术一般情况比较($\bar{x}±s$, n=41)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 术中出血量(ml) 手术时间(min) 住院时间(d)
改良组 128.79±32.45 143.65±28.74 18.97±4.66(1)
标准组 119.35±38.26 138.91±33.05 23.40±4.28
), ArticleFig(id=1199711034798862938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041025868616, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of NSE and S-100β levels between the two groups of patients with traumatic brain injury ($\bar{x}±s$, n=41)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 NSE(U/ml) S-100β(μg/L)
术前 术后6 h 术后3 d 术前 术后6 h 术后3 d
改良组 14.20±4.17 18.66±5.62(1)(3) 15.42±4.05(2)(3) 25.28±4.30 31.59±5.28(1)(3) 26.22±3.51(2)(3)
标准组 13.89±4.26 21.74±4.83(1) 19.16±3.89(2) 25.11±4.76 36.80±4.35(1) 30.77±4.08(2)
), ArticleFig(id=1199711034928886367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041025868616, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

两组创伤性脑损伤患者血清NSE、S-100β水平比较($\bar{x}±s$,n=41)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 NSE(U/ml) S-100β(μg/L)
术前 术后6 h 术后3 d 术前 术后6 h 术后3 d
改良组 14.20±4.17 18.66±5.62(1)(3) 15.42±4.05(2)(3) 25.28±4.30 31.59±5.28(1)(3) 26.22±3.51(2)(3)
标准组 13.89±4.26 21.74±4.83(1) 19.16±3.89(2) 25.11±4.76 36.80±4.35(1) 30.77±4.08(2)
), ArticleFig(id=1199711035079881316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041025868616, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of levels of inflammatory mediators (CRP、PCT、IL-6) between the two groups of patients with traumatic brain injury ($\bar{x}±s$, n=41)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 CRP(mg/L) PCT(μg/L) IL-6(ng/L)
术前 术后6 h 术后3 d 术前 术后6 h 术后3 d 术前 术后6 h 术后3 d
改良组 15.32±3.29 19.95±2.60(1)(3) 12.00±1.78(2)(3) 0.26±0.07 0.33±0.09(1)(3) 0.22±0.05(2)(3) 96.58±18.40 110.03±24.57(1)(3) 74.29±13.66(2)(3)
标准组 15.18±3.04 23.43±3.58(1) 14.16±2.29(2) 0.27±0.08 0.42±0.07(1) 0.26±0.06(2) 94.76±20.33 142.67±18.19(1) 86.51±11.45(2)
), ArticleFig(id=1199711035205710443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041025868616, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

两组创伤性脑损伤患者血清炎性介质CRP、PCT、IL-6水平比较($\bar{x}±s$, n=41)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 CRP(mg/L) PCT(μg/L) IL-6(ng/L)
术前 术后6 h 术后3 d 术前 术后6 h 术后3 d 术前 术后6 h 术后3 d
改良组 15.32±3.29 19.95±2.60(1)(3) 12.00±1.78(2)(3) 0.26±0.07 0.33±0.09(1)(3) 0.22±0.05(2)(3) 96.58±18.40 110.03±24.57(1)(3) 74.29±13.66(2)(3)
标准组 15.18±3.04 23.43±3.58(1) 14.16±2.29(2) 0.27±0.08 0.42±0.07(1) 0.26±0.06(2) 94.76±20.33 142.67±18.19(1) 86.51±11.45(2)
), ArticleFig(id=1199711035327345264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041025868616, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Comparison of complications between the two groups of traumatic brain injury patients after decompressive craniectomy [n(%), n=41]

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组别 术后迟发性颅内出血 脑脊液漏 颅内感染 急性脑膨出 合计
改良组 0 0 1(2.4) 0 1(2.4)(1)
标准组 1(2.4) 2(4.9) 2(4.9) 3(7.3) 8(19.5)
), ArticleFig(id=1199711035428008564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703041025868616, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

两组创伤性脑损伤患者去骨瓣减压术后并发症发生情况比较[例(%), n=41]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 术后迟发性颅内出血 脑脊液漏 颅内感染 急性脑膨出 合计
改良组 0 0 1(2.4) 0 1(2.4)(1)
标准组 1(2.4) 2(4.9) 2(4.9) 3(7.3) 8(19.5)
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改良去骨瓣减压术处理创伤性脑损伤的有效性和安全性及对炎性介质水平与预后的影响
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王明国 , 党帅 , 闫禹
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023,48(11): 1338-1343
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023, 48(11): 1338-1343
改良去骨瓣减压术处理创伤性脑损伤的有效性和安全性及对炎性介质水平与预后的影响
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王明国, 党帅, 闫禹
作者信息
  • 南阳市中心医院神经外科,河南南阳 473000
  • 王明国,医学硕士,主治医师,主要从事神经重症外科基础与临床方面的研究

Effectiveness and safety of modified decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury and its impact on inflammatory mediators and prognosis
Ming-Guo Wang, Shuai Dang, Yu Yan
Affiliations
  • Department of Neurosurgery, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, Henan 473000, China
出版时间: 2023-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1509.2023.0525
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目的 评估改良去骨瓣减压术处理创伤性脑损伤的有效性和安全性及对患者血清炎性介质水平与预后的影响。方法 选择2020年6月-2022年1月南阳市中心医院神经外科收治的82例创伤性脑损伤患者,根据去骨瓣减压手术方式不同分为标准组与改良组,各41例。标准组给予标准去骨瓣减压术,改良组给予改良去骨瓣减压术。比较两组术中出血量,手术时间,住院时间,术前、术后6 h、术后3 d的血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、S-100钙结合蛋白B(S-100β)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平,术后1个月格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分、并发症发生情况及切口愈合等级。结果 与标准组比较,改良组住院时间明显缩短(P<0.05),术中出血量、手术时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);改良组术后6 h、术后3 d 血清NSE、S-100β和炎性因子CRP、PCT、IL-6水平明显低于标准组(P<0.05)。术后1个月改良组GOS评分预后良好率高于标准组[82.9%(34/41)vs. 63.4%(26/41),P<0.05],并发症发生率低于标准组[2.4%(1/41) vs. 19.5%(8/41),P<0.05],切口愈合分级优于标准组(P<0.05)。结论 改良去骨瓣减压术处理创伤性脑损伤,可减轻脑损伤与手术创伤应激,减少并发症发生,加快患者术后康复进程,提高预后良好率,改善切口愈合分级,有效性与安全性较好。

去骨瓣减压术  /  创伤性脑损伤  /  炎性介质  /  预后  /  安全性

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of modified decompressive craniectomy in treatment of traumatic brain injury and its impact on the serum levels of inflammatory mediators and prognosis. Methods According to different surgical methods, 82 patients with traumatic brain injury admitted to the department of neurosurgery of Nanyang Central Hospital from June 2020 to January 2022 were divided into standard group (n=41) and modified group (n=41). The standard group was given standard decompressive craniectomy, and the modified group was given modified decompressive craniectomy. The intraoperative blood loss, operation time and hospital stay, the levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S-100 calcium binding protein B (S-100β), C-reaction protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) before operation, 6 hours after operation, and 3 days after operation, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), incidence of complications, and incision healing grade 1 month after operation were compared between two groups. Results Compared with standard group, the hospital stay was significant shorter in modified group (P<0.05), and intraoperative blood loss and operation time were no significant difference in modified group (P>0.05). At 6 hours and 3 days after operation, the levels of NSE, S-100β, CRP, PCT and IL-6 in modified group were lower than those in standard group (P<0.05). Compared with standard group, the good prognosis rate based of GOS was higher in modified group [82.9% (34/41) vs. 63.4% (26/41), P<0.05]; the total incidence of complications was lower in modified group [2.4%(1/41) vs. 19.5%(26/41), P<0.05]; and the grade of incision healing was better in modified group (P<0.05). Conclusions Modified decompressive craniectomy in the treatment of traumatic brain injury could reduce stress of brain injury and surgical trauma, and the incidence of complications, help to speed up the postoperative recovery process, improve the rate of good prognosis and the grade of incision healing. Its efficacy and safety is better than standard decompressive craniectomy.

decompressive craniectomy  /  traumatic brain injury  /  inflammatory mediators  /  prognosis  /  security
王明国, 党帅, 闫禹. 改良去骨瓣减压术处理创伤性脑损伤的有效性和安全性及对炎性介质水平与预后的影响. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (11) : 1338 -1343 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1509.2023.0525
Ming-Guo Wang, Shuai Dang, Yu Yan. Effectiveness and safety of modified decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury and its impact on inflammatory mediators and prognosis[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (11) : 1338 -1343 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1509.2023.0525
创伤性脑损伤病死率较高,随着医疗救治技术的提升,以往难以存活的部分患者可得到救治,但致残率、病死率仍高达20%~70%[1-3]。标准去骨瓣减压术是挽救内科降颅内压无效患者生命的有效方法,能显著降低颅内压,缩短重症监护住院时间;但术中可能发生急性脑膨出,术后并发症发生率亦较高,虽能提升患者生存率,但并未降低致残率,因此,并发症问题成为神经外科的棘手问题[4]。根据相关资料,迟发性颅内血肿、弥漫性脑肿胀与术中急性脑膨出和术后并发症的发生密切相关,而术中减压操作使压力填塞效应急剧降低是迟发性颅内血肿、弥漫性脑肿胀的重要原因[5],因此,循序渐进地分步骤减压可能有助于减少以上事件的发生,改善预后。基于此,本课题组结合创伤性脑损伤领域的相关循证内容,对标准去骨瓣减压术进行了改良,在前期少部分患者预试验中获得了一定成效。本研究探讨改良去骨瓣减压术处理创伤性脑损伤的有效性和安全性,及对患者血清炎性介质水平及预后的影响,旨在为相关手术的改进提供参考。
选取2020年6月-2022年1月南阳市中心医院神经外科收治的82例创伤性脑损伤患者作为研究对象,根据采用的去骨瓣减压手术方式分为标准组与改良组,各41例。纳入标准:(1)符合创伤性脑损伤诊断标准[6];(2)有去骨瓣减压术指征[6]:①颅内压进行性升高,>30 mmHg持续0.5 h及以上;②脑挫裂伤、脑水肿等占位效应明显,基底池受压、中线移位,瞳孔散大的脑疝;③脑挫裂伤、脑水肿等占位效应明显,经内科非手术治疗未能有效控制颅内压,进行性意识障碍。排除标准:(1)既往有头颅手术史;(2)创伤性脑损伤出现呼吸停止、瞳孔对光反射消失、血压不稳定等濒死状况;(3)伴严重内科疾病,不能耐受手术;(4)合并脑部等原发性肿瘤疾病;(5)有出血倾向或伴未控制的出血类疾病。
本研究方案经南阳市中心医院伦理委员会审批(伦审20200501),患者及其家属自愿签署知情同意书。
标准组给予标准去骨瓣减压术。患者全麻,取仰卧位,消毒铺巾,颧弓上耳屏前10 mm为手术切口起点,做弧形切口,经耳廓上方延伸至后上方至顶骨正中线,根据患者伤情决定是否延伸至眉间。向额颞部翻瓣,顶部骨瓣旁开正中线矢状窦25 mm左右。额骨颧突后方作为颅底打孔的关键孔,额结节下邻近中线、耳前邻近颞底分别作为第2孔、第3孔,酌情扩大骨窗,止血,根据患者实际情况清除硬膜外血肿、坏死组织等,颞前部切开硬脑膜,悬吊处理,显露顶叶、中颅窝等,硬膜下、脑内有血肿者予以清除,充分止血后,硬脑膜减张缝合,逐层关闭切口。
改良组给予改良去骨瓣减压术。患者体位、麻醉同标准组。(1)切口:切口起于发际内10 mm,沿头正中线,上至顶结节,后至枕骨粗隆,再经颧弓位置耳屏前10 mm起,向上延伸至中线,冠矢点后10 mm位置止,形成新型的T形切口。(2)首次减压:颞肌转角位置钻孔,吸出硬膜外血肿或挑开硬膜释放硬膜下血凝块或血性液体。(3)第2次减压:在充分保护颞浅动脉,面神经颞支、额支前提下,分离皮瓣、进行筋膜下解剖。为保护颞肌深部的神经和血管,在骨膜下逆行解剖颞肌,游离骨瓣,顶部骨瓣旁开正中线矢状窦25 mm左右。存在硬膜下血肿者,快速清除干净。(4)第3次减压:硬脑膜以弧形自颞底或额底骨窗缘10 mm位置切开35 mm左右,根据患者实际情况快速清除硬膜外血肿、坏死组织等,充分止血。(5)第4次减压:若硬膜张力显著降低,剪开硬膜,将残留的血肿、坏死组织彻底清除。(6)第5次减压:若脑组织仍膨出明显,排除迟发性颅内出血后,行第5次减压,包括释放脑室、脑池的脑脊液、脑内减压。硬脑膜减张缝合,逐层关闭切口。两组手术操作的主要区别如表1所示。
(1)术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间;(2)术前、术后6 h、术后3 d血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase,NSE)、S-100钙结合蛋白B(S-100β)水平,于以上时间点分别采集上臂静脉血5 ml,通过双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测;(3)血清炎性因子C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6水平,取上臂静脉血标本,采用免疫比浊法检测CRP水平,放射免疫学分析法检测PCT水平,双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测IL-6水平;(4)术后1个月格拉斯哥预后量表(Glasgow outcome scale,GOS)评分[7],GOS评分分值4或5分为预后良好,<4分为预后不良;(5)并发症发生情况及切口愈合等级。
采用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计分析。计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;等级资料采用秩和检验;计量资料符合正态发布以$\bar{x}±s$表示,不同时间点、组间及交互作用下NSE、S-100β、CRP、PCT、IL-6采用重复测量的方差分析,组间比较采用独立样本t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
两组性别、年龄、体重指数、受伤至入院时间、受伤原因、入院时格拉斯哥昏迷评分、脑损伤情况分布比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表2)。
与标准组比较,改良组住院时间明显缩短(P<0.05);两组术中出血量、手术时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表3)。
组内比较,两组术后6 h NSE、S-100β水平均高于术前(P<0.05),术后3 d低于术后6 h(P<0.05);与标准组比较,改良组术后6 h、术后3 d的 NSE、S-100β水平均明显降低(P<0.05,表4)。
组内比较,两组术后6 h 血清CRP、PCT、IL-6水平均高于术前(P<0.05),术后3 d低于术后6 h(P<0.05);与标准组比较,改良组术后6 h、术后3 d血清 CRP、PCT、IL-6水平均明显降低(P<0.05,表5)。
术后1个月,改良组GOS评分3分7例,4分23例,5分11例,无死亡病例;标准组GOS评分1分1例(死亡,原因为术后肺炎后呼吸衰竭),3分14例,4分20例,5分6例。改良组预后良好率高于标准组[82.9%(34/41) vs. 63.4%(26/41),P=0.046]。
改良组并发症发生率低于标准组[2.44%(1/41) vs. 19.51%(8/41),P<0.05,表6]。改良组切口甲级愈合35例,乙级愈合6例,无丙级愈合;标准组切口甲级愈合26例,乙级愈合12例,丙级愈合3例,丙级愈合患者经给予清创、静滴抗生素等对症处理后恢复。改良组切口愈合分级优于标准组(Z=6.771,P<0.05,图1)。
创伤性脑损伤患者可因大范围脑挫裂伤、脑肿胀、颅内出血等病理现象,出现颅内高压症,当颅内代偿功能无法有效代偿时,可造成脑水肿、缺氧、缺血、脑组织体积增加,引起颅内压升高,甚至诱发脑疝、循环中枢衰竭等,严重威胁患者生命安全[8]。及时有效地控制颅内压是挽救患者生命的重要治疗目标。对脱水剂、利尿剂等药物治疗无效的创伤性脑损伤恶性颅内高压患者,去骨瓣减压术成为最后的治疗手段。
标准大骨瓣减压术骨窗位置低,能在直视下充分清除血肿,且骨窗范围下至颧弓,前达额骨颧突,咬除了蝶骨嵴和颞鳞部的1/3,减压充分[9]。Abouhashem和Eldawoody[10]指出,虽然标准大骨瓣减压术在提高患者生存率方面取得了划时代的进步,但术中可能导致急性脑膨出。急性脑膨出可造成弥散性脑肿胀、脑血流改变、脑干移位等,不仅影响手术实施,还是占权重较大的预后相关危险因素。术中急性脑膨出的原因包括迟发性颅内血肿、弥漫性脑肿胀两个方面,术中减压操作使压力填塞效应急剧降低,造成原已破损血管的压迫解除,从而出现迟发性颅内血肿;加之去除骨瓣后,脑血管显著扩张、血流量快速增加,可诱发弥漫性脑肿胀[11-12]。既往学者针对以上原因,提出了多种优化方法,张毓等[13]采用控制性阶梯式颅内减压术,张开鑫等[14]采用早期分步控制性减压手术,与标准大骨瓣减压术相比,均可减轻脑水肿,降低急性脑膨出等并发症发生率,提示对减压方法进行优化能增加患者获益。本研究结果显示,改良组无术后迟发性颅内出血与急性脑膨出发生,而标准组发生1例术后迟发性颅内出血,3例急性脑膨出,提示改良组可减少术后相关并发症的发生,有利于促进病情的良好转归,与以上研究结论相似。虽然以上两篇报道中所采用的减压优化方法名称、原理类似,但操作方法、效果区别较大,张毓等[13]先选取血肿最厚位置钻孔引流,再经脑室额角较大的一侧穿刺释放脑脊液,最后开骨瓣剪开硬脑膜,获得72.4%预后优良率;张开鑫等[14]先结合术前影像学检查,经颞部切开少许头皮与颞肌,定位血肿后钻孔引流,并调整穿刺方法重复以上操作,以实现初步减压,最后去骨瓣减压,获得80.95%预后优良率。本研究亦对减压策略进行了改良,具体操作方法与上述两报道不同,共采用4步或5步减压措施,以循序渐进且每步快速有效减压,结果显示,预后优良率高于标准组(82.9% vs. 63.4%),提示对改善患者预后较为有利;且改良去骨瓣减压术未增加术中出血量与手术时间,在缩短住院时间、加快术后康复进程等方面可使患者获益。
脑脊液漏是标准大骨瓣减压术的另一常见并发症,发生率约为4.1%,可增加颅内感染、脑积水风险,影响预后并危及患者生命[15]。脑脊液漏的发生与硬膜缝合不严密、伤口愈合不理想、术后脑膨出切口张力过高等有关[16]。本研究两组硬膜缝合方向相同,可排除对脑脊液漏的影响;改良组除未发生急性脑膨出、未增加脑脊液漏风险外,还对切口进行了改良,术中注意对颞浅动脉的保护。保留起源于颈外动脉系统的颞浅动脉,可保证术后颞顶部软组织的血供,为切口的良好愈合奠定基础,也有助于减少脑脊液漏的发生。本研究中改良组切口愈合分级优于标准组,与以上理论分析相符。胡炜等[17]报道,与常规去骨瓣减压术相比,保留颞浅动脉的去骨瓣减压术能提高术后切口甲级愈合率,与本研究结果一致。脑脊液漏为病原菌沿脑脊液逆行提供了便利,增高了颅内感染的概率,颅内感染可引起颅内压升高,进一步加重脑脊液漏[18]。本研究标准组发生脑脊液漏的2例均发生了颅内感染,因此,预防颅内感染的重要措施之一即防止脑脊液漏。创伤性脑损伤手术的各并发症相辅相成,甚至每种并发症都可威胁患者生命,故并发症的预防对改善预后极为重要。本研究改良组并发症总发生率低于标准组,提示手术安全性提高,有利于缩短住院时间,降低患者经济负担。
NSE、S-100β是脑损伤标志物,去骨瓣减压术作为一种创伤性应激源,可导致术后血清NSE、S-100β水平不同程度升高[19]。研究显示,血清NSE、S-100β与创伤性脑损伤病情严重程度有关,可反映患者病情变化与预后[20]。本研究结果显示,改良组术后6 h、术后3 d血清NSE、S-100β水平低于标准组,提示改良去骨瓣减压术能减轻脑损伤,有利于患者早期康复。CRP、PCT、IL-6均是炎症标志物,在创伤性脑损伤患者中表达增高,并与手术创伤严重程度有关,同时对术后感染的早期评估具有一定价值[21-22];其中CRP还有助于创伤性脑损伤患者危险度分层[23];术后血清IL-6持续升高预示患者预后不良[24]。本研究结果显示,改良去骨瓣减压术能降低CRP、PCT、IL-6水平,减轻手术应激,有助于患者预后的改善。改良去骨瓣减压术减轻脑损伤与手术创伤的原因可能与其并发症发生率低、减压效果好、预防继发性脑损伤有关。值得注意的是,改良去骨瓣减压术操作相对复杂,其中第3次减压是循序渐进减压的关键步骤之一,需严格掌握硬膜剪开长度(35 mm左右)和距颅底的距离(10 mm),否则可能导致减压不充分或脑组织沿切口膨出;若患者术前存在瞳孔散大或术中脑组织呈高张力状态,切口缝合关闭前可酌情切除部分颞肌及去除骨瓣,以避免恶性脑膨出的发生。另外,对创伤性脑损伤尤其是存在瞳孔散大者,手术时间越长,越不利于预后。本研究改良组手术时间与标准组差异不明显,且从预后结果看,未影响救治效果,下一步有望通过提高术中操作熟练度和技巧来缩短手术时间,进一步增加患者获益。本研究局限之处在于,为单中心研究,样本量较少,可能造成研究结果数据的统计学偏倚,有待积累更多病例以进一步验证。
综上,改良去骨瓣减压术处理创伤性脑损伤,可减轻脑损伤与手术创伤应激,减少并发症的发生,加快患者术后康复进程,提高预后良好率,改善切口愈合分级,有效性与安全性良好。
  • 河南省医学科技攻关计划联合共建项目(LHGJ20191470)
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2023年第48卷第11期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1509.2023.0525
  • 接收时间:2022-07-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-11
  • 录用日期:2022-11-28
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Joint Construction Project of Henan Provincial Medical Science and Technology Research Plan(LHGJ20191470)
河南省医学科技攻关计划联合共建项目(LHGJ20191470)
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    南阳市中心医院神经外科,河南南阳 473000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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