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Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α2 adrenergic receptor agonist, exerting anti-sympathetic, sedative, analgesic and anti-anxiety effects, with minimal impact on respiration. In recent years, dexmedetomidine has been widely used in clinical anesthesia, perioperative treatment, and intensive care. Organ-protection is an important focus of anesthesia and perioperative medicine, with clinical significance in reducing complications and improving short- and long-term outcomes. Increasing clinical evidence and basic research have shown that the application of dexmedetomidine could protect the heart, brain, lung, kidney, liver, gastrointestinal tract and other important organs. The mechanism may be related to dexmedetomidine's effects of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, and autophagy regulation. From our perspectives, clinical use should follow the principle of individualization, and the dose should be adjusted in time according to patients' responses, so as to avoid adverse reactions such as hypotension and bradycardia while protecting the organs. Moreover, more strictly designed clinical studies and in-depth mechanistic investigations are needed for the optimal dexmedetomidine therapy and better organ protection during the perioperative course. In order to facilitate better understanding of clinicians, this paper reviews the organ-protective effects and underlying mechanisms of dexmedetomidine.

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右美托咪定作为一种高选择性α2肾上腺素能受体激动剂,具有抗交感、镇静、镇痛、抗焦虑作用,且对呼吸影响轻微,近年来已在临床麻醉、围手术期治疗、重症监护领域得到广泛应用。器官功能保护是麻醉和围手术期医学的重要关注点,对于减少并发症、改善短期和长期预后具有重要临床意义。越来越多的基础研究和临床证据显示,右美托咪定对心、脑、肺、肾、肝及胃肠道等重要脏器具有保护作用,其机制可能与抗炎、抗氧化应激、抗凋亡、调节自噬等有关。本文对右美托咪定的器官保护作用及其机制进展进行阐述,以加深临床医师对个体化原则的应用,在发挥右美托咪定器官保护作用的同时避免增加低血压、心动过缓等不良反应,并进一步开展设计严谨的临床研究与深入的机制探索,以指导临床上以最优方式应用右美托咪定,更好地保护围手术期患者的器官功能。

, correspAuthors=彭科, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
彭科,E-mail:
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丁允莹,硕士研究生,主要从事麻醉与围手术期器官保护方面的研究

彭科,主任医师,硕士研究生导师,苏州大学附属第一医院麻醉科副主任,苏州大学麻醉学研究所副所长;江苏政府留学奖学金留学回国人员,美国加州大学戴维斯医学中心访问学者、德国明斯特大学附属医院访问学者、葡萄牙波尔图大学附属医院访问学者。担任江苏省口腔医学会麻醉学专委会副主任委员,江苏省医学会麻醉学分会青年委员,中国研究型医院学会麻醉学专业委员会青年委员,江苏省医学会麻醉学分会基础研究学组成员、产科麻醉学组成员,苏州市医学会麻醉学分会青委副主任委员,苏州市麻醉质控中心专家管理委员会委员。获教育部科学技术进步二等奖、江苏省医学新技术引进一等奖、华夏医学科技三等奖、江苏省教育科学研究成果一等奖、苏州市科学技术进步一等奖。主持国家自然科学基金项目、江苏省青年医学重点人才项目、江苏省医学会麻醉医学科研项目、苏州市医疗卫生科技创新项目等。担任中华医学会系列期刊《国际麻醉学与复苏杂志》青年特邀编委,Frontiers in Anesthesiology副主编,以及多个国际医学期刊审稿专家。近年来以第一或通信作者在JAMA Network Open、Br J Anaesth、J Clin Anesth、Anesth Analg、Eur J Anaesth等国际专业期刊发表论文48篇。主要研究方向为麻醉与围手术期脏器保护、麻醉与脑功能的基础和临床研究。

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丁允莹,硕士研究生,主要从事麻醉与围手术期器官保护方面的研究

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丁允莹,硕士研究生,主要从事麻醉与围手术期器官保护方面的研究

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彭科,主任医师,硕士研究生导师,苏州大学附属第一医院麻醉科副主任,苏州大学麻醉学研究所副所长;江苏政府留学奖学金留学回国人员,美国加州大学戴维斯医学中心访问学者、德国明斯特大学附属医院访问学者、葡萄牙波尔图大学附属医院访问学者。担任江苏省口腔医学会麻醉学专委会副主任委员,江苏省医学会麻醉学分会青年委员,中国研究型医院学会麻醉学专业委员会青年委员,江苏省医学会麻醉学分会基础研究学组成员、产科麻醉学组成员,苏州市医学会麻醉学分会青委副主任委员,苏州市麻醉质控中心专家管理委员会委员。获教育部科学技术进步二等奖、江苏省医学新技术引进一等奖、华夏医学科技三等奖、江苏省教育科学研究成果一等奖、苏州市科学技术进步一等奖。主持国家自然科学基金项目、江苏省青年医学重点人才项目、江苏省医学会麻醉医学科研项目、苏州市医疗卫生科技创新项目等。担任中华医学会系列期刊《国际麻醉学与复苏杂志》青年特邀编委,Frontiers in Anesthesiology副主编,以及多个国际医学期刊审稿专家。近年来以第一或通信作者在JAMA Network Open、Br J Anaesth、J Clin Anesth、Anesth Analg、Eur J Anaesth等国际专业期刊发表论文48篇。主要研究方向为麻醉与围手术期脏器保护、麻醉与脑功能的基础和临床研究。

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彭科,主任医师,硕士研究生导师,苏州大学附属第一医院麻醉科副主任,苏州大学麻醉学研究所副所长;江苏政府留学奖学金留学回国人员,美国加州大学戴维斯医学中心访问学者、德国明斯特大学附属医院访问学者、葡萄牙波尔图大学附属医院访问学者。担任江苏省口腔医学会麻醉学专委会副主任委员,江苏省医学会麻醉学分会青年委员,中国研究型医院学会麻醉学专业委员会青年委员,江苏省医学会麻醉学分会基础研究学组成员、产科麻醉学组成员,苏州市医学会麻醉学分会青委副主任委员,苏州市麻醉质控中心专家管理委员会委员。获教育部科学技术进步二等奖、江苏省医学新技术引进一等奖、华夏医学科技三等奖、江苏省教育科学研究成果一等奖、苏州市科学技术进步一等奖。主持国家自然科学基金项目、江苏省青年医学重点人才项目、江苏省医学会麻醉医学科研项目、苏州市医疗卫生科技创新项目等。担任中华医学会系列期刊《国际麻醉学与复苏杂志》青年特邀编委,Frontiers in Anesthesiology副主编,以及多个国际医学期刊审稿专家。近年来以第一或通信作者在JAMA Network Open、Br J Anaesth、J Clin Anesth、Anesth Analg、Eur J Anaesth等国际专业期刊发表论文48篇。主要研究方向为麻醉与围手术期脏器保护、麻醉与脑功能的基础和临床研究。

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Anesth Analg, 2022, 134(2): 419-431., articleTitle=Dexmedetomidine alleviates gut-vascular barrier damage and distant hepatic injury following intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199711043091005756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703038190519057, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=8, issue=1, pageStart=31, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=77, authorNames=Zhou L, Li J, Liu X, journalName=Cell Death Discov, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou L, Li J, Liu X, et al. Dexmedetomidine promotes apoptosis and suppresses proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via microRNA-130a/EGR1 axis[J]. Cell Death Discov, 2022, 8(1): 31., articleTitle=Dexmedetomidine promotes apoptosis and suppresses proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via microRNA-130a/EGR1 axis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199711043208446270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703038190519057, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=19, issue=1, pageStart=463, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[75], rfOrder=78, authorNames=Zhang Q, Liu XM, Hu Q, journalName=J Transl Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Q, Liu XM, Hu Q, et al. Dexmedetomidine inhibits mitochondria damage and apoptosis of enteric glial cells in experimental intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury via SIRT3-dependent PINK1/HDAC3/p53 pathway[J]. 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PND. 围手术期神经认知障碍;AKI. 急性肾损伤

, figureFileSmall=/SP1OO/Ci0WgswerxtWOLw==, figureFileBig=YHZDuftpqkdDs4WAcWCXSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199711030751364088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703038190519057, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Application scenarios, usage, and dosage of dexmedetomidine for potential organ protection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
手术类型 负荷量 维持量[μg/(kg·h)] 使用时机 潜在保护作用
心脏手术 - 0.4 CPB前或CPB后即刻至拔管 改善预后
心脏手术 0.5~1.0 μg/kg 0.4~0.5 至少至手术结束 保护心肌
心脏手术 - 0.2~1.5 入ICU至拔管 降低VA发生率
不限 0.4~0.5 μg/kg 0.2~0.8 至少至手术结束 降低POD发生率
心脏手术 - 0.1 入ICU后至次日8:00 am 降低POD发生率
胸腔镜手术 - 0.5 术中 改善肺损伤
胸腔镜手术 0.5~1.0 μg/kg 0.3~0.5 术中 改善肺氧合
肾移植术 -

0.4

0.1

术中
术后至使用满24 h

改善肾功能
肝脏手术 0.5~1.0 μg/kg 0.3~0.5 术中 改善肝损伤
), ArticleFig(id=1199711030826861565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703038190519057, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

右美托咪定潜在器官保护作用的适用场景、用法和剂量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
手术类型 负荷量 维持量[μg/(kg·h)] 使用时机 潜在保护作用
心脏手术 - 0.4 CPB前或CPB后即刻至拔管 改善预后
心脏手术 0.5~1.0 μg/kg 0.4~0.5 至少至手术结束 保护心肌
心脏手术 - 0.2~1.5 入ICU至拔管 降低VA发生率
不限 0.4~0.5 μg/kg 0.2~0.8 至少至手术结束 降低POD发生率
心脏手术 - 0.1 入ICU后至次日8:00 am 降低POD发生率
胸腔镜手术 - 0.5 术中 改善肺损伤
胸腔镜手术 0.5~1.0 μg/kg 0.3~0.5 术中 改善肺氧合
肾移植术 -

0.4

0.1

术中
术后至使用满24 h

改善肾功能
肝脏手术 0.5~1.0 μg/kg 0.3~0.5 术中 改善肝损伤
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右美托咪定的器官保护作用及其机制概述
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丁允莹 , 嵇富海 , 彭科 *
解放军医学杂志 | 专题研究 2023,48(11): 1267-1275
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解放军医学杂志 | 专题研究 2023, 48(11): 1267-1275
右美托咪定的器官保护作用及其机制概述
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丁允莹, 嵇富海, 彭科*
作者信息
  • 苏州大学附属第一医院麻醉科,江苏苏州 215006
  • 丁允莹,硕士研究生,主要从事麻醉与围手术期器官保护方面的研究

    彭科,主任医师,硕士研究生导师,苏州大学附属第一医院麻醉科副主任,苏州大学麻醉学研究所副所长;江苏政府留学奖学金留学回国人员,美国加州大学戴维斯医学中心访问学者、德国明斯特大学附属医院访问学者、葡萄牙波尔图大学附属医院访问学者。担任江苏省口腔医学会麻醉学专委会副主任委员,江苏省医学会麻醉学分会青年委员,中国研究型医院学会麻醉学专业委员会青年委员,江苏省医学会麻醉学分会基础研究学组成员、产科麻醉学组成员,苏州市医学会麻醉学分会青委副主任委员,苏州市麻醉质控中心专家管理委员会委员。获教育部科学技术进步二等奖、江苏省医学新技术引进一等奖、华夏医学科技三等奖、江苏省教育科学研究成果一等奖、苏州市科学技术进步一等奖。主持国家自然科学基金项目、江苏省青年医学重点人才项目、江苏省医学会麻醉医学科研项目、苏州市医疗卫生科技创新项目等。担任中华医学会系列期刊《国际麻醉学与复苏杂志》青年特邀编委,Frontiers in Anesthesiology副主编,以及多个国际医学期刊审稿专家。近年来以第一或通信作者在JAMA Network Open、Br J Anaesth、J Clin Anesth、Anesth Analg、Eur J Anaesth等国际专业期刊发表论文48篇。主要研究方向为麻醉与围手术期脏器保护、麻醉与脑功能的基础和临床研究。

通讯作者:

彭科,E-mail:
Research progress on organ protective effects and mechanisms of dexmedetomidine
Yun-Ying Ding, Fu-Hai Ji, Ke Peng*
Affiliations
  • Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
出版时间: 2023-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2532.2023.0530
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右美托咪定作为一种高选择性α2肾上腺素能受体激动剂,具有抗交感、镇静、镇痛、抗焦虑作用,且对呼吸影响轻微,近年来已在临床麻醉、围手术期治疗、重症监护领域得到广泛应用。器官功能保护是麻醉和围手术期医学的重要关注点,对于减少并发症、改善短期和长期预后具有重要临床意义。越来越多的基础研究和临床证据显示,右美托咪定对心、脑、肺、肾、肝及胃肠道等重要脏器具有保护作用,其机制可能与抗炎、抗氧化应激、抗凋亡、调节自噬等有关。本文对右美托咪定的器官保护作用及其机制进展进行阐述,以加深临床医师对个体化原则的应用,在发挥右美托咪定器官保护作用的同时避免增加低血压、心动过缓等不良反应,并进一步开展设计严谨的临床研究与深入的机制探索,以指导临床上以最优方式应用右美托咪定,更好地保护围手术期患者的器官功能。

右美托咪定  /  器官保护  /  麻醉  /  围手术期

Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α2 adrenergic receptor agonist, exerting anti-sympathetic, sedative, analgesic and anti-anxiety effects, with minimal impact on respiration. In recent years, dexmedetomidine has been widely used in clinical anesthesia, perioperative treatment, and intensive care. Organ-protection is an important focus of anesthesia and perioperative medicine, with clinical significance in reducing complications and improving short- and long-term outcomes. Increasing clinical evidence and basic research have shown that the application of dexmedetomidine could protect the heart, brain, lung, kidney, liver, gastrointestinal tract and other important organs. The mechanism may be related to dexmedetomidine's effects of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, and autophagy regulation. From our perspectives, clinical use should follow the principle of individualization, and the dose should be adjusted in time according to patients' responses, so as to avoid adverse reactions such as hypotension and bradycardia while protecting the organs. Moreover, more strictly designed clinical studies and in-depth mechanistic investigations are needed for the optimal dexmedetomidine therapy and better organ protection during the perioperative course. In order to facilitate better understanding of clinicians, this paper reviews the organ-protective effects and underlying mechanisms of dexmedetomidine.

dexmedetomidine  /  organ protection  /  anesthesia  /  perioperative period
丁允莹, 嵇富海, 彭科. 右美托咪定的器官保护作用及其机制概述. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (11) : 1267 -1275 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2532.2023.0530
Yun-Ying Ding, Fu-Hai Ji, Ke Peng. Research progress on organ protective effects and mechanisms of dexmedetomidine[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (11) : 1267 -1275 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2532.2023.0530
右美托咪定是新型麻醉药物,作为一种高选择性α2肾上腺素能受体激动剂,其对α2与α1受体的选择性相比约为1600:1,是老一代药物可乐定的8倍[1-2]。自1999年美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准右美托咪定应用于重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)内镇静治疗以来,由于其独特的作用机制及相对理想的安全性,临床应用范围逐渐扩大,现临床上已用于儿童和成人患者的麻醉前用药、程序镇静、全身和区域麻醉的辅助、围手术期疼痛管理和术后谵妄的预防等[3]。随着研究的不断深入,越来越多的证据显示,围手术期应用右美托咪定对多种重要器官如心、脑、肺、肾、肝及胃肠道等具有保护作用[2]。而围手术期器官功能保护一直是麻醉学领域的研究热点,对于右美托咪定器官保护作用及机制的深刻理解将有助于其发挥更好的器官保护功能,并促进其临床应用。
α2肾上腺素能受体有α2A、α2B和α2C 3个亚型,广泛分布于中枢和外周神经系统、自主神经节、重要器官和血管组织中。右美托咪定与各受体亚型结合后可产生不同的效应:主要与α2A受体亚型相结合,产生镇静、镇痛、抗交感作用;与α2B受体结合则收缩周围血管,引起一过性的血压升高;与α2C受体结合可产生轻度抗焦虑及与情绪认知相关的效应[4]
右美托咪定可激活位于脑干蓝斑核的α2A受体,促进神经末梢钾离子流出,抑制钙离子流入,导致细胞膜超极化,从而抑制蓝斑神经元的放电和去甲肾上腺素的释放[2]。通过以上途径,右美托咪定可影响内源性促睡眠通路,从而产生与自然睡眠相似的镇静和催眠作用。
在大脑中,右美托咪定与脑干蓝斑的α2A受体结合可阻止疼痛信号的传递;在脊髓中,右美托咪定可激活脊髓后角神经元突触前膜和中间神经元突触后膜的α2A受体,促进钾离子通道开放和钾离子流出,抑制钙离子流入,导致细胞膜超极化,从而抑制疼痛信号向大脑的传递;在外周,右美托咪定则抑制Aδ和C型神经纤维激活痛觉神经元,从而抑制痛觉神经递质P物质和其他痛觉肽的释放。
右美托咪定可抑制交感神经系统的兴奋性,抑制去甲肾上腺素的释放,降低血浆儿茶酚胺浓度,稳定血流动力学,降低血压和心率,发挥抗交感、抗伤害性应激的作用。
右美托咪定可产生典型的双相血流动力学反应,在低血浆浓度时导致低血压,当血浆浓度在1.9~3.2 ng/ml时血管平滑肌中α2B受体被激活,可使外周血管收缩,从而引起高血压[2]
近年来,越来越多的基础及临床研究表明,右美托咪定可能通过抗炎、抗凋亡、抗氧化应激及调节自噬等途径发挥器官保护作用,包括心、脑、肺、肾、肝及胃肠道等。尽管具有共性作用,但不同器官中右美托咪定的生物学机制存在差异。
研究发现,围手术期输注右美托咪定可降低血清白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、IL-8、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等炎性因子水平,以上效应在术中持续泵注右美托咪定时较为明显,而单次给药效果较差[5]。右美托咪定的抗炎作用机制与通过α2受体抑制核因子κB(NF-κB)通路和Toll样受体密切相关[6]。迷走神经和烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体是胆碱能抗炎通路的关键组成部分,右美托咪定除直接作用于α2受体外,还可通过激活胆碱能抗炎通路发挥抗炎作用[7-8]
右美托咪定在多种细胞中均表现出抗凋亡作用,其可能通过激活α2AR/PI3K/Akt、p38 MAPK/ERK等信号通路发挥抗凋亡作用[9-11]。另外,右美托咪定也可通过长链非编码RNA HCP5(lncRNA HCP5)激活JAK2/STAT3信号通路抑制线粒体凋亡[12]。也有研究发现,高浓度右美托咪定可导致海马神经元细胞凋亡,当右美托咪定浓度≥100 µmol/L时,可显著降低细胞活力,引起神经元凋亡[13]
在血管平滑肌细胞、肾小管上皮细胞、肝细胞等不同细胞损伤模型中,右美托咪定可减轻氧化应激反应,表现为抑制丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的生成,以及增强超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性[14-16]。右美托咪定还可通过抑制线粒体膜电位下降和减轻呼吸链酶复合物的损伤,从而抑制全麻手术引起的线粒体膜氧化应激[17]
自噬是一种自适应分解代谢过程,通过吞噬细胞内物质(包括受损的细胞器、未折叠的蛋白质和病原体)来维持细胞内稳态[18]。心、肺、脑、肾等重要器官损伤时,应用右美托咪定治疗可升高自噬水平[19-20]。但也有研究发现,右美托咪定可抑制心肌细胞、神经元细胞过度自噬来发挥器官保护作用[21-22]。因此,在各器官不同病理状态下,右美托咪定对自噬产生不同的调节作用。
体外循环技术为心脏大血管手术患者提供了生命支持,但会引起全身炎症反应及缺血再灌注导致的器官损伤;非心脏手术患者冠状动脉本身的病变及手术应激等引起的心肌氧供需失衡亦会导致心肌损伤,且与术后并发症及病死率密切相关。近年来,关于右美托咪定的心脏保护作用及其机制研究取得了明显进展。笔者团队2021年发表于British Journal of Anaesthesia的研究显示,围手术期应用右美托咪定[于体外循环前或体外循环结束时静脉输注右美托咪定0.4 μg/(kg·h),持续24 h或至拔管]可改善心脏手术的预后及5年病死率[23]
右美托咪定可通过负反馈抑制蓝斑核去甲肾上腺素神经元的活动,抑制交感神经兴奋,降低血液中的儿茶酚胺水平,从而抑制手术创伤、疼痛刺激等引起的交感神经兴奋及应激反应,稳定患者术中的循环状态,减轻血流动力学波动[24-25]。通过上述效应,右美托咪定可降低术中高血压及心动过速的发生率,但同时可能增加低血压和心动过缓的风险,尤其是老年患者以及一般基础情况较差、术前存在缓慢型心律失常的患者,因此对于此类患者应谨慎使用。
心肌发生缺血再灌注损伤时,内皮细胞产生ROS导致氧化应激损伤,使中性粒细胞被激活并释放多种炎性细胞因子,以及细胞内钙超载被激活。越来越多的研究表明,右美托咪定对心肌缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用:一方面,右美托咪定通过抗氧化应激及抗炎作用可减轻这种损伤;另一方面,右美托咪定可降低心率,从而使心室舒张灌注时间延长,改善心肌氧供需平衡[26]。在动物心肌缺血再灌注模型中,应用右美托咪定可减少心肌梗死面积,且呈浓度依赖性,但与再灌注期应用的时间点和持续时间无关[27]。研究发现,体外循环下心脏手术中使用右美托咪定[使用或不使用负荷量0.5~1.0 μg/kg,维持量0.4~0.5 μg/(kg·h)至少至手术结束]可降低肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase isoenzymes,CK-MB)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cardiac troponin I,cTnI)等心肌损伤标志物的水平,发挥一定的心肌保护作用[6,28-29]
心律失常是心脏手术后的常见并发症,尤其是快速性心律失常可导致心脏舒张期充盈时间缩短及心排血量下降,从而引起低血压并加重心肌缺血。交感神经系统过度兴奋是心脏手术后快速心律失常的主要发病机制[30]。右美托咪定由于其抗交感的特性,可减少术后心律失常的发生。对于心脏手术患者,从入ICU至拔管前持续泵注右美托咪定0.2~1.5 μg/(kg·h)可降低术后室性心律失常的发生率[31]。但右美托咪定对于房性心律失常如房颤的作用尚无定论。有研究表明,围手术期应用右美托咪定[使用或不使用负荷量0.2~1.5 μg/kg,术中维持量0.2~1.5 μg/(kg·h)]可降低心脏手术后房颤的发生率[32],但会增加心动过缓的风险[33]。近期一项大型多中心随机对照试验结果提示,较小剂量的右美托咪定[0.1~0.4 μg/(kg·h)]从麻醉诱导开始持续输注24 h并未减少心脏手术后房性心律失常的发生[34]。由此可见,右美托咪定的应用有助于减少术后快速性室性心律失常的发生,但对于房颤的作用仍有待进一步研究。
右美托咪定可通过下调内质网应激信号通路中葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶(PERK)、C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)等的表达,从而抑制缺血再灌注诱导的炎症和心肌细胞凋亡[35]。在心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤模型中,右美托咪定可通过调控SIRT1/CHOP信号通路逆转细胞氧化应激损伤[36]。还有研究报道,右美托咪定可通过抗凋亡减轻缺血再灌注损伤引起的心肌细胞损伤,这可能是通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路以及抑制缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)信号来实现的[37-38]
既往关于右美托咪定的神经系统保护作用大多局限于动物实验模型,但近期越来越多的临床试验报道了右美托咪定可降低围手术期神经认知障碍(perioperative neurocognitive disorders,PND)的发生率,包括术后谵妄(postoperative delirium,POD)和术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)等。由此认为,右美托咪定具有潜在的神经系统保护作用[39]
PND包括急性POD和较长时间的POCD。PND与住院时间延长、病死率增高等不良结局相关。一项高质量系统回顾性研究发现,右美托咪定可降低成人心脏和非心脏手术后POD的发生率,且有效剂量为负荷量0.4~0.5 μg/kg,维持量0.2~0.8 μg/(kg·h),至少持续至手术结束或在ICU内继续使用[40],但最佳剂量及用药时机仍有待进一步研究。欧洲麻醉学学会认为,右美托咪定可降低心脏或血管手术后POD的发生率,但未提及非心脏手术[41]。既往研究显示,预防性应用低剂量右美托咪定[0.1 μg/(kg·h),从术后入ICU 1 h内持续使用至术后第1天早上8:00]可明显降低65岁以上老年患者非心脏手术后7 d POD的发生率,且未增加低血压及心动过缓的风险[42]。老年患者非心脏手术后3个月POCD的发生率为12%~21%[43],但使用确切的终点指标来评估术后长期认知功能的高质量研究尚少,同时缺乏明确的证据表明右美托咪定可发挥长期的神经系统保护作用。
在多种动物脑缺血再灌注模型中,右美托咪定的使用均表现出神经保护作用,包括症状缓解、行为学恢复及组织病理学结果改善等[43]。在体外及体内的临床前研究中,右美托咪定可调节神经元凋亡、线粒体功能、炎症和氧化应激,并通过减少缺血诱导的内在凋亡途径从而增加缺氧及缺血再灌注模型中的神经元活力[44],但这种神经保护作用有限,且随缺血时间的延长而逐渐减弱。脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)是神经营养因子家族中的一员,中枢神经系统中BDNF水平升高可保护神经元免受缺血损伤。有研究发现,术中静脉输注右美托咪定可增加BDNF的浓度,减轻脑缺血缺氧损伤[39]。然而,目前仍需要更多的临床研究来支持右美托咪定对神经系统的保护作用。
全麻药物相关的神经毒性不容忽视。动物实验发现,发育脑暴露于全麻药物时可发生结构和功能的改变,涉及神经元及胶质细胞的凋亡[45-46]。在新生大鼠长时间吸入七氟烷的麻醉模型中,给予1 μg/kg右美托咪定可抑制部分皮质和皮质下脑区caspase-3的表达,具有显著的神经保护作用,然而大剂量右美托咪定(5 μg/kg)则增高了大鼠的病死率[47]。体内外实验还发现,右美托咪定可减轻异氟醚引起的长期神经认知功能缺陷[48]
右美托咪定具有调节神经递质的作用。大脑发生缺血缺氧时,可产生大量的神经毒性自由基。右美托咪定可抑制交感神经兴奋性,减少儿茶酚胺类激素的释放,抑制儿茶酚胺引起的脑损伤及脑血管痉挛。谷氨酸是脑缺血时释放的一种兴奋性神经递质,可引起神经元损伤。右美托咪定可通过多种途径抑制中枢谷氨酸的释放,并降低儿茶酚胺相关神经对谷氨酸的敏感性[39]。脑缺血再灌注过程中,大量炎性因子、氧自由基释放及细胞凋亡是导致脑细胞损伤的主要机制。部分神经退行性疾病及PND均与神经元炎症和细胞凋亡密切相关。小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统的巨噬细胞,被激活时可分泌多种促炎细胞因子,在调节免疫反应中发挥重要作用。右美托咪定在神经系统中的抗炎作用与抑制小胶质细胞的糖酵解及通过上调miR-340抑制小胶质细胞的吞噬作用有关[49-50]。此外,大脑中不同类型细胞的自噬信号调节不同。右美托咪定可通过抑制自噬保护人神经母细胞瘤细胞和啮齿动物免受缺血损伤;然而对于糖氧剥夺脑缺血模型中星形胶质细胞的损伤,右美托咪定对自噬的激活或抑制作用尚不确定,这可能是因为自噬在脑损伤的不同阶段(缺血和再灌注)可能发挥不同的作用[51]
肺极易受到各种病理状态如全身炎症反应、高浓度氧气吸入、缺血再灌注等的影响。围手术期机械通气及单肺通气改变了肺原有的生理状态,可能造成或加重肺损伤及低氧血症。越来越多的研究表明,右美托咪定可通过抗炎及影响缺氧性肺血管收缩(hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction,HPV)等途径起到肺保护作用。
在动物模型中,右美托咪定对不同原因[包括脓毒症、创伤、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)及缺血再灌注诱导]引起的肺损伤均表现出保护作用[52]。炎性介质的释放是肺损伤的基本特征,右美托咪定的保护作用表现为降低炎性因子如肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和IL-6的水平[37,53]。胸腔镜手术中单肺通气可引起与肺潮气量变化相关的全身炎症反应和肺损伤,而应用右美托咪定[无负荷量,0.5 μg/(kg·h)术中维持]可通过抑制中性粒细胞聚集来减轻单肺通气引起的肺损伤[54]
单肺通气期间,通气血流比例失衡,肺内分流增加。右美托咪定[负荷剂量0.5~1.0 μg/kg,术中维持量0.3~0.5 μg/(kg·h)]可减少成人患者胸外科手术中肺内分流和死腔通气,改善单肺通气期间的氧合指数,但可能增加低血压和心动过缓的风险[55-56]。有动物实验结果显示,右美托咪定可抑制支气管痉挛,降低术中气道平台压,但其具体作用机制尚未明确,仍有待进一步研究[56]
右美托咪定具有增加HPV的作用。单肺通气时,HPV是一种改善通气血流比例的重要保护机制,吸入性麻醉药、丙泊酚等可抑制HPV。应用右美托咪定一方面可通过减少吸入麻醉药及丙泊酚的用量而在一定程度上改善HPV和肺内分流,另一方面可通过激活肺血管平滑肌的α2B受体使血管收缩直接增强HPV,从而缓解低氧血症[55]。LPS可刺激TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β等炎性因子的释放进而启动炎症级联反应,导致肺损伤,而右美托咪定可通过高迁移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group protein 1,HMGB1)介导的TLR4/NF-κB和PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路抑制LPS诱导的炎症反应,从而减轻肺损伤[53]。氧化应激和线粒体功能障碍是脓毒症相关肺损伤的重要因素,右美托咪定可通过上调HIF-1α及其下游蛋白血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)维持线粒体的功能,从而减轻氧化应激和脓毒症相关肺损伤[57]
肾血流供应丰富,其血流量约占心输出量的20%,且肾对全身或局部血流减少十分敏感。急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)是外科手术后常见的并发症,尤其是心脏手术和具有高危风险患者非心脏大手术后。成人心脏手术后AKI的发生率为7%~45%[58],且与术后并发症及不良结局密切相关。
交感神经过度兴奋、血流动力学不稳定、炎症反应及体外循环等均是肾功能损害的危险因素。右美托咪定可明显降低心脏手术后AKI的发生率,增高肌酐清除率[58-62]。Shan等[63]观察因终末期肾病接受肾移植手术的患者,发现围手术期输注右美托咪定[麻醉诱导后立即静脉输注0.4 μg/(kg·h)至手术结束,术后0.1 μg/(kg·h)持续24 h]降低了成人肾移植术后透析的需求及移植肾功能延迟恢复(delayed graft function,DGF)的发生率。目前认为,右美托咪定用于肾移植手术是安全且有益的。
右美托咪定可增加肾血流,同时发挥抗炎、抗凋亡等作用。一方面,右美托咪定通过调节交感神经张力,减少儿茶酚胺导致的肾小动脉血管收缩,增加肾灌注;另一方面,右美托咪定可直接激活肾血管及肾小管中的α2受体,抑制肾素-血管紧张素系统,减少肾素分泌,改善肾血流[64]。有动物实验表明,右美托咪定可通过α2A受体抑制炎症及长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶4(acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4,ACSL4)介导的铁死亡,从而减轻肾缺血/再灌注损伤[65]。在体外培养的人肾小管上皮细胞中,右美托咪定抑制了LPS诱导的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡和ROS的产生,其机制可能与调控p75神经营养因子受体(p75 neurotrophic receptor,p75NTR)相关的信号通路有关[66]
围手术期器官功能保护的关注点多集中于心、脑、肺、肾等重要脏器,对于其他器官的关注相对较少。而消化系统如肝脏、胃肠道和肠道屏障功能的保护也非常重要。肠道屏障损伤可引起细菌移位及毒素入血,影响其他器官,最终导致严重的脓毒血症及多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)[67]
临床上行肝部分切除术时常采用门静脉阻断减少术中出血,但同时增加了肝缺血再灌注损伤的风险,严重时可能导致肝甚至远隔器官损伤和功能障碍。临床前研究发现,右美托咪定可降低缺血再灌注损伤肝细胞模型中的MDA水平,增强抗氧化能力[68]。近期Meta分析显示,围手术期应用右美托咪定[使用或不使用负荷量0.5~1.0 μg/kg,维持量0.3~0.5 μg/(kg·h)至手术结束]可降低谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、TNF-α、IL-6的水平[69]。右美托咪定减轻缺血再灌注引起的肝损伤的具体机制及其临床应用仍待进一步研究。
生理状态下,右美托咪定可适度抑制肠蠕动及胃排空[70];但在手术应激反应等状态下,其有助于肠道微循环灌注及胃肠动力的恢复[37,71]。此外,右美托咪定可能通过减少阿片类药物的用量从而促进术后患者胃肠道功能的恢复。2018年加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)指南建议将右美托咪定作为多模式镇痛的一部分来减少阿片类药物的用量及相关不良反应[72]
机体肠道的重要解剖屏障包括肠上皮屏障和肠血管屏障。在大鼠模型中,右美托咪定可通过恢复肠黏膜和平滑肌中灌注的小血管密度,减轻肠道微循环功能障碍,抑制炎症反应,从而减少黏膜细胞的死亡和紧密连接的损伤,保护肠上皮屏障免受破坏[35]。右美托咪定对肠缺血再灌注损伤诱导的肠血管屏障受损具有保护作用[73]
右美托咪定主要通过其抗炎、抗凋亡、抗氧化应激、调节自噬的特性发挥肝及胃肠道保护作用。在氧糖剥夺/复氧(oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation,OGD/R)建立的肝细胞损伤模型中,右美托咪定可通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路,抑制炎症反应、氧化应激和细胞凋亡,减轻肝细胞损伤[16]。有研究发现,右美托咪定可通过microRNA-130a/EGR1轴促进肝癌细胞凋亡并抑制其增殖[74]。此外,有研究证实,肠胶质细胞(enteric glial cells,EGCs)对肠道屏障功能具有保护作用,右美托咪定可通过增强线粒体自噬抑制EGCs凋亡,从而减轻大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤,其机制与SIRT3依赖的PINK1/HDAC3/p53信号轴有关[75]
基于既往研究结果,笔者认为右美托咪定在不同病理状态下可通过减轻炎症反应、抗氧化应激、抑制细胞凋亡、调节自噬、促进细胞存活通路等多种机制,对围手术期患者心、脑、肺、肾、肝及胃肠道等重要脏器发挥一定的保护作用(图1)。
尽管已有大量研究报道了右美托咪定的器官保护作用,但目前在很多方面仍存在争议。例如,有关右美托咪定是否能够减少术后房颤和术后长期神经认知障碍的临床证据尚不统一,仍需要多中心大规模随机对照试验进行验证。
为了便于临床医师更好地解读,笔者将右美托咪定潜在器官保护作用的适用场景、用法和剂量进行总结,如表1所示。各研究均使用了临床常用剂量范围的右美托咪定,且小剂量的右美托咪定持续泵注在发挥器官保护作用的同时,能够减少低血压、心动过缓等不良反应。因此,临床用药时应注意个体化原则,根据患者对药物的反应及时调整剂量。
综上所述,围手术期器官保护的目标为针对高危手术患者提供个体化的预防和治疗方案,减少术后并发症,改善预后。临床上针对不同手术群体,应探明器官功能损伤的发生机制,结合基础研究开展临床转化,提高和优化现有器官保护措施的临床应用效果并探讨新的潜在治疗方案。对于不同类型手术患者群体,右美托咪定发挥器官保护作用的最佳用法用量仍需进一步开展大样本高质量的临床研究加以验证。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82072130)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(81873925)
  • 江苏省青年重点医学人才项目(QNRC2016741)
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2023年第48卷第11期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2532.2023.0530
  • 接收时间:2022-12-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-05
  • 录用日期:2023-03-08
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82072130)
国家自然科学基金项目(82072130)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81873925)
国家自然科学基金项目(81873925)
Jiangsu Provincial Medical Youth Talents Program(QNRC2016741)
江苏省青年重点医学人才项目(QNRC2016741)
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    苏州大学附属第一医院麻醉科,江苏苏州 215006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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