Article(id=1199703037888524529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199703037368430831, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0813.2023.0818, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1686499200000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1689177600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-07-13, onlineDate=1763961093636, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1701100800000, pubDateStr=2023-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763961093636, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763961093636, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763961093636, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199703037368430831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='11', pageStart='1237', pageEnd='1358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763961093513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763961140964, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199703236451070744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199703037368430831, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199703236451070745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199703037368430831, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1248, endPage=1259, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199703038156959987, articleId=1199703037888524529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Guidelines for rehabilitation practice of axial spondyloarthritis/ankylosing spondylitis (2023 edition), columnId=1190310109461971339, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For axial spondyloarthritis/ankylosing spondylitis, rehabilitation is very important for controlling disease activity, preventing disease progression and improving quality of life. Initiated by China Spine Alliance and jointly formulated by Air Force Specialty Medical Center and Chinese PLA General Hospital, the current guidelines were developed according to World Health Organization Guidelines Development Manual and the Basic Methods and Procedures for the Development/Revision of the Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines, Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation Ⅱ (AGREEⅡ), Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Two basic princlples and 12 suggestions were made for important issues such as diagnosis, rehabilitation assessment, rehabilitation intervention and management for axial spondyloarthritis/ankylosing spondylitis.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Ye Chao-Qun, E-mail:
Zhu Jian, E-mail:
Huang Feng, E-mail:
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康复治疗对于控制中轴脊柱关节炎/强直性脊柱炎病情、预防疾病进展和改善生活质量非常重要。为促进规范化中轴脊柱关节炎/强直性脊柱炎康复的开展,由中国脊柱联盟发起,空军特色医学中心和解放军总医院牵头组建的指南工作组制订了此指南。指南依据《世界卫生组织指南制订手册》《制订/修订<临床诊疗指南>的基本方法及程序》,参考指南研究与评价工具(AGREEⅡ),运用推荐意见分级的评估、制定及评价(GRADE)方法制作而成,对中轴脊柱关节炎/强直性脊柱炎的诊断、康复评定、康复干预及管理等重要问题提出了2条基本原则和12条意见。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
叶超群,E-mail:
朱剑,E-mail:
黄烽,E-mail:
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Complement Ther Clin Pract, 2018, 32: 187-194., articleTitle=Cupping therapy for treating ankylosing spondylitis: the evidence from systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199711046060569469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=26, issue=2, pageStart=118, pageEnd=125, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[88], rfOrder=89, authorNames=Wang F, Tian ZG, Lv CH, journalName=Complement Med Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang F, Tian ZG, Lv CH, et al. Baguan therapy is an alternative in treating ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review based on existing randomized controlled trials[J]. Complement Med Res, 2019, 26(2): 118-125., articleTitle=Baguan therapy is an alternative in treating ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review based on existing randomized controlled trials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199711046136066942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=27, issue=6, pageStart=449, pageEnd=453, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[89], rfOrder=90, authorNames=Zou YY, Zhang HY, Xue L, journalName=Complement Med Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zou YY, Zhang HY, Xue L, et al. Traditional Chinese eight brocade exercise prescription for ankylosing spondylitis: a quantitative synthesis[J]. Complement Med Res, 2020, 27(6): 449-453., articleTitle=Traditional Chinese eight brocade exercise prescription for ankylosing spondylitis: a quantitative synthesis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1199711033255358980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, awardId=BKJ17J006, language=EN, fundingSource=Key Project of Logistics Research Plan of PLA, China(BKJ17J006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1199711033335050758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, awardId=BKJ17J006, language=CN, fundingSource=军队后勤科研计划重点项目(BKJ17J006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1199711033414742543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, awardId=2021-NCRC-CXJJ-ZH-33, language=EN, fundingSource=Innovation Fund from National Clinical Medical Research Center of Orthopedics and Sports Rehabilitation(2021-NCRC-CXJJ-ZH-33), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1199711033561543188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, awardId=2021-NCRC-CXJJ-ZH-33, language=CN, fundingSource=国家骨科与运动康复临床医学研究中心创新基金(2021-NCRC-CXJJ-ZH-33), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=null, figs=[ArticleFig(id=1199711030860411325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Procedure of developing the guideline, figureFileSmall=jwF04GKXmhoJdUY7uJ1MsQ==, figureFileBig=tub764CsZz/kSgzqdn8FqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199711030935908804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, language=CN, label=图1, caption=指南制作过程, figureFileSmall=jwF04GKXmhoJdUY7uJ1MsQ==, figureFileBig=tub764CsZz/kSgzqdn8FqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199711031028183496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=VAS for evaluation of the level of pain, stiffness in morning, figureFileSmall=PKBZwURjH3jnjBGpk5A1Bg==, figureFileBig=BFl3nNYD4lX7r5r4zRC9wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199711031137235406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, language=CN, label=图2, caption=疼痛、晨僵程度的VAS评价

VAS. 视觉模拟量表

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VAS. 视觉模拟量表

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GRADE for rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations

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项目 具体描述
证据质量分级
高(A) 非常有把握:观察值接近真实值
中(B) 对观察值有中等把握:观察值有可能接近真实值,也有可能差别很大
低(C) 对观察值把握有限:观察值与真实值可能有很大差别
极低(D) 对观察值几乎没有把握:观察值与真实值可能有极大差别
推荐强度分级
强(1) 明确显示干预措施利大于弊,或弊大于利
弱(2) 利弊不确定,或无论质量高低的证据均显示利弊相当
), ArticleFig(id=1199711032609436127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GRADE证据质量与推荐强度分级

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项目 具体描述
证据质量分级
高(A) 非常有把握:观察值接近真实值
中(B) 对观察值有中等把握:观察值有可能接近真实值,也有可能差别很大
低(C) 对观察值把握有限:观察值与真实值可能有很大差别
极低(D) 对观察值几乎没有把握:观察值与真实值可能有极大差别
推荐强度分级
强(1) 明确显示干预措施利大于弊,或弊大于利
弱(2) 利弊不确定,或无论质量高低的证据均显示利弊相当
), ArticleFig(id=1199711032689127909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Modification of the New York criteria for AS

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诊断指标 条件
临床指标 1. 腰痛、僵硬>3个月,活动后改善,休息后不改善
2. 腰椎额状面和矢状面活动受限
3. 胸廓扩张度低于同年龄同性别健康者
放射学指标 1. 双侧骶髂关节2级
2. 单侧骶髂关节3–4级
放射学征象 0级:正常
1级:可疑变化
2级:轻度异常,可见硬化、局限性侵蚀,但关节间隙无改变
3级:明显异常,为中度或进展性骶髂关节炎,伴有至少以下1项改变(侵蚀、硬化、关节间隙增宽或变窄、部分强直)
4级:严重异常,完全性关节强直
), ArticleFig(id=1199711032793985516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

改良纽约AS诊断标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
诊断指标 条件
临床指标 1. 腰痛、僵硬>3个月,活动后改善,休息后不改善
2. 腰椎额状面和矢状面活动受限
3. 胸廓扩张度低于同年龄同性别健康者
放射学指标 1. 双侧骶髂关节2级
2. 单侧骶髂关节3–4级
放射学征象 0级:正常
1级:可疑变化
2级:轻度异常,可见硬化、局限性侵蚀,但关节间隙无改变
3级:明显异常,为中度或进展性骶髂关节炎,伴有至少以下1项改变(侵蚀、硬化、关节间隙增宽或变窄、部分强直)
4级:严重异常,完全性关节强直
), ArticleFig(id=1199711032924008945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Conversion table for BASMI-10

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项目 分值
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
腰侧屈(cm) >20 18.0~20.0 15.9~17.9 13.8~15.8 11.7~13.7 9.6~11.6 7.5~9.5 5.4~7.4 3.3~5.3 1.2~3.2 <1.2
耳屏-墙距(cm) <10 10.0~12.9 13.0~15.9 16.0~18.9 19.0~21.9 22.0~24.9 25.0~27.9 28.0~30.9 31.0~33.9 34.0~36.9 >37
腰前屈(改良Schober) (cm) >7 6.4~7.0 5.7~6.3 5.0~5.6 4.3~4.9 3.6~4.2 2.9~3.5 2.2~2.8 1.5~2.1 0.8~1.4 <0.7
内踝间距(cm) >120 110.0~119.9 100.0~109.9 90.0~99.9 80.0~89.9 70.0~79.9 60.0~69.9 50.0~59.9 40.0~49.9 30.0~39.9 <30
颈椎旋转(°) >85 76.6~85.0 68.1~76.5 59.6~68.0 51.1~59.5 42.6~51.0 34.1~42.5 25.6~34.0 17.1~25.5 8.6~17.0 <8.5
), ArticleFig(id=1199711032999506423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199703037888524529, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

BASMI-10换算表

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项目 分值
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
腰侧屈(cm) >20 18.0~20.0 15.9~17.9 13.8~15.8 11.7~13.7 9.6~11.6 7.5~9.5 5.4~7.4 3.3~5.3 1.2~3.2 <1.2
耳屏-墙距(cm) <10 10.0~12.9 13.0~15.9 16.0~18.9 19.0~21.9 22.0~24.9 25.0~27.9 28.0~30.9 31.0~33.9 34.0~36.9 >37
腰前屈(改良Schober) (cm) >7 6.4~7.0 5.7~6.3 5.0~5.6 4.3~4.9 3.6~4.2 2.9~3.5 2.2~2.8 1.5~2.1 0.8~1.4 <0.7
内踝间距(cm) >120 110.0~119.9 100.0~109.9 90.0~99.9 80.0~89.9 70.0~79.9 60.0~69.9 50.0~59.9 40.0~49.9 30.0~39.9 <30
颈椎旋转(°) >85 76.6~85.0 68.1~76.5 59.6~68.0 51.1~59.5 42.6~51.0 34.1~42.5 25.6~34.0 17.1~25.5 8.6~17.0 <8.5
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中轴脊柱关节炎/强直性脊柱炎康复实践指南(2023)
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中国脊柱联盟中轴脊柱关节炎/强直性脊柱炎康复实践指南工作组
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2023,48(11): 1248-1259
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解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2023, 48(11): 1248-1259
中轴脊柱关节炎/强直性脊柱炎康复实践指南(2023)
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中国脊柱联盟中轴脊柱关节炎/强直性脊柱炎康复实践指南工作组
作者信息

通讯作者:

叶超群,E-mail:
朱剑,E-mail:
黄烽,E-mail:
Guidelines for rehabilitation practice of axial spondyloarthritis/ankylosing spondylitis (2023 edition)
Axial Spondyloarthritis/Ankylosing Spondylitis Rehabilitation Practice Guidelines Working Group of China Spine Alliance
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出版时间: 2023-11-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0813.2023.0818
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康复治疗对于控制中轴脊柱关节炎/强直性脊柱炎病情、预防疾病进展和改善生活质量非常重要。为促进规范化中轴脊柱关节炎/强直性脊柱炎康复的开展,由中国脊柱联盟发起,空军特色医学中心和解放军总医院牵头组建的指南工作组制订了此指南。指南依据《世界卫生组织指南制订手册》《制订/修订<临床诊疗指南>的基本方法及程序》,参考指南研究与评价工具(AGREEⅡ),运用推荐意见分级的评估、制定及评价(GRADE)方法制作而成,对中轴脊柱关节炎/强直性脊柱炎的诊断、康复评定、康复干预及管理等重要问题提出了2条基本原则和12条意见。

中轴脊柱关节炎  /  强直性脊柱炎  /  康复  /  指南

For axial spondyloarthritis/ankylosing spondylitis, rehabilitation is very important for controlling disease activity, preventing disease progression and improving quality of life. Initiated by China Spine Alliance and jointly formulated by Air Force Specialty Medical Center and Chinese PLA General Hospital, the current guidelines were developed according to World Health Organization Guidelines Development Manual and the Basic Methods and Procedures for the Development/Revision of the Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines, Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation Ⅱ (AGREEⅡ), Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Two basic princlples and 12 suggestions were made for important issues such as diagnosis, rehabilitation assessment, rehabilitation intervention and management for axial spondyloarthritis/ankylosing spondylitis.

axial spondyloarthritis  /  ankylosing spondylitis  /  rehabilitation  /  guidelines
中国脊柱联盟中轴脊柱关节炎/强直性脊柱炎康复实践指南工作组. 中轴脊柱关节炎/强直性脊柱炎康复实践指南(2023). 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (11) : 1248 -1259 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0813.2023.0818
Axial Spondyloarthritis/Ankylosing Spondylitis Rehabilitation Practice Guidelines Working Group of China Spine Alliance. Guidelines for rehabilitation practice of axial spondyloarthritis/ankylosing spondylitis (2023 edition)[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (11) : 1248 -1259 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0813.2023.0818
中轴脊柱关节炎(axial spondyloarthritis,axSpA)包括非放射学中轴脊柱关节炎(non-radiographic axSpA,nr-axSpA)和放射学中轴脊柱关节炎(radiographic axSpA,r-axSpA)。nr-axSpA是指尚未对骶髂关节造成实质性侵蚀性损伤的axSpA;r-axSpA又称为强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS),以X线片上明确的骶髂关节特征性变化、腰背部疼痛和僵硬为特征,并随病情进展逐渐出现脊柱关节破坏、融合,乃至脊柱畸形,导致脊柱、胸廓活动受限[1]。除脊柱融合和骶髂关节病变外,nr-axSpA与AS的临床特征和疾病负担相似[2]
康复治疗是axSpA治疗的重要组成部分[1,3-5],一旦axSpA诊断确立,即应开始康复治疗[1,3-12]。为促进axSpA的规范化康复,由中国脊柱联盟发起,并由空军特色医学中心和解放军总医院共同制订了此循证康复指南。指南制作依据《世界卫生组织指南制订手册》[13]《制订/修订<临床诊疗指南>的基本方法及程序》[14],参考指南研究与评价工具(Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation ,AGREE)[15],运用推荐意见分级的评估、制定及评价(Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation,GRADE)方法(表1),经过组建制订团队明确分工,撰写指南计划书,在国际实践指南注册平台(International Practice Guidelines Registry Platform)注册(注册号为IPGRP-2020CN017),在GRADE方法专业人员指导下进行临床问题组建、结局指标选择、文献检索及证据评价,并形成推荐意见、完成指南初稿及指南外审等一系列过程(图1)。本指南包括2条基本原则及针对12个问题的12条推荐意见。
为控制症状和病情,预防结构损坏,保持或恢复活动和社会参与。axSpA使患者体力活动水平降低、身体功能和总体健康状况受损,这些因素与患者生活质量降低密切相关[16-19],且axSpA患者早期疾病活动性可预测脊柱结构损害、长期功能结局和生活质量,因此,针对性治疗包括增加体力活动、科学运动、控制炎症和症状,有助于预防脊柱结构损害、改善功能和生活质量。法国风湿病协会axSpA患者管理指南提出:脊柱关节炎(SpA)治疗的最优目标是维持临床缓解,最低目标是维持低的疾病活动度[4]。康复治疗的目标则是在此基础上维持或改善功能能力,提高生活质量。
为在及时明确诊断的基础上,以康复评定为依据,尽早开始个体化、循序渐进的多学科协作模式的康复。最新的系统评价发现,axSpA的延迟诊断会导致更多的功能障碍、更高的医疗费用和更差的生活质量,提示了早期诊断的必要性[20]。由于axSpA涉及炎症、结构、功能、参与等多层面的损害,可出现脊柱及胸廓活动受限、心肺功能降低、肌力及肌耐力下降、情绪心理障碍等多方面的障碍,因而康复需采取风湿免疫、康复、心理等多学科协作的模式[4,5,8-9],并依据康复评价,采取教育、药物、认知行为、运动、物理治疗等多种方法有机结合的策略[5],以达到控制或减轻炎症、缓解疼痛和僵硬等症状,改善功能并提高生活质量的目的。其中,教育和运动是治疗的基础;非甾体抗炎药(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug,NSAIDs)是治疗的一线药物;如NSAIDs治疗效果不佳、病情仍持续活动,应考虑使用生物型或小分子靶向改变病情药物(disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug,DMARDs),如肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)抑制剂、白细胞介素(IL)-17抑制剂和Janus激酶(Janus-activated kinase,JAK)抑制剂[8]。具体应用时,需依据评价结果和患者实际情况,由医患共同讨论决策方案。
问题1:axSpA的诊断标准?
推荐意见1:推荐依据脊柱关节炎评估国际学会(Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society,ASAS)分类标准诊断axSpA,也可依据改良纽约AS标准诊断r-axSpA/AS(1B)。
推荐依据:改良的纽约AS诊断标准包括至少一项临床标准和一项放射学标准(表2),如三项临床标准同时存在但无放射学标准,或者存在放射学征象但缺乏症状、体征时考虑可能为AS[21]。然而,ASAS认为放射学征象反映的是炎症的结果而非炎症本身,不能反映AS早期炎性过程及病变,故结合临床、放射学及炎性因子等指标开发了axSpA分类标准[22]:患者背痛≥3个月、发病年龄<45岁,且有明确的放射学骶髂关节炎,并伴有一项以下脊柱关节炎特征[包括:(1)炎性脊痛;(2)关节炎;(3)附着点炎;(4)葡萄膜炎;(5)牙周炎;(6)银屑病;(7)克罗恩病或结肠炎;(8)对非甾体类药反应良好;(9)脊柱关节炎家族史;(10)人类白细胞抗原B27(HLA-B27)阳性;(11)C反应蛋白(CRP)或红细胞沉降率(ESR)增高];或背痛≥3个月、发病年龄<45岁,且HLA-B27阳性,并伴两项除HLA-B27阳性以外的脊柱关节炎特征。该标准敏感度、特异度分别为82.9%、84.4%(阳性似然比为5.3,阴性似然比为0.20),其放射学检查敏感度、特异度分别为66.2%、97.3%[22];同时较改良纽约标准增加了外周关节和炎性指标,删除了脊柱活动,能够反映axSpA早期变化。最新研究显示,AS改良纽约标准和ASAS分类标准仅在发病年龄上存在差异,应用时二者可互用[23]
问题2:axSpA患者的疼痛、僵硬等主要症状如何评价?
推荐意见2:推荐采用视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评价axSpA患者疼痛、僵硬等主要症状(1C)。
推荐依据:依据ASAS-风湿临床试验结局评估axSpA核心集(ASAS outcome measures in rheumatology clinical trials core outcome set for axial spondyloarthritis,ASAS-OMERACT for axSpA),对于物理治疗和药物治疗的axSpA患者的结局评价应包括疼痛、疲劳、晨僵及患者的总体评价,推荐用0~10分制VAS或数字评分量表(numerical rating scale,NRS)进行[24]。VAS是被广泛应用于临床的疼痛评价工具,具有简单、快速、准确、操作方便等优点,其信度已经被许多研究所证实[25],其在银屑病关节炎中的结构效度和敏感度也已得到验证[26]
问题3:axSpA疾病活动采用什么方法评价?
推荐意见3:推荐采用强直性脊柱炎疾病活动评分(ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score,ASDAS)评价疾病活动性(1B)。
推荐依据:疾病活动属于病情评价。ASDAS于2009年由ASAS开发[27],包括背痛、周围关节疼痛/肿胀、晨僵的持续时间、患者对疾病活动的整体评估,红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)或C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)五部分内容,其中,过去1周的背痛、外周关节疼痛/肿胀、晨僵的持续时间采用VAS(0~10 cm)评价(图23),患者对疾病活动的整体评估采用NRS评价;CRP和ESR需加权后计算,具体计算公式如下。ASDAS-CRP:0.121×总背痛+0.110×患者总体评价+0.073×周围关节疼痛/肿胀+0.058×晨僵持续时间+0.579×Ln(CRP+1);ASDAS-ESR:0.113×患者总体评价+0.293×ESR+0.086×周围关节疼痛/肿胀+0.069×晨僵持续时间+0.079×总背痛[23]。其与Bath强直性脊柱炎疾病活动指数(Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index,BASDAI)(r=0.67~0.80)、患者对疾病活动的总体评估(0.58~0.75)和医师对疾病活动的总体评价(0.41~0.48)具有良好的相关性,具有良好的疾病活动分类率(72%)[27-28]。随后ASAS进一步确定[29]、优化[30]、验证[31]了ASDAS判断AS疾病活动性的标准:ASDAS值<1.3提示疾病无活动,1.3≤ASDAS<2.1为低疾病活动度,2.1≤ASDAS≤3.5为高疾病活动度,>3.5则为极高疾病活动度。ASDAS评分明显优于BASDAI[27],可更准确地反映炎症过程和疾病活动性[32]。ASAS建议使用ASDAS-CRP用于临床实践和临床试验,但也可以使用ASDAS-ESR。
问题4:如何评价axSpA患者的功能?
推荐意见4:推荐采用Bath AS metrology index 10(BASMI-10)和胸廓扩张度评价脊柱活动度,采用Bath AS功能指数(Bath AS functional index,BASFI)评价躯体功能(1C)。
BASMI第一版BASMI-2[33]于1994年首次发布,用于评价AS患者中轴骨的关节活动范围,并经两次修改、验证[34]后成为第二版BASMI-10和第三版BASMI-Lin。3版测试内容相同,包括颈椎旋转活动度、耳屏-墙距、腰屈曲活动度、腰侧屈活动度和内踝间距5项,但3版的计分标准不同。BASMI-2和BASMI-10分别采取2分(0、1、2分)和10分制(0~10分),BASMI-Lin为线性计分制(0~10分),3版计分方法均为将每项实测值对照计分标准转换为评分,5项评分和的平均值为BASMI总分(0~10分)。研究发现,BASMI具有良好的信度(观察者间和观察者内r>0.95,P<0.001)和标准效度(r=0.92,P<0.001),以及中等校标效度(BASMI-2:r=0.44,BASMI-10:r=0.46,P<0.001),且BASMI-Lin能够反映AS患者是否具有影像学改变(r=0.6)[35]。3版中,BASMI-Lin敏感度最高,而BASMI-10敏感度高于BASMI-2,且较BASMI-2与BASMI-Lin具有更好的相关性[34]。同时,BASMI-2转换标准取值范围大容易导致评分与实际存在误差[35],故澳大利亚AS运动治疗专家共识推荐使用BASMI-10和BASMI-Lin而非BASMI-2来评价脊柱活动[9]。考虑BASMI-10积分换算较BASMI-Lin简单、实用,故推荐使用BASMI-10(表3)。3版BASMI均未能反映胸廓活动度[35],因而ASAS推荐在此基础上增加胸廓活动度的评价,并包含在ASAS核心集中作为评价脊柱活动度的首选指标[24]
BASFI用于评价患者近1个月内关于关节功能的自我感受包含10个项目:(1)穿袜子穿鞋;(2)弯腰捡起一支笔;(3)伸手触到衣柜上层;(4)从椅子上站起来;(5)躺在地面上站起来;(6)站立10 min;(7)无需拐杖或扶手爬12~15级楼梯;(8)无需转身看到肩;(9)进行强度较大的体育锻炼、家务;(10)坚持一整天的工作。其中8项与脊柱、胸廓、外周关节的功能解剖有关,2项涉及处理日常生活的能力;所有项目均利用NRS或VAS(0~10分)进行评价,BASFI总得分为10个项目得分的平均值,范围为0~10分[36]。研究发现,BASFI内部一致性(Cronbach α=0.936)、信度(观察者重测r=0.89,P<0.001;观察者间r=0.87~0.89,P<0.001)、效度[与Dougados功能指数(DFI)的相关性(r=0.89)]良好[35],已翻译为多个版本应用于临床实践和研究,具有简便、易行、可复制、敏感度好等优点[37-39],已获得ASAS的推荐[24]
问题5:axSpA患者的日常生活活动能力如何评价?
推荐意见5:推荐采用脊柱关节炎健康问卷(health assessment questionnaire for spondyloarthro-pathies,HAQ-S)评价axSpA患者日常生活活动能力(1B)。
推荐依据:日常生活自理能力属于活动评价。HAQ-S是一个自我报告的用于AS功能和日常生活活动能力评价的问卷[40],由HAQ(穿衣、站起、进食、步行、个人卫生、伸手取物、差事和杂务8类20项内容)、疼痛和僵硬缓解(0~10 cm的VAS评价)[41]和5项与脊柱活动障碍相关的特定活动(驾驶汽车、使用后视镜、携带杂物、长时间坐、在办公桌前工作)组成。答案选项分值为0~3(0为无困难做到,3为做不到)。目前已有多版HAQ-S的信度和效度得到验证[42-44]。其中,中国版具有良好的内部一致性(Cronbach α=0.914)、评价者内(r=0.987,P<0.05)和评价者间(r=0.982,P<0.05)信度,以及较好的校标效度(BASFI:r=0.749,P<0.01;BASDAI:r=0.581,P<0.01;BASMI:r=0.425,P<0.01)[44]
要注意的是,HAQ-S的评价需较长时间,且缺乏最小临床重要差异值和分级值,这些可能会限制其临床使用。
问题6:axSpA患者的生活质量如何评价?
推荐意见6:推荐采用AS生活质量(ankylosing spondylitis quality of life,ASQoL),或脊柱关节炎国际评估学会健康指数(Assessment of Spondylo Arthritis International Society health index,ASAS HI)评价axSpA生活质量(1B)。
推荐依据:ASQoL包括疾病对睡眠、情绪、动力、应对、日常生活、独立性、人际关系和社会生活的影响等18项内容[45],具有良好的内部一致性(Cronbach's α=0.89~0.92)、信度(评价者间重测信度r=0.91~0.92,观察者内重测信度r=0.91)和效度(与BASFI相关系数为0.72~0.75,与DFI相关系数为0.80,与BASDAI相关系数为0.79)[35],已在中国和其他国家axSpA患者中得到验证[46-48]。ASQoL是axSpA患者的特异性健康相关生活质量量表,可以反映其他结局评价无法反映的活动受限和参与局限的重要信息。最新临床试验研究发现,在有炎症客观体征的nr-axSpA人群,ASQoL平均得分具有足够的可信度、有效性和检测临床意义变化的能力[49]。但目前缺乏分级值和临床重要最小分辨值。
--引用第三方内容--

ASAS HI是ASAS开发的包含疼痛、情感、睡眠、性功能、活动能力、自我照顾、社区生活和就业等17个条目的线性复合指数,涵盖国际功能分类(international classification of functioning,disability and health,ICF)核心集的大部分区域,代表了AS患者总的功能范围[50-51]。其各条目均是一维、相互独立的,答案选项为二分法,即“同意”或“不同意”(同意为1分,不同意为0分),结果是各条目得分的总和,代表AS患者各方面功能的总分,分值越高提示损伤程度、活动受限和参与局限程度越大。一系列研究对ASAS HI的信度和效度进行了验证[52-55],结果显示其具有良好的内部一致性(Cronbach α=0.91)、重测信度[组内相关系数(ICC)=0.84]、结构效度(ASAS HI与疼痛、BASDAI、BASFI和ASDAS的相关系数均≥0.60)[52]、聚合效度(≥0.70,P<0.0005)[54]。国外研究证实,ASAS HI是有效、可靠和响应性强的评估整体功能和健康状况的问卷[53,55-56],可评估不同类型SpA患者的健康和功能[57]。ASAS HI简单易行,但其分类标准值尚待进一步研究[54-58]。最新研究显示,ASQoL与ASAS HI可互相预测[59],提示二者均可用于axSpA患者的生活质量评价。

问题7:如何开展axSpA的患者教育?
推荐意见7:推荐诊断明确后即开始系统、个体化、长期的包括疾病知识及自我管理的患者教育(1D)。
推荐依据:患者教育是AS/axSpA治疗的基石[1,4,6,8,12,60-61],确诊后即应开始,并贯穿在整个病程中[62]。教育的最终目的是加强患者自我管理,使患者在慢性疾病状态下具备个性化的疾病、治疗、躯体和社会心理结局的管理能力,从而减轻个人和卫生资源负担[63]。教育与应对困难、疼痛、残疾和抑郁症相关,且教育和定制的自我管理方案可使AS患者的症状、疾病活动度、脊柱活动度和生活质量明显改善[64-65]且持续获益[64]
--引用第三方内容--

教育的内容包括:宣传疾病知识、康复目标设定、药物的作用与不良反应、运动疗法及监测、健康生活方式(戒烟、适当体力活动、关节保护、控制体重)、日常生活活动安排、日常事务处理、情绪评估与管理、工作咨询、居住区域改建及并发症监测[62,65-66]

教育应采取灵活、实用、多样化、利于患者长期获得的方式进行。交互式学习有助于医患充分沟通、共享治疗决策,可贯穿在整个治疗期间;录像、DVD、宣传手册、随访电话、运动提醒物等均有助于教育的落实,可根据患者情况灵活选择。近期研究发现,随着网络的普及,结合多媒体(动画、视频等)技术通过知识讲解、运动处方的演示,可明显提高患者对知识的掌握、对治疗的依从性和满意度[67-68]

问题8:axSpA患者是否可进行物理因子治疗?
推荐意见8:建议疾病活动期疼痛严重的axSpA患者采用超声波、低能量激光、经皮神经电刺激、冷疗等作为辅助治疗(2D)。
推荐依据:物理因子具有改善血液循环、消炎、镇痛、放松肌肉等作用。研究发现,超声波[69-70]、低能量激光[71]、磁疗[72]、全身冷冻疗法[73]联合不同的运动方案均较安慰性物理治疗结合运动明显改善AS患者的疼痛、功能、疾病活动、脊柱活动度及总体健康状态;全身冷雾疗法可缓解患者的疼痛,改善抑郁程度及睡眠质量[74-75]。尽管2019年美国风湿病学会(American College of Rheumatology,ACR)更新版AS和nr-axSpA治疗共识建议对于axSpA患者来说主动物理治疗优于被动物理治疗[6],但印度AS康复和台湾/axSpA管理共识均明确提出,物理因子治疗(超声、磁疗)可与其他治疗同时应用于AS的疾病活动期,以消炎止痛、改善疾病活动度[5,11],因胃肠道问题无法使用非甾体抗炎药的axSpA患者尤应如此[11]
--引用第三方内容--

问题9:axSpA患者是否可进行水疗?

推荐意见9:建议有条件的患者进行各种形式的水疗,包括水中运动(2D)。

推荐依据:水疗是指利用水来进行各种形式治疗的方法,主要包括普通水疗、矿泉浴和水中运动疗法。普通水疗指利用自来水或含微量矿物质的水进行治疗,矿泉浴指使用天然的温泉矿泉水以及泥浆或天然气体来治疗,通常在温泉中进行;无论哪一种水疗,均可在各种温度下进行,采取身体或身体的一部分浸入水中,一般15~30 min/次。水中运动疗法是指在水中(普通水或矿泉水)进行各种运动。水疗的作用主要与其物理特性如阻力、浮力、温度和其中的成分如矿物质等有关,通常具有缓解肌肉紧张、镇痛、改善代谢等作用,同时通过提供阻力和浮力帮助患者实现不同的运动目的。

有系统评价发现,矿泉浴可明显改善axSpA的疾病过程和功能结局,且具有良好的安全性[76];水中运动、矿泉浴较对照组(药物和或地面运动)明显改善疾病活动度(MD=-0.48,95%CI -0.77~-0.18,P=0.001)(I2<50%)和疼痛(SMD=-0.33,95%CI -0.57~-0.09,P<0.007),但两组脊柱活动(MD=-0.01,95%CI -0.75~0.73,P=0.98)和功能能力(MD=-0.23,95%CI -0.53~0.07,P=0.13)(I2=0)差异无统计学意义[77];还有证据支持包括教育、水疗、运动等多种方法的多模式长期家庭治疗计划在AS管理中具有重要作用[78]。然而,2019年ACR更新版AS和nr-axSpA治疗建议提出,对于活动性axSpA,有条件的建议在地面上进行康复治疗,其效果优于水中治疗[7]

问题10:axSpA患者如何运动?
推荐意见10:推荐axSpA患者进行长期、规律、适度的有氧练习(1B),包括灵活性练习、力量练习、呼吸练习的常规练习(1C)。
推荐依据:有Meta分析显示,基于家庭[79]和基于监督指导[80]的运动均对axSpA患者的疼痛、疾病活动、BASMI、BASFI、BASDAI、功能能力有积极影响[81]。对于axSpA患者最常用的运动疗法是旨在改善力量、灵活性和耐力的练习,这些练习一般称为常规运动。最新系统评价发现,当与无干预的对照组比较时,常规运动后疼痛评分改善具有临床意义(MD=-2.1,95%CI -3.6~-0.6),但对患者功能(BASFI)(MD=-1.3,95%CI -1.7~-0.9)、疾病活动(BASDAI)(MD=-0.9,95%CI -1.3~-0.5)、脊柱活动度(BASMI)(MD=-0.7,95%CI -1.3~-0.1)和疲劳(VAS)(MD=-1.4,95%CI -2.7~-0.1)虽具有一定的改善作用,但均无重要的临床意义;与常规治疗(包括理疗、药物或自我管理)比较,运动使身体功能(BASFI)(MD=-0.4,95%CI -0.6~-0.2)、疼痛(MD=-0.5,95%CI -0.9~-0.1)、疾病活动(BASDAI)(MD=-0.7,95%CI -1.3~-0.1)、脊柱活动度(BASMI)(MD=-1.2,95%CI -2.8~0.5)得到改善,但也无重要的临床意义(P>0.05)[82]
--引用第三方内容--

有氧练习(强度为50%~90%的最大心率或50%~80%的最大摄氧量)对axSpA患者BASDAI有积极影响(WMD=-0.52,95%CI -0.9~-0.13)(I2=10.3%,P=0.35),但与对照组(常规运动)相比差异无统计学意义(WMD=-0.25,95%CI -0.83~0.32)(I2=0%,P=0.41),对BASFII(WMD=-0.41,95%CI -1.09~0.27)(I2=0%,P=0.62)、CRP及ESR则无改善作用[83]

特定运动[普拉提或改善肺功能的有氧耐力运动(如吸气肌练习、肺活量计训练、呼吸练习,姿势练习)]和常规运动(家庭锻炼、伸展运动和力量练习、小组练习或结合药物治疗)均能改善AS患者BASDAI、BASFI、胸廓扩张度,但普拉提组BASDAI(12周,P<0.01)、BASFI(24周,P<0.05)较常规运动组明显改善,且特殊运动和普拉提这些增强AS患者心肺功能的有效辅助疗法,可减少AS的心肺并发症[84]。普拉提在改善包括疼痛和残疾水平在内的结局方面较对照组更有效[85],因此可作为常规运动的替代运动。

运动疗法应个性化,在满足有氧(心肺)、灵活性和抗阻、神经运动4方面的同时可根据患者的偏好与其商量共同做出决策[86]。对于年轻、早期不伴脊柱融合、骨质疏松的axSpA患者,可选择有氧和全身大肌群的抗阻练习、脊柱活动练习,配合拉伸和呼吸练习;对于稳定或活动axSpA患者可采取快走、慢跑等方式的有氧运动、背肌静力性练习、拉伸练习、脊柱及四肢活动和呼吸练习;对于后期或晚期合并脊柱融合、骨质疏松的AS患者以渐进性力量练习、耐力练习,以及日常生活活动、功能性活动为主。在运动强度上,依据患者疾病活动度和康复评价结果决定,疾病活动期采用中小强度,稳定期采用大强度,每周练习5~7次,80~100 min/次,其中有氧和力量练习各30~40 min,拉伸练习融入准备活动和放松活动各10 min,呼吸肌练习每天进行。考虑治疗的长期性、依从性、经济效益,建议以家庭、地面运动为主,刚开始实施运动计划时在专业人员指导下进行。
对于进展或晚期AS患者,由于存在脊柱融合、骨质疏松,需避免高速或剧烈抗阻运动,尤其是躯干过度屈曲/旋转等严重挑战平衡、姿势稳定性或心肺功能(尤其在非控制性环境)的运动,以及对抗性运动、武术、赛车、游乐场地骑行等高冲击力锻炼/体育活动;出现关节强直时,应避免脊柱或关节过度活动;全髋关节置换术后,应避免肢体末端活动度过大、过多[9]
问题11:axSpA患者是否可进行中医治疗?
推荐意见11:建议拔罐、八段锦等中医治疗作为axSpA康复的辅助治疗(2D)。
推荐依据:近期一项Meta分析显示,西药结合拔罐治疗的患者缓解率明显提高(RR=1.13,95%CI 1.06~1.22,P<0.01);与单独使用西药相比,拔罐疗法加西药使患者BASFI(MD=-16.63,95%CI -17.75~-15.51,P<0.01)、BASDAI(MD=-9.93,95%CI -10.34~-9.52,P<0.01),ESR(MD=-1.28,95%CI -1.44~-1.13,P<0.01)和CRP(MD=-3.97,95%CI -4.71~-3.22,P<0.01)均明显改善,且研究异质性低[87]。另一项Meta分析也显示了与此相似的治疗效果[风险比(RR)=1.21,95%CI 1.10~1.34,P<0.01],拔罐结合西药(NSAIDs、DMARDs)较单独使用西药使AS患者的身体功能进一步改善(MD=-1.56,95%CI -2.01~-1.12,P<0.01),疾病活动度进一步降低(MD=-0.71,95%CI -1.09~-0.33,P<0.01),但纳入研究的质量较低[88]。另有系统评价显示,八段锦结合NSAIDS较单独应用NSAIDS可明显改善BASFI、BASDAI、炎性因子标志物和骨密度,八段锦较常规治疗可明显改善疲劳、晨僵程度,并缩短晨僵持续时间[89]
--引用第三方内容--

拔罐和八段锦均是中国的传统中医治疗,具有祛湿止痛、改善血液循环、消炎、改善身体功能等作用,且方法简便易行,尤其适宜于患者在家中进行。拔罐和八段锦可作为axSpA的辅助治疗。但目前的研究偏倚风险较高、证据水平较低,有待于更多高质量的研究来证实其价值。

问题12:如何进行axSpA患者康复管理?
推荐意见12:推荐加强axSpA康复管理,定期进行康复评价、调整康复方案(1D)。
推荐依据:axSpA呈慢性疾病过程,需要进行长期系统康复;定期康复评价和及时调整康复方案是保证安全提高康复效果的关键。康复治疗期间的康复评价是评价康复效果、调整康复方案的依据,且有助于建立患者对运动的信心、提高对运动的依从性。评价内容除常规康复评价内容外,还应包括治疗反应、运动效果与安全、并发症风险。评价间隔时间取决于疾病的活动水平和临床表现[8],对于疾病活动期间的患者,或刚开始康复治疗者,一般每月应至少全面评价一次;对于疾病稳定者应每3~6月评价一次,并根据症状、功能和活动性进行调整[13]。并发症风险评估包括骨质疏松和心血管疾病风险评估[4,6-8],建议每2年评价一次骨质疏松风险和心血管疾病风险,骨质疏松通过双能X线法检查脊柱和双髋骨密度评价[4,6],心肺功能推荐采用功率自行车、6 min步行试验评价;对发生骨质疏松、脊柱融合、姿势异常者需评价跌倒风险[6]
本指南依据WHO指南制订规范和国际标准制订,较为系统地对axSpA康复目标、原则、康复评价、康复干预及管理等共12个重要问题进行了基于循证医学证据的推荐,对于推动、促进我国axSpA康复实践具有指导意义。
--引用第三方内容--

本指南的使用者为康复科医师、康复治疗师、风湿免疫科医师、康复科护士,以及对axSpA康复感兴趣者等;指南的目标人群为axSpA患者。

指南发表后将在相关学术会议上解读、在全国范围内组织相关人员学习,并通过微信或其他媒体进行推广,确保康复医师、康复治疗师及护理人员掌握并正确应用该指南;指南发布3~4年对其进行评价,以了解指南的传播情况,明确指南实施对康复决策和效果的影响;并计划每4~5年对指南进行更新。

由于多种原因,文中所获的部分临床证据质量不高,导致相关推荐意见强度弱,提示在临床康复中使用本指南时,一定要结合实际情况进行。同时,建议未来对axSpA最佳运动项目、强度和时间,以及康复模式进行探索,并开展大样本、多中心、高质量的临床试验进行验证。
执笔叶超群(空军特色医学中心康复医学科北京 100142),朱剑(解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科北京 100853)
指南制定小组:胡瑞学(中国中医科学院,方法学专业人员),凌梦钰(中国科技大学第一附属医院康复医学科),黄志芳(空军特色医学中心风湿免疫科),刘兴康(解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科),姜丽(中山大学附属第六医院康复医学科),肖军(空军特色医学中心输血科,方法学专业人员),叶超群(空军特色医学中心康复医学科),张立宁(解放军总医院第一医学中心康复医学科),朱剑(解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科)
指南制定专家组戴冽(中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院风湿免疫科),李鸿斌(内蒙古医学院第一附属医院风湿免疫科),刘维(天津中医药大学第一附属医院风湿科),倪国新(厦门大学第一附属医院康复医学科),沈海丽(兰州大学第二医院风湿免疫科),王庆文(北京大学深圳医院风湿免疫科),徐胜前(安徽医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科),黄烽(解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科),罗卉(中南大学湘雅医院风湿免疫科),穆荣(北京大学第三医院风湿免疫科),戚务芳(天津市第一中心医院风湿免疫科),舒强(山东大学齐鲁医院风湿科),涂胜豪(华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院中医科),吴华香(浙江大学医学院附属第二医院风湿科),杨娉婷(中国医科大学附属第一医院风湿免疫科),叶霜(上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院),谈文峰(南京医科大学第一附属医院),张莉芸(山西白求恩医院风湿免疫科)
患者代表:刘燕凤(黑龙江大学哲学学院)
外部评审专家:白定群(重庆医科大学附属第一医院康复医学科),陈丽霞(北京协和医院康复医学科),郭铁成(华中科技大学附属同济医院康复医学科),李德昊(解放军总医院第一医学中心卫生经济科),李天旺(广东省第二人民医院风湿免疫科),刘燕凤(黑龙江大学哲学学院),何成奇(四川大学华西医院康复医学科),武丽君(新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院风湿免疫科),谢青(上海交通大学附属瑞金医院医院康复医学科),张长杰(中南大学湘雅二院康复医学科)
  • 军队后勤科研计划重点项目(BKJ17J006)
  • 国家骨科与运动康复临床医学研究中心创新基金(2021-NCRC-CXJJ-ZH-33)
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2023年第48卷第11期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0813.2023.0818
  • 接收时间:2023-06-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-12
  • 录用日期:2023-07-13
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Key Project of Logistics Research Plan of PLA, China(BKJ17J006)
军队后勤科研计划重点项目(BKJ17J006)
Innovation Fund from National Clinical Medical Research Center of Orthopedics and Sports Rehabilitation(2021-NCRC-CXJJ-ZH-33)
国家骨科与运动康复临床医学研究中心创新基金(2021-NCRC-CXJJ-ZH-33)
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叶超群,E-mail:
朱剑,E-mail:
黄烽,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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