Article(id=1199688714252288761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2252.2023.0818, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1662393600000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1689523200000, acceptedDateStr=2023-07-17, onlineDate=1763957678616, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1703692800000, pubDateStr=2023-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763957678616, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763957678616, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763957678616, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199688705905623579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='12', pageStart='1359', pageEnd='1491', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763957676626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763958367038, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199691601774739748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199691601774739749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1451, endPage=1456, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199688714671719187, articleId=1199688714252288761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Amyloid arthropathy with joint flexion contracture as the initial manifestation: a report of 5 cases and literature review, columnId=1190310109000602400, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Clinical Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To report 5 cases of amyloid arthropathy with joint flexion contracture as the first manifestation, and perform a literature review to improve the understanding of the disease. Methods Retrospective analysis of the clinical manifestations, laboratory and imaging results clinical data of patients with immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis related amyloid arthropathy with joints flexion contracture as the first manifestation at the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital from January 2012 to February 2022. Meanwhile searching the database (CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed), excluding myeloma-associated amyloid arthropathy, and analyzing the literature results comprehensively. Results There were a total of 5 patients with amyloid arthropathy with joint flexion contracture as the initial manifestation in this center, including 4 males and 1 female. By February 2022 (searching CNKI, Wanfang Data and PubMed), two eligible patients were selected, all males. A total of 7 patients were included with male-to-female ratio of 6:1. The median age was 30-year-old (range from 19 to 73). Spine and limb joints were involved, especially finger joints (7 cases, 100%). Soft tissue was involved in 5 patients (71.4%), carpal tunnel syndrome in 4 patients (57.1%), giant tongue in 3 patients (42.9%), shoulder pad sign in 2 patients (28.6%), muscle swelling in 2 patients (28.6%). Five patients were misdiagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 1 patient was misdiagnosed as spondyloarthritis (SpA). The median time of delayed diagnosis was 24 months (2-204 months). The laboratory results showed that 3 patients (42.9%) were positive for immunoelectrophoresis, all of which were λ light chain. Only 1 patient was positive for HLA-B27, while the other patients were negative for autoantibodies and rheumatoid factors. Only 1 patient had elevated C reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Ultrasound examination of the lesion site of 5 patients (71.4%) showed hypoechoic area around the joint, thickening of ligaments or periarticular tenosynovitis. Five patients (71.4%) underwent X-ray examination, of which 4 patients had no bone destruction, 1 patient had soft tissue swelling with bone erosion and subchondral cyst. MRI was performed in 5 patients (71.4%), in which low signal on T1 weighted image, medium signal on T2 weighted image and edema signal on peripheral tendon sheath were seen in 1 patient. One patient (14.3%) underwent emission computed tomography (ECT) without abnormal uptake. Conclusion Joint flexion contracture may be the first sign of amyloid arthropathy. Vigilance for amyloid arthropathy is warranted when there is associated soft tissue involvement, negative autoantibodies, and imaging showing no joint destruction but surrounding soft tissue abnormalities.

, correspAuthors=Jian Zhu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 报道5例以关节屈曲挛缩为首发表现的淀粉样关节病病例,并进行文献复习,以提高对该病的认识。方法 收集2012年1月-2022年2月就诊于解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科的、以关节屈曲挛缩为首发表现的、免疫球蛋白轻链(AL)型淀粉样变性相关的淀粉样关节病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed数据库,结合文献报道总结AL型淀粉样变性相关的淀粉样关节病的临床表现、实验室及影像学检查结果。结果 通过病例回顾,本中心共有5例以关节屈曲挛缩为首发表现的淀粉样关节病患者,其中男4例,女1例。检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed数据库(截至2022年2月),筛选出2例符合条件的患者,均为男性。共纳入7例,男女比例6∶1,中位年龄30岁(19~73岁)。脊柱及四肢大小关节均受累,尤其是手关节(7例,100%)。共有5例(71.4%)出现软组织受累:腕管综合征4例,巨舌3例,肩垫征2例,其他部位肌肉肿胀2例。5例被误诊为类风湿关节炎(RA),1例被误诊为脊柱关节炎(SpA),延迟诊断的中位时间为24(2~204)个月。实验室检查结果发现,3例(42.9%)免疫电泳阳性,均为λ轻链。仅有1例人类白细胞抗原B27(HLA-B27)阳性,其余患者的自身抗体及类风湿因子均为阴性。仅1例的C反应蛋白(CRP)和红细胞沉降率(ESR)升高。5例(71.4%)病变部位的超声检查可见关节周围低回声区,韧带增厚,或关节周围腱鞘炎症。5例(71.4%)完善了X线检查,1例可见软组织肿胀伴糜烂及软骨下囊肿,其余4例未发现骨质破坏。5例(71.4%)完善了磁共振成像检查,其中1例关节周围肌肉内可见T1加权像低信号、T2加权像中等信号,2例可见周围腱鞘水肿信号。1例(14.3%)行全身骨核素扫描(ECT)未见异常摄取。结论 关节屈曲挛缩可为淀粉样关节病的首发表现。当合并软组织受累,血清学阴性,影像未见关节破坏但出现周围软组织异常时,需警惕淀粉样关节病。

, correspAuthors=朱剑, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
朱剑,E-mail:
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万月华,硕士研究生,主要从事风湿性疾病的诊治

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A. 左手近端指间关节(PIP)屈曲挛缩;B. 大腿肌肉MRI-T2压脂序列肌肉层及肌间隙异常信号(箭头所示)

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A. 双手掌指关节屈曲挛缩;B. 超声可见右手屈肌腱鞘周围低回声(箭头所示)

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Clinical features of 7 patients with amyloid arthropathy

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指标例1例2例3例4例5例6[4]例7[5]
性别
年龄(岁)48301929307355
误诊疾病SpARARARARARARA
延误时间(月)4250920422424
受累关节

肩、踝、膝、肘、
腕、踝、颈椎、PIP

PIP、MTPPIP、颞颌关节、踝、颈椎MCP、PIP、肘、颈椎MCP、PIP手、膝腕、肩、肘、膝、MCP,颈椎、腰椎
关节症状屈曲挛缩屈曲挛缩屈曲挛缩屈曲挛缩屈曲挛缩屈曲畸形

肿痛、活动受限、
左肘屈曲挛缩

腕管综合征(+)(-)(+)(-)(+)(-)(+)
巨舌(+)(+)(-)(-)(-)(-)(-)
肩垫征(+)(-)(-)(-)(-)(-)(+)
其他肌肉肿大腹壁、下肢(-)(-)(-)(-)(-)下肢
), ArticleFig(id=1199688720606658640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688714252288761, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

7例淀粉样关节病患者的临床特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标例1例2例3例4例5例6[4]例7[5]
性别
年龄(岁)48301929307355
误诊疾病SpARARARARARARA
延误时间(月)4250920422424
受累关节

肩、踝、膝、肘、
腕、踝、颈椎、PIP

PIP、MTPPIP、颞颌关节、踝、颈椎MCP、PIP、肘、颈椎MCP、PIP手、膝腕、肩、肘、膝、MCP,颈椎、腰椎
关节症状屈曲挛缩屈曲挛缩屈曲挛缩屈曲挛缩屈曲挛缩屈曲畸形

肿痛、活动受限、
左肘屈曲挛缩

腕管综合征(+)(-)(+)(-)(+)(-)(+)
巨舌(+)(+)(-)(-)(-)(-)(-)
肩垫征(+)(-)(-)(-)(-)(-)(+)
其他肌肉肿大腹壁、下肢(-)(-)(-)(-)(-)下肢
), ArticleFig(id=1199688720724099156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688714252288761, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Laboratory results of 7 patients with amyloid arthropathy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目例1例2例3例4例5例6[4]例7[5]
CRP升高(-)(-)(-)(-)(-)NS(+)
ESR升高(-)(-)(-)(-)(-)NS(+)
自身免疫检查HLA-B27(+)(-)(-)(-)(-)NS(-)
免疫电泳λ轻链(-)(-)(-)(-)λ轻链λ轻链
κ/λ<0.011.680.892.272NS<0.01
骨穿浆细胞比例(%)16.4(-)0.8(-)1.24.04.0
病理部位(刚果红染色结果)舌(+)、腹壁(-)舌(+)、腹壁(+)舌(+)、腹壁(+)腹壁(+)腹壁(+)心内膜(+)皮肤(+)
), ArticleFig(id=1199688720841539672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688714252288761, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

7例淀粉样关节病患者的实验室检查结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目例1例2例3例4例5例6[4]例7[5]
CRP升高(-)(-)(-)(-)(-)NS(+)
ESR升高(-)(-)(-)(-)(-)NS(+)
自身免疫检查HLA-B27(+)(-)(-)(-)(-)NS(-)
免疫电泳λ轻链(-)(-)(-)(-)λ轻链λ轻链
κ/λ<0.011.680.892.272NS<0.01
骨穿浆细胞比例(%)16.4(-)0.8(-)1.24.04.0
病理部位(刚果红染色结果)舌(+)、腹壁(-)舌(+)、腹壁(+)舌(+)、腹壁(+)腹壁(+)腹壁(+)心内膜(+)皮肤(+)
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以关节屈曲挛缩为首发表现的淀粉样关节病5例并文献复习
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万月华 , 杨金水 , 赵玉荣 , 李坤鹏 , 赵征 , 金京玉 , 朱剑 *
解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023,48(12): 1451-1456
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解放军医学杂志 | 临床研究 2023, 48(12): 1451-1456
以关节屈曲挛缩为首发表现的淀粉样关节病5例并文献复习
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万月华, 杨金水, 赵玉荣, 李坤鹏, 赵征, 金京玉, 朱剑*
作者信息
  • 解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科,北京 100853
  • 万月华,硕士研究生,主要从事风湿性疾病的诊治

通讯作者:

朱剑,E-mail:
Amyloid arthropathy with joint flexion contracture as the initial manifestation: a report of 5 cases and literature review
Yue-Hua Wan, Jin-Shui Yang, Yu-Rong Zhao, Kun-Peng Li, Zheng Zhao, Jing-Yu Jin, Jian Zhu*
Affiliations
  • Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2023-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2252.2023.0818
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目的 报道5例以关节屈曲挛缩为首发表现的淀粉样关节病病例,并进行文献复习,以提高对该病的认识。方法 收集2012年1月-2022年2月就诊于解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科的、以关节屈曲挛缩为首发表现的、免疫球蛋白轻链(AL)型淀粉样变性相关的淀粉样关节病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed数据库,结合文献报道总结AL型淀粉样变性相关的淀粉样关节病的临床表现、实验室及影像学检查结果。结果 通过病例回顾,本中心共有5例以关节屈曲挛缩为首发表现的淀粉样关节病患者,其中男4例,女1例。检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed数据库(截至2022年2月),筛选出2例符合条件的患者,均为男性。共纳入7例,男女比例6∶1,中位年龄30岁(19~73岁)。脊柱及四肢大小关节均受累,尤其是手关节(7例,100%)。共有5例(71.4%)出现软组织受累:腕管综合征4例,巨舌3例,肩垫征2例,其他部位肌肉肿胀2例。5例被误诊为类风湿关节炎(RA),1例被误诊为脊柱关节炎(SpA),延迟诊断的中位时间为24(2~204)个月。实验室检查结果发现,3例(42.9%)免疫电泳阳性,均为λ轻链。仅有1例人类白细胞抗原B27(HLA-B27)阳性,其余患者的自身抗体及类风湿因子均为阴性。仅1例的C反应蛋白(CRP)和红细胞沉降率(ESR)升高。5例(71.4%)病变部位的超声检查可见关节周围低回声区,韧带增厚,或关节周围腱鞘炎症。5例(71.4%)完善了X线检查,1例可见软组织肿胀伴糜烂及软骨下囊肿,其余4例未发现骨质破坏。5例(71.4%)完善了磁共振成像检查,其中1例关节周围肌肉内可见T1加权像低信号、T2加权像中等信号,2例可见周围腱鞘水肿信号。1例(14.3%)行全身骨核素扫描(ECT)未见异常摄取。结论 关节屈曲挛缩可为淀粉样关节病的首发表现。当合并软组织受累,血清学阴性,影像未见关节破坏但出现周围软组织异常时,需警惕淀粉样关节病。

关节挛缩  /  淀粉样关节病  /  AL型淀粉样变性

Objective To report 5 cases of amyloid arthropathy with joint flexion contracture as the first manifestation, and perform a literature review to improve the understanding of the disease. Methods Retrospective analysis of the clinical manifestations, laboratory and imaging results clinical data of patients with immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis related amyloid arthropathy with joints flexion contracture as the first manifestation at the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital from January 2012 to February 2022. Meanwhile searching the database (CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed), excluding myeloma-associated amyloid arthropathy, and analyzing the literature results comprehensively. Results There were a total of 5 patients with amyloid arthropathy with joint flexion contracture as the initial manifestation in this center, including 4 males and 1 female. By February 2022 (searching CNKI, Wanfang Data and PubMed), two eligible patients were selected, all males. A total of 7 patients were included with male-to-female ratio of 6:1. The median age was 30-year-old (range from 19 to 73). Spine and limb joints were involved, especially finger joints (7 cases, 100%). Soft tissue was involved in 5 patients (71.4%), carpal tunnel syndrome in 4 patients (57.1%), giant tongue in 3 patients (42.9%), shoulder pad sign in 2 patients (28.6%), muscle swelling in 2 patients (28.6%). Five patients were misdiagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 1 patient was misdiagnosed as spondyloarthritis (SpA). The median time of delayed diagnosis was 24 months (2-204 months). The laboratory results showed that 3 patients (42.9%) were positive for immunoelectrophoresis, all of which were λ light chain. Only 1 patient was positive for HLA-B27, while the other patients were negative for autoantibodies and rheumatoid factors. Only 1 patient had elevated C reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Ultrasound examination of the lesion site of 5 patients (71.4%) showed hypoechoic area around the joint, thickening of ligaments or periarticular tenosynovitis. Five patients (71.4%) underwent X-ray examination, of which 4 patients had no bone destruction, 1 patient had soft tissue swelling with bone erosion and subchondral cyst. MRI was performed in 5 patients (71.4%), in which low signal on T1 weighted image, medium signal on T2 weighted image and edema signal on peripheral tendon sheath were seen in 1 patient. One patient (14.3%) underwent emission computed tomography (ECT) without abnormal uptake. Conclusion Joint flexion contracture may be the first sign of amyloid arthropathy. Vigilance for amyloid arthropathy is warranted when there is associated soft tissue involvement, negative autoantibodies, and imaging showing no joint destruction but surrounding soft tissue abnormalities.

joint contracture  /  amyloid arthropathy  /  AL amyloidosis
万月华, 杨金水, 赵玉荣, 李坤鹏, 赵征, 金京玉, 朱剑. 以关节屈曲挛缩为首发表现的淀粉样关节病5例并文献复习. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (12) : 1451 -1456 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2252.2023.0818
Yue-Hua Wan, Jin-Shui Yang, Yu-Rong Zhao, Kun-Peng Li, Zheng Zhao, Jing-Yu Jin, Jian Zhu. Amyloid arthropathy with joint flexion contracture as the initial manifestation: a report of 5 cases and literature review[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (12) : 1451 -1456 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2252.2023.0818
淀粉样变性,由构象改变的前体蛋白组成的不溶性原纤维在细胞外组织沉积造成[1]。因沉积物类型不同,淀粉样变性可分为免疫球蛋白轻链(AL)型淀粉样变性、淀粉样A蛋白(AA)型淀粉样变性、透析相关淀粉样变性等多种类型。沉积部位不同,可呈现不同临床表现[2-3]。淀粉样关节病是淀粉样变性累及关节所致,既往报道中多数表现为关节肿胀、疼痛,可伴晨僵,少有关节屈曲挛缩,目前尚未见以关节挛缩为首发表现的病例报道。本文报道了近年来解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科收治的5例以关节屈曲挛缩为首发表现的AL型淀粉样变性相关的淀粉样关节病患者,并对相关文献进行复习总结,以提高对该病的认识。
例1:男,48岁,2018年出现双膝关节屈曲,无法伸直,随后双肩、双踝、双膝、双肘关节发胀,伴夜间肩背不适。2019年出现双腕关节肿胀,活动受限,双手桡侧3指麻木,无疼痛及皮温异常,当地医院诊断为“双侧腕管综合征”,手术后手指麻木消失,但关节肿胀及活动受限无缓解。2020年9月于外院检查人类白细胞抗原B27(HLA-B27)阳性,C反应蛋白(CRP)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)正常,诊断为“脊柱关节炎”,先后口服非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)、沙利度胺、柳氮磺吡啶、来氟米特、雷公藤、乙哌立松等药物,效果欠佳。2021年7月规律应用阿达木单抗,症状无缓解。逐渐出现跨步受限,伴下肢僵硬感、全身关节活动受限及张口、伸舌困难。2021年10月就诊于我院,查体:驼背,椎体无压痛,颈部各方向活动均有受限,双手近端指间关节(PIP)、双肘、双膝关节周围软组织紧硬,关节屈曲(图1A),伸直受限。双腕、右肩、双踝关节肿胀,各方向活动均受限。腹壁、双下肢弥漫肿胀、紧硬。张口伸舌受限,舌体肥厚,舌侧可见齿痕,构音不清。实验室检查:血常规、肝肾功能正常,尿蛋白(++),血钙2.59 mmol/L,游离λ轻链明显升高,轻链κ/λ<0.01,血、尿免疫电泳均可见单克隆λ轻链。下肢磁共振成像(MRI)示肌肉和肌间隙多发片状异常表现,T1加权像呈低信号,T2加权像呈中等信号(图1B)。舌组织刚果红染色阳性。骨髓涂片异常浆细胞达16.4%。诊断:系统性轻链型淀粉样变性、淀粉样关节病。后转血液科,接受多发性骨髓瘤的治疗方案,1年后随访,活动受限及舌体肥厚均有缓解,免疫电泳转为阴性。
例2:男,30岁,士兵,2013年11月出现双手PIP屈曲,无肿痛。渐加重至无法伸直,且左足第3、4趾跖关节(MTP)出现相似表现。多次检查自身抗体、CRP、ESR均阴性,诊断为“血清阴性类风湿关节炎”,口服多种NSAIDs、局部注射糖皮质激素,症状均无缓解。2017年就诊于我院,查体:双手PIP屈曲;左足第3、4 MTP活动受限,余关节无异常;未见软组织肿胀,无巨舌及肩垫征。实验室检查:血尿常规、肝肾功能、电解质正常;自身抗体阴性,免疫电泳阴性。超声心动图正常。超声提示双手PIP骨表面低回声区,韧带稍增厚。全身骨核素扫描(ECT),双手、肘关节及双足MRI均未发现异常。舌、腹壁脂肪刚果红染色阳性。骨穿刺未见异常。诊断:淀粉样关节病,予以对症治疗。1年后随访,患者出现舌体增大,构音略不清,于血液科随访。
例3:男,19岁,士兵,2017年2月出现右手第3~5 PIP屈曲,伸直受限,同年8月左手第3~5 PIP出现相似症状,外院诊断“腕管综合征”,行手术治疗。多次检查CRP和ESR正常,自身抗体阴性。曾诊断“血清阴性类风湿关节炎”,口服NSAIDs、镇痛以及抗焦虑药物症状均无缓解;随后出现左踝关节活动受限,以及张口受限。2017年11月就诊于我科,入院时查体:双手PIP屈曲,无法伸直,无肿痛,左踝关节各方向活动略受限,其他各关节活动自如,无肿胀及压痛;未见软组织肿胀。实验室检查:血尿常规、肝肾功能及电解质正常;免疫电泳阴性。超声心动图未见异常。超声提示双手中节指骨表面低回声区,无血供。颞颌关节周围低回声区(图2)。双手X线和MRI未见异常表现。腹壁脂肪及舌组织刚果红染色阳性。骨穿刺未见明确异常。基因分析提示OSMR基因有1个杂合突变。诊断:淀粉样关节病。患者口服甲泼尼龙24 mg/d,并逐渐减量至4 mg/d维持,联合沙利度胺50 mg/晚、氨甲蝶呤10 mg/周治疗,颞颌关节不适减轻,余关节症状仍在缓慢加重,后出现颈部活动受限,2019年3月起于血液科随诊。
例4:女,29岁,2001年无明显诱因出现双手掌指关节(MCP)、PIP屈曲,双肘屈曲,伸直受限,用力时屈侧肌肉肌腱疼痛,无关节肿胀及压痛,不伴晨僵。多次化验CRP、ESR以及自身抗体阴性。同年外院诊断“类风湿关节炎”,药物治疗无效,接受功能锻炼。后出现颈部旋转活动受限。2018年5月就诊于我科,查体:颈部左右旋转活动受限,右侧明显。双手MCP屈曲,接近90°,PIP屈曲活动受限,不能完全握拳(图3A);双肘不能伸直;未见软组织肿胀。实验室检查:血尿常规、肝肾功能以及电解质正常;免疫电泳阴性。超声:双手指屈肌腱腱鞘稍增厚,回声减低,淀粉样变不除外(图3B)。双手X线可见关节屈曲,未见骨质破坏。双手MRI提示右腕屈指腱鞘肥厚、水肿。腹壁脂肪刚果红染色阳性。后患者行双腕腱鞘松解术,关节活动略有改善,关节症状无明显进展。
例5:男,30岁,2021年4月搬重物后出现双手麻木,以左手1~3指掌侧为主,伴感觉减退,逐渐出现左手2~4 PIP、1 MCP,右手2~4 PIP、MCP屈曲畸形,不能主动伸直,屈曲时疼痛,感觉减退。2021年6月就诊于我科,查体:左手中指、右手2~4指肿胀、屈曲畸形,可被动伸直。实验室检查:血尿常规、肝肾功能及电解质正常,CRP、ESR正常,自身抗体阴性。超声提示:双腕指伸肌腱和指屈肌腱腱鞘炎。双手2~4 MCP少量关节腔积液,左手第3、4和右手第2 MCP有轻度较新鲜滑膜增生。双手第2~4 MCP关节处指伸肌腱和指屈肌腱腱鞘炎。双手X线未见异常。双腕关节MRI:双腕关节周围全组伸肌及屈肌腱鞘内不同程度积液,滑膜增厚、滑膜炎。双腕关节腔及诸腕骨间不同程度积液,相邻关节囊轻度肿胀,关节周围滑膜明显不均匀增厚、滑膜炎,部分腕骨内见淡薄状异常信号影。肌电图提示双上肢正中神经腕以下不全受损(左侧重)。免疫电泳阴性。轻链κ/λ=2。腹壁脂肪刚果红染色提示可疑(+)。用甲泼尼龙24 mg/d,逐渐减至6 mg/d维持,并联合氨甲蝶呤10 mg/周和沙利度胺50 mg/晚治疗1个月后,患者双手关节活动改善,感觉恢复正常。
截至2022年2月,以中文“关节挛缩”“淀粉样关节病”“AL型淀粉样变”为关键词在中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台检索中文文献,排除骨髓瘤等疾病,未发现相关报道。以“joint contracture”“AL amyloidosis ”OR“Amyloid arthropathy”为关键词,并排除“multiple myeloma”在PubMed数据库检索,共检索出英文文献6篇,获取全文后筛选出2篇,共2例患者[4-5]。结合本研究,共纳入7例患者。
7例中男6例,女1例。中位年龄30(19~73)岁。受累关节:脊柱及四肢大小关节,7例患者均有手指关节受累,以PIP多见。临床表现:关节肿胀、疼痛、活动受限、屈曲挛缩,关节外表现中5例(71.4%)软组织受累,分别为腕管综合征4例(57.1%),巨舌3例(42.9%),肩垫征2例(28.6%),其他部位肌肉肿胀2例(28.6%)。误诊为类风湿关节炎(RA)5例,脊柱关节炎(SpA)1例,延迟诊断中位时间24(2~204)个月(表1)。
本研究中5例仅有关节屈曲挛缩而无肿痛表现,以双手指间关节更为多见(100%)。其中,4例软组织受累,3例腕管综合征,2例巨舌,1例肩垫征,1例其他肌肉受累。
7例中3例免疫电泳结果阳性,均为λ轻链。仅有1例HLA-B27阳性,其他自身抗体均为阴性。仅1例CRP和ESR升高,本研究报道的5例炎症指标均正常(表2)。
本研究5例中有4例接受病变部位超声检查,可见关节周围低回声区,韧带稍增厚,或关节周围腱鞘炎症。4例行X线检查均无骨质破坏表现。5例MRI均未见关节破坏,1例提示关节周围肌肉内可见T1加权像低信号、T2加权像中等信号的多发片状病变,2例可见周围腱鞘水肿信号。1例行ECT未见异常摄取。检索的2篇文献中1例行手腕X线检查显示腕骨、邻近桡骨和尺骨内有明显的软组织肿胀,伴有骨糜烂和广泛的软骨下囊肿;关节间隙保留,仅有轻微的软骨下硬化[4]。另1例行腕关节超声检查显示腕关节上方有一个低回声、不均匀的肿块;正中神经肿胀,屈肌腱和正中神经周围有低回声肿块[5]
本研究5例随访时间6~24个月,2例接受激素、氨甲蝶呤、沙利度胺治疗,其中1例关节症状持续缓慢进展,1例症状缓解;1例按照多发性骨髓瘤方案治疗,关节及软组织症状减轻,实验室检查指标好转;1例接受外科治疗以改善活动能力,未出现其他脏器受累表现;1例为对症治疗,症状持续缓慢进展。文献的2例中1例行姑息性治疗,1例接受硼替佐米、环磷酰胺和地塞米松后出现失血性休克死亡。
淀粉样变性是一类疾病总称,因沉积物类型、沉积部位、沉积量不同,引起的临床表现不同,当其沉积于关节出现相应症状时,称为淀粉样关节病[6]。该病的发生率较低,欧美AL型淀粉样变性的发病率为(8~10)/百万人年,我国尚无确切的数据[7]。Prokaeva等[8]发现,AL型淀粉样变性患者中42.9%会出现软组织和骨受累,仅3.7%~5.0%会发展为淀粉样关节病。
在AL型淀粉样变性中男性占65%~70%,多发性骨髓瘤患者群体中男女比例接近1∶1[5]。因为纳入人群不同,本研究7例中男女比例为6∶1,而既往研究中男女比例接近1∶1,男性稍多于女性[9-10]。根据以往的研究,无论是AL型淀粉样变性,还是多发性骨髓瘤相关淀粉样变性,高发年龄均为中老年。Elsaman等[10]系统分析了101例多发性骨髓瘤相关淀粉样关节病,发现肩关节最常受累,其次为膝、腕及指间关节,颞颌关节最为少见。关节症状多为疼痛、肿胀、晨僵以及活动受限,呈亚急性、进行性、对称性多关节炎,类似于类风湿关节炎[5,9-10]。文献检索发现,提及关节屈曲挛缩的报道很少,仅6例,其中4例合并骨髓瘤。而本研究报道的5例病例均以关节屈曲挛缩为首发临床表现,且为唯一关节表现,无关节红肿热痛。值得注意的是,本文报道的5例病例均为青年发病,除例1外,其余4例均以双手小关节屈曲最为突出,其中例2和例3为士兵,在训练后出现症状,例5则有明确搬重物的诱因。
淀粉样关节病患者影像检查常见的表现包括:超声可见骨骼面或肌腱等周围无血供的低回声团块[11];X线摄影可无异常征象,或出现骨脱矿或软组织增厚等非侵蚀性表现[12];MRI表现为关节内及周围广泛的异常软组织沉积,覆盖滑膜,填充软骨下缺损,并延伸到关节周围软组织,T1加权像呈低或中等信号,T2加权像呈低至中等信号[13-14];正电子发射计算机体层显像(PET/CT)可见关节周围增生的软组织摄取增加[15]。本研究的病例中超声可见关节周围无血流信号的低回声团块,MRI可见关节周围软组织异常信号。
淀粉样关节病的发生机制尚不明确,Pessler等[16]对多发性骨髓瘤相关淀粉样关节病患者进行滑膜活检,未发现明显的血管增殖及B细胞和浆细胞的浸润,而是以CD68+巨噬细胞为主,电镜显示滑膜巨噬细胞吞噬淀粉样物质。Elsaman等[10]的病例研究中滑膜活检结果有相似的表现,因此推测有淀粉样物质沉积于关节周围,使关节周围软组织增厚紧硬,进而出现活动受限,早期关节可被动伸直。软组织内巨噬细胞吞噬淀粉样蛋白,持续的刺激使炎性介质如白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)释放[16],造成局部肌腱等组织损伤,最终发生关节屈曲挛缩。由于并非滑膜侵蚀所致,影像学检查未见骨质破坏;训练及劳作加重局部炎症可触发或加速这一进程。
淀粉样变性常见的软组织受累表现包括颌下腺肿大、巨舌和腕管综合征,其中巨舌、肩垫征是AL型淀粉样变性的典型特征之一,18.0%~36.0%的患者出现腕管综合征,14.0%有巨舌,6.9%~18.0%有肩垫征,约1.6%骨骼肌假性肥大[513]。本研究报道的5例中4例出现软组织受累,腕管综合征更为多见,可在关节症状前出现,也可在关节症状后出现。且本研究中软组织受累比例明显高于既往报道。既往研究中纳入人群为多发性骨髓瘤相关淀粉样关节病,κ轻链占优势,而本研究为AL型淀粉样变性,免疫电泳阳性病例均为游离λ轻链[9-10]。相关研究发现,免疫球蛋白轻链可变区基因影响AL型淀粉样变性的临床表现和预后,λ轻链Ⅲ基因3r与软组织受累相关[17]
尽管1/3~1/2的患者会出现骨与软组织受累,但显性表现者仅9.4%[8],在临床中易被忽视或误诊,多误诊为类风湿关节炎,然而这些患者自身抗体多为阴性,与本研究结果相似。既往有研究发现,淀粉样关节病延迟诊断的时间为1~84个月[10],本研究中延迟诊断时间最长达17年。Wininger等[18]发现,部分淀粉样变性患者在明确诊断前曾行关节手术,19%患者的骨骼、滑膜、肌肉可出现阳性病理表现,所以骨骼软组织受累可出现在淀粉样变性的早期。对于没有条件获取滑膜病理的患者,舌、腹壁等组织活检同样有助于诊断。
目前,淀粉样关节病的治疗多为针对原发病的治疗,其中AL型淀粉样变为针对克隆性浆细胞的治疗[7],AA型淀粉样变性为积极治疗原发性炎性疾病,并降低循环中的急性期反应物水平[19]。2021年修订的系统性轻链型淀粉样变诊治指南中提到局限性淀粉样变不需要系统性治疗[7]。因此,对于此类患者的治疗尚无明确的方案,可结合患者的实际情况进行治疗。
综上所述,关节屈曲挛缩是淀粉样关节病的临床表现之一,可为疾病的早期表现,男性更为多见,训练和劳作可能加速疾病的进展。当患者出现关节挛缩,尤其合并软组织受累,血清学检查阴性,影像检查未见关节破坏而是周围软组织异常时,需警惕淀粉样关节病。完善免疫电泳、病理穿刺,可协助临床医师减少误诊和漏诊,早诊断、早治疗可改善患者预后,减轻患者的经济负担。
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2023年第48卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2252.2023.0818
  • 接收时间:2022-09-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-06
  • 录用日期:2023-07-17
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    解放军总医院第一医学中心风湿免疫科,北京 100853

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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