Article(id=1199688712582955681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1079.2023.1103, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1691942400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1692547200000, acceptedDateStr=2023-08-21, onlineDate=1763957678218, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1703692800000, pubDateStr=2023-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763957678218, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763957678218, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763957678218, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199688705905623579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='12', pageStart='1359', pageEnd='1491', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763957676626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763958367038, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199691601774739748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199691601774739749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1359, endPage=1369, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199688712872362673, articleId=1199688712582955681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Chinese expert consensus on the rational use of prothrombin complex concentrate in critically ill patients, columnId=1190310109461971339, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) is a blood product that mainly contains vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. PCC has been used clinically for more than 70 years, and its safety has been significantly improved. It has been widely used in the treatment of coagulation disorders or severe bleeding in critically ill patients. If used improperly, it may weaken the hemostatic effect or increase the risk of thrombosis. In order to standardize the rational use of PCC, Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care, Chinese Medicine Education Association, People's Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chinese Research Hospital Association have organized the formulation of this expert consensus, including three parts: definition, indications, and monitoring and evaluation of efficacy, with a total of 10 suggestions, aiming to help clinicians reasonably use PCC and improve the treatment in critical illness.

, correspAuthors=Jing-Chun Song, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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凝血酶原复合物(PCC)是以维生素K依赖性凝血因子为主要成分的血液制品。虽然PCC已在临床应用70多年,安全性已得到明显提升,且已经广泛应用于重症患者凝血功能障碍或大出血的治疗,但若使用方法不当,可能会减弱止血效果或增加血栓形成的风险。为了规范PCC的合理使用,中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会、全军重症医学专业委员会及中国研究型医院学会血栓与止血专业委员会组织制定此专家共识,包括定义、适应证、监测与评价等3个部分,共10条建议,旨在帮助临床医师合理使用PCC,以提高重症患者救治水平。

, correspAuthors=宋景春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宋景春,E-mail:
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Haemophilia, 2007, 13(3): 244-248., articleTitle=Sequential therapy with activated prothrombin complex concentrates and recombinant FVIIa in patients with severe haemophilia and inhibitors: update of our previous experience, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199700900479599025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=124, issue=9/10, pageStart=320, pageEnd=325, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[81], rfOrder=83, authorNames=Scharbert G, Thaler U, Weilnböck C, journalName=Wien Klin Wochenschr, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Scharbert G, Thaler U, Weilnböck C, et al. Heparin-induced effects of prothrombin complex concentrates in thromboelastometry[J]. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 2012, 124(9/10): 320-325., articleTitle=Heparin-induced effects of prothrombin complex concentrates in thromboelastometry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199700900550902194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=16, issue=1, pageStart=170, pageEnd=174, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[82], rfOrder=84, authorNames=Godier A, Greinacher A, Faraoni D, journalName=J Thromb Haemost, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Godier A, Greinacher A, Faraoni D, et al. Use of factor concentrates for the management of perioperative bleeding: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH[J]. J Thromb Haemost, 2018, 16(1): 170-174., articleTitle=Use of factor concentrates for the management of perioperative bleeding: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199700900622205363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=40, issue=5, pageStart=606, pageEnd=620, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[83], rfOrder=85, authorNames=Brackmann HH, Schramm W, Oldenburg J, journalName=Hamostaseologie, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Brackmann HH, Schramm W, Oldenburg J, et al. Origins, development, current challenges and future directions with activated prothrombin complex concentrate for the treatment of patients with congenital haemophilia with inhibitors[J]. Hamostaseologie, 2020, 40(5): 606-620., articleTitle=Origins, development, current challenges and future directions with activated prothrombin complex concentrate for the treatment of patients with congenital haemophilia with inhibitors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199700901708530100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=43, issue=2, pageStart=84, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[84], rfOrder=86, authorNames=Cao HJ, Tian Q, Huang Y, journalName=Biologicals, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cao HJ, Tian Q, Huang Y, et al. Biochemical characterization of prothrombin complex concentrates in China[J]. 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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=8中国医科大学附属第一医院重症医学科,辽宁沈阳 110001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1199700881819140195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, xref=9, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199700881827528804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, companyId=1199700881819140195, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=9Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199700881831723109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, companyId=1199700881819140195, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=9中国医学科学院阜外医院检验科,北京 100037)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1199700889272418574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Plasma-based coagulation mechanism, figureFileSmall=zyqYYj+vuDAbUvs57+srqA==, figureFileBig=OfpO/reucaF/yo8Z23DrUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199700889486328083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, language=CN, label=图1, caption=血浆凝血机制

F. 凝血因子;TF. 组织因子

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F. 凝血因子;TF. 组织因子;vWF. 血管性血友病因子

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F. 凝血因子;PCC. 凝血酶原复合物

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DOAC. 直接口服抗凝药;4F-PCC. 4因子凝血酶原复合物;rFⅦa. 重组活化凝血因子Ⅶ

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F.凝血因子;PT.凝血酶原时间;APTT. 活化部分凝血酶原时间;t-PA. 组织型纤溶酶原激活物;PAI-1. 纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1; ADAMTS-13. 具有thrombospondin-1结构域的血管性血友病因子裂解酶;vWF. 血管性血友病因子;TAFI. 凝血酶激活纤溶抑制物;A. 健康人凝血状态;B. 肝病患者凝血状态;C. 肝病患者凝血再平衡机制

, figureFileSmall=qrLv2nuX0ksU1EZIQFssXA==, figureFileBig=7FoTYfYAY2yO7X4shi/prg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199700890664927538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Recommended clinical classification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
推荐强度等级释义及临床建议
A循证证据肯定或良好(Ⅰ-Ⅱ级);循证证据一般(Ⅲ-Ⅳ级),但在国内外指南中明确推荐;能够改善健康结局,利大于弊
B循证证据一般(Ⅲ-Ⅳ级);可以改善健康结局
C循证证据不足或矛盾;无法明确利弊,但可能改善健康结局
), ArticleFig(id=1199700890807533878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

临床推荐强度分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
推荐强度等级释义及临床建议
A循证证据肯定或良好(Ⅰ-Ⅱ级);循证证据一般(Ⅲ-Ⅳ级),但在国内外指南中明确推荐;能够改善健康结局,利大于弊
B循证证据一般(Ⅲ-Ⅳ级);可以改善健康结局
C循证证据不足或矛盾;无法明确利弊,但可能改善健康结局
), ArticleFig(id=1199700890912391481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Evidence-based level

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
证据等级分级释义
基于多个随机对照试验的荟萃分析或系统评价;大样本随机对照试验
基于至少1个质量较高的随机对照试验;设计规范、结果明确的观察性研究或横断面研究;前瞻性队列研究
基于设计良好的非随机性病例对照研究;观察性研究;非前瞻性队列研究
基于非随机性回顾性研究;病例报告;专家共识
), ArticleFig(id=1199700891000471868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

循证证据等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
证据等级分级释义
基于多个随机对照试验的荟萃分析或系统评价;大样本随机对照试验
基于至少1个质量较高的随机对照试验;设计规范、结果明确的观察性研究或横断面研究;前瞻性队列研究
基于设计良好的非随机性病例对照研究;观察性研究;非前瞻性队列研究
基于非随机性回顾性研究;病例报告;专家共识
), ArticleFig(id=1199700891138883905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Treatments for reversing warfarin overdose

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药物剂量注意事项
维生素K5~10 mg静脉推注当静脉给药时,INR在1~2 h开始降低,在12~14 h出现峰值效应。口服剂量一般在6~10 h起效,在24~48 h达到峰值
PCC

策略1:基于INR及体重给药。INR为2~4,予25 U/kg静脉推注;INR为4~6,予35 U/kg静脉推注;INR>6,予50 U/kg静脉推注
策略2:基于INR的剂量给药。INR<5,予500 U;INR≥5,予1000 U
策略3:固定剂量。非颅内出血,予1000 U;伴颅内出血,予1500 U

3种策略均适用于4F-PCC,固定剂量策略不适用于3F-PCC
), ArticleFig(id=1199700891226964293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688712582955681, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

华法林相关性出血的逆转治疗

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药物剂量注意事项
维生素K5~10 mg静脉推注当静脉给药时,INR在1~2 h开始降低,在12~14 h出现峰值效应。口服剂量一般在6~10 h起效,在24~48 h达到峰值
PCC

策略1:基于INR及体重给药。INR为2~4,予25 U/kg静脉推注;INR为4~6,予35 U/kg静脉推注;INR>6,予50 U/kg静脉推注
策略2:基于INR的剂量给药。INR<5,予500 U;INR≥5,予1000 U
策略3:固定剂量。非颅内出血,予1000 U;伴颅内出血,予1500 U

3种策略均适用于4F-PCC,固定剂量策略不适用于3F-PCC
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重症患者凝血酶原复合物合理应用中国专家共识
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宋景春 1, * , 王岗 2 , 房云海 3 , 吴海鹰 4 , 尹海燕 5 , 张进华 6 , 柯路 7 , 丁仁彧 8 , 周洲 9 , 中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会 , 全军重症医学专业委员会 , 中国研究型医院学会血栓与止血专业委员会
解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2023,48(12): 1359-1369
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解放军医学杂志 | 指南与共识 2023, 48(12): 1359-1369
重症患者凝血酶原复合物合理应用中国专家共识
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宋景春1, * , 王岗2, 房云海3, 吴海鹰4, 尹海燕5, 张进华6, 柯路7, 丁仁彧8, 周洲9, 中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会, 全军重症医学专业委员会, 中国研究型医院学会血栓与止血专业委员会
作者信息
  • 1解放军联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科,江西南昌 330002
  • 2西安交通大学第二附属医院重症医学科,陕西西安 710004
  • 3山东省血液中心血友病诊疗中心,山东济南 250013
  • 4昆明医科大学第一附属医院急诊科,云南昆明 650032
  • 5暨南大学附属第一医院重症医学科,广东广州 510630
  • 6福建省妇幼保健院药学科,福建福州 350005
  • 7东部战区总医院重症医学科,江苏南京 210002
  • 8中国医科大学附属第一医院重症医学科,辽宁沈阳 110001
  • 9中国医学科学院阜外医院检验科,北京 100037

通讯作者:

宋景春,E-mail:
Chinese expert consensus on the rational use of prothrombin complex concentrate in critically ill patients
Jing-Chun Song1, * , Gang Wang2, Yun-Hai Fang3, Hai-Ying Wu4, Hai-Yan Yin5, Jin-Hua Zhang6, Ke-Lu7, Ren-Yu Ding8, Zhou Zhou9, Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical, Chinese Medicine Education Association, People's Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chinese Research Hospital Association
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Critical Care Medicine, the 908th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Forces of Chinese PLA, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, China
  • 2Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
  • 3Hemophilia Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shandong Blood Center, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
  • 4Emergency Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
  • 5Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
  • 6Pharmacy Department, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
  • 7Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
  • 8Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
  • 9Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
出版时间: 2023-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1079.2023.1103
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凝血酶原复合物(PCC)是以维生素K依赖性凝血因子为主要成分的血液制品。虽然PCC已在临床应用70多年,安全性已得到明显提升,且已经广泛应用于重症患者凝血功能障碍或大出血的治疗,但若使用方法不当,可能会减弱止血效果或增加血栓形成的风险。为了规范PCC的合理使用,中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会、全军重症医学专业委员会及中国研究型医院学会血栓与止血专业委员会组织制定此专家共识,包括定义、适应证、监测与评价等3个部分,共10条建议,旨在帮助临床医师合理使用PCC,以提高重症患者救治水平。

凝血酶原复合物  /  血液凝固因子  /  危重病  /  出血

The prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) is a blood product that mainly contains vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. PCC has been used clinically for more than 70 years, and its safety has been significantly improved. It has been widely used in the treatment of coagulation disorders or severe bleeding in critically ill patients. If used improperly, it may weaken the hemostatic effect or increase the risk of thrombosis. In order to standardize the rational use of PCC, Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical Care, Chinese Medicine Education Association, People's Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chinese Research Hospital Association have organized the formulation of this expert consensus, including three parts: definition, indications, and monitoring and evaluation of efficacy, with a total of 10 suggestions, aiming to help clinicians reasonably use PCC and improve the treatment in critical illness.

prothrombin complex concentrate  /  blood coagulation factors  /  critical illness  /  hemorrhage
宋景春, 王岗, 房云海, 吴海鹰, 尹海燕, 张进华, 柯路, 丁仁彧, 周洲, 中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会, 全军重症医学专业委员会, 中国研究型医院学会血栓与止血专业委员会. 重症患者凝血酶原复合物合理应用中国专家共识. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (12) : 1359 -1369 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1079.2023.1103
Jing-Chun Song, Gang Wang, Yun-Hai Fang, Hai-Ying Wu, Hai-Yan Yin, Jin-Hua Zhang, Ke-Lu, Ren-Yu Ding, Zhou Zhou, Chinese Society of Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Critical, Chinese Medicine Education Association, People's Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine, Chinese Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chinese Research Hospital Association. Chinese expert consensus on the rational use of prothrombin complex concentrate in critically ill patients[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (12) : 1359 -1369 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1079.2023.1103
凝血酶原复合物(prothrombin complex concentrate,PCC)是用健康人血浆制备的,以维生素K依赖性凝血因子为主要成分的血液制品[1]。1959年,法国学者开始使用离子交换树脂制备PCC,并用于治疗血友病B[2-3]。到20世纪80年代,因为使用混合血浆制备PCC时未经病毒灭活,导致大量血友病患者罹患艾滋病或丙型肝炎等血液传播疾病[4]。这也促使干热法及巴氏消毒法等病毒灭活技术广泛用于PCC的制备,从而提高了PCC的安全性[5]。在临床危重症救治中,PCC主要用于纠正重症患者凝血功能障碍或大出血的治疗,并在国际上形成了应用指南[6]。为了促进PCC的合理使用,中国医药教育协会血栓与止血危重病专业委员会、全军重症医学专业委员会及中国研究型医院学会血栓与止血专业委员会组织专家撰写本共识,共形成3部分,具体包括10条推荐意见。推荐强度及循证证据参考美国牛津循证医学中心证据分级及推荐依据[7](表12)。
推荐意见1 临床医师应熟练掌握PCC的药理学特征(ⅡB)。
维生素K依赖性凝血因子是指需要维生素K参与合成的凝血因子,如凝血因子(F)、F、F及F[8]。PCC是由至少1000位不同供体制成的人血浆池制备而成,并经过物理方法(加热或蒸汽)及化学方法(使用溶剂洗涤剂)进行病毒灭活,有效降低了细菌及病毒传播的风险。不同处理技术制备的PCC所含的凝血因子含量不同[9]。PCC主要含具有促凝作用的F、F、F、F,以及少量的生理性抗凝物质,如蛋白质C、蛋白质S、抗凝血酶及肝素等[10]
现有的PCC可分为3类:(1)4种凝血因子PCC(4F-PCC),含治疗剂量的F、F、F及F;(2)3种凝血因子PCC(3F-PCC),相对于4F-PCC而言,缺乏治疗剂量的F;(3)活化的凝血酶原复合物(aPCC),含部分活化F及少量活化的F、F、F,目前我国尚无此类药品。PCC所含凝血因子的浓度相当于健康人血浆凝血因子浓度的25倍[1]。为了避免这些凝血因子的活化,大多数的PCC添加肝素。PCC是根据其所含的F进行标准定量的。4F-PCC的半衰期各不相同,其中F的半衰期为3~4 d,F为4~6 h,F为18~24 h,F为40~60 h。PCC冻干粉用较小剂量的注射用水稀释后输注,无须考虑ABO血型同型输注,且避免了血浆输注可能引发的急性肺损伤或循环超负荷,使用方便且安全性高。
推荐意见2 PCC主要通过促进凝血酶生成而发挥止血作用(Ⅱ B)。
血浆凝血理论与细胞凝血理论是凝血过程的重要基础理论。传统的血浆凝血理论强调凝血因子所产生的级联效应,即在负电荷磷脂表面的血浆凝血因子产生连续蛋白酶反应(图1)。该理论将凝血激活过程分为依赖组织因子(tissue factor,TF)的“外源途径”及依赖接触因子的“内源途径”,这两个途径在“共同凝血途径”中汇合,促使凝血酶活化及纤维蛋白形成[11]
目前,流行的细胞凝血理论将凝血过程分为初始、放大及延展3个阶段,主要强调了TF表达细胞及血小板的重要作用[12]。(1)初始阶段时,TF在TF表达细胞表面与少量Fa结合形成复合物,激活少量F及F,Fa与其辅因子F结合使F活化(Fa),形成凝血酶原活酶(Fa/a),使凝血酶原(F)转变为凝血酶(Fa)。这一系列反应都是在富含磷脂的细胞表面进行。虽然低水平的TF途径凝血激活可在血管外持续存在,但由于缺乏血小板、F及血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor,vWF)的参与,并不会引起凝块形成。(2)放大阶段时,初始阶段生成的Fa在TF表达细胞表面与血小板、F及vWF接触,能够活化并促使血小板释放大量Fa,并在血小板表面活化F及F[13]。F与vWF解离后,vWF与血小板结合,使其黏附于受损血管壁,并诱发血小板大量聚集。(3)延展阶段时,Fa在活化的血小板表面激活F,Fa与Fa结合形成的Fa/Fa复合物激活F,Fa/Fa可使大量凝血酶原活化为凝血酶(Fa)(图2)。
PCC发挥促进止血的作用主要通过以下机制[14]:(1)PCC中的F及F活化后能激活F,进一步促进凝血酶生成;(2)PCC中的凝血酶原活化后能促进血小板的活化,并释放活性因子,促进血小板表面的凝血酶放大反应;(3)PCC中的凝血酶原活化后可进一步激活F、F及F,促进凝血级联反应;(4)PCC可促进F及Fa活化形成复合物,在TF表达细胞及活化血小板的膜表面触发即时凝血酶生成,从而绕过级联效应,直接促使纤维蛋白凝块形成(图3)。
2022年,一项针对美国1086家医疗机构的调查结果显示,PCC常用于治疗以下疾病:华法林相关出血(92.1%)、直接Xa抑制剂相关出血(81.8%)、颅内出血(78.4%)、创伤性出血(66.2%)、围手术期出血(61.1%)及难治性出血(57.3%)。PCC的常见禁忌证是肝素诱导的血小板减少症(42.0%)及活动性血栓栓塞(38.9%)。PCC给药时需注意患者体重(78.8%)、适应证选择(77.6%)及校正国际标准化比值(international normalized ratio,INR)(76.9%)。只有43.8%的医疗机构选择固定剂量[15]
推荐意见3 推荐PCC用于华法林相关出血或需要紧急手术患者的逆转治疗(ⅠA)。
华法林是维生素K受体拮抗剂,能够抑制维生素K环氧化物还原酶活性,限制F、F、F、F的合成,从而发挥抗凝作用[16]。此外,华法林还能抑制内源性抗凝物质蛋白C及蛋白S的羧化作用。华法林仍是目前应用广泛的抗血栓药物。据报道,临床上有1.70%~4.64%的大出血、0.53%~1.70%的胃肠道出血、0.25%~1.08%的颅内出血及0.17%~0.52%的致命性出血均与华法林相关[17]
华法林相关性出血可能持续至发病后72 h[18],因此一旦发生出血,须立即逆转华法林的作用。能够逆转维生素K拮抗剂抗凝作用的常用药物主要有3种:维生素K、PCC及新鲜冷冻血浆(fresh frozen plasma,FFP)。PCC是治疗华法林相关出血或对需要紧急手术患者进行逆转治疗的首选方法。一项纳入15项回顾性队列研究的Meta分析结果表明,4F-PCC与3F-PCC的安全性无明显差异,但4F-PCC改善INR的效果优于3F-PCC[19]。需要维持超过6 h(PCC的半衰期)的逆转治疗时,推荐PCC联合维生素K治疗(表3)。在PCC给药后10~30 min可测定INR评价疗效。如果INR未纠正至<1.5,且患者仍有明显出血,可再次给予PCC治疗。情况危急时也可使用重组因子a,但不推荐将重组因子a作为急诊逆转抗凝的常规方法[20]。虽然重组因子a可快速降低INR,但由于重组因子a不能补充所有维生素K依赖性因子,所以无法恢复凝血酶的正常生成。
推荐意见4 推荐PCC用于接受直接口服抗凝药(direct oral anticoagulants,DOAC)抗凝患者发生出血或需紧急手术时的逆转治疗(Ⅱ B)。
DOAC包括直接Xa因子抑制剂(如利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、艾多沙班)及直接凝血酶抑制剂(如达比加群)。正在接受DOAC抗凝的患者如发生出血或需紧急手术时,DOAC形成的抗凝作用可能加重出血,因此需对DOAC相关的出血风险进行评估。DOAC药物类型、患者年龄、体重、肾功能及最后一次服用药物的时间对判断出血风险非常重要[21]。直接a因子抑制剂的作用持续时间为24 h,达比加群的作用持续时间为24~36 h,所以通常在最后一次摄入DOAC的24 h后再进行手术。如果患者存在肾功能不全,则延迟时间更长。如无法推迟手术,可以测定DOAC血浆水平。国际血栓和止血学会(International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis,ISTH)指南建议,血浆DOAC<30 ng/ml时,被认为出血风险较低,可以进行手术;血浆DOAC>30 ng/ml时,如需手术则应进行逆转治疗[22]
多项指南推荐危及生命的DOAC相关出血应尽量使用特异的逆转药物[23-27]。直接a因子抑制剂引起的出血推荐使用Andexanet alfa,达比加群引起的出血推荐使用依达赛珠单抗。在没有特异性逆转药物的情况下,推荐使用PCC进行非特异的DOAC逆转治疗[28-30]。美国重症医学学会指南建议:对达比加群及直接a因子抑制剂相关的颅内出血给予aPCC(50 U/kg)或4F-PCC (25~50 U/kg)[21]
其他处理方式:(1)停止使用DOAC药物;(2)DOAC口服后2 h内,可口服活性炭,成人初始剂量为50~100 g,然后每1、2或4 h使用1次,每次12.5 g/h;(3)针对达比加群相关出血的患者可进行血液透析,尤其是肾功能受损患者[31]。因为重组活化凝血因子(rFa)引起血栓形成的风险较高,因此只在其他止血措施无效的情况下才考虑使用[32](图4)。
推荐意见5 推荐基于目标导向策略使用PCC治疗急性创伤大出血及凝血障碍(ⅡB)。
已有研究表明,24%~34%创伤住院患者存在创伤性凝血功能障碍(trauma-induced coagulopathy,TIC)[33]。传统观点认为TIC的主要发生机制是组织损伤、炎症、休克、酸中毒、低体温及血液稀释等[34]。TIC时无法形成有效血凝块,导致患者出现广泛出血,且难以用机械压迫等方法止血。对于TIC患者,应首先关注纤维蛋白原水平及纤溶状态的变化,并及时补充纤维蛋白原及使用氨甲环酸抗纤溶治疗[35-36]。创伤患者的纤维蛋白原水平过低时,会造成凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)及活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)延长。因此,在创伤患者的纤维蛋白原水平>1.5 g/L,且排除肝素等抗凝药物影响的情况下,如PT或APTT仍明显延长,则提示患者存在凝血因子缺乏,推荐使用PCC补充凝血因子[37]
黏弹力试验主要包括血栓弹力图(thromboelastography,TEG)、旋转血栓弹力计(rotational thromboelastometry,ROTEM)及凝血与血小板功能分析仪。黏弹力试验能够指导TIC患者的个体化目标导向替代治疗[38]。创伤大出血时,因凝血酶大量活化激活纤维蛋白原转化为纤维蛋白,创伤早期可呈现低纤维蛋白原血症,故初始凝血复苏应积极补充纤维蛋白原[39]。当低纤维蛋白原血症得到纠正时,黏弹力试验仍提示凝血因子活性不足或凝血时间延长,即可在黏弹力试验或常规凝血试验指导下使用PCC治疗[40]。需要注意的是,在治疗TIC过程中应避免过度使用PCC。因为PCC会导致凝血酶生成潜力增加,这可能增加创伤患者延迟血栓形成的风险[41]
推荐意见6 推荐使用PCC治疗体外循环术后出血(Ⅱ B)。
体外循环术后出血过多是心脏手术后死亡的主要原因[42]。维护体外循环管路通畅需要进行抗凝,长时间维持体外循环可导致凝血因子消耗、凝血酶生成障碍、血小板破坏及纤溶异常,最终发生出血[43]。目前治疗心脏手术后大出血主要依据6Ps原则:血压(pressure)、加压填塞(packs & pads)、缝线(prolene)、鱼精蛋白(protamine)、血小板与血浆(platelets & plasma)、红细胞悬液(packed cells)[44]。因此,积极补充凝血因子、改善凝血酶生成是治疗体外循环术后出血的重要措施。
一项纳入了3454例心脏手术患者的观察性研究,对使用PCC代替FFP作为心脏术后出血的一线治疗药物进行评价,结果显示,在心脏手术中使用PCC比FFP可明显减少患者的术后失血量及红细胞输注量,但术后发生急性肾损伤的风险升高[45]。一项系统评价比较了PCC与FFP/rFa对心脏术后严重出血的治疗效果,结果同样表明PCC在减少心脏术后红细胞输注量方面优于FFP及rFa,且不会增加血栓栓塞风险[46]。基于以上证据,推荐对心脏手术后发生凝血功能障碍或出血的患者使用PCC。
2022年,一项发表在JAMA Surgery的单中心随机对照研究显示,对微血管出血过多、PT>16.6 s或INR>1.6的体外循环术后患者输注15 U/kg剂量的PCC,较输注10~15 ml/kg的血浆可明显改善INR,并减少红细胞悬液的输注量[47]。需要注意的是,给体外循环时间超过3 h的心脏手术患者使用PCC,可能会增加血管内血栓形成的风险。其主要原因是体外循环时间过长会在消耗体内促凝因子的同时也消耗抗凝因子,此时输注PCC后体内凝血因子的数量得到补充,但抗凝物质特别是抗凝血酶的缺乏会更明显。已有研究显示,通过黏弹力试验指导PCC输注会降低血栓形成的风险[48]
推荐意见7 谨慎使用PCC治疗肝病相关的凝血功能障碍(Ⅲ C)。
肝是绝大多数凝血因子()、抗凝蛋白(如蛋白C、蛋白S、抗凝血酶水平等)及纤溶蛋白的合成器官,因此肝损伤的程度与凝血功能障碍的严重程度相关[49]。慢性肝病或肝硬化时的凝血异常可表现为血小板计数减少,具有thrombospondin-1结构域的血管性血友病因子裂解酶(a disintegrin like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type motifs 13,ADAMTS-13)水平降低,促凝蛋白及抗凝蛋白水平同时降低,但血浆vWF及F水平升高,组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tissue-type plasminogen activator, t-PA)及纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1)水平也上升[50](图5)。急性肝衰竭或终末期肝病时凝血系统处于非常脆弱的“平衡状态”,促凝、抗凝活性均显著降低[51]。因为肝病常合并门静脉高压,一旦发生消化道出血则很容易加重凝血功能障碍。当肝病患者接受有创操作或手术时,机体也很容易出现大出血或血栓形成等并发症。据报道,入住重症监护室(ICU)的肝硬化患者的出血发生率为15%~61%,其中17%~20%的肝硬化患者属于新发的大出血[52]。此外,肝衰竭时常需输注大量血浆以补充凝血因子,也可能导致输血相关性肺损伤及容量过负荷,甚至诱发心功能不全[53]
欧洲肝脏重症监护组(Liver Intensive Care Group of Europe,LICAGE)发布的肝移植患者围手术期凝血管理指南建议,肝移植后出血患者接受PCC治疗可获益,但须同时进行纤维蛋白原及血小板替代治疗,并对纤溶状态进行评估[54-55]。一项回顾性分析使用TEG指导成年肝移植患者围手术期血液成分输注的研究显示,接受PCC治疗可明显减少红细胞悬液及FFP的输注量[56]
除肝移植患者外,其他肝病患者在围手术期预防性使用PCC能否获益尚无依据。即便已有小样本研究显示输注PCC能改善INR指标,ISTH[57]、美国胃肠学会(American Gastroenterological Association,AGA)[58]及美国肝病研究协会(American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases,AASLD)[59]指南均不建议在肝病患者的围手术期使用PCC。其原因在于肝病相关凝血障碍机制复杂,预防性输注PCC可能增加血栓风险,且INR不能完全反映肝病患者的出血风险。依据黏弹力试验指导PCC输注可能有效,但仍缺乏更多证据支持。
推荐意见8 PCC可用于治疗遗传性血友病A(hemophilia A,HA)伴发抑制物或获得性血友病时的出血(Ⅱ B)。
HA是一种X染色体连锁隐性遗传性出血性疾病,主要表现为F质或量的异常。HA可表现为关节、肌肉、内脏或深部组织的自发性出血,或轻微外伤后难以停止的出血[60]。HA常起病于儿童,尤以男性多见。遗传性HA患者需要接受基因重组F制剂或病毒灭活的血源性F制剂的长期替代治疗[61]。5%~30%的HA患者因长期接受F的替代治疗可产生中和性抗体,又称为抑制物[62]。持续存在抑制物是导致HA患者出血风险增加的严重并发症。
获得性血友病A(acquired hemophilia A,AHA)是由于循环血中出现抗F自身抗体导致F活性降低的获得性出血性疾病[63]。AHA较多见于60岁以上人群及围产期的育龄女性,其他各年龄段也均可发生,但儿童罕见。约50%的AHA患者存在基础疾病,如自身免疫性疾病、恶性肿瘤、药物、感染等,育龄女性患者多发生于妊娠期或产后1年内[64]。据中国AHA登记研究结果显示该病的病死率为6.7%,主要死亡原因包括出血、基础疾病及继发于免疫抑制治疗的严重感染等[65]。AHA的治疗首要考虑去除诱因及治疗原发病。AHA治疗的原则是及时止血及预防出血,同时尽早清除F抑制物。有基础疾病的患者要积极治疗原发病。
遗传性HA伴抑制物或AHA患者发生出血时,可通过增强凝血级联的其他部分来进行止血治疗,又称为“旁路途径”治疗[66]。旁路途径治疗适用于合并高滴度抑制物(≥5 BU/ml)患者或者合并低滴度抑制物加大F制剂治疗剂量仍无效的HA患者。旁路治疗药物包括rFa及aPCC[67-68]。rFa的使用方法为静脉注射90 μg/kg,每2~4 h 1次或270 μg/kg单次给药。目前国内无aPCC,在无法获取rFa时也可使用PCC治疗,推荐剂量为每次50~100 U/kg,间隔8~12 h,每日总剂量不超过150 U/kg[69]
推荐意见9:PCC慎用于具有血栓栓塞倾向或合并急性血栓的出血患者(Ⅲ C)。
1973年,Kasper[70]报道了13例血友病B患者在骨科手术后接受PCC治疗,其中6例出现深静脉血栓,其认为PCC可能是血栓形成的主要原因。1977年,White等[71]对接受PCC治疗的血友病案例进行分析,认为PCC可能导致过敏反应、动脉血栓形成、静脉血栓栓塞及弥散性血管内凝血,并提出改进PCC安全性的方案,如在生产时加入抗凝成分(如抗凝血酶、肝素),以避免凝血因子大量快速活化。经过PCC生产流程的优化,近年来关于PCC引起栓塞的报道已大幅减少,近期研究也显示PCC不会明显增高血栓事件发生率[72-75]。但本共识建议需慎重使用PCC治疗具有血栓形成倾向或合并急性血栓的出血患者。因为凝血因子的半衰期不同,如果大剂量、反复使用PCC,可能使半衰期长的F及F在体内蓄积,从而增加血栓形成风险。因此,需大剂量、反复使用PCC时应在凝血指标监测下进行[76]
此外,要注意PCC制剂中增加的肝素能够避免凝血因子的活化,但也增加了接受PCC治疗出现肝素诱导的血小板减少症的风险[77]
推荐意见10 应用凝血指标指导PCC的个体化给药并进行疗效评价(Ⅲ C)。
传统的凝血检测包括PT、INR、APTT及凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)。PT和APTT是最常用的凝血异常筛查指标,分别反映外源性及内源性凝血途径的凝血因子活性;INR是患者PT与正常PT值的标准化比值,常用于监测采用华法林治疗患者的抗凝强度。TT主要监测添加凝血酶后的纤维蛋白聚合过程,并且对凝血酶抑制剂(如肝素、达比加群及阿加曲班)敏感。D-二聚体是反映继发性纤溶活动的常用指标。PCC使用期间应监测的指标包括INR(基线、给药30 min、给药1 h)、PT、APTT、TT、纤维蛋白原及D-二聚体,PCC给药期间及给药后的血栓栓塞事件。个体化给药需要依据疾病的严重程度、出血量、出血部位及患者的整体状态,且应在治疗后1 h内达到INR的正常化(≤1.2)。遗憾的是,尽管这些检测指标一定程度上反映了相关凝血因子水平的活性,但总体上对出血的预测效果不佳,亦不能监测患者对旁路治疗药物的反应[78]。对于凝血因子减少的患者,有条件的实验室也可以在使用PCC后检测F、F、F、F活性来评价治疗效果。
此外,已有试验证明在TEG及ROTEM指导下使用PCC可纠正稀释性凝血病[79],且较常规凝血项目对PCC的疗效评价更加准确[80]。需要注意的是,TEG及ROTEM均可识别出PCC制剂中所含肝素的抗凝作用,这提示如大量使用PCC治疗时需考虑混杂肝素的影响,以及是否需要使用鱼精蛋白中和混杂肝素[81]
因为PCC具有使用方便、液体容量小、安全性高、不易引起容量过负荷或输血相关性肺损伤等优点,所以近年来在重症创伤、抗凝药物相关出血、肝病及体外循环等领域内的应用越来越普及。但对PCC的研究及推广应用尚有以下需要关注的问题:(1)PCC的个体化用药方案尚无统一标准[82];(2)黏弹力试验如何指导PCC输注尚无具体方案;(3)PCC与其他血液制品联合应用导致血栓形成的风险还缺乏证据支持;(4)虽然PCC的制备已经过严格处理及消毒灭菌,但仍有传播细小病毒B19或朊病毒的可能,需要进一步提升产品质量[83-84]
编写组成员
顾问:杨仁池(中国医学科学院血液病医院血栓与止血中心);宋青(解放军总医院海南医院重症医学科);林洪远(解放军总医院第四医学中心重症医学科)
编委会成员(按拼音排序):陈淼(海南医学院第一附属医院急诊科);程鹏(广西医科大学第一附属医院血液科);陈要朋(解放军联勤保障部队第923医院输血科);戴菁(上海交通大学附属瑞金医院检验科);丁仁彧(中国医科大学第一附属医院重症医学科);杜玉明(郑州大学附属第一医院重症医学科);房云海(山东省血液中心血友病诊疗中心);桂培根(湖南师范大学附属长沙医院急重症医学部);贾宝辉(郑州大学附属郑州市中心医院重症医学科);柯路(解放军东部战区总医院重症医学科);赖冬(厦门市第二医院输血科);李传保(北京医院检验科);李维勤(解放军东部战区总医院重症医学科);马林浩(海军军医大学附属长征医院急救科);梅恒(华中科技大学医学院附属协和医院血液科);潘爱军(中国科学技术大学附属第一医院重症医学科);施贤清(贵州省人民医院重症医学科);寿松涛(天津医科大学附属天津总医院急诊科);宋景春(解放军联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科);宋振举(复旦大学附属中山医院急诊科);唐宁(华中科技大学医学院附属同济医院检验科);王岗(西安交通大学第二附属医院重症医学科);王秋实(中国医科大学附属盛京医院输血科);吴俊(北京积水潭医院检验科);许俊堂(北京大学人民医院心血管内科);杨军(武汉亚洲心脏病医院检验科);尹海燕(暨南大学附属第一医院重症医学科);张根生(浙江大学医学院第二附属医院重症医学科);张进华(福建省妇幼保健院药学科);张磊(西安交通大学第二附属医院检验科);张伟(解放军联勤保障部队第900医院急诊科);张洋(中国医学科学院阜外医院检验科);周静(四川大学华西医院检验科);周洲(中国医学科学院阜外医院检验科);朱峰(海军军医大学第一附属医院烧伤科);朱宏泉(赣南医科大学第一附属医院重症医学科)
秘书钟林翠(解放军联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科);何龙平(解放军联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科)
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2023年第48卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1079.2023.1103
  • 接收时间:2023-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-14
  • 录用日期:2023-08-21
基金
作者信息
    1解放军联勤保障部队第908医院重症医学科,江西南昌 330002
    2西安交通大学第二附属医院重症医学科,陕西西安 710004
    3山东省血液中心血友病诊疗中心,山东济南 250013
    4昆明医科大学第一附属医院急诊科,云南昆明 650032
    5暨南大学附属第一医院重症医学科,广东广州 510630
    6福建省妇幼保健院药学科,福建福州 350005
    7东部战区总医院重症医学科,江苏南京 210002
    8中国医科大学附属第一医院重症医学科,辽宁沈阳 110001
    9中国医学科学院阜外医院检验科,北京 100037

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宋景春,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.1079.2023.1103
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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