Article(id=1199688710032814657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0192.2022.0927, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1642953600000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1649347200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-08, onlineDate=1763957677610, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1703692800000, pubDateStr=2023-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763957677610, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763957677610, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763957677610, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199688705905623579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='12', pageStart='1359', pageEnd='1491', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763957676626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763958367038, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199691601774739748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199691601774739749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1478, endPage=1485, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199688710397719117, articleId=1199688710032814657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research advances in the clinical features and diagnosis and treatment of non-puerperal mastitis, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Non-puerperal mastitis (NPM) is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases with breast pain, lumps, abscesses and sinus tracts/fistulas as the main clinical manifestations, which is easily confused with breast cancer or other benign breast diseases. NPM always leads to a long treatment cycle and high recurrence rate, which may cause a large economic and psychological burden to patients. At present, the etiology and pathogenesis of NPM are still unclear, but it has a certain correlation with immune abnormality, bacterial infection, hormone disorder and other factors. Although several diagnostic methods available, the diagnosis of NPM relies on histopathological examination mainly. The treatment methods of the disease include observation and follow-up, pharmacotherapy, surgical treatment, etc., but there is still no unified standard for specific treatment timing and treatment selection. In view of the controversy over etiology and treatment selection of NPM, this paper comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress in disease characteristics, clinical diagnosis and treatment of NPM based on domestic and foreign literature, aiming to provide reference and inspiration for the selection of reasonable clinical diagnosis and treatment.

, correspAuthors=Xi-Ru Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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非哺乳期乳腺炎(NPM)是一组以乳房疼痛、肿块、脓肿、窦道/瘘管为主要临床表现的慢性炎症性疾病,易与乳腺癌或其他乳腺良性疾病混淆。该病治疗周期长、复发率高且易导致乳房畸形,可给患者造成较大的经济及心理负担。目前,NPM病因尚不明确,与免疫异常、细菌感染、激素紊乱等因素有一定相关性。尽管目前存在多种诊断手段,但NPM的确诊主要依赖于组织病理学检查。该病的治疗方式包括观察随访、药物治疗、手术治疗等,具体治疗时机和治疗选择仍无统一标准。鉴于该病病因学和治疗选择存在争议,本文结合国内外文献资料,对NPM的疾病特点、临床诊治等方面的最新研究进展进行综述,旨在为合理选择临床诊治方案提供借鉴和启发。

, correspAuthors=李席如, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李席如,E-mail:
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宫文晔,硕士研究生,主要从事良恶性乳腺疾病的基础与临床研究

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宫文晔,硕士研究生,主要从事良恶性乳腺疾病的基础与临床研究

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宫文晔,硕士研究生,主要从事良恶性乳腺疾病的基础与临床研究

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非哺乳期乳腺炎临床特征及诊疗研究进展
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宫文晔 1 , 洪陈彦 2 , 钟钰婷 1 , 郑一琼 1 , 李席如 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(12): 1478-1485
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(12): 1478-1485
非哺乳期乳腺炎临床特征及诊疗研究进展
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宫文晔1, 洪陈彦2, 钟钰婷1, 郑一琼1, 李席如1, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院第一医学中心普通外科,北京 100853
  • 2南开大学医学院,天津 300071
  • 宫文晔,硕士研究生,主要从事良恶性乳腺疾病的基础与临床研究

通讯作者:

李席如,E-mail:
Research advances in the clinical features and diagnosis and treatment of non-puerperal mastitis
Wen-Ye Gong1, Chen-Yan Hong2, Yu-Ting Zhong1, Yi-Qiong Zheng1, Xi-Ru Li1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2School of Medicine of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
出版时间: 2023-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0192.2022.0927
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非哺乳期乳腺炎(NPM)是一组以乳房疼痛、肿块、脓肿、窦道/瘘管为主要临床表现的慢性炎症性疾病,易与乳腺癌或其他乳腺良性疾病混淆。该病治疗周期长、复发率高且易导致乳房畸形,可给患者造成较大的经济及心理负担。目前,NPM病因尚不明确,与免疫异常、细菌感染、激素紊乱等因素有一定相关性。尽管目前存在多种诊断手段,但NPM的确诊主要依赖于组织病理学检查。该病的治疗方式包括观察随访、药物治疗、手术治疗等,具体治疗时机和治疗选择仍无统一标准。鉴于该病病因学和治疗选择存在争议,本文结合国内外文献资料,对NPM的疾病特点、临床诊治等方面的最新研究进展进行综述,旨在为合理选择临床诊治方案提供借鉴和启发。

非哺乳期乳腺炎  /  导管周围乳腺炎  /  肉芽肿性小叶乳腺炎

Non-puerperal mastitis (NPM) is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases with breast pain, lumps, abscesses and sinus tracts/fistulas as the main clinical manifestations, which is easily confused with breast cancer or other benign breast diseases. NPM always leads to a long treatment cycle and high recurrence rate, which may cause a large economic and psychological burden to patients. At present, the etiology and pathogenesis of NPM are still unclear, but it has a certain correlation with immune abnormality, bacterial infection, hormone disorder and other factors. Although several diagnostic methods available, the diagnosis of NPM relies on histopathological examination mainly. The treatment methods of the disease include observation and follow-up, pharmacotherapy, surgical treatment, etc., but there is still no unified standard for specific treatment timing and treatment selection. In view of the controversy over etiology and treatment selection of NPM, this paper comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress in disease characteristics, clinical diagnosis and treatment of NPM based on domestic and foreign literature, aiming to provide reference and inspiration for the selection of reasonable clinical diagnosis and treatment.

non-puerperal mastitis  /  periductal mastitis  /  granulomatous lobular mastitis
宫文晔, 洪陈彦, 钟钰婷, 郑一琼, 李席如. 非哺乳期乳腺炎临床特征及诊疗研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (12) : 1478 -1485 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0192.2022.0927
Wen-Ye Gong, Chen-Yan Hong, Yu-Ting Zhong, Yi-Qiong Zheng, Xi-Ru Li. Research advances in the clinical features and diagnosis and treatment of non-puerperal mastitis[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (12) : 1478 -1485 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0192.2022.0927
非哺乳期乳腺炎(non-puerperal mastitis,NPM)是一组病因不明的乳房非特异性炎症疾病,又被称为慢性乳腺炎[1-3],其病理类型多样,包括肉芽肿性小叶乳腺炎(granulomatous lobular mastitis,GLM)、导管周围乳腺炎(periductal mastitis,PDM)、乳晕下脓肿(Zuska病)及慢性硬化性淋巴细胞性乳腺炎等多种类型,以GLM和PDM最为常见。其中,GLM又被称为肉芽肿性乳腺炎或特发性肉芽肿性乳腺炎等;PDM亦有多种描述性名称,如导管扩张症、浆细胞性乳腺炎、闭塞性乳腺炎、粉刺性乳腺炎等[2,4-7]。GLM与PDM的临床表现相似,且难以与乳腺癌及其他乳腺良性疾病鉴别,易发生误诊、误治。NPM病变往往迁延不愈、反复发作,部分患者最后被迫行乳房切除治疗。因此,了解NPM的临床特点和发病机制,对于有效治疗尤为重要。本文主要针对PDM和GLM的流行病学特征、发病机制、高危因素、临床表现、辅助检查、鉴别诊断及治疗方案等进行综述,并对两者的发病特点进行比较。
NPM是一种具有种族差异性的乳腺疾病,中东国家(如土耳其、伊朗、沙特阿拉伯等)和亚洲国家(如中国、韩国、日本等)报道的病例居多[8-9],西方国家的研究表明西班牙裔女性占比较高[10-12],提示该病发病率与遗传、环境及社会经济等因素关系密切,其内在机制仍需进一步探索。近年来,随着医学科技与病理学技术的进步,GLM的检出率逐年攀升,受关注程度已远超PDM[1,13]。国外研究表明,NPM占所有乳腺良性疾病的3%[14];国内尚无大规模多中心研究,二者发病率各中心报道有所不同,如Jiang等[15]报道的118例NPM患者中,PDM 77例,GLM 29例,12例GLM伴PDM;而Bi等[16]近十年诊断出604例GLM,占乳腺良性疾病的15%,PDM仅有24例。在发病年龄方面,GLM患者多见于停止哺乳后5年内的女性,平均年龄为32岁,而PDM患者发病年龄则较大[17-19]
GLM患者在临床表现上具有类似于自身免疫疾病的特征,大部分患者对类固醇及免疫抑制剂反应良好,部分患者伴有结节红斑、关节痛和巩膜炎等乳腺外表现,相关研究亦发现该类患者多种免疫细胞和细胞因子表达异常,如T淋巴细胞、白细胞介素(IL)-17、IL-22等[11,20-23]。GLM多发生于母乳哺乳5年内的妇女,乳糖蛋白外溢介导的自身免疫反应为该病提供一种病因学假设。在PDM免疫机制的探索中,Liu等[24]和Wang等[25]证实,IL-6/JAK2/STAT3和PI3K-Akt-mTOR信号通路参与了PDM的发生发展过程;Yu等[26]利用PDM患者病变组织及免疫缺陷小鼠成功构建PDM动物模型,且建模成功率高达83.3%。上述基础研究提示免疫异常学说在PDM中具有一定作用,但相关临床研究有待开展。
GLM与棒状杆菌感染的相关性是当前的研究热点[1,27-28]。近期,Bi等[16]首次利用新鲜标本进行病原微生物高通量基因检测,证实柯氏棒状杆菌是GLM的主要病原体,并检出其他相关病原体,如嗜油假单孢菌、人类疱疹病毒4型、鲍曼不动菌等。PDM与厌氧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、非结核分枝杆菌等病原感染相关[29-31]。1998年,Dixon[29]从PDM患者乳晕旁肿块、脓肿及瘘管中分离和培养出厌氧菌;2001年许涛等[32]发现,PDM标本结核菌L型感染率高达60.7%。尽管如此,仍有学者认为NPM是一种无菌性炎症,环境污染和取材不当易导致研究误差。此外,棒状杆菌亦可定植于正常乳房组织,其致病机制和致病能力尚未明确[33]
高水平泌乳素与GLM发病有一定相关性,但具体机制尚不明确[12,34-35]。一种假设是高水平的催乳素使导管分泌增加,对导管上皮造成损害,抗原物质进入小叶间基质,从而引发自身免疫反应[34]。另一种假设认为,催乳素激活乳腺上皮细胞的炎症反应途径,使上皮细胞分泌促炎因子,促进脓肿和坏死形成。卵巢激素变化是NPM发病的另一机制。卵巢功能减退可引起乳管壁松弛,肌上皮细胞收缩功能减退,阻碍乳管内分泌物的排出,诱发导管周围炎性细胞浸润。多项研究发现,GLM患者中长期口服避孕药的比例较健康女性偏高,药物介导激素水平的变化可促进乳房腺泡分泌,从而参与该病的发展进程[10,17]
细胞焦亡是多种感染性疾病的程序性细胞死亡方式。Zuo等[36]利用显微电镜观察发现,GLM病变中乳腺上皮细胞丧失细胞器及完整核膜结构,并出现核固缩和凋亡微粒体,这意味着细胞焦亡在GLM病理进展中发挥作用。该研究还发现,与周围正常乳腺组织相比,GLM病变组织经典焦亡通路中caspase-1、GSDMD、IL-1β和IL-18水平明显增高,进一步验证了细胞焦亡的存在。针对细胞焦亡机制进行干预可阻止肉芽肿性病变进程[37],如NLRP3和caspase-1是肺肉芽肿病变的重要触发因素,使用NLRP3途径抑制剂MCC950或抗IL-1β抗体可减少肺肉芽肿形成[38]。由此推测,MCC950、抗IL-1β或抗IL-18未来有望应用于GLM的治疗。
国内外研究证实,吸烟与NPM的发生及复发明显相关。Thomas等[39]调查了785例NPM患者的吸烟情况,结果显示NPM患者吸烟比例较对照组明显增加。Taffurelli等[40]统计的复发性PDM患者中,绝大部分女性患者每天吸烟超过10支。另一项纳入102例GLM患者的回顾性多中心研究显示,4.9%的患者有吸烟接触史且该部分患者的GLM复发风险是未接触者的48.5倍(OR=48.503,P=0.005)[1]。但我国女性吸烟率较低,GLM与吸烟的关系在我国人群中尚无定论。
单侧哺乳、哺乳时间长、乳头内陷、乳管狭窄或中断、创伤等因素被证实为NPM的危险因素,上述物理因素导致乳汁淤积或导管微创伤,从而激发了免疫反应。此外,α-1抗胰蛋白酶缺乏、Nod2基因突变等内在因素增加了NPM的遗传易感性[17,41-43]。Oltean等[43]发现,一直使用双乳喂养的GLM患者比例明显低于单乳喂养者(51% vs. 83%,P=0.0019),单侧哺乳多与乳头内陷或先天畸形有关,这些因素本身也是阻碍乳汁排出的因素,而单侧哺乳加重了乳汁淤积。
超重/肥胖、糖尿病、精神压力等因素亦被纳入NPM的发病研究中,赵梦等[44]进行NPM危险因素分析发现,NPM患者超重/肥胖的比例较对照组明显增高,但焦虑、抑郁在两组间没有明显差异。糖尿病与NPM的关系首次由Rizzo等[45]于2009年在98例非哺乳期乳房脓肿患者的研究中发现,其中64%的患者具有糖尿病史。后续研究显示NPM患者糖尿病比例明显高于哺乳期乳腺炎患者[46]。但以上危险因素均来源于小样本临床研究,尚未经大样本研究证实。
NPM多发生于单侧,主要表现为乳房肿块,后期可形成脓肿、窦道或溃疡,通常伴有乳房的红肿热痛,病程可迁延不愈、反复发作[1,17,31]。乳房肿块是NPM最常见的临床表现,其平均长径约为4 cm;一项荟萃分析显示,发达国家患者的肿块直径普遍小于发展中国家,这可能与当地经济水平和就诊意识有关[9]。NPM患者也可能存在腋窝淋巴结肿大的征象,与肿瘤转移淋巴结坚硬、边界不清、移动性差不同,该类患者腋窝淋巴结柔软、坚韧,边界清晰[9,47]
除了上述相似的临床表现外,PDM与GLM的部分发病特征也存在差异。PDM常从乳晕处起病,细菌或非结核分枝杆菌可引起脓肿反复发作,形成窦道,一般不会形成皮损或溃疡;GLM多从乳房外周发病,表现为多发脓肿,累及皮下和皮肤,易形成皮损或溃疡,据报道GLM患者还可有结节红斑、关节痛和巩膜炎等乳腺外表现[20,48-50]。相较PDM患者,GLM患者通常症状较重,病情迁延时间较长且更易复发。典型的临床表现可作为诊断的重要依据,但对于肿块型患者的诊断意义有限。
乳腺超声最常见的表现为不规则低回声肿物[18],可用于明确病变的特征以及脓肿/窦道的数量和范围[51]。PDM病灶位于乳晕后或乳晕周围,病灶中心区回声相对较强,边缘区回声较弱,为炎性机化所致,常伴有导管呈串珠样扩张。而GLM多表现为散在囊状、管状的低回声或无回声区。区别于恶性肿瘤,NPM血流阻力指数多<0.70、纵横径比值<1。除常规超声特征外,弹性超声技术及超声微血管成像技术也可帮助鉴别NPM与恶性肿瘤。其中,超声弹性应变比、弹性成像评分、声触诊组织成像、声触诊组织定量、阻力指数和搏动指数等定性或定量指标有助于区分良恶性病变[5,52]
X线检查的主要影像表现为局灶或整体的密度不对称,其次是肿块,部分患者X线检查无阳性发现,敏感度和特异度较低[9,18]。MRI检查敏感性高,NPM在乳腺MRI上多表现为不均匀增强或边缘增强肿块,也可表现为节段性或区域性非肿块强化。对于肿块边缘无强化的病变,Zhao等[53]和Zhang等[54]发现,提取分析表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)及非肿块强化等MRI影像学特征可用于鉴别诊断NPM与乳腺癌,且对NPM的亚型划分有一定意义。
总之,NPM与乳腺癌的影像学表现有所重叠,缺乏特异性,但乳腺超声仍是NPM患者的首选检查方式,因其简单易行、敏感性较高等特点,在NPM的筛查、手术定位、复查等方面有显著优势。但X线检查易加剧患者的乳房疼痛,对于NPM患者不作为一线检查手段。MRI对微小病灶有良好的提示作用,并有助于术前定位病变范围,但由于耗时长、价格昂贵等因素目前尚未普遍应用。
NPM的病理检查对于疾病的确诊、分型以及后续治疗不可或缺。空芯针穿刺活检是最常用的病理检查方法,其准确率高达94%~100%[18]。对于切开引流的NPM患者可进行切取脓腔壁活检,肿块型患者可进行肿块切除活检,但Aghajanzadeh等[55]发现,43例接受手术活检的患者中,多达19例(44%)最终出现溃疡和(或)窦道,因此,对于肿块型NPM患者优先考虑空心针穿刺活检。PDM的病理表现为导管上皮鳞状化生和导管扩张,管腔内含有脱落上皮细胞、分泌物和泡沫细胞等物质。炎症后期导管壁增厚、纤维化变性,导管周围出现脂肪坏死和浆细胞浸润[56]。GLM的病灶多表现为以乳腺终末导管小叶为中心的非干酪性肉芽肿,肉芽肿包含上皮样组织细胞、朗格汉斯巨细胞和淋巴细胞等炎性细胞,中央常有微脓肿及脂质空泡,少数病例在小叶间或病变周围的间质内形成肉芽肿[15]。GLM病程后期可出现肉芽肿病灶间的融合,小叶结构消失并形成脓肿和组织坏死。
结合NPM潜在的发病机制,炎性因子、风湿免疫因子、细菌检测等相关检查的应用被广泛探讨。Huang等[22]发现,重症患者IL-6和C反应蛋白水平均明显高于轻、中度患者,两者可用于评估NPM的严重程度。对于风湿免疫因子在NPM患者中的应用目前仍存在争议,类风湿因子、抗核抗体或抗dsDNA抗体等检测指标在各研究中的阳性率差异较大,未来仍需探索简便有效的临床指标辅助NPM的诊治。在细菌检测领域,随着近年来相关技术的迅速发展,棒状杆菌的检出率有所提高。如含Tween 80的血琼脂培养基有助于促进柯氏棒状杆菌的生长,厚切片革兰氏染色可提高棒状杆菌的检出率[57],且6 mm厚切片较标准的4 mm切片棒状杆菌检出率提高21%[28]。除了传统的生化方法,基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱、16S rRNA基因测序及纳米孔测序等新型检测技术均可提高棒状杆菌的检测效率[58-59]
NPM与乳腺恶性肿瘤的鉴别有重要意义。两者的临床表现和影像学特征有所重叠,且部分乳腺癌伴肉芽肿反应,Oberman等[60]、Coyne等[61]发现,部分乳腺癌组织光镜下呈肉芽肿性病变,其形成可能与机体对肿瘤坏死物或肿瘤抗原的免疫反应有关。细菌性化脓性乳腺炎也称为急性哺乳期乳腺炎,该病临床特征和病理表现与NPM有所区别,多见于哺乳期妇女,除了乳腺局部症状外,多伴有明显的全身症状及炎性指标明显增高,且对抗生素治疗敏感。
特异性乳腺炎(如结核分枝杆菌、真菌、寄生虫感染等)、系统性自身免疫病(如多发性血管炎、类风湿关节炎、结节病)、乳腺异物(如硅胶、石蜡、PAAG注射剂等)也可能出现乳腺无痛肿块及镜下肉芽肿的表现。因此,须结合病史、临床表现和病理学检查进行鉴别诊断[2,62]。例如,结核性乳腺炎患者多有结核病史及全身症状,Lacambra等[63]的研究发现,结核性乳腺炎患者较GLM患者年轻,就诊时肿物较大,且结核性乳腺炎镜下可见更多的嗜酸性粒细胞。
NPM患者在确诊之前通常经历过一定时间的抗生素治疗,这对于形成脓肿或溃疡的患者预防继发感染有一定作用,但经验性抗生素治疗的总体疗效不一,可能与使用抗生素的种类、剂量及持续时间密切相关[55,64]。GLM患者对于广谱抗生素的有效应答率低于PDM患者,故初始经验性抗生素治疗对于GLM患者意义有限,须根据细菌检查及药敏试验结果进行用药调整。棒状杆菌阳性GLM患者通常疗程延长,复发风险增加,并对青霉素等水溶性抗生素耐药性较强[62]。相较于水溶性抗生素,亲脂性抗生素如强力霉素、克拉霉素和利福平等更易在病灶中达到足够的治疗浓度[65]。Steuer等[17]将强力霉素作为GLM的一线药物,治疗后50%的患者症状完全缓解。
类固醇激素治疗GLM最早由Dehertogh等[66]提出,目前是西方的一线治疗方法,但其用法用量尚无统一标准。Aghajanzadeh等[55]提出了初始治疗剂量为30~60 mg强的松龙的GLM治疗策略,治疗后72%的患者症状有所缓解。Shojaee等[67]采取更低剂量的类固醇治疗,该疗法较手术治疗及高剂量激素治疗复发率低且无明显不良反应。此外,类固醇外用和病灶内注射使用也被证实在减少不良反应和提高患者依从性方面有一定作用,未来类固醇的局部使用可能成为GLM治疗的一种新策略[68-69]。但国内医师对激素治疗的选择较为谨慎,原因是类固醇治疗完全消除肿块需较长疗程,易使患者出现库欣综合征、骨质丢失、血糖升高、体重增加、消化不良等诸多不良反应,严重影响生活质量;此外,激素治疗失败后进行手术治疗的患者会面临术中出血量较大、伤口愈合困难等问题。
甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate,MTX)无论是否联合类固醇均被证实治疗GLM有效[11,70-71]。目前最大的MTX单药治疗队列研究显示,经历15个月的MTX治疗后,75.0%的患者病情缓解,94.0%的患者病情改善,15.8%的复发患者在改为皮下给药后病情改善[11]。但目前主流的治疗方案仍是类固醇联合MTX治疗。例如,Postolova等[11]对GLM患者进行类固醇和MTX联合治疗,经2年密切随访,GLM缓解率可达87%。该研究建议当MTX治疗效果明显时,可逐步减少并最终停用类固醇药物。Kafadar等[71]发现,使用低剂量MTX(5 mg/周)联合强的松治疗对类固醇激素无反应的患者,也可达到较高的缓解率,且无MTX引起的脱发和肝功能异常等不良反应发生。然而,关于MTX的治疗经验多基于国外研究,仍缺少本国的临床应用经验。
抗分枝杆菌治疗在PDM和GLM中均被证实有效[72]。于海静等[73]对27例窦道型PDM患者行异烟肼、利福平和乙胺丁醇/吡嗪酰胺治疗,所有患者在治疗1~3个月后窦道闭合,其中,16例经单纯药物治疗完全治愈,11例经药物治疗病灶缩小后行手术治疗,随访1年均无复发。在GLM的治疗中,Liu等[74]对皮肤红肿或形成脓肿/瘘管的患者进行持续6~12个月的抗结核治疗,在随访成功的19例患者中,18例达到临床缓解。此外,内分泌药物治疗在部分患者中也显示出较好的疗效。在伴高泌乳素血症的难治性NPM病例中,通过控制血清泌乳素水平可避免不必要的手术治疗,用药时间根据血清泌乳素水平和是否有垂体微腺瘤确定[55,75]。三苯氧胺作为一种雌激素受体拮抗剂可降低乳腺组织的增生活性,有助于减轻NPM的急性期症状,联合中药或中成药治疗有一定效果[76-78]。但抗结核治疗和内分泌药物治疗周期较长,部分可出现不良反应,且存在停药后复发的情况,临床上应根据患者的实际情况开展治疗。
对于脓肿型NPM,穿刺抽脓术、脓肿切开引流术及置针或置管引流术被用于缓解患者疼痛和局部炎症反应,其中脓肿切开引流术最为常见。Gopalakrishnan Nair等[79]发现,脓肿切开引流术联合抗生素治疗12例PDM患者疗效显著且2年内无复发,但对于GLM疗效有限,较少患者从中获益。此外,脓肿切开引流术的切口设计在满足充分引流的同时,需尽量避免多切口和放射状切口,以免影响乳房外观和后续手术。Zuo等[13]建议钝性分离脓腔,使各个脓腔相通并对脓腔进行充分冲洗。唐华明等[80]将封闭式负压引流运用于NPM脓肿切开引流术后患者,为脓肿型NPM治疗提供了新思路。近期Wang等[81]开展微创旋切联合置针引流的方式,最大限度保证了乳房外观,但治疗过程给患者生活带来了诸多不便。
对于皮肤无急性炎症表现的肿块型NPM患者,可根据术前病理学和影像学检查结果采用不同的手术方式。PDM患者手术需要切除乳头后病变导管,切口的乳头端须达到乳头底部以完全清除病变组织[79]。对于GLM患者的病灶,单纯的肿块切除有较高的复发风险,目前普遍倾向于肿物扩大切除术。此外,Zuo等[13]认为潜在病灶残余易导致GLM手术患者复发,应在切除坏死肉芽组织后以乳头和乳晕为中心对剩余乳腺组织进行放射状探查,并切除残存的脂肪坏死和微小脓肿,该术式将1279例GLM患者的复发率降低至3.8%。
对于复杂难治型患者,若患侧乳房表面有瘘管,位置较深者可采用挂线、扩创和脱线引流手术;位置表浅者可采用瘘管切除法,手术切口以瘘管为中心的放射状梭形切口为佳。若患者乳房皮肤表面有多个瘘管、溃疡面较大,可在广泛切除术后应用皮瓣转移技术修复创面,如Zhang等[82]采用新月形、T形、梨形和蝴蝶形等切口方式进行随意皮瓣转移,术后患者复发率低,无并发症。对于病变范围广或波及全乳房但表面皮肤完好者可行保留乳头乳晕复合体的皮下腺体切除术,如Zhang等[83]对GLM患者行该种术式联合I期假体植入,患者1年内无复发,且对外观的满意度明显高于传统治疗组。
中医多称NPM为“乳痈”。不同于西医从微观层面关注疾病的病因学,中医强调利用疏肝健脾补肾等理论对患者进行宏观调控和辨证论治[84]。西黄丸、消乳散结胶囊、内排脓汤及浆乳方等中药有化瘀、消肿的作用,有助于缓解患者症状,是外科治疗的有效辅助手段[85-87]。例如,于淼等[88]采用浆乳方合并改良中医外治法治疗119例PDM患者,该疗法对全部患者有效且36个月后复发率仅为7.6%。盐酸青藤碱对PDM具有抗炎和免疫调节特性,Liu等[89]发现,与对照组相比,盐酸青藤碱治疗后的PDM模型小鼠浆细胞和淋巴细胞浸润明显减轻。Sawuer等[90]根据倾向性评分匹配纳入102例GLM患者,发现中医联合手术治疗后化脓率更低、治愈率更高、病程更短。总之,中医学为NPM的治疗提供了独特思路,具体治疗方案有待临床工作者进一步发展和创新。
NPM可能为一种自限性疾病,通过护理、教育及对症治疗,部分患者的症状可自行消退。对于仅出现间歇性乳头溢液等轻度症状的PDM患者,保持乳头乳晕的卫生既可缓解PDM症状,又可降低继发感染的风险。Lai等[91]对组织病理学确诊为GLM的患者每2~3个月定期随访1次,中位随访14.5个月,50%的患者症状完全消退,50%的患者病情保持不变。该研究提倡对主要表现为可触及肿块且无其他不适症状,尤其是在乳房筛查时偶然发现的GLM患者进行定期影像学监测。另一项研究也得出类似结论,42.4%的患者在未经任何治疗的情况下康复,平均恢复期5.6个月,与低剂量激素治疗患者的平均恢复期无明显差异[92]。然而,该类疾病的生物学行为不确定,且监测随访过程中难以保证患者的依从性,部分患者可能因监测不积极导致疾病进展,在承受巨大痛苦的同时丧失最佳的手术时机。
NPM作为一种乳腺良性疾病,近年来发病率显著升高,关于其发病机制及高危因素的探索虽尚未得出明确结论,但通过现存的临床资料及基础研究可提出以下假设:在外界危险因素或内在易感性因素的影响下,免疫微环境破坏导致机会致病菌感染增殖,从而激活炎症反应并诱导病灶形成。未来,微生物检测技术及相关特异性药物治疗有待大规模的临床验证,激素及免疫抑制剂的使用需提高针对性,寻找临床指标预测药物疗效有助于避免不必要的药物不良反应发生。此外,NPM患者的临床表现及疾病转归具有不确定性,个性化把握用药指征、明确侵入性治疗时机和方式有实际意义。
国内外发病率和治疗方式存在一定差异,不同于国外病例散发、将激素作为一线治疗方式,我国人口基数大,发病率高,治疗方法多种多样,其中病灶探查清除术、随机皮瓣转移术等手术方法可有效降低术后复发率,且导管灌注治疗、微创旋切联合负压冲洗及中医中药等治疗方法也取得了一定疗效[93-94]。遗憾的是,目前存在的治疗方案多基于单中心回顾性研究,且各中心的患者组成、治疗理念异质性较大。未来仍需开展前瞻性高质量多中心的临床试验,以进一步完善NPM的诊疗方案。
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2023年第48卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0192.2022.0927
  • 接收时间:2022-01-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-24
  • 录用日期:2022-04-08
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    1解放军总医院第一医学中心普通外科,北京 100853
    2南开大学医学院,天津 300071

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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