Article(id=1199688708703220257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0216.2023.0501, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1675872000000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1680192000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-03-31, onlineDate=1763957677293, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1703692800000, pubDateStr=2023-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763957677293, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763957677293, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763957677293, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199688705905623579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='12', pageStart='1359', pageEnd='1491', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763957676626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763958367038, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199691601774739748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199691601774739749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1486, endPage=1491, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199688708984238627, articleId=1199688708703220257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on effect of unfolded protein response in heat stroke, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Heat stroke (HS) is a serious life-threatening disease caused by heat injury and characterized by a core body temperature >40 ℃ with central nervous system dysfunction and multi-organ failure. The main pathophysiological manifestations of HS are the thermal acute phase response and thermoregulatory imbalance. Proteins are particularly sensitive to heat, and the thermal environment can cause massive protein denaturation, resulting in the deposition of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm, causing cellular dysfunction and even death. The unfolded protein response (UPR), mainly divided into the endoplasmic reticulum UPR and the mitochondrial UPR, is an important physiological process that helps proteins to fold correctly or degrade irretrievably denatured proteins. This paper summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of UPR, the relationship between UPR and severe diseases, as well as the relationship between HS and UPR to provide new ideas for the treatment of HS.

, correspAuthors=Xi-Jing Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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热射病(HS)是一种由热损伤导致的疾病,严重威胁患者的生命,其特征为机体核心体温>40 ℃,并伴有中枢神经系统功能障碍及多器官衰竭。HS的主要病理生理表现为热急性期反应及体温调节失衡,其中蛋白对热尤为敏感,热环境会引起大量蛋白变性,产生未折叠及错误折叠的蛋白并沉积于细胞质内,引起细胞功能障碍甚至死亡。未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)是帮助蛋白正确折叠或降解变性蛋白的一个重要生理学进程,主要分为内质网UPR及线粒体UPR。本文主要针对UPR的调控机制,UPR与重症疾病的关系,以及HS与UPR的关系进行综述,以期为HS的治疗提供新的思路。

, correspAuthors=张西京, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张西京,E-mail:
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彭宇亮,硕士研究生,主要从事热射病等方面的研究

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未折叠蛋白反应在热射病中的作用研究进展
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彭宇亮 1, 2 , 寇久社 1 , 吴优 2 , 方宗平 2 , 张西京 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(12): 1486-1491
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(12): 1486-1491
未折叠蛋白反应在热射病中的作用研究进展
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彭宇亮1, 2, 寇久社1, 吴优2, 方宗平2, 张西京2, *
作者信息
  • 1陕西中医药大学第二附属医院针灸康复科,陕西咸阳 712000
  • 2空军军医大学第一附属医院重症医学科,陕西西安 710032
  • 彭宇亮,硕士研究生,主要从事热射病等方面的研究

通讯作者:

张西京,E-mail:
Research progress on effect of unfolded protein response in heat stroke
Yu-Liang Peng1, 2, Jiu-She Kou1, You Wu2, Zong-Ping Fang2, Xi-Jing Zhang2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Rehabilitation Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, China
  • 2Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
出版时间: 2023-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0216.2023.0501
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热射病(HS)是一种由热损伤导致的疾病,严重威胁患者的生命,其特征为机体核心体温>40 ℃,并伴有中枢神经系统功能障碍及多器官衰竭。HS的主要病理生理表现为热急性期反应及体温调节失衡,其中蛋白对热尤为敏感,热环境会引起大量蛋白变性,产生未折叠及错误折叠的蛋白并沉积于细胞质内,引起细胞功能障碍甚至死亡。未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)是帮助蛋白正确折叠或降解变性蛋白的一个重要生理学进程,主要分为内质网UPR及线粒体UPR。本文主要针对UPR的调控机制,UPR与重症疾病的关系,以及HS与UPR的关系进行综述,以期为HS的治疗提供新的思路。

中暑  /  非折叠蛋白质应答  /  线粒体  /  内质网应激

Heat stroke (HS) is a serious life-threatening disease caused by heat injury and characterized by a core body temperature >40 ℃ with central nervous system dysfunction and multi-organ failure. The main pathophysiological manifestations of HS are the thermal acute phase response and thermoregulatory imbalance. Proteins are particularly sensitive to heat, and the thermal environment can cause massive protein denaturation, resulting in the deposition of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm, causing cellular dysfunction and even death. The unfolded protein response (UPR), mainly divided into the endoplasmic reticulum UPR and the mitochondrial UPR, is an important physiological process that helps proteins to fold correctly or degrade irretrievably denatured proteins. This paper summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of UPR, the relationship between UPR and severe diseases, as well as the relationship between HS and UPR to provide new ideas for the treatment of HS.

heat stroke  /  unfolded protein response  /  mitochondria  /  endoplasmic reticulum stress
彭宇亮, 寇久社, 吴优, 方宗平, 张西京. 未折叠蛋白反应在热射病中的作用研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (12) : 1486 -1491 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0216.2023.0501
Yu-Liang Peng, Jiu-She Kou, You Wu, Zong-Ping Fang, Xi-Jing Zhang. Research progress on effect of unfolded protein response in heat stroke[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (12) : 1486 -1491 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0216.2023.0501
热射病(heat stroke,HS)是一种由热损伤导致的严重威胁生命的疾病,其特征为核心体温>40 ℃,并伴有中枢神经系统功能障碍及多器官衰竭。根据发病原因及易感人群的不同,HS可分为经典型HS及劳力型HS。经典型HS与高温高湿环境及散热不良密切相关,多发生于幼儿、孕妇及年老体衰者,以及有慢性基础疾病或免疫功能受损的个体。劳力型HS是由激烈运动中的产热与散热失衡所致,常见于运动员、军人及高温环境下作业的工人[1]。据估计,美国城市居民HS的发病率为(17.6~26.5)/100万[2]。1995年,芝加哥的热浪造成数百人死亡,这是20世纪最致命的热浪之一。随着全球变暖,热浪的发生将变得更加频繁并剧烈,有可能增高HS的病死率。HS在病理生理改变方面表现为热诱导的细胞毒性、炎症反应及多器官衰竭[3-4]。当机体初始暴露于高温环境中时,体温调节功能被迅速激活,抑制继续产热,并增强散热,进而维持核心体温稳定;同时,机体发生热应激反应,快速减轻热相关蛋白变性等病理变化,从而抵御热相关性损伤。当机体持续暴露于高温环境中,体温调节中枢受损后无法维持产热与散热平衡,机体出现难以控制的高温,热应激反应功能受损,细胞内出现热相关性病理损伤,最终发展为HS[5]
未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR)被认为是热应激反应中的一个重要组成部分。根据未折叠蛋白发生的位置,UPR被分为内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)UPR(endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response,UPRer)及线粒体UPR(mitochondrial unfolded protein response,UPRmt)。机体暴露于热环境后,蛋白的折叠及降解能力严重受损[6],产生了错误折叠或未折叠的蛋白并沉积于细胞质内,引起内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)及线粒体功能障碍,最终导致细胞死亡[7-8]。为了改善热环境引起变性蛋白沉积相关性的内质网应激及线粒体功能障碍,机体通过UPR消除错误折叠或未折叠的蛋白,该过程中转录大量伴侣蛋白及蛋白酶以发挥作用[9]。当机体持续暴露于热环境中时,UPR功能障碍可能是导致HS的重要因素。目前对UPR的研究主要集中在细胞水平,即通过抑制UPR的激活以及调控关键因子,探讨UPR在热应激诱导细胞凋亡时的机制及发挥的作用,而在动物及人体中开展的研究甚少。因此,深入探究UPR在动物和人体中的调控机制及其在HS中的作用,对HS的防治及药物研发具有重要意义。本文全面阐述了UPRer及UPRmt的机制及其在HS中发挥的作用。
ER是真核细胞内参与蛋白合成、折叠、修饰、转运的关键细胞器,也是调节细胞内Ca2+平衡、传递信号并参与细胞脂质合成的主要场所[10-11]。ER的蛋白调控机制包括保障正确折叠的蛋白进行下一步的修饰,而缓慢折叠或不折叠的蛋白会被保留在ER中,并通过ER相关蛋白降解(endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation,ERAD)进行蛋白酶体降解。在病理状态下,ER的蛋白调控能力被破坏,导致未折叠及错误折叠的蛋白在ER上堆积[12]。为了维持ER内环境稳定,机体通过激活UPRer减轻未折叠或错误折叠蛋白的积累[13]。蛋白激酶样ER激酶(protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase,PERK)、肌醇必需激酶1(inositol-requiring protein 1,IRE1)及激活转录因子6(activating transcription factor 6,ATF6)是UPRer的3个主要途径,在恢复蛋白平衡方面发挥着重要作用[14]
PERK是ER膜上的跨膜蛋白激酶,其C端具有丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶活性,能够磷酸化真核翻译起始因子2亚基-α(eIF2α)[15]。在ERS期间,PERK开始在ER膜内低聚激活,诱导其自磷酸化并激活激酶结构域。p-PERK可磷酸化eIF2α,eIF2α的磷酸化可以抑制mRNA的翻译,从而阻止蛋白的翻译,导致ER中未折叠蛋白减少[16]。此外,激活转录因子4(ATF4)也可被磷酸化的eIF2α激活[17],参与调控氨基酸代谢、伴侣蛋白合成、细胞自噬及凋亡[14]。ATF4作为应激诱导转录因子,其机制是通过调控转录因子C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)及生长抑制DNA损伤基因34(GADD34)两个重要靶基因而发挥功能。CHOP亦是一种转录因子,能够控制凋亡相关基因的编码。GADD34是合成蛋白磷酸酶(PPI)的一个亚单位,通过去磷酸化eIF2a负向调控PERK的作用[18]。然而,通过PPI表达eIF2α的组成型阻遏物(CReP)可以磷酸化eIF2α[19-20]。因此,GADD34及CReP在ERS时对维持蛋白的稳态起重要作用。
IRE1主要表达于低等及高等真核生物中。在哺乳动物中,ERN1基因编码Ire1α,ERN2基因编码Ire1β。Ire1β主要在呼吸道及胃肠道中表达,而Ire1α则普遍表达[21-22]。IRE1α是一种定位于ER的跨膜蛋白,同时具有蛋白激酶及核糖核酸酶活性。ER应激时,IRE1α发生寡聚化及自磷酸化,磷酸化的IRE1α可以特异性地从编码转录因子X盒结合蛋白(X-box-binding protein 1,XBP)的mRNA上切割一个26碱基内含子,导致XBP1 mRNA转录因子的激活[23]。活跃的XBP1 mRNA转录因子可上调参与ER蛋白易位、折叠及分泌的基因,同时还可调控错误折叠蛋白降解及自噬[24-26]。因此,XBP1在UPR稳态中的作用至关重要。
此外,磷酸化的IRE1α可以降解ER定位的mRNA或前体微小RNA(miRNA),称为RIDD。RIDD可以减少ERS时的蛋白合成,维持ER稳态[27]。RIDD及XBP1调控的mRNA和前体miRNA共享相同的CUGCAG序列基序,这是IRE1α裂解的关键位点[28],但IRE1α如何在RIDD与XBP1之间切换目前尚不清楚。值得注意的是,当ERS期间未折叠蛋白积累时,XBP1增加到峰值,然后开始下降。而RIDD在基础条件下是活跃的,在ERS时也会增加。如果XBP1及RIDD能够在ERS时减少未折叠蛋白负荷,则ER蛋白稳态可恢复到正常水平。然而,如果ERS持续存在,XBP1减少,而RIDD继续降解mRNA、miRNA及编码促生存蛋白的mRNA,则会导致凋亡[29-30]。除了RIDD,磷酸化的IRE1α还能激活肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子2(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2,TRAF2),TRAF2反过来激活c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK),最终导致细胞凋亡及自噬[8]
ATF6是一种单通道、Ⅱ型跨膜蛋白,具有N端“细胞质”结构域。ATF6的N端结构域是碱性亮氨酸拉链(basic-leucine zipper,bZIP)转录因子,随后是一个20个氨基酸的跨膜结构域,ATF6的C端穿过细胞膜进入ER[31]。ATF6是在UPRer信号通路中发挥重要作用的第3个途径。在ER应激期间,未折叠蛋白增加,导致ATF6从ER转移到高尔基体,被位点1蛋白酶(site 1 protease,S1P)及位点2蛋白酶(site 2 protease,S2P)裂解,形成活性转录因子ATF6p50,该转录因子易位到细胞核并调节基因表达[15]。活化的ATF6可以调节XBP1,进一步促进错误折叠蛋白降解,以及ER蛋白易位、折叠、成熟和分泌[32-33]。此外,活跃的ATF6也可调节CHOP、伴侣蛋白及ERAD成分的表达[34]
线粒体作为细胞内重要的细胞器之一,是细胞代谢网络及信号网络的调节中心,在机体生长发育、遗传代谢、衰老及疾病等许多方面发挥着独特的作用[14]。线粒体参与多种生物学进程,包括调节细胞死亡、细胞分化、生长及先天免疫[35-36]。然而,线粒体在应激状态下易出现功能障碍。在应对线粒体功能障碍时,机体会产生大量的组织因子并激活信号通路,促进线粒体稳态恢复。UPRmt是线粒体面对应激时产生的一种保护效应。UPRmt时线粒体启动核DNA编码线粒体伴侣蛋白及蛋白酶,并转运至线粒体外膜,通过线粒体外膜通道进入线粒体,恢复或清除线粒体内的错误折叠和未折叠蛋白,维持蛋白稳态及线粒体功能[9,37]
在对秀丽隐杆线虫的研究中,UPRmt的激活途径及作用机制已基本阐明,其核心调控因子是应激相关激活转录因子-1(activating transcription factor associated with stress-1,ATFS-1)。ATFS-1同时具有细胞核靶向序列及线粒体靶向序列,在正常生理条件下,ATFS-1通过线粒体靶向序列介导进入线粒体并降解;在线粒体应激时,ATFS-1无法进入线粒体,在细胞核靶向序列的引导下易位至细胞核,激活靶基因的转录表达[38-39]。由于ATFS-1不能被导入线粒体,导致转录因子变得活跃,这表明线粒体导入是调控UPRmt的关键因素[9]。当ATFS-1进入细胞核时,可调节超过500种基因的转录,这些基因包括促进线粒体蛋白稳态的基因(伴侣蛋白、蛋白酶及抗氧化基因),可缓解线粒体应激反应。由ATFS-1诱导的部分基因产物通过线粒体输入复合物(如timm-17、timm-23),并进入功能失调的线粒体网络[40]
UPRmt最初是在哺乳动物细胞中被发现的,实验观察到线粒体基质中错误折叠蛋白的积累激活了这种特定的转录反应[41]。然而,由于哺乳动物线粒体功能的复杂性及多样性,在哺乳动物细胞中存在多种UPRmt通路及调控因子。已知哺乳动物细胞中的UPRmt与3种基本亮氨酸拉链(bZip)转录因子相关,包括CHOP、激活转录因子(ATF)4及ATF5[42-44]。这3种转录因子是否存在相互作用尚不清楚,但三者均在线粒体功能障碍期间被诱导,且都是诱导UPRmt所必需的[42,45-48]。ATF5是一种与线虫ATFS-1同源的bZip分子,当线粒体受损时,其同样会迁移到细胞核并激活转录。研究表明,ATF5的表达可以恢复ATFS-1基因敲除线虫中UPRmt的激活[42]。ATF5可通过诱导几种线粒体伴侣蛋白及蛋白酶基因的表达,在线粒体功能障碍期间促进氧化磷酸化及细胞生长[42]。据报道,ATF5在几种线粒体疾病中被转录及诱导,ATF5损伤的细胞容易发生线粒体应激[49-51]。值得注意的是,哺乳动物细胞中的UPRmt至少部分受线粒体输入效率的调控。在线粒体功能障碍期间,线粒体蛋白输入复合物TIM23的一个亚基迅速降解,导致输入效率降低并诱发UPRmt[52]。因此,在哺乳动物中,UPRmt作为维持线粒体蛋白稳态的代偿机制,其详细作用尚需进一步探索。
当遭受感染、严重创伤或营养不良等情况时,机体发生一系列应激反应,导致内环境失调及蛋白合成/降解紊乱,可诱发UPR。轻度适当的UPR能够帮助机体清除未折叠蛋白或错误折叠蛋白,维持内环境稳定,有助于机体的恢复。而在一些重症疾病中,因应激反应过强导致大量未折叠蛋白或错误折叠蛋白未能被及时清除,内环境紊乱无法尽快恢复,UPR将启动相关途径诱导细胞凋亡,加重疾病进展。有研究报道,UPR的基因表达与脓毒症患者器官衰竭及内皮功能障碍的发展相关[53]。在脓毒症大鼠的肝脏中发现细胞凋亡水平升高,肝损伤标志物表达增高,细胞形态学发生改变,以及UPRer相关蛋白表达增加[54]。使用β-arrestin 1或小檗碱抑制UPRer后,可以减少炎性细胞因子的产生及UPRer相关蛋白的表达,从而减轻肝损伤[55-56]。最近的一项研究在心脏缺血再灌注损伤前6 h使用寡霉素及多西环素诱导UPRmt,使许多已知的UPRmt相关基因明显上调,并减少了野生型小鼠的梗死面积,提示在心脏缺血再灌注损伤中UPRmt发挥着保护作用,但在ATF5敲除小鼠中未观察到此现象[57]。随着对UPR研究的不断深入,有望进一步明确UPR在重症疾病中的具体作用机制,并针对UPR的各个环节进行干预。
HS后发展为多器官功能障碍综合征,是由高温引起的急性生理变化(如循环衰竭、缺氧及代谢需求增加)、直接细胞毒性、炎症及凝血反应之间复杂的相互作用所致[58-61]。在细胞及动物模型中发现,高温直接导致大多数细胞器的损伤,如线粒体、溶酶体、高尔基体及ER,细胞器损伤反过来又导致细胞损伤[62-64]。损伤的严重程度取决于临界热的最大值,即高温的程度及持续时间,超过这个温度就会发生近乎致命的细胞损伤[65]。在极高的温度(49~50 ℃)下,所有的细胞结构将在5 min内被破坏,导致细胞死亡。研究发现,导致细胞指数性死亡的热量与导致蛋白质降解的热量相关,表明高热诱导的细胞毒性可能与细胞质及膜蛋白的降解有关[66]
蛋白质仅可在狭窄的温度范围内保持天然的结构及功能,温度的轻微上升即会导致蛋白质展开或错误折叠,形成聚集体,造成细胞周期停滞[62-63]。导致细胞死亡的热量与蛋白质变性的热量相近,表明高温导致细胞死亡的机制可能是影响蛋白质的结构[66]。在HS期间,细胞内大量的蛋白质发生变性,无法正确折叠,从而导致细胞内蛋白质聚集。此外,当未折叠或错误折叠的蛋白质在线粒体及ER中积累时,UPR可维持蛋白质的动态平衡[67-68]
UPRer在HS后肠损伤中发挥着重要作用。HS通过上调BAX、下调Bcl-2激活PERK-CHOP通路,诱导细胞凋亡[69]。CHOP是UPRer的关键转录因子之一,在正常生理条件下表达量非常低。然而,发生UPRer时CHOP表达明显增加,从而激活下游一系列凋亡分子诱导凋亡,参与各种病理过程的发生及发展[70]。研究还发现,在热应激环境中,大鼠比目鱼肌细胞中含有大量错误折叠蛋白,激活了ERS诱导的细胞凋亡,同时CHOP及caspase-12明显上调;且此时比目鱼肌中发生了较严重的ERS,导致UPR失效,通过激活CHOP及caspase-1诱导凋亡[71]。肌肉产热在劳力型HS的发生中起着重要作用,调节肌肉的各种生理功能可能为预防HS提供线索。Xiong等[72]发现,在热应激诱导小鼠颗粒细胞凋亡后,UPRer标志物如GRP78(葡萄糖调节蛋白)、CHOP的表达水平增高,而硒处理可有效减轻热应激及UPRer激动剂诱导的凋亡,如caspase-3活性增强、GRP78及CHOP表达增加。Yang等[73]发现,热应激小鼠肺组织中UPRer相关蛋白表达增高,PERK-eIF2α-CHOP信号激活,而补充熊果酸可减弱这一信号的活性,从而保护小鼠肺组织免受热应激损伤。由此证实了UPRer在高热诱导的机体组织损伤进展中起着关键作用。因此,在HS中调控UPRer的激活及关键因子可能是治疗HS新的切入点。
目前还没有研究报道UPRmt在HS中的作用。然而,在热应激条件下,细胞内错误折叠蛋白的增多及HSF1伴侣的解离会触发热休克反应[74]。最近的研究发现,在哺乳动物细胞中,HSF1-SSBP1复合体参与了蛋白毒性应激期间的UPRmt。HSF1在小鼠细胞热休克时诱导HSP60、HSP10及mtHSP70的表达,而SSBP1主要位于线粒体中,通过增强HSF1的转录活性来增强其表达[75]。这些研究主要集中在细胞水平,还需要在动物模型中对UPRmt的机制进行更深入的研究,以探索其在HS中的影响,为HS的预防及治疗指引新的方向。
对于HS患者而言,目前最有效的治疗措施是快速、有效、持续地降温[76],新的治疗策略仍有待开发。只有对HS的各种病理生理机制进行深入研究,才可能开发出新的有效治疗方案。随着对HS研究的深入,UPR在HS中发挥的作用也不断被发现,UPR可能会成为HS的潜在治疗靶点。但对于HS中UPR发生的具体过程,仍有待进一步探究。因此,应深刻认识HS发病过程中的病理改变及UPR的作用,并探索HS与UPR的关系,以更准确地调节UPR,预防并治疗HS。在未来的研究中,可重点关注UPR相关蛋白(HSP10、HSP60、LONP1、CLpP等)在HS中发挥的具体作用,寻找关键的分子作为干预目标,为HS的防治提供新策略。
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2023年第48卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0216.2023.0501
  • 接收时间:2023-02-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-09
  • 录用日期:2023-03-31
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    1陕西中医药大学第二附属医院针灸康复科,陕西咸阳 712000
    2空军军医大学第一附属医院重症医学科,陕西西安 710032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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