Article(id=1199688708053103133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0545.2023.0807, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1681660800000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1686499200000, acceptedDateStr=2023-06-12, onlineDate=1763957677138, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1703692800000, pubDateStr=2023-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763957677138, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763957677138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763957677138, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199688705905623579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2023', volume='48', issue='12', pageStart='1359', pageEnd='1491', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763957676626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763958367038, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199691601774739748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199691601774739749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199688705905623579, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1457, endPage=1466, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199688708300567071, articleId=1199688708053103133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research advances in epidemiological situation and diagnosis and treatment of metabolism-associated fatty liver disease, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is one of the most popular chronic liver diseases in the world, and has become one of the main causes of liver cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and primary liver cancer. In recent years, the prevalence of MAFLD has gradually increased in China, the Asia Pacific region, and even globally, increasing the medical and socio-economic burden. The exploration of the epidemiology and risk factors of this disease at home and abroad has also gradually increased. Meanwhile, due to the scarcity of MAFLD treatment drugs, their drug treatment has become a hot issue that needs to be urgently addressed in clinical practice. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of drugs entering the clinical trial stage. Based on this, the current epidemiological status, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and treatment research progress of MAFLD have been reviewed in order to provide new ideas and directions for the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and scientific research of MAFLD.

, correspAuthors=Li-Li Gao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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代谢相关脂肪性肝病(MAFLD)曾用名非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD),是全球最流行的慢性肝脏疾病之一,已经成为肝硬化、终末期肝病及原发性肝癌的主要原因之一。近年来MAFLD患病率在中国及亚太地区,甚至全球逐渐增高,加重了医疗及社会经济负担,国内外对该病的流行病学及危险因素的探索也逐渐增多。同时,由于MAFLD治疗药物少,其药物治疗也成为临床亟待解决的热点问题,近年进入临床试验阶段的药物明显增多。基于此,本文针对当前MAFLD的流行病学现状、危险因素、诊断标准及治疗研究进展进行综述,以期为MAFLD的临床诊疗及科研提供新的思路与方向。

, correspAuthors=高利利, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
高利利,E-mail:
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庄颖洁,医学硕士,主要从事慢性肝病等方面的临床研究

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庄颖洁,医学硕士,主要从事慢性肝病等方面的临床研究

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庄颖洁,医学硕士,主要从事慢性肝病等方面的临床研究

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Front Nutr, 2023, 10: 1110536., articleTitle=Gut microbiota modulation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: effects of current treatments and future strategies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199700898868982715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688708053103133, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=14, issue=3, pageStart=215, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[101], rfOrder=104, authorNames=Abou Assi R, Abdulbaqi IM, Siok Yee C, journalName=Pharmaceuticals (Basel), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Abou Assi R, Abdulbaqi IM, Siok Yee C. The evaluation of drug delivery nanocarrier development and pharmacological briefing for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): an update[J]. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2021, 14(3): 215., articleTitle=The evaluation of drug delivery nanocarrier development and pharmacological briefing for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): an update, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1199700885279437532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688708053103133, awardId=81570563, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(81570563), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1199700885346546399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688708053103133, awardId=81570563, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(81570563), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1199700880967692901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688708053103133, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199700880976081511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688708053103133, companyId=1199700880967692901, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital/ National Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing 100853, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199700881026413160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688708053103133, companyId=1199700880967692901, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1解放军总医院第二医学中心消化内科/国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心,北京 100853)]), AuthorCompany(id=1199700881148047979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688708053103133, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199700881156436588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688708053103133, companyId=1199700881148047979, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1199700881169019502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688708053103133, companyId=1199700881148047979, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军医学院,北京 100853)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1199700884969059029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688708053103133, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Summary of representative drugs of NAFLD/MAFLD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类/靶点代表药物功效
GLP-1受体激动剂
GLP-1R利拉鲁肽降低肝酶、血糖、体重及肝脏脂肪水平,促进NASH消退
司美格鲁肽降低肝酶、血糖、体重及肝脏脂肪水平,促进NASH消退
GIPR/GLP-1R替西帕肽血糖控制及减轻体重较司美格鲁肽更明显,并能改善肝脏脂肪变性
GCGR/GLP-1RCotadutide减轻体重,降低肝酶水平,改善肝纤维化
GIPR/GLP-1R/GCGRHM15211抗炎,改善肝脂肪变性及纤维化
SGLT-2抑制剂达格列净降低肝酶水平
恩格列净改善肝脏脂肪变性及肝硬度
伊格列净改善肝纤维化,并缓解NASH
卡格列净降低肝酶及FIB-4水平
PPAR激动剂
PPAR-α非诺贝特减轻生物化学指标及彩色多普勒超声表现
苯扎贝特改善肝脏脂肪变性
PPAR-γ吡格列酮改善肝脏组织学,降低肝酶水平
洛贝列酮降低肝脂肪含量及肝酶水平
PPAR-δSeladelpar降低肝酶水平,但对肝脏脂肪变性影响小
PPAR-α/γSaroglitazar降低胰岛素抵抗、ALT及肝脏脂肪含量
PPAR-α/β/γlanifibranor改善肝脂肪变性,降低肝纤维化评分
FXR激动剂奥贝胆酸显著改善肝纤维化程度
FGF类似物
FGF19类似物Aldafermin改善NASH,降低非侵入性肝损伤标志物水平,改善肝脏脂肪变性
FGF21类似物Efruxifermin改善血脂、血糖及肝脏脂肪变性
GLP-1-Fc-FGF21 D1降低血脂、肝酶及肝脏NAS评分
THR-β激动剂Resmetirom降低血脂、肝酶水平,改善肝硬度及肝脂肪变性
其他
二甲双胍降低肝酶水平,对肝脂肪变性及炎症有一定影响
他汀类阿托伐他汀减少肝脏脂肪变性的发生
瑞舒伐他汀降低肝脏脂肪含量
维生素E改善NASH
), ArticleFig(id=1199700885057139416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199688708053103133, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

NAFLD/MAFLD的代表药物汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类/靶点代表药物功效
GLP-1受体激动剂
GLP-1R利拉鲁肽降低肝酶、血糖、体重及肝脏脂肪水平,促进NASH消退
司美格鲁肽降低肝酶、血糖、体重及肝脏脂肪水平,促进NASH消退
GIPR/GLP-1R替西帕肽血糖控制及减轻体重较司美格鲁肽更明显,并能改善肝脏脂肪变性
GCGR/GLP-1RCotadutide减轻体重,降低肝酶水平,改善肝纤维化
GIPR/GLP-1R/GCGRHM15211抗炎,改善肝脂肪变性及纤维化
SGLT-2抑制剂达格列净降低肝酶水平
恩格列净改善肝脏脂肪变性及肝硬度
伊格列净改善肝纤维化,并缓解NASH
卡格列净降低肝酶及FIB-4水平
PPAR激动剂
PPAR-α非诺贝特减轻生物化学指标及彩色多普勒超声表现
苯扎贝特改善肝脏脂肪变性
PPAR-γ吡格列酮改善肝脏组织学,降低肝酶水平
洛贝列酮降低肝脂肪含量及肝酶水平
PPAR-δSeladelpar降低肝酶水平,但对肝脏脂肪变性影响小
PPAR-α/γSaroglitazar降低胰岛素抵抗、ALT及肝脏脂肪含量
PPAR-α/β/γlanifibranor改善肝脂肪变性,降低肝纤维化评分
FXR激动剂奥贝胆酸显著改善肝纤维化程度
FGF类似物
FGF19类似物Aldafermin改善NASH,降低非侵入性肝损伤标志物水平,改善肝脏脂肪变性
FGF21类似物Efruxifermin改善血脂、血糖及肝脏脂肪变性
GLP-1-Fc-FGF21 D1降低血脂、肝酶及肝脏NAS评分
THR-β激动剂Resmetirom降低血脂、肝酶水平,改善肝硬度及肝脂肪变性
其他
二甲双胍降低肝酶水平,对肝脂肪变性及炎症有一定影响
他汀类阿托伐他汀减少肝脏脂肪变性的发生
瑞舒伐他汀降低肝脏脂肪含量
维生素E改善NASH
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代谢相关脂肪性肝病的流行病学现状及诊治研究进展
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庄颖洁 1 , 刘文徽 1 , 刘正一 1, 2 , 高利利 1, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023,48(12): 1457-1466
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2023, 48(12): 1457-1466
代谢相关脂肪性肝病的流行病学现状及诊治研究进展
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庄颖洁1, 刘文徽1, 刘正一1, 2, 高利利1, *
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院第二医学中心消化内科/国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心,北京 100853
  • 2解放军医学院,北京 100853
  • 庄颖洁,医学硕士,主要从事慢性肝病等方面的临床研究

通讯作者:

高利利,E-mail:
Research advances in epidemiological situation and diagnosis and treatment of metabolism-associated fatty liver disease
Ying-Jie Zhuang1, Wen-Hui Liu1, Zheng-Yi Liu1, 2, Li-Li Gao1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital/ National Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2023-12-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0545.2023.0807
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代谢相关脂肪性肝病(MAFLD)曾用名非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD),是全球最流行的慢性肝脏疾病之一,已经成为肝硬化、终末期肝病及原发性肝癌的主要原因之一。近年来MAFLD患病率在中国及亚太地区,甚至全球逐渐增高,加重了医疗及社会经济负担,国内外对该病的流行病学及危险因素的探索也逐渐增多。同时,由于MAFLD治疗药物少,其药物治疗也成为临床亟待解决的热点问题,近年进入临床试验阶段的药物明显增多。基于此,本文针对当前MAFLD的流行病学现状、危险因素、诊断标准及治疗研究进展进行综述,以期为MAFLD的临床诊疗及科研提供新的思路与方向。

非酒精性脂肪性肝病  /  流行病学  /  危险因素  /  诊断  /  治疗学

Metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is one of the most popular chronic liver diseases in the world, and has become one of the main causes of liver cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and primary liver cancer. In recent years, the prevalence of MAFLD has gradually increased in China, the Asia Pacific region, and even globally, increasing the medical and socio-economic burden. The exploration of the epidemiology and risk factors of this disease at home and abroad has also gradually increased. Meanwhile, due to the scarcity of MAFLD treatment drugs, their drug treatment has become a hot issue that needs to be urgently addressed in clinical practice. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of drugs entering the clinical trial stage. Based on this, the current epidemiological status, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and treatment research progress of MAFLD have been reviewed in order to provide new ideas and directions for the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and scientific research of MAFLD.

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease  /  epidemiology  /  risk factors  /  diagnosis  /  therapeutics
庄颖洁, 刘文徽, 刘正一, 高利利. 代谢相关脂肪性肝病的流行病学现状及诊治研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2023 , 48 (12) : 1457 -1466 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0545.2023.0807
Ying-Jie Zhuang, Wen-Hui Liu, Zheng-Yi Liu, Li-Li Gao. Research advances in epidemiological situation and diagnosis and treatment of metabolism-associated fatty liver disease[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2023 , 48 (12) : 1457 -1466 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0545.2023.0807
代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)曾用名非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)。2020年,国际专家组发布了以MAFLD取代NAFLD的共识[1]。既往存在另一种肝脏疾病或存在导致肝脏脂肪变性的继发性病因均可导致排除NAFLD诊断,因此,亚太肝脏研究学会(Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver,APASL)发布了MAFLD的诊断及管理指南,提出了基于潜在代谢异常,认同MAFLD通常与其他疾病并存的新诊断标准[2]。MAFLD是全球流行的慢性肝脏疾病,至少影响全球25%的成年人口[3]。亚洲相关研究表明,非病毒性肝炎相关的肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)发病率正迅速上升[4]。而在西方国家,MAFLD已经成为导致肝硬化、终末期肝病及原发性肝癌的主要原因之一[5],严重影响了患者的预后。本文对MAFLD的流行病学趋势、致病危险因素、更改名称后诊断标准的变化及治疗研究进展进行综述,旨在为MAFLD的临床诊疗及科研提供新思路。
2005—2009年,上海、广东、成都的NAFLD患病率分别为15.35%、15.00%、12.50%[6-8]。2017年河南新乡NAFLD患病率为29.85%[9]。而2019年一项针对亚洲地区NAFLD的荟萃分析发现,亚洲地区NAFLD患病率为29.62%[10]。同年,一项包括392篇研究的荟萃分析估计,我国NAFLD的总体患病率为29.20%[11]。2022年Chan等[12]研究显示,全球MAFLD患病率为38.77%,其中欧洲地区为55.33%,亚洲地区为36.31%。Lin等[13]对北美、南美、欧洲、亚太地区及非洲地区的NAFLD/MAFLD患病率汇总后发现,世界大部分地区的MAFLD/NAFLD患病率高于20%,并随时间推移而增高。值得注意的是,尽管MAFLD与NAFLD的诊断标准不同,但是流行病学调查发现,约90%的脂肪肝患者同时满足MAFLD及NAFLD的诊断标准[14-15]
综上所述,MAFLD/NAFLD作为目前最常见的慢性肝病之一,其患病率在中国及亚太地区甚至全球均有不同程度增高,该病或将大幅增加未来公共医疗系统的负担。
近十年MAFLD患病率呈上升趋势,与肥胖率上升趋势平行,其机制可能与肥胖人群流向肝脏的游离脂肪酸增加导致肝损害有关[16]。Miyake等[17]开展的一项社区回顾性研究表明,体重指数(BMI)在不同性别中都可作为MAFLD患病最有效的预测因子。Cuzmar等[18]研究表明,肥胖明显增加了青少年罹患MAFLD的风险。刘怀磊等[19]基于3297例老年人群的研究表明,MAFLD患病率随BMI增加而增高。虽然有高达20%的非肥胖或超重人群罹患MAFLD,但有研究发现,BMI增加仍然是非肥胖人群患MAFLD的危险因素[20-21]。以上研究均提示BMI与MAFLD之间存在正向关联。
2004-2017年,10项来自苏格兰地区的超过30 000例样本的研究发现,30%~64%的2型糖尿病患者罹患NAFLD,而普通人群仅15%~34%,表明2型糖尿病可使患MAFLD的风险增加1倍,大约50%的2型糖尿病患者同时患有NAFLD,故此类患者均符合MAFLD的诊断标准[22]。在传统的二次打击学说中,胰岛素抵抗是第1个打击,其次是氧化应激、脂质过氧化及线粒体功能障碍等。尽管目前的研究证实MAFLD发病为多因素共同作用的结果,但胰岛素抵抗仍然是MAFLD的主要发病机制[23]
高血压是MAFLD的重要危险因素,控制血压可以预防MAFLD,特别是非肥胖人群[24]。来自法国及德国的两项为期9年及5年的前瞻性流行病学研究均表明,高血压的发生率与γ-谷氨酰转移酶(serum gamma-glutamyl transferase,GGT)及脂肪肝指数升高有关[2]。Mantovani等[25]发现,彩色多普勒超声检查提示肝脏回声增高与血压水平升高独立相关。血压水平的升高或与内脏脂肪堆积有关,血管中的异位脂质及有毒脂质代谢产物堆积甚至可能改变细胞信号及心脏结构,从而导致心血管疾病风险增加[26]。总之,上述研究证实高血压与MAFLD患病风险增加明显相关。
MAFLD中的肝脏脂肪变性主要由肝脏利用白色脂肪组织(white adipose tissue, WAT)、脂肪从头合成(de novo lipogenesis, DNL)及富含三酰甘油的脂蛋白内吞残留物合成过量的三酰甘油导致[27]。当肝细胞的三酰甘油合成超过极低密度脂蛋白三酰甘油分泌时,三酰甘油被转移到脂滴中,则脂肪变性程度增加[28]
有研究表明,高尿酸血症与MAFLD患病率、发病率及疾病严重程度增加均呈正相关,或与尿酸诱导脂肪生成导致脂肪在肝细胞中积聚,或高尿酸在体内或体外直接诱导胰岛素抵抗,亦或尿酸浓度增高导致活性氧增加有关[29]。但目前其具体机制尚不完全明确,仍有待进一步深入研究。
Fava等[30]研究表明,高脂饮食或高碳水化合物饮食会明显增加MAFLD的患病风险。富含蔗糖或果糖的饮食与肝脏三酰甘油的合成增加、肠道菌群改变、肠道通透性增加、尿酸水平升高、内毒素血症、脂质过氧化、肝脏脂肪增加等相关[31]。此外,维生素C、维生素E及胆碱等微量营养素的摄入量与MAFLD患病呈明显负相关,或与其抗氧化及抗纤维化活性有关[32]
研究发现,MAFLD与久坐不动、低体力活动均相关[33]。另外,在没有减肥的情况下,不同形式的运动包括有氧运动、抗阻运动、高强度间歇运动,均能使肝脏脂肪减少[33]
有研究表明,肠道微生物与肝脏有着紧密的联系,肠道微生物产生的分子,如乙醇、短链脂肪酸,以及在肝脏或肠道靶向法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)的胆汁酸代谢物,其失调及代谢的变化均与MAFLD密切相关[34]。既往研究发现,MAFLD患者的肠道通透性较非MAFLD患者增加,原因可能与微生物变化或菌群对肝脏损伤的影响有关[35]
有研究发现,胰岛素抵抗是慢性肾脏病的早期改变,为慢性肾脏病常见的代谢综合征,包括腹型肥胖、空腹血糖升高、高甘油三酯血症、低高密度脂蛋白血症及高血压等[36]。其机制或与慢性肾脏病患者全身炎症及促炎细胞因子水平升高,尤其是肾脏排泄减少导致瘦素及脂联素水平异常有关[37]。因此,或可尝试对合并慢性肾脏病的患者进行MAFLD的重点筛查。
Colognesi等[38]发现抑郁症及认知障碍均与MAFLD有关。Youssef等[39]发现,抑郁症患者的肝脏组织学指标较非抑郁症患者更严重。Celikbilek等[40]发现,MAFLD患者患认知障碍的风险增加。其潜在机制被认为是脂质代谢障碍及胰岛素抵抗[41],这与前期Colognesi等[38]提出的促进阿尔茨海默病发展的因素一致。
多囊卵巢综合征是一种内分泌及代谢紊乱,其特征是多种激素失衡,临床表现为高雄激素血症,可影响5%~10%育龄期妇女的生殖及内分泌功能[42]。Kelley等[43]发现,超过50%的多囊卵巢综合征患者同时患有MAFLD。Sarkar等[44]发现,多囊卵巢综合征的严重程度与MAFLD患病率相关。其机制或与雄激素引发脂肪分解,并增加循环游离脂肪酸有关[42]
Xia等[45]基于中国人群的研究发现,骨密度与MAFLD的患病呈负相关。Pan等[46]的荟萃分析发现,肌少症患者罹患MAFLD的风险明显高于非肌少症患者。上述研究结果均表明骨质疏松及肌少症均与MAFLD相关,其潜在的发病机制可能与维生素D缺乏、生长激素/胰岛素样生长因子-1轴改变、慢性低度炎症及缺乏体力活动等相关[47]
Chung等[48]发现,亚临床甲状腺功能减退及显性甲状腺功能减退均可能导致MAFLD患病风险增加。Chen等[49]基于国家健康和营养检查调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,NHANES)数据库10 666例样本的研究发现,甲状腺功能减退与MAFLD患病风险增加有关,且与MAFLD人群全因死亡率及心血管死亡率增高有关。其机制可能是促甲状腺激素水平升高直接刺激肝脏脂质新生,进而促进MAFLD发展有关[50]
OSA被证实在MAFLD的发生及发展中起重要作用[51]。通气指数及夜间氧饱和度降低等均与肝脏脂肪变性有关[52]。由于肥胖的混杂作用存在,导致OSA与MAFLD之间的关系存在争议,Krolow等[53]在研究中调整了相关混杂因素的影响后,证实早期嗜睡及OSA仍然对MAFLD的发展存在明显影响。慢性间歇性缺氧导致组织缺氧,可导致氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍、炎症及交感神经过度激活等[51],因此导致肝脏炎症的发展。
约50%的银屑病患者同时患有MAFLD[54]。Ruan等[55]基于美国5672例20~59岁普通成年人群的横断面研究表明,银屑病患者的MAFLD患病率较非银屑病患者更高。Candia等[56]的荟萃分析表明,银屑病患者罹患MAFLD的风险是非银屑病患者的2倍,且MAFLD患病率随银屑病严重程度增加而增高。可能的原因是促炎细胞因子表达增加导致胰岛素抵抗,最终导致MAFLD[57],但其潜在机制尚未完全明确,值得进一步研究。
既往NAFLD的诊断是基于肝脂肪变性,同时排除其他并发肝病及大量饮酒等因素[58]。而MAFLD在明确肝脏脂肪变性的基础上,同时合并超重/肥胖、2型糖尿病或代谢功能障碍者即可诊断MAFLD。代谢功能障碍为至少存在以下两项代谢异常:(1)腰围,男性≥90 cm,女性≥80 cm;(2)血压≥130/85 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)或正在采用降压药物治疗;(3)三酰甘油≥1.70 mmol/L或正在采用降脂药物治疗;(4)高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,男性<1.0 mmol/L,女性<1.3 mmol/L或正在进行降脂药物治疗;(5)空腹血糖5.6~6.9 mmol/L或餐后2 h血糖7.8~11.0 mmol/L或全血糖化血红蛋白5.7%~6.4%;(6)胰岛素抵抗指数≥2.5;(7)超敏C反应蛋白>2 mg/L。该诊断标准将代谢功能障碍作为条件,且取消了排除其他并发肝病及大量饮酒等要求,实现了从排他性疾病转变为包含性疾病[59]。目前研究表明,MAFLD的心血管风险较NAFLD明显增高,尤其是无症状动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病与MAFLD存在独立关联,但与NAFLD诊断无关。因此,MAFLD诊断更有助于识别应接受心血管评估及干预的患者[60]。除此之外,MAFLD较NAFLD更能识别严重肝纤维化的患者[61],同时与NAFLD比较,MAFLD与慢性肾脏病、胃肠道肿瘤及肺功能参数下降等存在更强的关联[62-63]。但目前关于NAFLD与MAFLD结局的差异仍然存在争议。Huang等[64]发现,与NAFLD比较,MAFLD增加了总死亡率,但调整代谢参数后差异无统计学意义。Younossi等[65]基于NHANES Ⅲ及NHANES 2017-2018年数据库的研究也表明,MAFLD与NAFLD具有相似的临床特征及长期结局。但也有研究认为,这些结论均在调整2型糖尿病及BMI等混杂因素的基础上得出,而MAFLD的诊断本身就基于代谢异常,即这些结论仅证明了无代谢紊乱的MAFLD[66],也就是肝脂肪变性本身不会造成死亡率增高,从而更验证了诊断MAFLD纳入这些代谢因素的正确性。
建议MAFLD患者低热量、低脂、低碳水化合物、高蛋白饮食,并增加膳食纤维摄入。地中海饮食的特点是减少碳水化合物摄入量,尤其是减少糖及精制碳水化合物的摄入,而增加单不饱和脂肪酸及ω-3脂肪酸的摄入量。研究表明,坚持地中海饮食,无论体重减轻与否,都能增加胰岛素敏感性,进而改善MAFLD,并降低心血管疾病及2型糖尿病等MAFLD相关并发症的发生风险[67]。此外,适当饮用咖啡、摄入黑巧克力等或有抗氧化及调整肠道微生物群的作用,从而改善MAFLD[68]。同时,水果及蔬菜中富含膳食纤维及维生素A、C、E等微量营养素,增加其摄入量能促进饱腹感以减轻体重,并发挥抗氧化、抗炎的作用以改善MAFLD[32]。此外,增加体育活动锻炼,包括有氧运动及抗阻运动等均能改善MAFLD[33]。因此,饮食及生活方式的改变是MAFLD管理的重点。
GLP-1受体激动剂包括艾塞鲁肽、利拉鲁肽、司美格鲁肽等,可抑制胰高血糖素,刺激餐后肠道细胞分泌胰岛素,并通过激活下丘脑GLP-1受体,增强饱腹感及延迟胃排空,以达到减轻体重的目的,可用于肥胖及2型糖尿病患者。另外,GLP-1受体激动剂还可通过改善胰岛素抵抗、肝细胞脂毒性及线粒体功能,以减轻肝脏脂肪变性[69]。一项荟萃分析结果显示,GLP-1受体激动剂可明显降低MAFLD患者肝脏脂肪、腰围、肝酶及血糖水平,且无严重不良反应,大多数胃肠道症状在剂量调整2周内消失[70]。因此,GLP-1受体激动剂在MAFLD治疗方面极具前景。
除此之外,GLP-1受体激动剂相关的研究热点集中于多靶点制剂,包括葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽(glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide,GIP)受体/GLP-1受体双重激动剂、胰高血糖素(glucagon,GCG)受体/GLP-1受体双重激动剂、GIPR/GLP-1R/GCGR三靶点激动剂等[71],但仍需更多临床试验证明其临床疗效。其中最受瞩目的替西帕肽作为GIP受体/GLP-1受体双重激动剂,被证实在血糖控制及减轻体重方面较司美格鲁肽效果更为显著,同时能够改善肝脏脂肪变性,其GIP成分在促进GLP-1诱导的体重减轻及增强白色脂肪组织功能方面具有重要作用,从而改善脂质代谢及胰岛素敏感性[72]
SGLT-2抑制剂作为一种口服降糖药,能够抑制脂肪细胞产生瘦素,导致食物摄入量减少,增加脂联素水平,抑制肝星状细胞活化及肝纤维化,同时可能间接抑制交感神经支配,并增加迷走神经张力,从而阻止Kupffer细胞活化及相关的炎症过程[69]。一项随机对照试验(RCT)研究显示,达格列净可明显降低谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)及GGT水平[73]。恩格列净可减轻肝脂肪变性及肝硬度,提示其潜在的抗纤维化活性[74]。卡格列净可改善肝酶及肝纤维化4因子(fibrosis 4,FIB-4)水平[75]。伊格列净可改善不同阶段非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)患者的肝纤维化,并促进NASH缓解[76]。有荟萃分析对SGLT-2抑制剂与GLP-1受体激动剂在治疗NAFLD方面的疗效进行比较发现,GLP-1受体激动剂较SGLT-2抑制剂治疗NAFLD更有优势[77],期待下一步开展更多“头对头研究”以证实该结论。
二甲双胍被广泛用于2型糖尿病患者的初始药物治疗。研究发现,在活检证实MAFLD的患者中,二甲双胍能降低肝酶水平,对肝脂肪变性及炎症有一定影响,但并未改善NASH及肝纤维化[78],因此目前的指南未推荐其用于MAFLD的治疗。但多项荟萃分析表明,二甲双胍与合并2型糖尿病的慢性肝病患者原发性肝癌的发病率降低存在独立关联,其在降低肝硬化及肝细胞癌风险方面有一定作用[79],但仍需更多临床研究证据证实。
MAFLD常见的血脂异常特征为三酰甘油水平升高、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平升高,以及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平降低,胆固醇沉积也可促进MAFLD进展[80]。研究发现,阿托伐他汀(20 mg/d)与维生素联合使用可有效降低MAFLD患者发生肝脂肪变性的风险,瑞舒伐他汀(5 mg/d)服用24周也可降低肝脏脂肪含量[81]。但目前研究数据有限,仍需更多RCT研究评估他汀类药物对MAFLD的治疗效果。
在活检证实NASH的非糖尿病患者中,作为抗氧化剂的维生素E较安慰剂明显提高NASH的改善率,但对纤维化分级无明显作用[82]。一项包含236例肝纤维化或肝硬化的NASH患者的研究表明,维生素E降低了死亡、肝移植及肝脏失代偿的风险[83]。此外,维生素E的不良反应包括出血风险增加、前列腺癌及心力衰竭等,但相对少见[1]。目前,欧洲肝脏研究协会(European Association for the Study of the Liver,EASL)发布的指南推荐维生素E可应用于NASH或至少中度肝纤维化[83]。美国肝病研究学会(American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases,AASLD)指出维生素E可用于非糖尿病NASH患者的治疗,但不推荐用于合并糖尿病的NASH、肝脏未活检的NAFLD及隐源性肝硬化等情况[84]
目前,PPAR的亚型主要包括PPAR-α、PPAR-γ、PPAR-δ。肝脏中的PPAR-α可刺激线粒体脂肪酸摄取、β氧化、ATP生成及酮体生成等,增加组织对胰岛素的敏感性,并维持葡萄糖动态平衡[85]。研究发现,肝脏中的PPAR-α表达降低与胰岛素抵抗及NASH严重程度呈正相关,而NASH消退与PPAR-α及其靶基因上调有关,但其在MAFLD治疗方面的研究证据仍然有限[85]。研究发现,非诺贝特可诱导50%以上NAFLD患者的生物化学指标降低,彩色多普勒超声证据完全消退,但在改善肝脏组织学指标方面疗效不佳[86]。苯扎贝特能减轻代谢综合征肥胖小鼠的肝脂肪变性[86]
PPAR-γ是脂肪细胞分化、脂肪生成及胰岛素敏感性的关键正向调节因子,可通过抑制巨噬细胞活化及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)以减轻炎症[85]。吡格列酮作为一种选择性PPAR-γ激动剂已被列入指南,推荐在进展性或高危、经活检证实的NASH患者中应用[87]。此外,研究发现,洛贝列酮可降低合并2型糖尿病的MAFLD患者肝内脂肪含量及肝酶水平[88]
PPAR-δ在人体组织中广泛表达,但目前关于其在肝脏疾病中的研究较少。有研究表明,PPAR-δ可降低极低密度脂蛋白水平,抑制脂肪细胞生长及脂质摄取,防止活性氧(ROS)生成,并调节Kupffer细胞活化[85]。另有研究发现,重度肝脂肪变性与肝脏PPAR-δ表达降低之间存在相关性[89]。而Seladelpar(MBX-8025)作为选择性PPAR-δ激动剂代表药物,在RCT研究中发现其可降低ALT、GGT及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平,但对肝脂肪变性的影响很小[90]。目前,针对该药的临床试验更多关注于其在原发性胆汁性胆管炎(primary biliary cholangitis,PBC)领域的作用。
此外,Saroglitazar作为一种PPAR-α/γ双重激动剂已在印度批准用于治疗NASH。在一项纳入106例ALT升高、BMI≥25 kg/m2的NAFLD/NASH患者的研究表明,Saroglitazar可明显降低胰岛素抵抗、ALT及肝脏脂肪含量[91]。但其对肝细胞损伤及肝纤维化的治疗作用仍然存在争议。而PPAR-α/β/γ三重激动剂的代表药物lanifibranor(IVA337)在Ⅱ期临床试验中明显改善了肝脂肪变性,降低了肝活动度及纤维化评分[92],期待进一步的临床研究结果。
FXR是一种在肝脏及回肠中高表达的核受体,其活化可减少胆汁酸合成,抑制肝脂肪变性及炎症[80]。奥贝胆酸作为已上市的FXR激动剂,在一项Ⅲ期RCT研究中明显改善了肝纤维化程度,其常见不良反应主要为瘙痒[93]。此外,还有Tropifexor (LJN452)、Cilofexor (GS-9674)、vonafexor (EYP001)、TERN-101、EDP-305、MET409等FXR激动剂仍在Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期临床试验阶段[80],其相关研究结果值得密切关注。
成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)是具有代谢、转录及有丝分裂活性的激素样多肽,FGF19及FGF21在FXR及PPAR-α信号传导中充当主要的下游信使,分别控制负反馈环路,进而抑制胆汁酸的合成及脂肪分解[94]。目前,研究中的FGF19类似物主要为aldafermin(NGM-282),现有临床研究表明,其在NASH消退、减少肝脏脂肪变性及改善非侵入性肝损伤标志物方面明显优于安慰剂[95]。研究中的FGF21类似物相对较多,包括Efruxifermin(AKR-001)、BIO89-100、BFKB8488A、MK-3655、GLP-1-Fc-FGF21 D1等。有一项Ⅱ期临床试验发现Efruxifermin能改善糖尿病患者的血脂及血糖水平,并能明显减轻肝脏脂肪变性[96]
BFKB8488A及MK-3655作为人源化的抗FGFR1c/β-klotho(KLB)激动剂单克隆抗体均已进入临床试验阶段,旨在探索其在NASH及肝纤维化患者的有效性及安全性[94]。GLP-1-Fc-FGF21 D1结合了FGF21变异体及GLP-1R激动剂,明显改善了2型糖尿病及肥胖模型小鼠的肝功能、血脂及NAFLD活动性评分(NAFLD activity score,NAS),疗效优于单独使用FGF21或GLP-1R激动剂[97],但具体疗效还需临床试验进一步验证。
THR-β是一类核受体,人肝脏中主要表达的亚型为THR-β1。肝脏THR-β可促进游离脂肪酸摄取及氧化、脂肪自噬及分解、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)消耗,同时可诱导胆汁酸合成、胆汁脂质分泌及胆固醇血清清除,从而降低致动脉粥样硬化的脂蛋白水平[86]
Resmetirom(MGL-3196)作为选择性THR-β激动剂,在Ⅲ期临床试验中改善了NASH患者的血脂谱、ALT、GGT、肝硬度及肝脂肪变性,同时表现出良好的安全性[98]。此外,还有VK2809(MB07811)、ASC41、TERN-501等多种THR-β激动剂已经进入临床试验阶段[86],暂未有明确结果公布。关于NAFLD/MAFLD的代表药物汇总见表1
其他治疗方式包括手术、益生菌、粪便菌群移植及纳米制剂等。减肥手术是MAFLD肥胖患者的一种选择,但有研究发现,此手术曾出现急性肝衰竭等严重并发症,其临床疗效及安全性尚需进一步研究[69]。肠道微生物群可通过释放脂多糖激活肝巨噬细胞的炎性细胞因子,增加胆汁酸代谢等多种途径延缓MAFLD的发展,且口服益生菌及粪便菌群移植等均可帮助恢复肠道稳态[99]。研究发现,在NASH肥胖患者中粪便菌群移植可在组织学上明显改善坏死性炎症特征、促炎细胞因子及脂质代谢[100]。此外,近年包括石墨烯、聚合物纳米颗粒、脂质体在内的纳米制剂作为肝脏药物递送载体的研究也逐渐兴起[101],未来或将成为治疗MAFLD的新兴方法。
MAFLD严重影响人类健康,且亚太地区的患病率明显增高,其在世界范围内的重要性将愈发凸显。MAFLD是一种多系统疾病,是多种因素多方面共同打击的结果,尤其影响诸多肝外器官,体现了多学科筛查及疾病管理的必要性,需要定期监测相关并发症。治疗MAFLD的大多数药物仍处于临床试验阶段,需要更多临床试验结果证实其疗效。目前,饮食及生活方式的干预仍然是重要的基本治疗方法,期待未来能有更多药物应用于临床。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81570563)
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2023年第48卷第12期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0545.2023.0807
  • 接收时间:2023-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-17
  • 录用日期:2023-06-12
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(81570563)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81570563)
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    1解放军总医院第二医学中心消化内科/国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心,北京 100853
    2解放军医学院,北京 100853

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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