Article(id=1199337302246916553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199337298941804946, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0785.2023.1112, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1685980800000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1688400000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-07-04, onlineDate=1763873895464, onlineDateStr=2025-11-23, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763873895464, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763873895464, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763873895464, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199337298941804946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763873894677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763874094669, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199338137823572576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199337298941804946, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199338137823572577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199337298941804946, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199337303714922982, articleId=1199337302246916553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Application value of hydrogel in image guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer, columnId=1199337300007158168, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Special Issue on Rectal Cancer Surgery and Perioperative Treatment Strategies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate the application value of hydrogel in image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for prostate cancer (PCa). Methods Eighty PCa patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from October 2022 to February 2023 were collected. The patients were divided into experiment group injected with hydrogel (n=33) and control group without hydrogel (n=47) by central random system allocation. The acute and advanced radiation proctitis (RP) incidence rate of the two groups were compared. Patients in experimental group were divided into RP group (n=5) and non-RP group (n=28). The independent risk factors leading to RP were analyzed by using logistic regression for PCa patients. Results In experiment group, 12.1% (4/33) of the patients developed acute grade Ⅰ RP, and 3.0% (1/33) developed advanced grade Ⅰ RP. In control group, 31.9% (15/47) of the patients developed acute grade Ⅰ RP, and 12.8% (6/47) developed acute grade Ⅱ RP; 19.1% (9/47) of patients developed advanced grade Ⅰ RP, 4.3% (2/47) developed advanced grade Ⅱ RP, and 2.1% (1/47) developed advanced grade Ⅲ RP. The incidence of acute and advanced RP in experiment group was lower than that in control group (P<0.05). The application of hydrogel effectively reduced rectal toxicity. Age, rectal volume, V70 and V78 were independent risk factors for the incidence of RP in PCa patients (P<0.05). The characteristics of hydrogel injection were not related to the incidence of RP for PCa patients. Conclusions Hydrogel can effectively reduce the rectal toxicity for PCa patients in IGRT and has little impact on the overall treatment. Hydrogel has certain clinical application and promotion value.

, correspAuthors=Long Tian, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 评价水凝胶在前列腺癌(PCa)图像引导放疗(IGRT)中的应用价值。方法 收集2022年10月-2023年2月河北北方学院附属第一医院收治的PCa患者80例。采用中央随机系统分配法将患者分为试验组(n=33,注入水凝胶)与对照组(n=47,未注入水凝胶)。比较两组急性和晚期放射性直肠炎(RP)发生率。根据试验组患者是否发生RP分为发生RP组(n=5)与未发生RP组(n=28),采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析PCa患者RP发生的独立危险因素。结果 试验组12.1%(4/33)的患者发生急性Ⅰ级RP,3.0%(1/33)的患者发生晚期Ⅰ级RP。对照组31.9%(15/47)的患者发生急性Ⅰ级RP,12.8%(6/47)的患者发生急性Ⅱ级RP;19.1%(9/47)的患者发生晚期Ⅰ级RP,4.3%(2/47)的患者发生晚期Ⅱ级RP,2.1%(1/47)的患者发生晚期Ⅲ级RP。试验组急性和晚期RP发生率低于对照组(P<0.05),水凝胶的应用有效降低了直肠毒性。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、直肠体积、V70、V78均为导致PCa患者发生RP的独立危险因素(P<0.05),水凝胶各项特征与PCa患者RP的发生无关。结论 水凝胶可有效降低PCa患者IGRT中直肠毒性且对整体治疗影响较小,具有一定临床应用和推广价值。

, correspAuthors=田龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
田龙,E-mail:
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赵鑫,硕士研究生,主管技师,主要从事放射治疗学方面的研究

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赵鑫,硕士研究生,主管技师,主要从事放射治疗学方面的研究

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赵鑫,硕士研究生,主管技师,主要从事放射治疗学方面的研究

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Stereotactic body radiotherapy with periprostatic hydrogel spacer for localized prostate cancer: toxicity profile and early oncologic outcomes[J]. Radiat Oncol, 2019, 14(1): 136., articleTitle=Stereotactic body radiotherapy with periprostatic hydrogel spacer for localized prostate cancer: toxicity profile and early oncologic outcomes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199376220749132372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199337302246916553, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=122, issue=3, pageStart=427, pageEnd=433, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Chao M, Ho H, Chan Y, journalName=BJU Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chao M, Ho H, Chan Y, et al. Prospective analysis of hydrogel spacer for patients with prostate cancer undergoing radiotherapy[J]. 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A. 水凝胶注入前前列腺区域;B. 水凝胶注入后前列腺区域;粉色区域示高剂量区

, figureFileSmall=Xh8rBAf0FMM8afz3MaRN9w==, figureFileBig=5POsh73hRbjGwvjUAzwGlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199376218404516343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199337302246916553, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Imaging of hydrogel injection in the prostate, figureFileSmall=APBMw/7LIdbyUuIlCUd2QA==, figureFileBig=xf2bs9eG5uFaA/d673nc9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199376218509373946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199337302246916553, language=CN, label=图2, caption=前列腺水凝胶注入成像

A. 正中注入水凝胶且未发生不良事件的CT影像;B. 正中注入水凝胶且未发生不良事件的T2*WI;C. 偏左向注入水凝胶且直肠前壁浸润的T2*WI;D. 偏右向注入水凝胶且前列腺包膜浸润的T2*WI;红色箭头示水凝胶注入位置

, figureFileSmall=APBMw/7LIdbyUuIlCUd2QA==, figureFileBig=xf2bs9eG5uFaA/d673nc9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1199376218597454332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199337302246916553, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of the general information and prostate characteristics between two groups of PCa patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标试验组(n=33)对照组(n=47)t/ZP
年龄[岁, M(Q1, Q3)]56.0(42.0, 75.0)57.0(52.0, 77.0)0.5440.657
卡氏评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$)68.34±3.1567.98±4.221.5900.133
BMI[kg/m2, M(Q1, Q3)]30.29(24.56, 39.01)30.92(23.25, 38.93)0.7750.482
PSA(ng/ml, $\bar{x}±s$)12.59±1.2212.92±1.521.0260.433
格里森评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$)7.33±0.277.29±0.290.7730.692
前列腺特征($\bar{x}±s$)
前列腺体积(cm3)25.37±2.5626.01±3.141.2620.257
肿瘤体积(cm3)2.43±0.512.40±0.471.0250.422
前列腺最小剂量(Gy)64.15±3.2263.99±2.271.1040.335
前列腺最大剂量(Gy)75.34±2.1775.93±2.510.7940.631
前列腺平均剂量(Gy)70.26±2.3871.07±2.780.8520.526
), ArticleFig(id=1199376218689729027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199337302246916553, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两组PCa患者一般资料及前列腺特征比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标试验组(n=33)对照组(n=47)t/ZP
年龄[岁, M(Q1, Q3)]56.0(42.0, 75.0)57.0(52.0, 77.0)0.5440.657
卡氏评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$)68.34±3.1567.98±4.221.5900.133
BMI[kg/m2, M(Q1, Q3)]30.29(24.56, 39.01)30.92(23.25, 38.93)0.7750.482
PSA(ng/ml, $\bar{x}±s$)12.59±1.2212.92±1.521.0260.433
格里森评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$)7.33±0.277.29±0.290.7730.692
前列腺特征($\bar{x}±s$)
前列腺体积(cm3)25.37±2.5626.01±3.141.2620.257
肿瘤体积(cm3)2.43±0.512.40±0.471.0250.422
前列腺最小剂量(Gy)64.15±3.2263.99±2.271.1040.335
前列腺最大剂量(Gy)75.34±2.1775.93±2.510.7940.631
前列腺平均剂量(Gy)70.26±2.3871.07±2.780.8520.526
), ArticleFig(id=1199376218819752456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199337302246916553, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of acute and advanced RP between two groups of PCa patients [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别急性RP晚期RP
Ⅰ级Ⅱ级Ⅲ级Ⅳ级Ⅰ级Ⅱ级Ⅲ级Ⅳ级
试验组(n=33)4(12.1)0001(3.0)000
对照组(n=47)15(31.9)6(12.8)009(19.1)2(4.3)1(2.1)0
χ24.1944.554--4.6051.4400.711-
P0.0410.033--0.0320.2300.399-
), ArticleFig(id=1199376218945581583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199337302246916553, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两组PCa患者发生的急性和晚期RP比较[例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别急性RP晚期RP
Ⅰ级Ⅱ级Ⅲ级Ⅳ级Ⅰ级Ⅱ级Ⅲ级Ⅳ级
试验组(n=33)4(12.1)0001(3.0)000
对照组(n=47)15(31.9)6(12.8)009(19.1)2(4.3)1(2.1)0
χ24.1944.554--4.6051.4400.711-
P0.0410.033--0.0320.2300.399-
), ArticleFig(id=1199376219054633492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199337302246916553, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Logistic regression analysis results on RP risk factors for PCa patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素未发生RP组(n=28)发生RP组(n=5)单因素分析多因素logistic分析
t/Z/χ2POR(95%CI)P
年龄[岁, M(Q1, Q3)]53.0(45.0, 77.0)59.0(51.0, 79.0)2.7000.0071.104(1.024~2.981)0.042
卡氏评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$)67.58±2.9370.28±5.731.6090.109
BMI[kg/m2, M(Q1, Q3)]31.18(24.42, 38.58)29.98(21.15, 36.91)0.8480.397
PSA(ng/ml, $\bar{x}±s$)12.25±1.0312.60±1.291.3350.230
格里森评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$)7.17±0.247.44±0.370.9860.563
前列腺体积(cm3, $\bar{x}±s$)22.84±2.1327.01±2.295.573<0.0012.519(0.990~6.411)0.053
肿瘤体积(cm3, $\bar{x}±s$)2.35±0.312.59±0.420.9260.319
前列腺最小剂量(Gy, $\bar{x}±s$)63.22±3.5665.13±2.261.6090.109
前列腺最大剂量(Gy, $\bar{x}±s$)74.33±2.5776.42±1.980.9980.320
前列腺平均剂量(Gy, $\bar{x}±s$)69.94±1.2270.72±2.040.5930.554
直肠体积(cm3, $\bar{x}±s$)62.38±13.4671.34±7.507.884<0.0011.938(1.221~2.901)0.016
V40(%, $\bar{x}±s$)40.21±2.4140.81±1.941.2760.204
V50(%, $\bar{x}±s$)19.32±1.2621.55±3.215.311<0.0012.246(0.778~5.103)0.131
V60(%, $\bar{x}±s$)9.23±1.2210.32±0.946.842<0.0012.423(0.644~6.378)0.075
V70(%, $\bar{x}±s$)3.83±1.175.18±1.578.206<0.0011.202(1.003~2.901)0.033
V78(%, $\bar{x}±s$)0.37±0.051.03±0.0911.443<0.0012.008(1.333~6.834)0.009
注入位置评价[例(%)]7.5040.0240.994(0.869~6.674)0.092
正中16(57.1)2(40.0)
偏左3(10.7)3(60.0)
偏右9(32.1)0
最小间隔距离(mm, $\bar{x}±s$)12.21±1.3410.25±0.898.230<0.0010.884(0.246~1.229)0.133
前列腺侧最小覆盖长度(mm, $\bar{x}±s$)12.29±1.1014.01±1.877.254<0.0010.921(0.788~3.434)0.118
直肠侧最小覆盖长度(mm, $\bar{x}±s$)16.35±3.8419.43±2.281.2020.258
直肠前壁浸润[例(%)]0.8490.357
26(92.9)4(80.0)
2(7.1)1(20.0)
前列腺包膜浸润[例(%)]0.1840.668
27(96.4)5(100.0)
1(3.6)0
), ArticleFig(id=1199376219188851223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199337302246916553, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PCa患者发生RP的logistic回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素未发生RP组(n=28)发生RP组(n=5)单因素分析多因素logistic分析
t/Z/χ2POR(95%CI)P
年龄[岁, M(Q1, Q3)]53.0(45.0, 77.0)59.0(51.0, 79.0)2.7000.0071.104(1.024~2.981)0.042
卡氏评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$)67.58±2.9370.28±5.731.6090.109
BMI[kg/m2, M(Q1, Q3)]31.18(24.42, 38.58)29.98(21.15, 36.91)0.8480.397
PSA(ng/ml, $\bar{x}±s$)12.25±1.0312.60±1.291.3350.230
格里森评分(分, $\bar{x}±s$)7.17±0.247.44±0.370.9860.563
前列腺体积(cm3, $\bar{x}±s$)22.84±2.1327.01±2.295.573<0.0012.519(0.990~6.411)0.053
肿瘤体积(cm3, $\bar{x}±s$)2.35±0.312.59±0.420.9260.319
前列腺最小剂量(Gy, $\bar{x}±s$)63.22±3.5665.13±2.261.6090.109
前列腺最大剂量(Gy, $\bar{x}±s$)74.33±2.5776.42±1.980.9980.320
前列腺平均剂量(Gy, $\bar{x}±s$)69.94±1.2270.72±2.040.5930.554
直肠体积(cm3, $\bar{x}±s$)62.38±13.4671.34±7.507.884<0.0011.938(1.221~2.901)0.016
V40(%, $\bar{x}±s$)40.21±2.4140.81±1.941.2760.204
V50(%, $\bar{x}±s$)19.32±1.2621.55±3.215.311<0.0012.246(0.778~5.103)0.131
V60(%, $\bar{x}±s$)9.23±1.2210.32±0.946.842<0.0012.423(0.644~6.378)0.075
V70(%, $\bar{x}±s$)3.83±1.175.18±1.578.206<0.0011.202(1.003~2.901)0.033
V78(%, $\bar{x}±s$)0.37±0.051.03±0.0911.443<0.0012.008(1.333~6.834)0.009
注入位置评价[例(%)]7.5040.0240.994(0.869~6.674)0.092
正中16(57.1)2(40.0)
偏左3(10.7)3(60.0)
偏右9(32.1)0
最小间隔距离(mm, $\bar{x}±s$)12.21±1.3410.25±0.898.230<0.0010.884(0.246~1.229)0.133
前列腺侧最小覆盖长度(mm, $\bar{x}±s$)12.29±1.1014.01±1.877.254<0.0010.921(0.788~3.434)0.118
直肠侧最小覆盖长度(mm, $\bar{x}±s$)16.35±3.8419.43±2.281.2020.258
直肠前壁浸润[例(%)]0.8490.357
26(92.9)4(80.0)
2(7.1)1(20.0)
前列腺包膜浸润[例(%)]0.1840.668
27(96.4)5(100.0)
1(3.6)0
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水凝胶在前列腺癌图像引导放疗中的应用价值
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赵鑫 1 , 范学武 2 , 田龙 1, * , 胡逸民 3
解放军医学杂志 | 直肠癌手术及围手术期治疗策略专题 2024,49(1): 37-42
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解放军医学杂志 | 直肠癌手术及围手术期治疗策略专题 2024, 49(1): 37-42
水凝胶在前列腺癌图像引导放疗中的应用价值
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赵鑫1, 范学武2, 田龙1, * , 胡逸民3
作者信息
  • 1河北北方学院附属第一医院放疗科,河北张家口 075000
  • 2河北省人民医院心血管内科导管室,河北石家庄 050000
  • 3国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院放疗科,北京 100021
  • 赵鑫,硕士研究生,主管技师,主要从事放射治疗学方面的研究

通讯作者:

田龙,E-mail:
Application value of hydrogel in image guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer
Xin Zhao1, Xue-Wu Fan2, Long Tian1, * , Yi-Min Hu3
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China
  • 2Cardiology Catheter Room, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
  • 3Department of Radiotherapy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0785.2023.1112
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目的 评价水凝胶在前列腺癌(PCa)图像引导放疗(IGRT)中的应用价值。方法 收集2022年10月-2023年2月河北北方学院附属第一医院收治的PCa患者80例。采用中央随机系统分配法将患者分为试验组(n=33,注入水凝胶)与对照组(n=47,未注入水凝胶)。比较两组急性和晚期放射性直肠炎(RP)发生率。根据试验组患者是否发生RP分为发生RP组(n=5)与未发生RP组(n=28),采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析PCa患者RP发生的独立危险因素。结果 试验组12.1%(4/33)的患者发生急性Ⅰ级RP,3.0%(1/33)的患者发生晚期Ⅰ级RP。对照组31.9%(15/47)的患者发生急性Ⅰ级RP,12.8%(6/47)的患者发生急性Ⅱ级RP;19.1%(9/47)的患者发生晚期Ⅰ级RP,4.3%(2/47)的患者发生晚期Ⅱ级RP,2.1%(1/47)的患者发生晚期Ⅲ级RP。试验组急性和晚期RP发生率低于对照组(P<0.05),水凝胶的应用有效降低了直肠毒性。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、直肠体积、V70、V78均为导致PCa患者发生RP的独立危险因素(P<0.05),水凝胶各项特征与PCa患者RP的发生无关。结论 水凝胶可有效降低PCa患者IGRT中直肠毒性且对整体治疗影响较小,具有一定临床应用和推广价值。

前列腺癌  /  图像引导放疗  /  水凝胶  /  应用价值

Objective To evaluate the application value of hydrogel in image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for prostate cancer (PCa). Methods Eighty PCa patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from October 2022 to February 2023 were collected. The patients were divided into experiment group injected with hydrogel (n=33) and control group without hydrogel (n=47) by central random system allocation. The acute and advanced radiation proctitis (RP) incidence rate of the two groups were compared. Patients in experimental group were divided into RP group (n=5) and non-RP group (n=28). The independent risk factors leading to RP were analyzed by using logistic regression for PCa patients. Results In experiment group, 12.1% (4/33) of the patients developed acute grade Ⅰ RP, and 3.0% (1/33) developed advanced grade Ⅰ RP. In control group, 31.9% (15/47) of the patients developed acute grade Ⅰ RP, and 12.8% (6/47) developed acute grade Ⅱ RP; 19.1% (9/47) of patients developed advanced grade Ⅰ RP, 4.3% (2/47) developed advanced grade Ⅱ RP, and 2.1% (1/47) developed advanced grade Ⅲ RP. The incidence of acute and advanced RP in experiment group was lower than that in control group (P<0.05). The application of hydrogel effectively reduced rectal toxicity. Age, rectal volume, V70 and V78 were independent risk factors for the incidence of RP in PCa patients (P<0.05). The characteristics of hydrogel injection were not related to the incidence of RP for PCa patients. Conclusions Hydrogel can effectively reduce the rectal toxicity for PCa patients in IGRT and has little impact on the overall treatment. Hydrogel has certain clinical application and promotion value.

prostate cancer  /  image guided radiotherapy  /  hydrogel  /  application value
赵鑫, 范学武, 田龙, 胡逸民. 水凝胶在前列腺癌图像引导放疗中的应用价值. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (1) : 37 -42 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0785.2023.1112
Xin Zhao, Xue-Wu Fan, Long Tian, Yi-Min Hu. Application value of hydrogel in image guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (1) : 37 -42 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0785.2023.1112
前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)放疗中基于黄金基准标志物(gold fiducial marker,GFM)的图像引导技术可显著提高靶区位置的准确度[1-3]。较高的靶区位置准确度是开展高剂量率精确放疗和保护危及器官的前提[4-6]。尽管精确放疗已显著降低PCa图像引导放疗(image guided radiotherapy,IGRT)危及器官的毒性,但仍存在一定发生放射性直肠炎(radiation proctitis,RP)的概率[7-8]。急性和晚期RP可能与直肠前壁高剂量体积有关,降低该体积可能降低RP的发生率[9]。于前列腺和直肠间注入水凝胶以增加彼此距离是降低上述体积的较好方法[10-11]。目前,国外关于水凝胶在PCa IGRT中的应用研究较多,但国内相对较少。本研究探讨水凝胶在PCa IGRT中的应用价值,以期为水凝胶的应用提供理论参考。
本研究为前瞻性研究。收集2022年10月-2023年2月于河北北方学院附属第一医院接受诊疗的80例PCa患者。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)符合IGRT的局限期中、低危PCa;(3)肿瘤临床分期为T1-T3a;(4)除前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)外,其他生理、生化指标未见明显异常。排除标准:(1)临床资料存在缺失;(2)存在盆腔手术或放疗史,结直肠炎症史。采用中央随机系统分配法将患者分为试验组(n=33,注入水凝胶)与对照组(n=47,未注入水凝胶)。本研究通过河北北方学院附属第一医院医学伦理委员会批准(20221011),患者均签署知情同意书。
IGRT前约30 d,试验组患者通过手术先后置入GFM和注入水凝胶,对照组仅置入GFM。(1)经直肠超声引导:于术前12 h嘱患者禁食,于术前2 h进行灌肠。排空膀胱及直肠后使患者处于截石位,对直肠和肛门进行局麻并建立静脉通道,采用iU22彩色多普勒超声诊断仪(荷兰Philips公司;端扫式9-4 V直肠探头,频率为2~10 MHz)经直肠对前列腺区域成像。(2)前列腺周围神经麻醉:于会阴皮肤上同肛管上缘水平,中线一侧旁开20 mm处,使用含10 ml 1%利多卡因的八光PTC-B(下同)20 G针头对会阴区皮肤浸润麻醉,针头插入后在超声引导下沿途均匀注射以麻醉前列腺周围神经。(3)置入GFM:局麻5 min后使用21 G针头在超声引导下将三枚经高温消毒的GFM(美国CIVCO公司,商品名Cybermark,可用于MRI成像)置入PCa靶区。(4)注入水凝胶:使用18 G针头在超声引导下穿刺至直肠前壁和Denonvilliers筋膜间并注入少量生理盐水以间隔直肠前壁与前列腺。随着生理盐水注量增加(总注量约10 ml),针头最终推进至前列腺中部。通过对生理盐水进行成像以模拟水凝胶(波士顿科学公司,商品名SpaceOAR)注入位置,位置验证通过且回抽无血后注入水凝胶(总注量≥10 ml)。最终,水凝胶的注入在一定程度上将直肠推离了高剂量区(图1A、B,粉色区域示高剂量区)。
IGRT前约15 d,对患者行CT和MRI定位扫描,融合后的图像用于放疗计划设计。(1)模拟定位:嘱患者膀胱充盈,直肠排空,于相同定位条件下接受CT和MRI扫描。分别使用Big Bore CT(德国Philips公司)和SIGNA Voyager 1.5T MRI(美国通用公司)采集腰椎L4至闭孔下缘范围内的计划CT影像和T2*加权影像(T2* weighted image,T2*WI),使用美国MIM 6.6.8软件融合图像后上传至Monaco计划系统。(2)放疗计划设计:根据美国放射肿瘤协作组(the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group,RTOG)共识勾画PCa靶区和危及器官,其中临床靶区包括了精囊,直肠目标限量为4050 cGy。计划靶区处方剂量为6 MV/75 Gy/30次,每周5次,治疗模式选择Pareto模式下1F1A(一野一弧,顺时针181°-179°),单弧最大子野数为100。
综合参考文献[12-14],同时结合临床经验选取以下观察指标:(1)一般资料,包括年龄、卡氏评分、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、PSA水平、格里森评分等;(2)前列腺特征,包括前列腺体积、肿瘤体积、前列腺最小剂量、前列腺最大剂量、前列腺平均剂量等;(3)直肠特征,包括直肠体积、接受40 Gy输出剂量的体积(V40,下同)、V50、V60、V70、V78等;(4)水凝胶特征,包括注入位置评价、最小间隔距离、前列腺侧最小覆盖长度、直肠侧最小覆盖长度、不良事件(直肠前壁或前列腺包膜浸润)等;(5) RP发生率。
患者每周接受至少3次分次治疗前基于GFM的锥形束CT靶区位置校准,具体过程参考文献[2]。自IGRT开始,每周对患者进行随访。IGRT结束后,每月通过电话或复查对患者进行随访。根据美国国立癌症研究所常见毒性标准(common toxicity criteria,CTC)2.0版和RTOG分别对急性和晚期RP进行评估和分级(共分四级),其中急性RP的时间界定为自IGRT开始1.5个月以内,晚期RP的时间界定为自IGRT开始3个月以后,随访截至2023年6月。
根据试验组患者是否发生RP分为发生RP组(n=5)与未发生RP组(n=28),采用单因素、多因素logistic回归分析导致PCa患者RP发生的危险因素,以比值比(OR)和95%可信区间(CI)表示相对风险度。
使用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析。计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法;符合正态分布的计量资料以$\bar{x}±s$表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;符合非正态分布的计量资料以M(Q1Q3)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。等级资料比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
试验组33例患者均成功注入了水凝胶,其中54.5%(18/33)的患者注入位置评价为正中。图2A、B分别为正中注入水凝胶(红色箭头示)且未发生不良事件的CT影像和T2*WI。CT影像上放射状高亮度影和T2*WI上相应位置的无信号区分别为GFM,CT影像上水凝胶成像质量明显劣于T2*WI。图2C、D分别为偏左向注入水凝胶且直肠前壁浸润和偏右向注入水凝胶且前列腺包膜浸润的T2*WI。
试验组与对照组年龄、卡氏评分、格里森评分、BMI、PSA水平等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。
试验组与对照组前列腺体积、肿瘤体积、前列腺最小剂量、前列腺最大剂量、前列腺平均剂量比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。
全部患者术后均未出现直肠穿孔、严重出血或感染,GFM的置入和水凝胶的注入均未引起相应区域的严重出血或感染。截至试验结束,无患者失访。急性RP的随访时间为(4.50±1.21)周,晚期RP的随访时间为(5.05±1.32)个月。
试验组与对照组的急性RP级别平均水平存在明显差异(Z=19.041,P<0.001),试验组急性RP整体级别低于对照组。其中,试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ级急性RP发生率均明显低于对照组(χ2=4.194,P=0.041;χ2=4.554,P=0.033)。试验组与对照组的晚期RP级别平均水平存在明显差异(Z=13.211,P<0.001),试验组晚期RP整体级别低于对照组。其中,试验组Ⅰ级晚期RP发生率明显低于对照组(χ2=4.605,P=0.032)(表2)。
试验组共5例患者发生RP,其中急性RP均在治疗后3个月内完全缓解。单因素分析结果显示,发生RP与未发生RP患者的年龄、前列腺体积、直肠体积、V50、V60、V70、V78、注入位置评价、最小间隔距离、前列腺侧最小覆盖长度等差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
以发生RP为因变量,将单因素分析中P<0.05的因素作为自变量纳入多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示,年龄、直肠体积、V70、V78为导致PCa患者发生RP的独立危险因素(P<0.05,表3)。年龄每增加1岁、直肠体积每增加1 cm3、V70或V78每增加1%,RP发生风险分别增加0.104、0.938、0.202、1.008倍。
随着IGRT软硬件水平的提高,针对PCa的精确放疗得以实现。例如,锥形束CT和GFM等设备和器材的联合应用显著提高了靶区位置准确度,进而获得了更高的治疗增益。然而,高剂量率精确放疗仍存在一定局限,即无法有效避免RP的发生。本研究中对照组急性RP发生率高达44.7%(21/47),晚期RP发生率高达25.5%(12/47),其他研究中未注入水凝胶组的RP发生率也均在40%以上[12-14]。因此,RP是PCa IGRT中亟待解决的不良事件。本研究试验组中急性RP发生率仅为12.1%(4/33),晚期RP发生率仅为3.0%(1/33),表明水凝胶的应用大幅降低了RP发生率,特别是显著降低了Ⅰ、Ⅱ级急性RP和Ⅰ级晚期RP的发生率。在保证治疗增益的前提下,水凝胶的应用显著提高了部分患者的生活质量。另外,本研究还分析了导致PCa患者RP发生的危险因素。目前,国内针对导致RP发生的危险因素分析主要集中在宫颈癌IGRT中,在PCa IGRT中针对该问题的研究很少。本研究发现,年龄、直肠体积、V70和V78均为导致RP发生的危险因素,而水凝胶特征(注入位置评价、最小间隔距离、前列腺侧最小覆盖长度、直肠侧最小覆盖长度、直肠前壁浸润、前列腺包膜浸润)均为非危险因素。水凝胶的注入共引起3例直肠前壁浸润和1例前列腺包膜浸润,但4例患者均在1个月内完全缓解,未对其生活质量造成明显影响。因此,水凝胶注入后的各项特征均未对试验组RP发生率造成影响,具有较高的安全性。
关于直肠毒性,国外其他研究也获得了相似的结果。例如,Hwang等[12]关于PCa超分割IGRT中水凝胶注入后的直肠毒性研究发现,接受了36.25 Gy处方剂量的患者急性Ⅰ级RP发生率约为16%,晚期Ⅰ级RP发生率约为4%,无患者出现急性或晚期Ⅰ级以上RP。Chao等[13]关于PCa常规分割IGRT中水凝胶注入后的直肠毒性研究发现,接受了78 Gy处方剂量的患者急性Ⅰ级RP发生率为21.05%,晚期Ⅰ级RP发生率为2.63%,无患者出现急性或晚期Ⅰ级以上RP。本研究结果与国外研究相似[12-14],且急性Ⅰ级RP发生率低于国外研究。
国外关于PCa IGRT中RP发生危险因素分析的研究结果较多,如Fischer等[14]关于PCa IGRT中水凝胶注入位置和不良事件影响的研究发现,水凝胶注入位置不对称或偏离正中时也能起到降低RP发生率的效果,但需排除极端的不对称情况,与本研究结果较为相似。国内关于PCa IGRT中RP发生危险因素分析的研究极少,以宫颈癌放疗中相关结果为参考,相关结果具有一定相似性。例如,黄栎有等[15]关于预测宫颈癌放疗急性RP的研究发现,年龄和直肠高剂量区体积是导致急性RP发生的危险因素,与本研究结果较为相似。本研究logistic回归分析发现,年龄、直肠体积、V70、V78均是导致PCa患者RP发生的独立危险因素。分析原因为:(1)随着患者年龄增加,各器官和组织功能衰退,危及器官受到照射后大量亚致死性损伤难以修复。随着直肠前壁输出剂量的累积,RP不可避免地发生。(2)在同等剂量输出条件下,更大体积的直肠及其前壁会受到更多的照射,从而增加了RP的发生风险。(3)尽管自治疗初始(包括历次治疗中)均嘱患者排空直肠,但直肠仍可能存在胀气,从而改变充盈度。(4)直肠内胀气不仅会导致其位置发生变化,也会通过增加直肠体积增加RP的发生风险。(5)高剂量区体积是导致RP发生的重要原因。本研究中两组V78相差约0.66%,V70相差约1.35%(表3),正是该差距使得V78和V70成为导致RP发生的重要危险因素。
水凝胶通过将直肠推离高剂量区降低了其毒性,其注入量和间隔距离可能与RP有关。Hwang等[12]的研究中,水凝胶平均注入量为(9.2±0.8) ml,直肠前壁同前列腺平均间隔距离为(9.6±4.0) mm,该研究取得了较为理想的结果,由此推测,水凝胶的注入量和间隔距离超过上述数值即可满足临床要求。本研究后续分析也印证了该推测:表3中两组最小间隔距离分别为(12.21±1.34) mm和(10.25±0.89) mm,该数值使得间隔距离与RP的发生无关。上述全部数值为水凝胶的临床应用提供了重要的参考依据。
综上所述,水凝胶应用于PCa IGRT中引起的不良事件较轻,可有效降低直肠毒性。在参考相关数据和按照标准手术操作注入后,水凝胶各项特征均未对PCa患者RP的发生造成影响。因此,水凝胶在未来PCa或其他肿瘤IGRT中具有重要的临床应用和推广价值。但本研究也存在一定局限,例如样本量较小,随访时间较短等。SpaceOAR水凝胶于中国上市应用时间较短,本研究全部随访时间不足1年,未来仍需进行大样本量临床试验以获得更丰富的结果。
  • 张家口市重点研发计划项目(1921002B)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0785.2023.1112
  • 接收时间:2023-06-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-23
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-06
  • 录用日期:2023-07-04
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Zhangjiakou Key Research and Development Program(1921002B)
张家口市重点研发计划项目(1921002B)
作者信息
    1河北北方学院附属第一医院放疗科,河北张家口 075000
    2河北省人民医院心血管内科导管室,河北石家庄 050000
    3国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院放疗科,北京 100021

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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