Article(id=1199337300984427514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199337298941804946, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0180.2023.0414, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1675526400000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1681228800000, acceptedDateStr=2023-04-12, onlineDate=1763873895164, onlineDateStr=2025-11-23, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763873895164, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763873895164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763873895164, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199337298941804946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763873894677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763874094669, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199338137823572576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199337298941804946, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199338137823572577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199337298941804946, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199337301357720574, articleId=1199337300984427514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Suggestions for revision of the epilepsy items in the military disability appraisal norms, columnId=1190669170040783872, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Expert Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Epilepsy is a common neurological disease, has the characteristics of recurrent attacks and long-term treatment, thus bringing great pressure to patients and their families. Therefore, it is particularly important to do a good job of disability assessment. In recent years, with the development of the discipline, academic organizations such as the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and China Association Against Epilepsy (CAAE) have successively updated the definition and diagnostic criteria of epilepsy and seizures. However, some items of epilepsy in the current Criteria for Disability Rating of Military Personnel (Trial) issued by People's Liberation Army (PLA) in 2011 can no longer meet the latest guidelines at home and abroad. Therefore, we suggest that the items related to epilepsy in the Criteria for Disability Rating of Military Personnel (Trial) should be revised to ensure that the disability evaluation being completed fairly and successfully.

, correspAuthors=Yong-Hong Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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癫痫是一种常见神经系统疾病,常反复发作且需要长期治疗,给患者及家属带来巨大压力,因此,做好评残工作显得格外重要。近年来,随着学科的发展,国际抗癫痫联盟(ILAE)、中国抗癫痫协会(CAAE)等学术组织先后对癫痫及发作的定义、诊断标准等进行了更新,而我军现行2011年修订印发的《军人残疾等级评定标准》中关于癫痫的部分条目已不符合国内外最新指南。因此,本课题组结合国内外癫痫最新文献及个人体会等,对上述《军人残疾等级评定标准》中癫痫相关条目提出修订意见,以期为军人癫痫评残相关工作提供借鉴。

, correspAuthors=刘永红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘永红,E-mail:
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曲书毅,硕士研究生,主要从事癫痫及睡眠障碍等方面的研究

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曲书毅,硕士研究生,主要从事癫痫及睡眠障碍等方面的研究

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曲书毅,硕士研究生,主要从事癫痫及睡眠障碍等方面的研究

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关于军人癫痫评残标准的修订建议
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曲书毅 , 陈泽 , 潘远航 , 王则直 , 张歆博 , 刘永红 *
解放军医学杂志 | 专家述评 2024,49(1): 6-9
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解放军医学杂志 | 专家述评 2024, 49(1): 6-9
关于军人癫痫评残标准的修订建议
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曲书毅, 陈泽, 潘远航, 王则直, 张歆博, 刘永红*
作者信息
  • 空军军医大学西京医院神经内科,陕西西安 710032
  • 曲书毅,硕士研究生,主要从事癫痫及睡眠障碍等方面的研究

通讯作者:

刘永红,E-mail:
Suggestions for revision of the epilepsy items in the military disability appraisal norms
Shu-Yi Qu, Ze Chen, Yuan-Hang Pan, Ze-Zhi Wang, Xin-Bo Zhang, Yong-Hong Liu*
Affiliations
  • Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
出版时间: 2024-01-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0180.2023.0414
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癫痫是一种常见神经系统疾病,常反复发作且需要长期治疗,给患者及家属带来巨大压力,因此,做好评残工作显得格外重要。近年来,随着学科的发展,国际抗癫痫联盟(ILAE)、中国抗癫痫协会(CAAE)等学术组织先后对癫痫及发作的定义、诊断标准等进行了更新,而我军现行2011年修订印发的《军人残疾等级评定标准》中关于癫痫的部分条目已不符合国内外最新指南。因此,本课题组结合国内外癫痫最新文献及个人体会等,对上述《军人残疾等级评定标准》中癫痫相关条目提出修订意见,以期为军人癫痫评残相关工作提供借鉴。

癫痫  /  脑电图  /  军人  /  残情鉴定

Epilepsy is a common neurological disease, has the characteristics of recurrent attacks and long-term treatment, thus bringing great pressure to patients and their families. Therefore, it is particularly important to do a good job of disability assessment. In recent years, with the development of the discipline, academic organizations such as the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and China Association Against Epilepsy (CAAE) have successively updated the definition and diagnostic criteria of epilepsy and seizures. However, some items of epilepsy in the current Criteria for Disability Rating of Military Personnel (Trial) issued by People's Liberation Army (PLA) in 2011 can no longer meet the latest guidelines at home and abroad. Therefore, we suggest that the items related to epilepsy in the Criteria for Disability Rating of Military Personnel (Trial) should be revised to ensure that the disability evaluation being completed fairly and successfully.

epilepsy  /  electroencephalogram  /  military personnel  /  disability evaluation
曲书毅, 陈泽, 潘远航, 王则直, 张歆博, 刘永红. 关于军人癫痫评残标准的修订建议. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (1) : 6 -9 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0180.2023.0414
Shu-Yi Qu, Ze Chen, Yuan-Hang Pan, Ze-Zhi Wang, Xin-Bo Zhang, Yong-Hong Liu. Suggestions for revision of the epilepsy items in the military disability appraisal norms[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (1) : 6 -9 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0180.2023.0414
癫痫是常见的神经系统疾病之一,反复癫痫发作给患者带来严重的精神压力,影响其正常学习与工作[1]。目前我国的癫痫发病率为4‰~7‰,且以每年60万人的速度递增[2]。癫痫患者常有共患疾病,可加重病情,导致其病死率、致残率、自杀率均高于一般人群[3-4]。军人由于高强度训练、脑外伤等原因,常常会有癫痫发作。因此,做好癫痫相关评残工作格外重要。我军目前实行的评残标准为民政部、人力资源和社会保障部、原卫生部、原总后勤部于2011年修订印发的《军人残疾等级评定标准》[5]。随着对癫痫及癫痫发作的不断研究探索,国际抗癫痫联盟(International League Against Epilepsy,ILAE)及中国抗癫痫协会(China Association Against Epilepsy,CAAE)分别于2014年及2015年更新了癫痫的相关概念及诊断标准[6-8],2017年,ILAE更新了癫痫分类标准[9-10]。以上内容的修改与我军现行评残标准存在较大差异,可能导致一部分诊断为癫痫的官兵无法顺利评残,或者将非癫痫发作误诊为癫痫而予以评残。为了维护官兵的切身权益,确保未来评残任务顺利完成,本课题组对现行的军人癫痫评残标准建议如下。
目前我军现行评残标准为:重度癫痫属于四级[(四)-2],中度癫痫属于六级[(六)-2],轻度癫痫属于八级[(八)-1]。(1)重度癫痫:各种类型的癫痫发作,经系统服药治疗2年后,全身性强直-阵挛发作、单纯或复杂部分发作,伴自动症或精神症状(相当于大发作、精神运动性发作)平均每月3次以上,经两家三级医院行24 h脑电图监测提示重度异常脑电图各2次。(2)中度癫痫:各种类型的癫痫发作,经系统服药治疗2年后,全身性强直-阵挛发作、单纯或复杂部分发作,伴自动症或精神症状(相当于大发作、精神运动性发作)平均每月1~2次,或每天均有失神发作或其他类型发作,经两家三级医院行24 h脑电图监测提示中度异常脑电图各1次。(3)轻度癫痫:需系统服药治疗方能控制的各种类型癫痫发作,偶有各种类型癫痫发作[5]。根据最新临床指南,笔者对修改条目、建议及证据介绍如下。
癫痫是一种脑部疾病,其特点是反复发作的易感性,即初次发作后未来10年内癫痫再次发生的概率大于60%。2014年,ILAE对癫痫的定义强调如下:癫痫是一种脑部疾病,具有反复癫痫发作的易感性,诊断癫痫需要满足以下至少1个条件,(1) 2次非诱发性(或反射性)癫痫发作,且两次发作间隔时间>24 h;(2) 1次非诱发性(或反射性)发作,并且在未来10年内,再次发作的风险与两次非诱发性发作后的再发风险相当(至少60%);(3)诊断为某种癫痫综合征[6]。现有研究表明,经历了2次非诱发性癫痫发作,且其发作间隔时间24 h的患者,则在未来10年,其癫痫发作再次发生的可能性大于60%,可以诊断为癫痫;癫痫诊断第2条,如果患者仅有一次非诱发性癫痫发作,通过临床检查如脑核磁共振、24 h脑电图监测等,临床医生可以判断,在未来10年,其再次发生癫痫发作的可能性也>60%,可以诊断为癫痫[7]。但目前的研究结果仅可以提示,对于没有诱因的首次癫痫发作患者,在首次发作后2年内复发风险最大,为21%~45%(A级证据),既往有脑损伤(A级证据)、脑电图显示癫痫样放电(A级证据)、头部影像学异常(B级证据)及夜间的癫痫发作(B级证据)可能导致风险增加,尚不清楚未来10年再次发作的可能性是否>60%[11]。在临床实践中,对于仅有1次非诱发性癫痫发作的患者,临床医生给出的诊断常常是癫痫发作,而非癫痫。因此,对于经历了1次癫痫发作的官兵,即使其脑电图检查结果异常,按照最新实践指南,不一定诊断为癫痫,因此是否给予评残值得商榷。癫痫诊断标准的第3条是基于癫痫专科医生根据癫痫发作症状学、发作间期及发作期脑电图等确定为某种癫痫综合征,诊断为癫痫。大多数癫痫综合征见于儿童及青少年,参与评残的官兵多数已成年,很少诊断为癫痫综合征。
脑电图作为诊断癫痫的重要临床检查项目,其在发作期及发作间期出现的异常波形对癫痫发作的症状学定位、癫痫的确诊、癫痫的发作类型及癫痫综合征的确定具有重要意义[8,12]。目前,各级医院所用脑电图检查仪器的参数、电极数量、导联设置等不同,加之读图人员能力不同,可能导致脑电图检查结果出现偏差,造成漏诊或过度评定,因此评残工作所需脑电图检查结果亦需要达到基本的标准及要求[13-14]。电极安装方式可按照国际通用含19个电极的10-20系统进行,或根据临床需要按照2017年国际临床神经电生理联盟的建议,在10-20系统上在双侧颞叶前部及底部额外增加6个电极,共包含25个脑电监测电极进行长程脑电图监测[14]。阅图时,可以通过多种导联组合方式进行分析,确定癫痫发作相关脑电图信息。对于成年起病的癫痫,一般推荐行24 h视频脑电图监测。研究发现,在无诱因发生癫痫发作的成年患者中,首次进行脑电图检查仅有52.7%的患者可检出发作间期癫痫样放电[15]
异常脑电图包括背景异常及阵发性异常,由于阵发性异常放电范围、数量与临床症状严重程度无明确的相关性,因此在对异常脑电图分级时,往往只对脑电图的背景异常进行轻度、中度及重度分级[16]。现有癫痫评残标准依据脑电图中度、重度异常作为癫痫评残等级的依据,其科学性尚需进一步探讨。因此,把发作间期脑电图异常作为癫痫的评残必需条件,依据中度、重度脑电图异常评估癫痫的严重程度等条目需要修正。
2014年,ILAE对癫痫的定义中并未强调脑电图异常是诊断癫痫的必需条件[8]。而我军现行评残标准中,重度癫痫要求经两家三级医院24 h脑电图监测提示重度异常脑电图各2次;中度癫痫要求经两家三级医院24 h脑电图监测提示中度异常脑电图各1次。事实上,一些如额底起源的癫痫、颞叶内侧癫痫及岛叶癫痫等,即使进行多次24 h视频脑电图监测,脑电图结果也可能是正常的。癫痫的诊断是基于确定的癫痫发作,如果可以提供发作期的视频资料,通过专科医生综合判断,即使其24 h视频脑电图监测结果是阴性的,也可以诊断癫痫。一些抗癫痫发作药物如左乙拉西坦、丙戊酸等可以抑制癫痫样放电,可能会导致服用上述药物的癫痫患者复查时为正常脑电图。按照目前评残标准,缺乏两家医院脑电图异常结论不能评残。笔者建议,为评残专家提供患者发作的视频,结合发作间期脑电图癫痫样放电,就可以确定癫痫的诊断。因此,科学地理解癫痫、癫痫发作及脑电图监测的临床意义,对于制定癫痫评残标准具有重要意义,可保证确定罹患癫痫的官兵顺利评残,同时避免仅依据脑电图异常而没有确定癫痫发作者给予评残。
至少一次无诱因的癫痫发作是诊断癫痫的必要条件。脑电监测期间,科学地进行各种诱发试验,尽量监测到癫痫发作或癫痫样放电,对于确诊癫痫具有重要意义。常用诱发试验包括睁闭眼、过度换气、闪光刺激等[17-20]。一些特殊的反射性癫痫需根据具体病史给予针对性诱发试验[21-22]。只要一次脑电图监测期间监测到确定的癫痫发作,结合既往类似发作病史等,就可以诊断癫痫,而不需要两家三级医院的脑电图监测结果。综上所述,笔者建议将“重度癫痫”“中度癫痫”诊断中“异常脑电图”的次数要求删除。
在我军现行癫痫评残标准中,癫痫严重程度是根据其发作频率及发作类型确定的[5],具有一定的科学性。大多数癫痫发作具有不可预知性,给鉴定专家提供癫痫发作类型及频率的客观资料比较困难,而完全依据口头表述作为评残依据难以保证客观公正。本课题组建议评残时由患者或其照看者提供患者每次发作时的录像,作为癫痫发作的证据,以保证评残公平公正。国际上一些用于评估癫痫发作严重程度的量表包括利物浦癫痫发作严重程度量表(Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale,LSSS)、国立医院癫痫发作严重程度量表(National Hospital Seizure Severity Scale,NHS3)、海牙癫痫发作严重程度量表(Hague Seizure Severity Scale,HASS)等[23]及癫痫发作严重程度问卷(Seizure Severity Questionnaire,SSQ)等[24],以上量表都是基于患者或其照看者描述的癫痫发作症状学及发作频率等进行评分。
军队评残的目的是给患有某种疾病的军人提供照顾。对于癫痫的评残标准制定,笔者认为,首先应进行科学的诊断;其次,根据癫痫发作频率、服药后控制情况、癫痫发作类型、后期是否可以实现减停药等科学地制定评残标准。按照目前的癫痫定义,经历2次癫痫发作,即使2次发作间隔10年,也可以诊断为癫痫,是否给予评残值得商榷。60%~70%的癫痫患者通过合理的抗癫痫发作药物治疗2~5年无发作后,可以尝试缓慢减停药物[8]。目前ILAE基于既往的循证医学证据及癫痫疾病的特点提出,癫痫患者经过10年无发作,且停用抗癫痫发作药物5年,可认为癫痫临床治愈[6-7],不再享受相关医保政策等。考虑到一旦评残意味着终身享受相关待遇,为了合理利用军队资源,对诊断为癫痫的军人何时进行评残需要再次修订,一次评残后,后期是否需要根据癫痫发作情况等进行再次评定确认是否继续享受相关评残待遇。其次,癫痫发作类型多种多样,可以表现为发作性一侧肢体麻木,即使每天发作数十次,对其影响并不严重,是否需要评残,严重程度的判定标准均需重新制定。血药浓度监测对于评残具有一定意义。在临床实践中,一些癫痫患者自述服药效果不好,通过监测血药浓度发现药物浓度极低,提示其未按时服药或时常漏药,评残中如有类似情况,建议不予评残,应继续规范治疗疾病。
综上所述,笔者建议,应以患者发作视频资料为依据,参考国际上癫痫发作严重程度量表,建立我军癫痫严重程度评残标准,切实保证评残工作科学公正地进行。此外,对于可能达到临床治愈的癫痫,患者达到临床治愈标准后是否享受评残待遇,还需进一步研究。癫痫概念的更新、视频脑电图监测的广泛应用、带有录像功能手机的普及等,奠定了重新修订我军癫痫评残标准的必要性及可行性。在未来的癫痫评残工作中,应对以上技术进行规范,确保评残工作公平公正地进行。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2503800)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2503806)
  • 空军军医大学航空医学重大课题(2019ZTB03)
  • 空军军医大学航空医学重大课题(2020JSTS21)
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0180.2023.0414
  • 接收时间:2023-02-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-23
  • 出版时间:2024-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-05
  • 录用日期:2023-04-12
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2503800)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2503800)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2503806)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2503806)
Key Project of Aeromedicine of Air Force Medical University(2019ZTB03)
空军军医大学航空医学重大课题(2019ZTB03)
Key Project of Aeromedicine of Air Force Medical University(2020JSTS21)
空军军医大学航空医学重大课题(2020JSTS21)
作者信息
    空军军医大学西京医院神经内科,陕西西安 710032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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