Article(id=1199335107954836272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335100786766058, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0151.2023.0531, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1675094400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1680710400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-04-06, onlineDate=1763873372304, onlineDateStr=2025-11-23, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763873372304, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763873372304, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763873372304, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199335100786766058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2024', volume='49', issue='2', pageStart='123', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763873370596, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763874072387, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199338044361896535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335100786766058, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199338044361896536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1199335100786766058, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=229, endPage=235, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199335108349100865, articleId=1199335107954836272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Application and research progress of fecal microbiota transplantation in refractory diarrhea, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When refractory diarrhea comes on, it greatly affects the life and daily work of patients, and there is no unified treatment. Patients with refractory diarrhea have varying degrees of intestinal flora disorder, so rebuilding the intestinal micro ecosystem may be an effective way to treat refractory diarrhea. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has the potential to be an effective treatment for refractory diarrhea as a therapy that reconstructs normal intestinal flora. In recent years, FMT has been applied to the treatment of some refractory diarrhea related to intestinal flora imbalance, such as recurrent clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and has achieved good results, but some problems have not been properly solved so far. This article reviews the mechanism of action of FMT in the treatment of refractory diarrhea, its clinical application, research progress and current problems.

, correspAuthors=Xin Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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难治性腹泻在发病时严重影响患者的日常生活及工作,且目前尚无统一的治疗方法。难治性腹泻患者存在不同程度的肠道菌群失调,因此重建肠道微生态系统可能成为治疗该疾病的有效途径。粪菌移植(FMT)作为一种可重建正常肠道菌群的治疗方法,有潜力成为治疗难治性腹泻的有效方法。近年来,FMT已被应用于部分与肠道菌群失调有关的难治性腹泻的治疗,如复发性艰难梭菌感染、炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征等,均取得了较好的疗效,但至今仍有部分问题尚未得到妥善解决。本文就FMT治疗难治性腹泻的作用机制、在各类难治性腹泻中的临床应用进展及目前所面临的问题进行综述。

, correspAuthors=王新, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王新,E-mail:
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李彤,硕士研究生,主要从事粪菌移植研究

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articleId=1199335107954836272, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=肠道菌群), Keyword(id=1199335112023311330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335107954836272, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=难治性腹泻)], refs=[Reference(id=1199335112459518964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335107954836272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=52, issue=2, pageStart=249, pageEnd=265, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=魏勇军, 李晓琪, 戢博阳, journalName=中国科学: 生命科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=魏勇军, 李晓琪, 戢博阳, 等. 肠道菌群与宿主关系解析及肠道菌群调控/合成研究进展[J]. 中国科学: 生命科学, 2022, 52(2): 249-265., articleTitle=肠道菌群与宿主关系解析及肠道菌群调控/合成研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199335112543405050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, articleId=1199335107954836272, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=34, issue=2, pageStart=223, pageEnd=227, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], 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粪菌移植在难治性腹泻中的应用进展
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李彤 1, 2 , 王宁 2 , 王新 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024,49(2): 229-235
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2024, 49(2): 229-235
粪菌移植在难治性腹泻中的应用进展
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李彤1, 2, 王宁2, 王新2, *
作者信息
  • 1西安医学院,陕西西安 710021
  • 2空军军医大学唐都医院消化内科,陕西西安 710038
  • 李彤,硕士研究生,主要从事粪菌移植研究

通讯作者:

王新,E-mail:
Application and research progress of fecal microbiota transplantation in refractory diarrhea
Tong Li1, 2, Ning Wang2, Xin Wang2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
  • 2Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0151.2023.0531
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难治性腹泻在发病时严重影响患者的日常生活及工作,且目前尚无统一的治疗方法。难治性腹泻患者存在不同程度的肠道菌群失调,因此重建肠道微生态系统可能成为治疗该疾病的有效途径。粪菌移植(FMT)作为一种可重建正常肠道菌群的治疗方法,有潜力成为治疗难治性腹泻的有效方法。近年来,FMT已被应用于部分与肠道菌群失调有关的难治性腹泻的治疗,如复发性艰难梭菌感染、炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征等,均取得了较好的疗效,但至今仍有部分问题尚未得到妥善解决。本文就FMT治疗难治性腹泻的作用机制、在各类难治性腹泻中的临床应用进展及目前所面临的问题进行综述。

粪菌移植  /  肠道菌群  /  难治性腹泻

When refractory diarrhea comes on, it greatly affects the life and daily work of patients, and there is no unified treatment. Patients with refractory diarrhea have varying degrees of intestinal flora disorder, so rebuilding the intestinal micro ecosystem may be an effective way to treat refractory diarrhea. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has the potential to be an effective treatment for refractory diarrhea as a therapy that reconstructs normal intestinal flora. In recent years, FMT has been applied to the treatment of some refractory diarrhea related to intestinal flora imbalance, such as recurrent clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and has achieved good results, but some problems have not been properly solved so far. This article reviews the mechanism of action of FMT in the treatment of refractory diarrhea, its clinical application, research progress and current problems.

fecal microbiota transplantation  /  intestinal flora  /  refractory diarrhea
李彤, 王宁, 王新. 粪菌移植在难治性腹泻中的应用进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2024 , 49 (2) : 229 -235 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0151.2023.0531
Tong Li, Ning Wang, Xin Wang. Application and research progress of fecal microbiota transplantation in refractory diarrhea[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2024 , 49 (2) : 229 -235 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0151.2023.0531
人体肠道中含有大量微生物,其中数量最庞大的微生物种群为细菌,统称为肠道菌群[1-3]。肠道菌群具有重要的生理意义,其失调可引发腹泻[4-5]。难治性腹泻具有病程长、易反复且常规治疗难以控制的特点,显著降低了患者的生活质量。难治性腹泻患者常存在不同程度的肠道菌群失调。粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)作为一种可重建正常肠道菌群的治疗方法[6],很有可能成为治疗难治性腹泻的有效途径。本文就FMT治疗难治性腹泻的作用机制、在各类难治性腹泻中的应用进展及目前所面临的问题综述如下。
FMT是将健康人粪便中的功能菌群通过一定方式移植到患者肠道内,以调节失衡的肠道菌群,重建具有正常功能的肠道微生态系统[2,7]
FMT使用的菌液由健康人群的粪便所制,其中几乎涵盖了健康供者肠道内的全部共生菌。FMT可增加患者肠道内的菌群多样性,使菌群结构迅速正常化,且与供体的菌群结构几乎一致。移植后在患者肠道菌群多样性增加的同时,膜菌群可产生定植力,抑制致病菌的繁殖[8]。肠道有益菌不仅可抑制病原菌生长,还可维持无氧环境,影响需氧菌的生长,调节肠道菌群平衡[9]。El-Salhy等[10]研究显示,肠道菌群紊乱患者使用FMT治疗1个月后,菌群丰度有明显变化。首第文等[11]采集了28例肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)患者FMT前及移植后1个月的粪便样本进行分析,结果表明,FMT能上调IBS患者肠道菌群的多样性,并改变肠道菌群结构。除共生菌外,FMT可能还包括其他重要的微生物(如噬菌体)。噬菌体是一类能特异性感染细菌、真菌、放线菌或螺旋体等微生物的病毒总称,该类病毒与细菌伴行性生存,分布极广且易于分离[12]。早在20世纪,噬菌体即被用于治疗霍乱、痢疾等感染性疾病。随着科技的发展,人们发现噬菌体不仅能恢复细菌对抗生素的敏感性,而且其裂解细菌的特异性较高,除目标菌外不影响其他细菌。2017年,Ott等[13]研究发现,无菌粪便滤液转移对5例复发性艰难梭菌感染(recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection,rCDI)患者有效,表明除细菌外,粪便中的噬菌体等其他成分也具有治疗潜力。随后,有研究进一步表明噬菌体可能是FMT的关键组成部分,且有可能改变宿主的菌群结构及功能,并影响治疗结果[14-16]
肠道菌群对维持机体健康发挥着重要作用。当菌群紊乱后,革兰阴性肠道病原菌会产生大量内毒素,使肠上皮通透性增加,内毒素入血后通过Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)激活核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)等物质,促使炎性因子释放,并进一步损伤肠道黏膜。有研究报道,FMT具有抑制病原微生物生长、维持菌群结构平衡、促使肠上皮细胞连接紧密、恢复肠黏膜生物屏障的作用[17]。肠道菌群紊乱患者经FMT后,肠道内有益菌的比例及数量恢复正常,而益生菌通过上调热休克蛋白Hsp72、Hsp25,编码细胞骨架锚定蛋白、Occludin蛋白,以及间接抑制导致肠道黏膜损伤的信号通路等途径来保护肠道黏膜屏障的功能[8]。此外,益生菌还可通过促进肠上皮细胞迁移、调节肠上皮细胞凋亡进程等途径来修复肠道上皮损伤,保护其完整性,恢复肠道黏膜屏障的功能。秦谦等[18]使用FMT治疗因硫酸葡聚糖引起的小鼠结肠炎,结果表明,小鼠经FMT后,肠隐窝上皮细胞增多,损伤的肠黏膜逐渐愈合,乳杆菌属明显增多,拟杆菌属及颤螺菌属比例较前降低,提示FMT不仅改变了小鼠肠道内的菌群结构,还能修复由硫酸葡聚糖引起的肠道黏膜屏障损伤。
肠道免疫屏障由相关淋巴组织、免疫细胞及免疫分子组成,具有清除致病菌的作用。肠道菌群紊乱可使肠道免疫功能降低,引发炎症。FMT后肠道内益生菌数量增加,可通过多种途径来提高肠道免疫力,包括:(1)活化肠道内的巨噬细胞、树突细胞及自然杀伤细胞,并促进淋巴T细胞、B细胞的分化成熟;(2)促进白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-12、IL-10等细胞因子及转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)等抗炎因子的分泌;(3)调节辅助性T细胞17(T helper cell 17,Th17)/调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)、辅助性T细胞1(T helper cell 1,Th1)/辅助性T细胞2(T helper cell 2,Th2),并使其达到平衡;(4)增加免疫球蛋白的含量;(5)促进分泌型免疫球蛋白A(secretory immunoglobulin A,SigA)的分泌,中和毒素或裂解致病菌;(6)间接抑制免疫失调等。有研究报道,FMT可通过改善滤泡辅助性T细胞(follicular helper T cell,Tfh)与滤泡调节性T细胞(follicular regulatory T cell,Tfr)的比例来抑制炎症进展[8]
FMT具有调节内脏超敏反应及肠神经内分泌的作用。当肠道组织受到炎症及化学或机械刺激时,内脏痛觉感受器常处于高敏状态。韩棉梅等[19]采用FMT对IBS大鼠进行治疗,术后大鼠外周血中的组胺、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)均减少,结肠黏膜组织TLR2基因的表达量降至正常水平,表明FMT可通过拮抗肥大细胞表面TLR2的表达抑制组胺与5-HT的释放,进而改善机体内脏敏感性,增强免疫功能。部分难治性腹泻患者可伴有抑郁表现,有研究报道,将抑郁症患者的粪便菌群移植到无菌小鼠体内,2周后与移植健康人群粪便菌群的无菌小鼠比较,前者的抑郁、焦虑样行为明显增加[20]。由此可见,肠道菌群紊乱可能与抑郁症密切相关。正常情况下,肠道微生物可间接促进肠神经系统神经元的成熟,调控宿主的中枢神经功能[21]。当肠道菌群紊乱后,上述作用会减弱,从而导致疾病发生。FMT可通过重建正常的肠道微生态来缓解患者的抑郁症状。
艰难梭菌感染是成人医源性腹泻的主要病因。rCDI不仅给患者造成较大的经济负担,还威胁患者的生命安全。肠道菌群紊乱可促进肠道内艰难梭菌芽孢从萌发到产毒的过程。其中,艰难梭菌产生的毒素A(TcdA)及毒素B(TcdB)可通过灭活Rho GTP酶家族中的Rho、Rac及Cdc4破坏细胞,从而损伤肠道,导致腹泻。FMT可重建正常的肠道微生态环境,抵抗艰难梭菌的定植及扩散。有研究报道,rCDI患者的粪便样本中富含牛磺胆酸,但石胆酸及脱氧胆酸含量减少,有助于艰难梭菌的萌发及生长,而FMT后患者粪便中的胆汁酸混合物可抑制艰难梭菌的生长[22]。2013年,FMT因治疗rCDI效果明显而被列入治疗该疾病的临床指南[23],随后进入快速发展阶段,在传统FMT方法的基础上衍生出不同的移植途径及粪菌制备方法。研究人员比较不同FMT方法治疗rCDI的效果,在一项使用冷冻与新鲜粪便进行FMT治疗rCDI的疗效试验中,冷冻FMT组及新鲜FMT组的临床缓解率分别为83.5%、85.1%,非劣效性P值为0.1,且两组不良事件发生率差异无统计学意义[24]。该试验结果表明,冷冻FMT用于治疗rCDI的疗效并不比新鲜FMT差,且二者的安全性相似,冷冻FMT还具有操作简便、成本低等优势,因此,对rCDI患者使用冷冻FMT进行治疗更合适。在另一项比较不同形式FMT产品对rCDI疗效的试验中,研究人员将供者的粪便分别制成新鲜、冷冻及冻干FMT产品[25]。该研究共纳入72例患者,随机分为新鲜FMT组(25例)、冷冻FMT组(24例)及冻干FMT组(23例),结果表明治愈率从高到低依次为新鲜FMT组(100%)、冷冻FMT组(83%)及冻干FMT组(78%);与冻干FMT组比较,新鲜FMT组的疗效更好,差异有统计学意义(P=0.022),而新鲜FMT组与冷冻FMT组的治愈率比较差异无统计学意义;三组不良事件发生率差异无统计学意义。表明冷冻FMT治疗rCDI的疗效并不比新鲜FMT差,且二者具有相似的安全性,冻干FMT产品虽然也具有安全性,但疗效远不及前两种。除上述研究外,有研究者还比较了粪菌胶囊及经结肠镜FMT治疗rCDI的疗效,结果显示,在单次移植后,二者预防rCDI的有效率相当[26]。除不同的肠道菌群制备方法外,不同的FMT途径是否会影响治疗效果?国内一项研究表明,不论是经鼻孔肠管还是经结肠移植粪菌,对艰难梭菌感染的疗效是相似的,且都具有安全性[27]。FMT治疗rCDI的疗效明显,但具体使用哪种粪菌产品及选择何种移植途径实施,应由临床医师对患者病情进行全面评估及询问患者意愿后再决定。
IBS是一种常见的肠道功能性疾病,也是导致腹泻的病因之一,全球发病率为1.1%~35.5%[28]。IBS好发于年轻人群,通常症状为反复腹痛及排便习惯的改变。根据排便情况不同可将IBS分为便秘型IBS(IBS-C)、腹泻型IBS (IBS-D)、混合型IBS (IBS-M)及不定型IBS (IBS-U)。多数IBS患者经一线药物治疗后效果不佳,尤其是伴有神经质、躯体障碍以及症状与压力相关的患者[29-30],被定义为难治性肠易激综合征(refractory irritable bowel syndrome,RIBS)。在我国,IBS患者多为IBS-D。目前IBS-D的潜在发生机制尚不十分明确,但有学者指出,该疾病与肠道菌群失调引起的肠道黏膜屏障破坏、肠道动力异常、内脏敏感性增高、脑-肠轴失调及免疫系统激活等有关[31-32]。在IBS各亚型中,IBS-D患者的肠道菌群紊乱最明显,其主要特点是菌群多样性降低,双歧杆菌、乳杆菌数量减少,肠杆菌数量增加。因此,FMT有望通过重建正常的肠道微生态来治疗难治性IBS-D,并提高此类患者的生活质量。一项FMT治疗RIBS的效果观察研究共招募了32例RIBS患者,分别纳入治疗组(17例)、对照组(15例)[33]。两组患者均给予马来酸曲美布汀片口服,随后治疗组通过鼻肠管行FMT,并于移植后第1、3个月评估两组患者的临床疗效及安全性,同时记录不良反应。结果显示,治疗组患者在FMT治疗前、治疗后1个月及3个月的IBS严重程度量表(IBS symptom severity scale,IBS-SSS)评分、粪便分型、IBS生存质量量表(IBS quality of life measure,IBS-QOL)评分及医院焦虑抑郁量表(hospital anxiety and depression scale,HAD)评分均逐渐降低(P<0.05),而对照组患者在这3个时间点的IBS-SSS评分、粪便分型、IBS-QOL评分及HAD评分差异均无统计学意义。治疗前,两组患者的IBS-SSS、粪便分型、IBS-QOL评分及HAD评分差异无统计学意义;治疗后1个月及3个月,两组IBS-SSS评分及IBS-QOL评分差异均有统计学意义。最终治疗组患者的症状缓解率为88.2%,明显高于对照组(53.3%),且在FMT术后3个月,两组患者均未出现明显的不良反应及传染性疾病[33]。上述结果表明,FMT治疗RIBS不仅临床疗效明显,且安全性较高。Holvoet等[34]也同样证实了这一结论。然而,另一些研究却得到相反的结果。一项评估口服FMT胶囊对中重度IBS患者疗效的随机双盲安慰剂对照研究结果显示,经FMT治疗后的IBS患者肠道菌群有所改善,但3个月后,安慰剂组患者的症状缓解明显优于FMT组[35]。另有研究表明,结肠镜下单次FMT对IBS有一定疗效,但同种异体的粪便移植疗效并不优于自体粪便移植[36]。多数接受异体FMT患者的粪便及黏膜微生物群较治疗前并无明显变化,而在接受自体FMT的患者中,粪便及黏膜黏附微生物群的组成却发生了较大的变化,这可能与结肠镜检查前需进行肠道清洁有关。有研究报道,大剂量和(或)多次FMT可使治疗效果更优[37]。FMT对IBS的治疗效果并无一致结论,且移植方式、菌液剂量、移植频率等都可能影响FMT的疗效,因此,需进行更多研究来验证FMT对IBS的治疗作用。
IBD是一种慢性非特异性肠道炎症疾病,其发病原因及机制目前尚不十分明确[38]。克罗恩病(Crohn's disease,CD)及溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)均属于IBD。近年来,我国IBD就诊人数呈上升趋势[39]。肠道菌群失调可增加IBD的患病风险。IBD患者的肠道菌群不同于健康人群,可能与肠神经系统缺陷有关。普氏栖粪杆菌是一种有益菌,具有保护肠道的作用,IBD患者肠道菌群的特征性改变为普氏栖粪杆菌消失。目前通过改变肠道菌群来治疗IBD的方法有抗生素、益生菌及FMT。对CD患者使用抗生素治疗有助于缓解炎症反应,但抗生素对UC的治疗效果不佳,且长期使用抗生素会引起较大的不良反应。益生菌虽然可改变肠道菌群,但治疗作用有限。对IBD,尤其是难治性IBD,FMT可能是一种有效的治疗方法。
皮质类固醇用于治疗中重度UC具有很好的治疗效果,但长期使用会导致一些不良反应,部分患者治疗后会出现类固醇依赖现象,类固醇依赖是UC患者急需解决的临床问题。一项纳入30例难治性UC患者的前瞻性非对照研究中,FMT治疗后有70%的患者出现临床缓解,且大多数患者在12周随访期间未出现不良反应,表明FMT对难治性UC患者是一种很有前景的治疗方式[40]。近年来,国内外关于FMT治疗难治性UC的研究结果大多表明该治疗方法是有效的[41-42],但并非所有研究都能取得令人满意的结果。Nishida等[43]的研究中,41例经标准治疗后无效的UC患者在接受FMT治疗8周后,出现临床应答的仅有11例,且所有患者均未达到临床缓解。比较供体粪便菌群发现,有临床应答患者接受的菌液中双歧杆菌比例明显高于无临床应答患者,而无临床应答患者接受的菌液中乳酸菌及梭状杆菌比例明显高于有临床应答患者。表明FMT的疗效与菌液中的菌群组成有关,高比例的双歧杆菌有益于UC患者,而高乳酸菌及高梭状杆菌的菌液无益于UC患者。
2013年,Zhang等[44]发表了一篇使用FMT治疗1例难治性CD合并瘘管患者的病案报道。该患者的临床症状在FMT术后1周得到明显缓解,CD活动指数从537降至228。1个月后,患者达到临床缓解标准;3个月后,该患者的克罗恩病活动度评分(Crohn's disease activity index,CDAI)降至62分,随后的6个月随访中,该评分一直保持在62分,且患者体重及营养状况好转。该研究虽然只报道了1例患者,但结果有力地支持了FMT可成为治疗难治性CD的新方法这一观点。另一项研究对30例难治性CD患者给予单次FMT治疗,移植1周后,患者的临床改善率达83.3%,临床缓解率达60.0%,C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)及红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)也较前有所降低;移植1个月后,临床改善率及临床缓解率达到最高,分别为86.7%及76.7%[45],分析原因可能与此时患者肠道内的菌群处于新的平衡状态有关。除上述改变外,FMT术后1个月患者血清中IgM含量升高,表明FMT术后机体免疫力也在提升。同时,该研究再次证明了FMT可能是治疗难治性CD的一种安全、可行且高效的疗法。
虽然使用FMT治疗难治性IBD效果明显,但目前仍有许多问题未解决,包括如何针对IBD患者制造出有效的肠道菌群菌液,如何选择供体及菌群移植的频率、剂量,以及FMT对儿童难治性IBD患者的疗效如何等问题都有待探索。
盆腔恶性肿瘤放射治疗的同时可造成肠道损伤,从而导致RE,主要表现为反复发作的消化道症状,如腹痛、腹泻、恶心及呕吐等。有研究发现,RE患者的肠道菌群组成与健康人群不同,存在不同程度的菌群紊乱,表现为有益菌数量下降,致病菌数量上升,同时肠道炎症反应加重[46]。越来越多的证据表明,辐射会导致肠道菌群紊乱,这可能是导致RE的一个关键驱动因素,但目前尚不清楚此类患者的肠道菌群有哪些特定改变[46-47]。使用FMT治疗难治性RE的研究不多,这方面的空缺有待填补。
异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,allo-HSCT)是多数血液系统疾病常用的治疗方法。虽然allo-HSCT的疗效越来越好,但会导致并发症GVHD,这也是造成患者移植后死亡的主要原因。GVHD是指allo-HSCT治疗后受者器官被供者淋巴细胞攻击而导致的临床综合征[48]。GVHD分为急性GVHD及慢性GVHD,二者均可导致胃肠道受累。当累及下消化道时,临床症状有腹泻、腹痛、便血及肠梗阻等,下消化道GVHD是患者移植后非复发相关死亡的主要原因[49]。难治性GVHD患者不仅生活质量低,医疗负担重,而且经常规治疗后效果往往不理想,因此急需一种新的治疗方法,而FMT具备这样的潜力。在一项FMT治疗Ⅳ级类固醇难治性胃肠道移植物抗宿主病(gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease,GI-GVHD)患者的研究中,研究者将41例Ⅳ级类固醇难治性GI-GVHD患者分为FMT组(n=23)及对照组(n=18)。在FMT后的第14、21天,FMT组的临床缓解率均明显高于对照组。在90 d的随访期内,FMT组的中位生存时间明显长于对照组(539 d vs. 107 d,P<0.05),且病死率较低[50]。该研究结果表明,FMT可作为治疗Ⅳ级类固醇难治性GI-GVHD的新选择。王倩等[51]纳入4例在allo-HSCT治疗后发生难治性腹泻的急性白血病患者,每例患者均经鼻空肠管行FMT(1~2次,每次3.4~6.0 U),最终3例完全缓解,1例病情稳定,且不良反应均为Ⅰ级。有研究表明,使用FMT联合芦可替尼治疗类固醇难治性急性GVHD获得了71.4%的高缓解率,表明FMT联合芦可替尼可能是治疗类固醇难治性急性GVHD的有效方法[52]。唐晓文等[53]研究表明,FMT治疗GVHD具有较好的疗效及安全性,可成为该病的一种新型治疗方案,但仍需进一步研究FMT的机制,改进菌液质量及移植方式等,以获得更好的疗效。
除上述疾病外,研究者还进行了FMT治疗其他难治性腹泻的相关研究。1例51岁男性患者因结肠癌进行术后化疗(奥沙利铂、雷替曲塞),在第3次化疗结束后第5天出现发热、腹痛、腹泻(每天2~3次),经抗生素、益生菌等治疗效果不佳,且腹泻持续加重,最多可达每天20次,遂决定使用FMT治疗。FMT术后当天,患者出现发热症状,最高体温39.3 ℃,未予处理后恢复正常,无其他不适。术后第2天,患者腹泻次数明显减少(每天7~8次),腹痛明显减轻,CRP由56.7 mg/L降至正常水平。术后第2周,患者已无腹泻、腹痛症状;术后第3周,患者丙肝病毒由2.2×104 U/ml降至<5×102 U/ml,体重也增加了12.5 kg[54]。该患者虽未能确定感染病原体,但可以确定为因肠道菌群失调引起的腹泻,在使用FMT成功重建肠道菌群后,患者症状很快好转,营养状况也很快改善。由此可见,FMT不但能缓解患者的临床症状,还可在短期内抑制丙肝病毒的复制,表明FMT不仅对化疗后引发的难治性腹泻有效,在治疗病毒性肝炎方面也具有潜力。另一项临床试验结果表明,使用FMT治疗晚期结直肠癌患者因化疗引起的难治性腹泻,不仅能降低炎性因子水平,缓解临床症状,还可改善肠道微生物菌群功能,值得推广使用[55]
传统FMT方法是将手工制备的菌液(即用生理盐水在搅拌机中将粪便混匀,手工过滤得到粗悬液)通过多种途径给入肠道,该过程对操作者要求较高。此外,因为对粪便中所含病原体的担忧及尊严等因素的影响,许多患者及医师对FMT持消极态度,不愿接受或开展FMT[56]
为弥补传统FMT方法的不足,研究人员在FMT的基础上研发出一种新技术——WMT。WMT是指在高级别实验室条件下,基于智能粪菌分离系统,对健康供体的粪便完成菌群分离、漂洗、定量、储存、转运及植入等过程,是FMT技术发展的新阶段,其适应证与FMT相同[57-59]。制备洗涤菌液的实验室至少要达到生物安全2级标准,所有用于粪便收集、菌液过滤、离心及洗涤等直接接触粪便的设备都使用一次性用品。洗涤菌液的制备需将粪菌悬液转移到离心管中,以700 ×g离心3 min,弃上清液,重复上述步骤3次,使用无菌生理盐水作为溶剂,最后得到菌泥,每10 cm3(约包含1.0×1013个细菌)为临床使用的基本单位剂量1 U,将菌泥与载体溶液按体积比1︰2制成新鲜或冷冻的菌液。菌液在上述制备过程中去除了大量具有促炎作用的代谢物、细菌碎片及病毒[60]。与传统手工制备方法比较,利用机器制备洗涤菌液显著提高了效率及安全性。最近研究表明,WMT在量化和质控移植的洗涤菌群以及临床治疗安全性等方面均明显优于传统FMT[58]。WMT治疗CDI及抗生素相关性腹泻的临床价值已经得到证实[59]。此外,洗涤菌液可通过结肠途径,采用内镜肠道置管术(transendoscopic enteral tubing,TET)重复移植。有研究报道,TET是不良事件发生率最低的移植途径,作为一种有前途的移植途径已被Gut杂志2020年所发表的FMT指南推荐[61]
FMT作为一种可重建肠道微生态的治疗手段,正在逐步被医疗界认可,已应用于部分与肠道菌群失调相关的难治性腹泻,取得了较好的疗效,且安全性较高,但患者对该治疗方式的接受程度较低是阻碍其推广的主要原因之一。推广FMT需要医师充分了解其治疗价值,并与患者进行良好的沟通,使患者从心理上接受这种治疗方法。目前FMT仍有许多机制不明确,何为健康的肠道菌群也尚无统一概念,FMT的长期疗效及安全性仍需继续探讨,对不同肠道菌落的功能并不清楚,对除细菌外的肠道微生物研究不多等问题都有待进一步研究。希望未来FMT可以针对不同疾病制定精准的个体化微生态治疗方案,这将使更多患者从FMT中获益。
  • 空军军医大学第二附属医院IIT临床研究项目(2022XJSXYW-007)
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2024年第49卷第2期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0151.2023.0531
  • 接收时间:2023-01-31
  • 首发时间:2025-11-23
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-31
  • 录用日期:2023-04-06
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IIT Clinical Research Program of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University(2022XJSXYW-007)
空军军医大学第二附属医院IIT临床研究项目(2022XJSXYW-007)
作者信息
    1西安医学院,陕西西安 710021
    2空军军医大学唐都医院消化内科,陕西西安 710038

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王新,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jfjyxzz/CN/10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.0151.2023.0531
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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